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Ameerika kirjandus alates I maailmasõjast kuni tänapäevani. (1)

Kirjandus - Ameerika kirjandus
1 HALB
Punktid
Ameerika Kirjandus
30.01.13
Naturalism
27.02.13
1920- jazz , post war euphoria , people were more less
„From whom the bell tolls“ Hemingway . Spanish civil war. Franco vs the Republicans. Three days are described . Protagonist is Robert Jordan. American, but teaches Spanish, joins the Spanish guerillas-the spanish partisans, in the fight against the facist. He is wounded and left to die. We get this sense of betrayal-most powerful emotions . The bell tolls for everybody , the bell is symbolically the funeral bell, it conserns everybody. The message of the novel is presented through inner monologue . When jordan joins the war agains facist, he wants to fight all tyrannia and improve social conditions, he has all the typical features of Hemingway heroe, tough , competent, brave. Seems to be against all forms of governments, comes to conclusion that the republicans way is the best . He finds communism helpful. The question is wheter bloodshed is justified and humane. Unlike earlier hemingway heroes Jordan is an intellectual. Jordan is against suicide , which is major theme in the novel, because Jordan’s father commited suicide. Falls in love with Maria, daughter of republican mayor . Three days of love bring him back to life. Maria was raped by facists and her father was killed by facists, disturbed girl. Secondary characters are rememorable. Men and women act differently to war. Men are carried away by war propaganda , women are shown to be wised and appreciate life more than political parties . Men think on taking sides but women value life more. Jordan is an idealist. He is willing to give his life for this cause . But Maria’s first loyalty is to her lover , jordan. She places love above war, politics . Pablo is another type, he is a moral coward, he is a defeatist, who wants to avoid personal danger and wants to save his life, he is mean and betrays his country men. Pilar, Pablo’s woman , strong, courageous, patriot, never the less understands the importance of individual human happiness. Human independence and solitarity. Jordan dies , he is left to die. Maria problably is pregnant .
Towards the end of his life Heingay wrote short stories . 1952 novella „The old man and the sea“. The protagonist is an old cuban fisherman. Cuba was that time almost the colony of usa. Santiago is an old fisherman who isn’t able to catch anything for several days. One day he catches enormous fish . He is exhausted from trying to fight that fish and has to tie the fish to the boat . While he is rowing back to village the sharks eat the fish when he arrives back to village. It is a moral victory of defeat. Man may be destroyed but not defeated. Even the names are quite important in the novels. Santiago (in spanish-saint) is almost a christ like figure. He has scars that are similiar to stigmata. The novella can be guarded as a religious story, even though hemingway wasn’t very religious man. Hemingway commited suicide by blowing his head off.
1930’s in American literature. Banks closed, bums crowded the streets, products , food were wasted to keep up the prices. This merry, cheerful party mood of 1920 was changed to social consciousness and seriousness . Writers became socially minded . Politically and economicallt the rise of trade unions. Communist party in the usa became quite popular . Partly because of the russian revolution , which had huge impact all over the world. Writers became more critical and more bitter. One zanr that was proletarian literature, pro communist, left wing . The most famous representative was Michael Gold . The most interesting style was modernist combined with realism .
The most interesting writer of this period was John Dos Passos 1896-1970. He is linked to the 1930’s, the period of fear , unemployment , the rise of facism, market crashing. Came from an interesting background, grandfather was portugese, his mother came from puritan New England . Father was a lawyer and importand figure on wall street. He was born into a well off family and this is a paradox about him. Upper middle class family, yet his political views were very radical, he was extremely well educated. He was hostile against the social order in the usa. The central theme in his writings is the criticism of basic institutions of american society. Interestingly, he wasnt just a social critic but one of the best experimentalists. Anti war novel called „Three soldiers “. Dos Passos went to Europe, served for a while. Three main characters, three young soldiers. One is Dan Fuselli, he is an optical worker from San Francisco , naively thinks that war is fun, Chris Field, farmboy, hates the army , was forced to join it. John Andrews, he is the intellectual of the three. He is also very sensitive young man and wants to be a musician. He and Chris Field desert the army. Andrews hides with a French girl and starts writing a symphony and is arrested later . War is hostile to the artist. And destructive of his art. This novel is written in more or less anti war. „Manhattan transfer“-truly modernist novel. Ruinous effect of capitalism on human lives . The scene of action is New York . The city itself becomes the central character , the whole novel is an attempt to show the complex nature of the novel metropolis-huge city. It is a truly modernist level in any sense, tries to imitate devices used by cinema . Late 1920’s the cinema was already very popular and two great directiors-Griffith and Eisenstein. The greatest innovators of the cinema and they used the devices of montage and collage. He also uses a lot of fragmentation and rapid cutting. The novel is dominated by the high rise city, by the crowds, by the masses of people, passing by the skyscrapers, mechanisation and destructiveness. There is a multitude of characters. Two characters, ellen Thatcher -beatiful and talented Broadway actress and Jimmy Horf- newspaper reporter with and ambition to become a writer. Ellen is a success as an actress, while Jimmys main success in life is his marriage to Helen-their marriage is doomed, he fails as a writer. Ellen becomes the writer in the family, because he is succesful writer of womens magazine. Anti human values of the city. Sacco and Vanzetti-two Americans of Italian origin , who were fighters of rights of workers . They were executed, it is been proved that they have been accused wrongfuly, it wasnt fair , they were communists.
The 1930’s saw the publications „USA trilogy“- 1.“The 42nd Parallel“, 2. „1919“, 3. „Big Money “. All the three books were published in 1930’s. It’s his masterpiece , the greatest work . He did a huge work. He traces the history of usa to the very end of the 19th century, the american-spanish war-to 1927, the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti. He shows history as a great operative force, wants to recreate history, wants to show that the causes of what is happening now has to be found somewhere in the history. Unlike other modernists Dos Passos is interested in the average man, more than other modernist authors. Geography of the novel extends from east coast to west coast. It is also international because part of it takes place in france. Organization of LEIVA??, industrial interest , war and ??, art, expluatation, standardisation, dehumanistaion, degradation of ethical and cultural values. He is fascinated with outcasts, the alienated, the outsiders, people who have been beated with life, the descenters-those who don’t agree with the majority are the descenters, they are interested in those people. The book follows the lives of nine characters. All aspects of the lives are represented to us, the rich are corrupt, the poor may be not so corrupt, decent, but they can accomplish nothing because they are poor. The unjust triumph and the whole trilogy ends with a memorable sketch of a young harmless hitchhiker who wants to catch a car on a highway that leads nowhere. The final scene is the big indictment-critisism of america, road to nowhere. It is one of the experimental novels. The narrative structure is very complex. 12 fictional narratvies each told from the point of view, interrupted by three formal devices. The first device is the Newsreels, then the second is simply biographies and the third the camera eye. 69 newsreels, these are collages of real newspaper headlines. News story fragments, snatches of song lyrics, political speeches of that times and even advertisement. Mass culture and popular conscousness of that time is given . They also present the panorama of events . 27 biographies in the trilogy, these are very imaginative of famous public figures , people who shaped or represented the major social forces of that time, people who made history. Eugene Debs-one of the greates leiva movements, Valentino-major hollywood star , thomas edison , president wilson and many more. Finally there are 51 camera eye sections, these are mostly fragments of stream of concsiousness, which present the authors view point. They show the viewpoint of disturbed artist. His reaction to the changing world, this is the most intimate and subjective part of the novel, the camera eye. All these four sections make up the very diverse and complex narrative structure of the novel.
„42 Parallel“ 1900 to 1917. Although the novel was published on 1930, it represents the young nations hopes . Hopes for the 20th century and most of the heros are chosen from the working class movement and the faith of these people is mostly unfortunate and they are chosen to illustrate the idea that american sociaty distorts and prostitutes his talents. Camera eye section deal with dos passos’s own childhood. The protagonist of the whole trilogy is Jay Ward Moorehouse. He is the protagonist, he is very modest origin, son of the railway worker, seems to be typical example of american drea, selfmade man. Marries Annabel, but quicly divorces, tries to manipulate people, joins the right clubs, where he can meet other rich persons. Marries again for fortune . Gradually he goes higher and higher, inherits the staples money. The arch enemy of the characters who were middle class. Mac is one of the protagonist here , a simple worker, his youth is filled with misery, poverty, becomes a radical, he and Moorehouse are on the xtreme sides of political spectrum. Janie Willaims, Elena Stoddard wants to rise above the sotred environment of the youth, joind Evelyn Hutchins in the decorating business. Dos passos introduces new professions, the interior decorator business and PR-public relations specialsts. Moorehouse is the famous PR man, and Elena and Evelyn become interior decorators. They are connected to big money. They fit in with economic quality . Evelyn has many lovers. Eventially she takes a overdose of sleeping pills because he is bored with life. Savage helps the working class people.
„1919“ – study of American society during the WWI. It’s tone is sharper, represents the obscenety of war. We get a glimpse of war thorugh camera eye. John Reed-famous american journalist who travels to Moscow, he is fascinated by the revolution, writes a famous book about it. Only american who is buried in the Kreml , the communist’s loved him. Novel describes the horrors of war, lice , starvation, bed bugs , machine fire and two horrible deseases-typhus and cholera. Ambulance corps , gets a high position in there, makes a huge profit out of war while other people suffer.
„Big Money“ shows the development of American society after the war. The tone here is much more optimistic. The war is over but people are not happy , the central figure is Charlie Anderson, who comes back from war as an aviation ace. Very good pilot , has killed many enemies. He starts aviation company and suddenly becomes rich but doesn’t know what to do with his money. Popular idea that money doesn’t make happiness is showed here. Marries a girl, gambles on a stock market, finally is driven out of his house, family, business and loses everything. Finally commits suicide in car crash. The last novel is all about greed, the governing emotion.
Dos Passos beocme less radical in the end of his life. Became almost a right wing activist. He is remembered for his USA trilogy and the way he shows human disintregation.
The Body of American. Richard Roe and John Doe-if the identity is unknown. Polysyndeton, direct speech , lack of punctuation, contrast of styles, fragmentation.
Steinberg.
06.03.13
1930’s. Time of unemployment and crisis and so on.
John Steinberg. Like Dos Passos he was critical of american social order but his philosophy was different . He is more optimistic, believes that life goes on and that is indestructable. Although many individual lives were ruined, the life goes on, everything is not material success. Racial minorytis, who do not have all the rights, the have nots, the simple, the poor, the idiots. His method is very interesting. A lot of naturalistic elements , unpleasant details , not pure naturalist. Narrator ’s point of view, his style is more poetic of the style, rhythm and repetition. Steinberg is fascinated in foreign elements, includeing immigrants . He is a believer of the superiority to the country people to the city people. Because when his characters manage to establish themselves on the land they are usually good hearted and hard working, but when they have to abandon their land the trouble comes. Like a naturalist, great cruelty and passion . Very often the characters are simple, when they do commit crimes they do it out of accident and they regret it immediately. Tortilla Flat . Career into 4 periods: early writings, influence by naturalism and he was interested in animal motivation behind human behaviour as a basis of human behaviour. Cub of gold. Rarely weak period. The second period: second half of 1930’s, becomes much more socially minded, analyzez the conflict between capital and labour . By far the most famous book is „The Grapes of Wrath“. It is a proletarian novel-working class novel. The main ideas of this period are solidarity and collectivism. Another short piece is „Of mice and men“. The third period shows that unemployment is unavoidable and war is natural to human natural. The last period started in the second half of the 1950’s. New direction, influenced by all influences of social revolution and so on, returnts to social problems, was conserned with corruption and society. Perhaps the most famous piece is „The winter of our discontent“. The novel that helped him receive the nobel prize for literature. He did not receive it for this novel alone but all the work. The very end of his life, in the 1960’s he wrote non fiction. „Travels with Charlie“-his puudle. Very uneven author .
Elements of style. Unlike naturalists his style is more poetic, he uses some of the devices of folk tales . Such as repetition. Description of nature are terse-charged with imagery. Ancient greek tragedy, his characters are not kings , warrior , gods , his characters are simple people. Even humble, poor, illiterate people may have their own personal tragedys. You dont have to be king to experience tragedy. His books are very muc based on dialogue . The situation of the characters are very often explained through conversation . His texts are rather easily adapted to the stage and for the cinema.
„Grapes of wrath“- the major breakthrough. Published in 1939. That made him notorious. Contained a lot of elements that went against puritanian minds. Story of farmers, that is forced to move from their Oklahoma farm elsewehere, to California . They are forced to move because of the natural disaster , the dust storms. People were motivated to move. The family Joads, the story of general generations of the family, how they cope or do not cope with this transition, from this move from one lifestage to another. Actually there is little plot to speak of, little adventure . State of small farmers who move from one state to another. Once they are in California, they find themselves in economic system that is even worse . They now are almost like slaves without any rights or land. Steinberg style of speaking contains two types of chapters . There the so called rreallistic chapters that describe the family and so called interchapters, which depict the economic situation of American agriculture . But these chapters do not stand separately, the emerge to one. They alternate. So the story of the family is the reasons of the ruins of the farmers and critisises the industriasation of the agriculture. The growing consentration of capital and the tendency towards monopolies in agriculture, huge corporations that reign over huge areas . The crops, farmers become pendent of banks. They turn into tenants, they share crops, in the end the bank dont give any more credit and take away the land. On the one hand the banks tried to help but at a very high price , the farmers don’t understand at first, who is to blame at first. At the same time like a true naturalist, steinberg shows that banks and landovwners are also actually caught into system, so they dont have any choice , these are just the rules of the game . And ofcourse the whole pursuit of money and profit, men and banks become inhuman. Steinberg paints a picture of the growing anger of the people. For example produces such as coffe is burnt, people are starved but produces are burned to keep up the prices. Instead of givind the foood to the poor people they burn it. Peoples patience becomes to an end. They are mostly illiterate. They come from oklahoma, where dust, bad crops, erosion, finally forced them to leave their land. Moreover banks in Oklahoma find it more profitable to buy up individual farms and create huge plantations and grow only cotton . Finally such small landowners are forced to give up their land and farms. Three generations of Joad’s family are depicted in the book, Steinberg does not idealize them. They are illiterate, very suspicious, ignorat, quick tempered and crude -unsophistaicaded. However there are good qualities too, family comes first with them, there is wisdom , generosity, courage and persistance. Steinberg paints the portraits with ove and humour. The first generation we have Grandpa and Grandma. The founders of the family, they die at the end of the journey , their death is symbolical. Grandpa is lusty and indescent. And grandma is very religious and bios and sufferind all the time. Pa, Ma-father and mother, Pa is the official head of the family, has worked hard all his life to support his large family, but he hasn’t been very succesful at it. The Ma is the real center of the family because he is both womanly and maternal and very hard working and persistent . The third generation is represenetd by their children , Noah, the first born, Tom, Al, Rose of Sharon, she has a husband Connie and Ruth . Noah, the eldest is passive , he is listless, disinterested in life, never upset , never angry, very passive. His brother tom could even claim that he is the male protagonist. At the beginning of the novel he comes back from prison , because he killed a man in a fight accidentally, he is good nature. He is the most moral of the characters, he wants peace and quiet . Al is completely different, he is crazy for girls and cars. Rose is rather simple minded and she has a dream , she wants white house with a white fence, husband with a good income and children, and she is pregnant. His husband isn’t as rich as she would like, he is quiet and hard working. The yougnest is cunning . They dont mind moving to California, before the starvaton begins . The children are deprived of normal childhood, they dont have normal peaceful childhood with toys and school and so on. The mood of the novel also changes at the beginning, they start out as a happy family. They have 152 dollars, they have two barrels of pork and a truck and hope . The truck is overgrowded they take with them Jim Casey , who is an expreacher and on the way to California they stop at different camps, where they cheat oout money. Finally they have no money, truck in the mud and starvation. This economic decline parallels their moral disintegration, because by the end this ctrong family unit is broken up. The first tragedy happens earlier, their favourite dog is killed, the eldest leaves the family, doesnt want to be a burden. Conney deserts rose, tom becomes fugitive of justice, roses baby is born dead. Casey is killed. When they reach california they find themselves in paradox, many people are starving and many are rich and many plantations. When the Joads just began their journey they did not realize that they were a part of a huge social movement. They are representatives of many thousand of such familys, soon we see several familys gathered together, assembled and discussing their problems. They realize that their only solution and only hope is through organizing theirselves in union, solidarity and organization is the key. In this sense the journey become the journey of education, they see themselves differently. They are no longer independent individual family, they are part of one vast human family. Casey becomes one of the union leaders, he dies for working people. Ma learns to appreciate simple people, Pa has to admit that solidarity is the best thing for them. Tom leaves his family for activists, radicals. Steinberg admires Tom, because he sacrifices his life, but he is brave and active , he doesn’t reach all his goals but he does something. Casey and tom are authors models of hsi sources of admirations. When Ma rise out of agony because he feels that Tom is dead. And still, although they have suffered and they still have made a step forward, they have will to leave. There are two memorable scenes that somewhow symbolise the will to live . When roses baby dies, he breasfeeds the dying man, he gives his milk to a dying man, he saves the mans life.
„Of mice and men“. It is a kind of folk tragedy, set on a california ranch . And two men arrive at this ranch. George and Lenny , the protagonists. George is fairly intelligent but impractical worker. Lenny is in many ways opposite, he is half witted, idiot , gentle and giant. The two of them start of dreaming about buying a ranch of their own. Man called candy, he has some money, he is supposed to provide money. Soon the dream becomes the drug, ends in tragedy and disaster. One point Lenny sees a young girl who tries to flirt with him and he kills her, crushes her. But he is aware that he has done something wrong , he goes to George, and George knows that the police are looking for him and he shoots Lenny, when he kills Lenny he kills the dream of buying the land. Robert Burns poem .
1960’s in Steinbergs career. „The winter of our discontent“. Different novel of the different period, Steinberg is different here. Social criticism is strong. In this book it is individualised. The story is about moral corruption, that has reached every family in america. 1960, New Bay Town, fiction setting . Kind of small and idyllic town at the Atlantic ocean , not overgrowded, not urban , the houses are beautiful, old building, parks and treesand greenery. No obvious poverty to speak of. The characters are different. He takes as his characters people from the middle classes. He didnt chose this accidentalyl, but he shows that corruption has reached such fairytale towns, such idyllic places, it is perfect place to live in, but the good businessmen are actually liers who destroy and cheat. Vice has become a virtue , the virtuous are mocked by the others , the system of values are turned upside town. The only power is money. Even the most honest man has problems of remainig honest. He says that in fact corruption can be traced to the very roots of colonial america. For example he even mentions the origin of the first owners of the houses of New Bay town. Some of their ancesters were pirates. They got their original capitals by pirating. Now the family say that they are old familys with old money. The protagonist is Ethan Allen Hawley. He is well educated, he comes from a good family, wife and two children, at the beginning he is a honest, good man. His family has alost all of his money , he is forced to work in a grocery store under Marullo who is illegal immigrant from Italy. Gradually he starts thinking about how life is unfair, and he from a noble family from aristocratic family has almost nothing , has lost almost everything. Just three months and we see how in these months he changes, how he is tempted and falls into corruption, his transition from a honest man is symptomatic of entire American society. In fact when Steinberg was writing the novel, it was the time of public scandals of America. There were quiz shows were people tried to cheat money. He believed that materialism of American society had weakened the moral fibre of even basically good men such as Ethan Hawley. This corruption around him he is tempted and falls into it. He understands that he cant succeed in life through honesty, he comes to a sad conclusion and sees how other poeple are honest men and he commits several things he is not proud. He causes the death of his best friend , he buys him a box of hard liquer, his friend dies, leaving him his property. Hawley outlaws a banker, and he calls the immigration officials and he gets the shop . And of course he realizes he has done wrong, and he tries to commit suicide but changes his mind. Some people say that the end is very weak. His son is a schoolboy, wants his father to write an essay for him. The beginning of action coinsides with eastern , the passion of christ. This is when Ethans own passion symbolically begins. His final downfall coinsides with the 4th of July . The most important christain holiday and political holiday somehow frame Ethans change and it shows that corruption is all persuasive. And in this sense it is allegorical, that there is nothing holy, not eastern, not 4th of july, everyone is corrupt. Some chapters are written in the third person , others are told through ethans first person perspective, they alternate. The title is quite interesting. The source of the title is Shakespeare „Richard the third“. Symbolically Ethan Hawley is paralleled to Richard. Ethans philosophy is rather sinical and hopeless, he is saved from physical death, he is dead spiritually, he is disillusion in life, he is a moral failure and he is discontent.
T.S. Eliot.
Southern renaissance. All of a sudden after the WWI, many quality writers appeared in the American South . South-Alabama, Florida and so on. It all began in Vanderbilt university , Nashville Tennesee, the Fugitive magazine was founded . It began publishing poems , essays by young southern writers, one collection of essays was I’ll take my stand, it became the manifesto of southern agrerianism. the culture of the south should oppose the yankee barbarism of the north , the usual juxtaposition of the south and north. Most of these young authors grew up when the southern was rising from the Civil war. 1865, for 15 years the south was occupie by the northern army. Then the southern became the colony of the north 1870’s the southern became poor and abandoned. The poverty dominated the minds of poeple for several decades, it is the atmosphere where the authors grew up. The first world war marks the transition. Southern school of American literature.
Features: 1. southereners are extremely critical, especially for the hatred for the yankees. 2. From the point of view of literature method, southeneres are strongly influenced by the modernisms. The southern myth - according to this myth, before the civil war southereners were commonios nation with almost greek democracy which means that it was heavily romanticised. According to the myth there were beautiful planters, all the ladys wore belles, they were all beautiful and young and blonde , all the men wore beauxs, noble and honest and so on. They thought of themselves as aristocrats, compared to the barbarians in the north, everything was perfect and in its place. The poor white people were white trash and slaves. Everything was in its place, in reality this myth was far from the truth . Slavery cant be part of harmonius society, these planters were drunkers, chased ladys, raped slaves, and so to the according to the southern myth.3. time was considered the greatest enemy of man and hence the meaning of the past is major . 4. Place of setting is very important. All the novels take place in the south, the main idea is the south is dammed, it will have a tragic end, people are doomed because of their original sin of slavery, because they have been exploited natural disasters, some parts of land in the south has bee exhausted by the growth of tobacoo and the native americans, most tribes int he south were exterminated. 5. Awareness and acceptance of evil , southereners were convinced that evil is a part of the world and man himself is evil. 6. The southern scene is heavily charged with atmosphere of decade, destruction and frustration. 7. Southern writers are occupied with idiots and perverts. People are alienated anyway. But when one is different, then alienation is absolute. This idea is existentsialist. 8. Violence . Comes in two forms, its human violence, such as murder , rape , mutulation, slave abuse, arson . Natural violence, flood, drought -period of dry weather , storms and so on. 9. Characterized by the love of style of thetoric. Like true modernists they liked to experiment with syntex and so on .10. literary method is the combination is modernism and symbolic naturalism. They experiment with language but also every concrete physical detail becomes symbolic. And has a philosophical explanation.
13.03.2013
Thomas Wolfe , Penn Warren , K. A. Porter, Tennessee Williams , Eudora Welty, Flanney O’Connor
1987-1962 William Faulkner
Was born in the south, lived in the small town of Oxford . From his early childhood he heard all kind of legends and myths that are connected to the south. Served in the canadian flying corps, took part of the WWI. He met Sherwood Anderson, who recommended that Faulkner’s first book would be published. Anderson was very helpful and influencial. There are 3 major stages of his career. His first major book was published 1924, 1926 second masterpiece „Soldier’s Pay“-anti war novel in the tradition of the lost generation. Early period contains the novel Mosquitoes, it’s a parody attacking the superficial lives of society in the city of New Orleans . He makes fun of the pretentiousness of high society. He was still learning the art of writing. „The sound and the fury“ and in 1932 „ Light in August“, „Absalom, Absalom!“-recurring characters, travel from one novel to another: Thomas Sutpen, Joe Christmas , Dilsey Gibson and Quantin Compson. After 1936 was the period of relative decline in his talent and he still produced important pieces. „Snopes“ trilogy and the famous short story „The Bear “ and „Go down, Moses“ 1942. Faulkner is famous for creating his own world, his own setting-Yoknapatawpha County - Jefferson as its capital. Signs of decay , the roads are dusty, the town is surrounded by swomps, the two rivers seem smooth but can be wild and destructive. His fictional world actually embraces several civilizations, it embraces the native americans and the black slaves, he describes the disintegration of southern culture after the civil war, the cheap materialism of later industrial society, fragmented 20th century, where moral codes have become mechanical rituals. Each of his books describe the towns experience that we get the picture of the long history of this place as. His attitude , his ambivalent. One the one hand he was deeply attached to the south, he wrote about the south, lived there. He was its severest critic. His literary method is southern modernism-apart from having southern features his fiction has modernism. He experiments a lot, casts aside traditional ways of writing, he is innovative in structure and style, he invents language, he manages to merge sense of regional history with awareness of historical time. We could say that typical form is that of single consciousness. His own term for the way he is writing is mental flow. He loves inner monologue. Like gertrude stein and most scolars say that he was influenced by her, he uses continuos present, in another words it means that everything seems to happen at the same time. Past, future, present are somehow mixed. Another interesting point is limited point of view, which means that story is told through one characters limited perspective and this character can’t see what other characters can see. He has a very interesting technique presenting facts, he doesn’t explain to the reader, the reader has to put it together. His style is similiar to the stream of consciusness technique,but not like joyce’s style. Faulkner traces the actual thought perseption and memory processes. His fairly confusing inner monologue reflects the irrationality of people’s thinking. Very often the monologues of his characters merge into his as the narrators. Sometimes it’s difficult to draw the line between the characters monologue and the authors. His style reminds us labyrinth, which is very appropriate to his vision of the world, world where despair and doom are typical motives and where such events as civil war, suicide, murder, storms are rather typical and characteristic events. Man is faced with destruction. The fates of his characters are mostly tragic, it doesn’t matter which persons they are, how high or low society or race . Apocalyptic landscape of the south. The defeated nature of southern history, it’s great, rural and broken. He shows that all the traditions are broken, theres no continuity of the tradition. Faulkner expses the transformation of the land, and the decay of great southern family. Values have been lost due to civil war, sex roles, race roles, class roles-have been misconstrued new institutions have been created that are hostile to the so called eternal verities-meaning general laws, truths . The result of all this, that everything has been distorted, southerners find themselves off balance , and at war with themselves. At war between the real and the ideal . There is also industiral revolution, he called the results of industrialisation „the rape of the land“. The tragedy of the town started when the indians who naively imagined that the land was theres, allowed the white man to use this land. The white man divided the land into squares and plots which are sold and bough for the slaves in africa . The indians were driven away from the land. The indians refused to be slaves, black men from africa were imported for slavery. Faulkner understands that they are treated brutally, he is not a radical, he warns the government against the interference, he thinks that southerners must work out their own solution, the negro problem. After the war the slavery was eliminated, but they would still think of them as lower people. The best chance of finding a solution was a return to nature. They thought that nature might help regain human values. Faulkner reflected the southern myth, he presents it through the minds and thoughts of his characters who are descendants of old pre-war planters. These descendances are mostly the heroes of his novels, he seems them in humane words. The reality of these people, who live in the new America, is that dreary world of capitalism replacing the nobel, fudal, past. Before the myth there was the nobel civilization and after the war the yankees came and so on. If they cant compromise they dont survive .
1929. „The sound and the fury“. The decline of southern gentry, the inability to cope with the reality and their desire to save themselves in new conditions. The compsons, who before the civil war, were generals, governers, owned large territores, they were leading family in the county. But now in keeping with the general downfall in the south their role has deminished, now they are decaying shell. The time scheme, the setting, of the book is very complex. There are 4 narratives, which are set on 4 different days, not in chronological order. Most of the action, 3 of the 4 narratives take place on 3 april days of 1928, but the meaning of these 3 days is dependent on the past. Four Compson children are Benjy -an idiot, retarded, Quentin -intellectual, Jason-anything but intellectual, rough and rude and a criminal and Caddy -their only sister . Their father drinks himself to death, caddy has fairly loose morals, she marries one man but has a child with another man.Quentin graduates from Harvard, later commits suicide. Jason grows into vicious, evil man, steals his familys money. Moral and spiritual collapse. By the end of the novel, only jason survives, but the price is losing even the lost signs of virtue, kindness , becomes unprincipal scoundrel- a man of low moral standards. Benjy starts the novel and very often people are schocked when reading because of the nonsense . We see the mess in his head, he is 33 but he is deaf and dumb, his development has not gone beyond babyhood. Very symbolically he exists in presents, he lives now. The past and present coexist simultaniously, since he doesn’t have time and he doesn’t speak or hear , his other senses are very sharp. He smells very well, all kind of physical sensations are vital to him, going to him or the tone, he can feel the tone of the voice , his character is not chosen accidentally. He symbolizes the isolation of every human being, but for him, this isolation is even stronger, because he is weaker than others. Isolation is complete for him. He is used for another purpose, through this character faulkner illustrates the idea of order in the south. Whenever something is different he starts crying and raises an alarm, if something is not used to having. Ofcourse we could argue that his part of the story is the most difficult to understand. He illustrates the southerners preoccupation with time. Faulkner believed in the interconnectedness of public and personal historys and he believed in the relation of the past to the chaotic present. Quentin believes that it is his mission to save the Compson honour by stopping time, arresting it. He thinks that if he manages it, this will also eliminate decay in Compson family. He smashes his precious grandfathers watch. This scene shows that time is stronger and he cannot control it, then he chooses death. Realizes that he can’t fight time. Jason doesn’t time aboout the past or honour of his ancestors, he couldn’t care less about tradition, he despises Quentin and his ideas, just as Quentin is dead physically, Jason is dead spiritually. His life is also futile and the only character with the author sympathizes is Dilsey-he is the old, black, servant, who has stayed with the family and he is the most moral character in the book. Stands moral principles against which the Comptons are judged. He is the only character who manages to maintain some sort of balance between the real and the ideal. This is allusion to shakespeare’s macbeth .
„Snopes“- trilogy, „The hamlet “, „Town“, „The Mansion“. Old man Snopes, who sold stolen horses to both sides during the civil war. The Snopes are dishonest, ruthless, cunning. Flem Snopes, in whom Faulkner saw the worst characteristics of white familys in the south. He embodies the worst possible features. Flem gains control over important plot of land. He gains control over the plot of land byt victimizing the Varners by marries their daughter. By creating Flem Snopes Faulkner says that such notion as honor , courage, bride and love are outmoded. His noble qualities are old fashioned in the south, what happens is animal shrudeness and avarice.
„Absalom, Absalom!“-the novel is about other family, the Sutpens. Fails to find his own clann, throught Thomas Sutpen there isn’t clear distinction between the past and the present. Unwilling to treat black men as an equal, the south loses the civil war because of that.
„Light in August“. Joe Christmas, father is black. Woman’s father, Mr Hynes, suspects that his daughters lover is black, when she gives birth , the father doesn’t call the doctor , but the child survives, he can’t raise him and gives him to orphanage on Christmas day, thats where he gets his name. Then he is adopted by a white family, becomes a adopted son. In fact, he looks like a white man. His features of his ancestry are not obvious, can pass as a white man, there is negro blood in him. This is the reason of his downfall, the fact that he has mixed blood, because in this case a persons identity becomes confusing. He is confused about his identity, he doesn’t know if he is white or black. He is so confused that on white point he murders a white woman, he is then traced down by dogs. He is lynched, castrated and then shot. He is treated almost like a fugitive slave. Mixed blood is dangerous.
Another theme that is essential of Faulkners books are tensions between sexes. In the south the tension between the sexes are hightend beacuse of race and class. According to the myth, southern society was the land of moonlight, magnolias and lovers.
„Sanctuary“. Faulkner’s own favourite novel. It was a scandalous novel. One of the characters is young gentleman who likes to drink a lot. He gets acquainted with a young upperclass girl and because he is drunk he accidentally bootlegging gangsters. She is about to be raped with corn, plant . Another member of the gang Popeye shoots him infront of the girl and rapes her himself. Later popeye takes drake to whorehouse and arranges other man to have sex with the girl in front of him. Popeye enjoys this new kind of life. Camus and Sartres favourite book. The south for faulkner is a scene in which the humanity of the people is tested. Humans act out their lives under cestain conditions, to see if they can survive. Faulkner says that the one essential quality is humanity. If there is no humanity there is no hope for humanity. The problems in the south. All these problems are turned into test for the characters which thrives his characters, in order to dicover their worth as human beings and most of them fail. Very few. In 1949 Faulkner receiver Nobel Prize. In his speech he expressed hope, that people will not only indure but they will prevail.
The second world war. Post WWII literature. After 1945.
America emerged as a superpower, it was untouched from the war. America helped Europe to rebuild itself. The famous Marshall’s plan. America was ready to give money to Europe to stop the communists. a lot of military bases were organized in Europe. Gradually the cold war developed between the former allies-USA and USSR. The result of the cold war, there began intellectual terror , in USA and USSR. The intellectual terror is embodied in the character Senator McCarthy, very odeous figure, suspected that many American intellectuals were secret communists. he organized modern whichhunts. He ruined the lives and careers of very talented Americans. Existentsialism became dominent philosophies- choices , no happiness, if we choose authentic life. Another important influence is Freudism , pragmatism. According to freud the conflict between society and individual is inevitable. Also everyone is a sexual pervert, if we start analyzing dreams as Freud did. Another important feeling or perhaps quality is alienation. Meaning that people are alienated from each other and from society. They are even alienated from their relatives, there is no real communication between people, people can’t understands each other. The danger of nuclear war. The fear of the abomb was real, they were scared that one of them will start a war. Several features of this period: new books that appeared after the war, were novels of noncommitment, unlike earlier authors, these authors did not believe in one specific philosophy, they were searching, some of them found, some of them did not. Humour- it acquired new signs, became more ironic, sarcastic, black humour. The problem of identity became central. Sexual identity, religious identitiy, class identity, racial identity, on all levels it became important.
27.03.13
Second WW novels
The 2nd WW novelists tried to imitate Hemingway, his style and social critisism became very important. Horrors of wellfare.
Normaln Mailer, „The naked and the dead“ his most famous anti war novel. It shows the soldiers so as they are/were. Men do not control fate, chanche does. Any war is irrational, it is like a wave . Soldiers are just molcules of water in it, moving randomly. They do not understand what is happening. Most of the soldiers are young boys. It’s more realistic ´, even with elements of naturalism. Nature is often shown as hostile and men behave like beasts on their basic instincts, mortality is part of exsistance. In war men a re stripped of their humanity. Symbolically their stripped naked before death. Not only naked in the sense of clothes but also in the sense of moraility. Things started to change in the 40s. Another lost generation starte to appeare. Existentialism had to do with it –life has less meaning and it consits of choices, it’s up to us do make the right ones and if we choose the right ones are lives may be authentic. Everyone is alienated, there’s no real communication. Zen Buddhism, self identification with the spontanuous movements of nature.

J.D Salinger, 1919-2010
Born in NYC. He went to military school, he was a naughty boy. That’s were he started writing. He did not finish his degree . During the 2nd WW he served in Europe. In France he also met Hemingway at one point. In 1951 he published his only novel „ Catcher in the Rye“ which brought him worldwide fame . He hated publicity, he hated being famous. Soon he withdrew from active social life, basically for 70 years, for all of his life. he never gave interview and even the photos which exist are old. And he never gave permission to do a movie of his book.  He wrote some more short stories but nothing spetaculare but still his one of the most famous writers. Holden Caulfield a boy with a jewish background. He is telling the whole story, probably from a hospital and covers only a few days of the chirstmas seoson. It’s a first person monologu. The writer makes the story phsycologicly convincing. he’s dropped put of many schools but he’s happy about it because he feels that the enviroment in schools is hostile. He looks for friends but can’t seem to find any. The interests of his calssmatrs are trivial, he hates snobbishness and hypocracy. He calls the school a stinking school because everyone are occupied with material values, everything’s phony. So since he’s alienated from it all he faces a spiritual crisis. He has no close realtionship with his parents . He used to admire his brother but when his brother went to Hollywood he felt that he has turned into an intellectual prostitute. He doesn’t want to be molded like other boys. He wears a red hunting gap which he wear backwards as a symbol of his independance. He escapes to NYC but he doesn’t find any harmony , he finds the same as from everywhere else . Holden pretends to be free and grown -up.  At every step something spoils his mood. Life in the big city does not agree with Holden. he say that he’s crazy but actually he conviences the reader that the world is crazy. He vistits his old teacher Antolini, him he likes. Although he’s already ill at the time so thinks that the teacher tries to use him sexually but it stays unclear. He rans away from him and then his memory turns to his other brother Allie . He used to be his inspiration, role model. He gets a bit of piece of mind when he meets his younger sisters whos riding on a merry go round. That’s one of the happiest points in the novel. He wants to become the protecter of innocent children. He doesn’t want to enter adulthood. We can see his desire not to grow up because he doesn’t see a role for himself in the world. He doesn’t accept reality and deperately tries to find a way out.
1950’s
This decade is intimately associated with the Beat Movement. It’s for a change a typically american. Conserned with a large group of young post-war writers, who were born in the 20’s who were disillusioned of the world arounf them. It goes back to the middle of the 50’s who sprang up in a lot of big cities in the states . Most important of them all was San Fran. Most of them were well educated, mostly from middle class families . People of different arts – musicians, writers, artist etc.
they ignored social responsibilities and very often lead a nomadic existance. And very often lived in self- imposed poverty. Theyd did odd jobs to buy nescesarities. Beatniks oraganised literary readings in San Fran. Very often they dressed in shabby clothes and organised demonstrations against the a- bomb and for the rights of american youth to live like they wanted. Unfortunately the movement was inspired by the lack of goals in life so that’s why they didn’t produce any philosophies. It was just a spontanuous movement. And to challenge conformalism. Extreme behaviours, drug adicts, extreme sexual activities . They wanted to be cool and hip and dig (like) things. Most of them were passifists. Like Slainger they were influenced by zen buddihsm, living in the present was vital. Beatific – joy, happiness etc. Liberation of time. They were rebels without a cause.
Keromach, Allen Ginsberg
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
Burroughs
Allen Ginsberg
The most famous beatnik, beat poet . He explored the human psyche with a sense of humour. Best know for his long poem Howl. Published 1955. This poem became a manifesto of beat literature. Ferlinghetti had a bookstore back then and he made public readings of the poem. The speaker of the poem is sad because art is restricted, people have given in to convencion.
Jack Kerouac .
French Canadian. 1940 he joined the Columbia Uni. During the II WW He joined the merchant marine. After he returned after the war he didn’t really have a real job. He travelled a lot. „On the Road“, his most famous book, wasn’t published at the beginning. First novel wasn’t a succsess. It’s the prose bible of the movement. About young people who travelled to get a kick. They are uprooted, they don’t have any roots, they are searching for something but at the same time they don’t really know who they really are so they are looking somthing from every moment. It gets boring fast . The storyteller is Sal Paradise (based the character on himself, the book is full of parallels). A young writer, meets Dean Moriatry who is full of life ( Neal Cassady). The more people learn about Dean the more disapointed they get, heäs selfish. The road is not symbolic anymore , they’re just there for the pleasure . Finally Sal losed faith in Dean as well. As a typical beatnik Dean wants to escape the aimlessness and lonelyness in his life, he is afraid of death. Middle class, petty bourgeous, was not something for them, they were disgusted by it. 
03.04.13
1960’s-period of change, movements, revolutions, radical movements appeared, the youth movement, the socalled sds became very influential - student democratic society, the new left became prominent , herbert marcuse -dehumanizing effects of capitalism and modern technology, freud and marx. This decade saw series of major political assasinations in America-jfk, Robert kennedy, martin luther king. Atmosphere of violence and fear, the atmosphere was not helped in any way by the vietnam war, ended 11 years later. Disgrace for the american politics, it was a very powerful anti-war movement inside America, socially speaking 1960’s is comparible with 1930’s. In art surrealism. Traditional values of American success. Traditional values were no longer popular, alternative lifestyles appeared, alternative lifetsyles found expressions in counter- cultures of the 1960’s- the hippie movement, experimented with drugs, unlike the beatniks they lived in communes, they were interested in arts and crafts, like the beatniks they advertised the sexual freedom . These young people were infatulated with eastern religions and native american religions. The hippies were known as pacifists, the flower children. All kinds of new forms of art appeared, rock music became prominent, in 1969 the major event took place- woodstock . Defining moments in the histoyr of rock music. The feminist movement became extremely popular, the gay movement, the black movement-minoritys started fighting.
Features-politics, ideology, sociology, philosophy came into literature. A new style appeared, new journalism, which advocated the non-fiction novel. They said that they were able to combine fiction with fact-new journalism. A lot of novels about the youth. A lot of African-american literature started appearing. The beginnings of the feminist novel. A lot of experiments with the zanr of the novel. The intellectual novel, the mythological novel-john updike, the black humour novel- vonnegut , the dominant literature method was postmodernism .
Postmodernism in American literature
Began in late 1940’s in France. Spread all over the world, in the west, in europe, in england and America. Terminology-postmodernism is linked to the idea of late capitalism. This is the time in which we live right now. It’s transnational business, new international divison of labour, international banking and stock exchanges, new forms of media interrelationship, computers, the fast movement of information and capital, a huge increase in the development in new tecnologies, including cybernetics-artifical intelligents , robots, cyborg technologies. Consumption as the primary economic of individual. Corporate farming, not individual. Postmodernity is the general state of life, that we are in, it is the social and cultural situation, it is the organization of life under late capitalism, we are talking about less advances countries, elements- skeptisism towards metanarratives, flattening of history and loss of memory and emphasis on surfaces, not on depth, the experience of life as spectacle, life as a show, as a performance, the dissapearance about distinction about puclib and private life, consumerism, information overload , schizophrenia, paranoia, multiculturalism and the recogniztion of countires in the boarderlands, hybrid cultures. Postmodernism is the textual manifestation of postmodernity, whatever they create in response to postmodernity. Economy depends on mass consumption. How does one learn to be a consumer -televison, advertisement, internet and huge system of great shopping centres -the malls. In this sense the media have replaced the school, the media are teaching young people how to be, the media manipulates us, the problem isnt about buying producs, people consume for consuming, there is no satisfaction. Metanarratives are the basic fundamental stories that people believe in and live according to these stories, they can be religious myths. Stalinism , major fundamental stories, lyotart-in postmodernism there is not enough belief in the metanarratives, people start doubting in these beliefs, there cant be one major story for everybody, marxism or communism are not enough for all people. Foucalt-we can do politics only in local level. There can be a world revolution as communists believe, no on idea for everybody. Culture becomes extremely diverse, as a result there is proliferation of stories-spreaing, multitude of stories, many points of view, many truths. Postmodernity is all about many alternative truths. There is only your point of view. During postmodernism, people are disturbed by the loss of certanty, as a result some writers as a reaction to this, turn to traditional and simplistic view of world. Another metanarrative is the metanarrative of rich male writers, this metanarrative gave way to alternative narratives. Postcolonial narratives, feminism literature, working class literature, gay literature, which represent their own truth. There is no one image like in classical literature. Multiple points of views, history became another consumer good. According to jameson, there is a flattening of history, every period is equal, history is entertainment. Major difference between modernism and postmodernism lies in the attitude of self discovery . In modernity there was a search for self, a final finding of it. There is constant change, identity is fluid, never stable-in postmodernism. Instead, search for identity becomes another performance. Judith Butler-she was a feminist, critic. Speaks about search for identityt as a performance, the way we see ourselves is influenced by how others see us. Emphazis on surfaces, lack of depth, popular culture. Blockbusters are produced with a special consorn for the internation audience . Because america is not enough anymore, films have to be success elsewhere. As a result of this, american blockbusters contain as little dialogue as possible and as a lot action as possible. There have been studies that dialogue in some blockbusters occupies 10% of the film , the rest is visual effects, action. As a result such films are very superficial, life as a spectackle. Many americans will do anything to be on the tv. This search for fame to make your own life as a show. Scizophrenia and paranoia-schizophrenia as a intense sensory reactions to nothing inparticual, meaningless postmodern pleasure, enjoying something without a deeper meaning behind it. Paranoia is a direct response to surveillance. We are surrounded by cameras, we are being watched everywhere, information about is being taped, our choices, purchases, digital signatures, are controlled. Our identity is digital in postmodernism. We are a collection of numbers. If the system, the computer system can make us who we are, it can easily be deleted. Identity comes from outside as well, not from us but outside. People are now spending more and more time looking at screens, computer, tv, mobile phones and so on. Reality is seen on screen . This is connected with proliferation of liberation. Everything has become a commodity, a consumer product, even nature. The philosophical idea of the self has changed. During the enlightenment the self equaled the soul . In postmodernism the self becomes the subject , the subject can be the one who is subjugated, the second meaning as the subjective eye, the agent-we are dominated by someone else, we are still the subjective eyes . According to these philosophers, whatever we experience is a discourse -meaning everything is a text. We know something by interpreting it, by decoding it, the whole world is a text in postmodernity. In modernism everything is more or less separate, individual entitiys, in postmodernism everything is interconnected, itnerrelated, intertextuality. The influence of earlier texts or later texts, another important feature is the attitude of death. Death in postmoderism, death is meaningful, even after death the self does not dissapear completely. In modernism there was collective memory, remembering, in postmodernism there is amnesia, loss of memory. Thats why in postmodernism it is important to discover what is lost. Decentering of history, we get new historys instead. Postcolonial period is new history, feminist theory. In feminism there is decentering of the male subject. In postmodernism history is ongoing and neverending, whatever shuts down discourse means death.
Different types of postmodernism- derrida and deconstruction-there is no distinction boarders between high and low culture. Like modernists derrida believed in fragmentation in language play, emphazis on immanense rather than transcendence, immanense means subjectivity, inherent , not going beyond but being within. In modernism art is a place peaceful escape, the artist rises above the chaos, people are alienated but art is peaceful, art is the creator of new explanations and so on. Postmodernism art is different, artist is no longer above life, but is within the chaos of life, artist takes place in the life. According to derrida, the world used to have a center, everything was organized around the centre , centers are illusory, they are not real anymore, not true. Nostalgia for the lost centre, people want to have a kind of center, kind of starting point, the second reaction is acceptance and a delight of free play without a centre. The second type is playful postmodernism. A lot of experimentation. No distinction between high and low cultures, the high and the popular mix. Pastiche -it is related to parody, not exactly the same, parody is for fun, pastiche is imitating but not for the sake of mocking. Postmodernism of resistance, deconstructs metanarratives, in favour of all kinds of minorites, feminist literature, ethnic literature. Postmodernism tells counterhistorys, alternative hiostyres, of the point of view of other, not self, but from the point of view of the other. In modernism, self expression is vital, in postmodernism selfexpression can come from the outside, through the opinions of others. Postmodernists tell different stories all the time. Includes a lot of postcolonial literature, especially all kinds of ethnic literatures, literatures of boarderlands where cultures mix, literature of immigrants, finally there is a so called antipostmodernpostmodernism, the past it better than the present. They want to return to metanarratives because these were better, they hate absolute relativism . Ironically these antipostmodern authors use postmodern techniques, in this sense they are postmodern. John gardner .
Thomas Pynchon-never gives autographs, never lets take a picture, not known in which year he was born. Playpostmodernism. „V.“, „The Crying of Lot 49“. Oedipa Maes-she is frustrated as other readers, doesn’t know what is going on. Novel contains a lot of allusions, that may or may not be meaningful. This novel has been described as multidiscursive intertext or even as an epistemological journey. Ontology-idea of being, who we are. Epistemology-search of who we are. Oedipus search for knowledge , attempt to discover something. Even her name is an allusion to Oedipus. Oedipus knows something about her future, tires to avoid it, once he solves the sfinks riddle about the meaning of life, its the end of mystery . Oedipa is feminine and this Oedipus complex in psychoanalysis is normal for male. Obsecurity, oedipa doesn’t want to follow her footsteps. Wants to return to her normal life. Everything in the novel seems connected but might be accidental, not connected. This is the question that the novel raises, what is insignificant, how is meaning constructed, what is real knowledge. It is also ontological, because the novel, Oedipa, wants to know who she is. It is intimately connected to the idea of paranoia. Even the band , the musical band that he meets are The Paranoids. She feels as being followed, but noone attacks her. Whatever clues she finds, everything revolvs around Pierce inverarity. Muted hornsign, this symbol can be find everywhere in the novel. Secret system of communication, there might be another America, interacting in different level. Another interpretation is that its just her imagination. Third interpretation is that its just Pierce’s joke, that he wants to play on Oedipa. Fourth is that Oedipa is crazy, she imagines Pierces plot. At first Oedipa is worried that the world is divided in binary oppositions, things matter or they dont, it is very inconclusive, consumerism. Oedipa attends Tupperware parties. These parties are actually postmodern substitude of real communication. Oedipa wants to be above this, wants to escape this lifestyle, thats why she goes on this adventure. The novel almost reads like a computer game, oedipa goes to places, meets people, as in a computer quest game. The novel is also about historical paranoia, there are a lot of allusions to hitler. It might be a warning not to forget . Wagner music, Wagners music was played in the gas chambers in nazi germany . Violence, renessaince revenge drama , in which everybody dies. Allusions to the holocaust. European fudual wars in the middle ages. Pierce Inverarity can be interpretated as a global, who manipulates reality. Oedipas identity changes throughout the novel, at the beginnnign she is Mrs. Mars , at the end she is Mr. Mars. She realizies that there might be another America, both culturally and socially, in this sense the novel can be treated as a bildungs roman-novel of growing up, education, maturytiy and so on. The idea of entropy, whether the universe is changing or dyeing. The names of the heroes and heroines are important. Inverarity looks like inverse rarity, term from stamp collection, watermark is inversed, unusual stamp-looking into the truth. Oedipas husband is Mucho Mars-much more- wants to embrace the entire world under the influence of lsd. Postmodern scizoprhenic, his identity has melted into other peoples identitys. Dr. Hillarious-is unhappylly crazy. For mucho there is no boarder between the self and the other. Its all about effective communication, according to pynchon, the message should not be completely clear, but it cant be completely obscure . It has to be in the middle. The novel uses different types of discourse, songs , drama, burlesque, a lot of puns. Mucho Maos works in a radio station KCUF. There is no conclusive answer. At the end of the novel the lot nr 49 is cried out.
10.04.13
Experimental postmodernists: Barth , Donald Barthelme, William Gass, Joseph Heller
Joseph Heller „Catch-22“. The heroe is Jossarian-armenianamerican. He doesn’t want to fight anymore in the war. He says that he’s crazy in order to get out of fighting. He is told that he can’t be crazy. Military law catch 22. Dark humour, the absurdity of life. Situations seem foolish, unreasonable. We are controlled by language.
Kurt Vonnegut 1922-2007
3 major events in life foudn the way into the writing. Hes unhappy college experience, his job with General Electric and his wartime experience in February of 1945 in the German city of Dresden . He was there when the city was bombed by the allied airforce. He was a prisoner of war, but survived. From his college years and from his job with GE, he aquired dislike of technology. When he was producing his books American society had become automated, operated by machines . As a result, millions of people lost their jobs because of the robots. He was aware of the mass society, mass production and he did not like it. He makes fun of the idea. The most important event of his life was the bombing of dresden. Vonnegut,being an American, feels responsible for that-there was no reason to bomb dresden at all. He feels that americans and he as well have to atone for this horrible slaughter of the civilians. The world of his novels is mostly hostile and ridiculous and very often absurd. Black humour became very popular in the 1960’s. Black humourists believe that we live in a meaningless world, neither god or man, neither philosophy nor religion can make sense of the human condition . Where man comes from, where he goes to remains uncertain. Man wants to find reason, explanation, but cant. There isn’t any order or purpose to the universe. Instead man sees that things happen unpredictable, pointlessly, even cruelly.we could even say that these ideas of black humourists are the extensions of extistentsialism. However theres a difference, existentsialist respect the self. Black humourists don’t, they reject the idea of choice. They consider man as a play thing in overall chaos. The characters in a black humour novel are usually neurotic people. Often physically and spiritually sterile, unable to love and also these characters are divided by guilt, alienation. The most popular forms of black humour novel is the fable. Black humourists do not intend to reform the world, however they want to respond to the absurdity of the love. Their response is laughter, they laugh at the absurdity whats around us. This kinda laughter is often cold laughter, bitter laughter, theater of the absurd. The absurdity of life is put into novels through techniques, series of ridiculous events, the characters are very often distorted, exaggerated, often caricatures, and language is often experimented on and there are often meaningless puns, repetition of words, use of clichees. And again exaggeration.
Slaughterhouse 5
This novel iis almost black humour novel, represents vonnegut effort to bring together everything he thinks about war and american society. The protagonist is billy pilgrim . The action takes place in the 1960’s, but billy pilgrim recalls certain events that happened before, in the war. Recalls his capture by the germans, he is forced to stay in dresden during its destruction. How this event influenced his future life. In this sense the novel is partly autobiographical. The title of this book is important, because billy and other prisoners of war are housed in dresden in a slaughterhouse, numbered 5. When the bomb raid begins, they find shelter in the deep freeze areas, this is how they survive when 100 350 people die in dresden. When they come out of the slaughterhouse, dresden looks like a surface of moon. They are saved in the place of slaughter. This already raises moral and philosophical questions about the book, facists have destroyd many cities in europe, russia and sent millions to death. does this justify the destroying of dresden, vonnegut says this is not moral and not justified. Violance can not justifiy violance. Dresden used to be the most beautiful city of germany, everything was destroyd. It has no stratigical value, there was no point of destroying it. The novel also has a subtitle -the children’s crusade. the meaning of the subtitle is partly explained in the prologue. Billy pilgrim visits a friend of his to talk about his war experience before writing the novel. The friends wife mary does not like the idea of a book about war-because these books glorify war. Calls the young men babies in the war, they were very young. She afraids that this gloryfication will send more children into more wars. But the subtitle is also historical allusion. In 1213 two monks decided to gather a army of children-poor, orphans, beggars-the wanted to sell the children to north africa as slaves, to clean europe. 30 000 children were gathered but the ships were horrible quality and half of them died and half of them were sent to be slaves. Billy is a childs name, grawny, like a crusader starts a holy mission, as a chaplain’s assistans. He becomes perfect embodyment of vonnegut idea of baby in the war, a child in the war. Ofcoruse the novel isn’t just about dresden, its much wider. Gives broader depiction of human nature. Billy becomes modern pilgrim, progressing through absurd world. He travels through an absurd world, except that the doesn’t progress at all, he doesn’t progress, doesn’t go and achieve much and go very far. Innocent adam, falling into terrible wisdom of post world war. After the war billy is shown as a sick and listless man, he is completely passive, incapable of making a decision . But hes passivity can be partly explained by war time experiences. He becomes unstuck in time. Ofcourse it is the war that has injured billy and war keeps interfering in his post life. War has not ended for billy. Billy’s son is taking part of vietnam war. There are tanks in the negro ghetto. Tanks, as sa symbol of war. Sirens go off all the time, symbol of war, danger. War is not over for him. Billy becomes fairly succesful businessman but he is not happy. When he is alone, he weeps silently . The same time billy contines to time travel. Vonnegut adds a fantastic element to the novel. His time travel is a symbol of billys discontent, he is not happy at all. Goes to Tralfamadore, being kidnapped by aliens, lives in a zoo. The inhabitants can observe him. He uses the planet of Tralfamadore to show the planet where the technological revolution is over, technology has won. Because once a long time ago Tralfamadore was inhabitant by humans who had their doubts and these human qualities were actually seen as obstacles on the road to progress. Machines, robots, who have no doubt , proved to be much more eficiant. When tralfamadorians ask their most powerful computers how to develop life, men are useless, humans are useless, machines are far more reliable, and men should kill themselves and let machines advance progress. This is what was eventualy done in tralfamadore, all the men were killed. Those who remained live now blissful happiness, the reason for their happiness is because they have almost become like machines and they dont question the meaning of life. For billy it is difficult not to doubt, he cant take things calmly, his life has been filled with cviolence, tragic events, cant live peacefully. Other tragedys and dramas, his wife dies going for billy who has had an accident, she suffocates. Billy is finally assasinated at the end of the novel, the action of the novel takes place in various time. The events are completeing one another. These time shifts are united. The idea of decay always haunts Billy. „so it goes“-repeated throughout the book, turning readers attention to death. billy realizes that hes surrounded by robots, not only on tralfamadore but in earth as well. People are becoming robots.
The intellectual novel. The novel of ideas. Roman a these. Kind of ditactic novel that puts forward an argument and proposes solutions to some burning problems of morality and philosophy. This intellectual novel is very philosophical novel. By far the greatest, most famous novelists is Saul Bellow . He belongs to the jewish american tradition and his background is very clearly reflected in his writing. As a result of the prosecution of jews, the family is crucial for them, their last sanctuary. At the same time, there is a lot of generation tension. Because the older generation remembers traditions and customs. The younger generation doesn’t want to live the orthodox way, jewish literature is chracterized by humour. Very intellectual and self ironic humour. Also many of the jewish immigrants come from europe and their background is not hebrew but Yiddish-indoeuropean language based on German. Bellows novels are filled with metaphysical reflection on what man is, on the future of civilization and Bellow is trying to analyze fundamental truths, veritys of life. In a way he is agains post modernism, he is antipostmodern. He belieevs that constatnt meditation about life is important. Typical bellow hero is an intellectual but very often hes an object of ridicule rather than symphaty .
„ Herzog “. One character novel, practically the whole novel is about Moses Herzog. He feels alienated and stranged and sees life through the eyes of an alienated person, he is a professor of literature, well educated, but now he is retired. He has had two wives, a son. But there is little close communication between them and very little action in the novel, little outward action. Real action is inside herzogs head. Whole novel is hertzogs contemplation of the reckage of his life, he contemplates it all the time. He doesn’t just think about it but writes letters , but he never finishes them. His letters are letters to himself. Through these letters he tries to work out solutions to his problems. In other words he uses language to somehow sort out his problems, it is a typical sign of his crisis, he can’t just change his life with language. He is profounly dissatisfied with the whole system of values around him. He sees moral corruption everywhere, according to herzog the nature of american society is based on a kind of collective crime which is this driving for prosperity. Then he thinks about the cold war, the highpoint of the war. He believes that the cold war resembles the political hysteria. He believes that intellectuals have become puppets. In the hands of reaction of politicians. Reactionary is the opposite of progressive. The government is highly hypercritical because it spends billions of the cold war instead of fighting crime inside the us. Another area of problem is urbanisation. Thinks that new york is hell . One of the more difficult questions is „what does it mean to be a modern man in a modern city under mechanisation“. At the same time he shows that man is a creature of pecularitys and contradiction, there are conflicting ideas and emotions. Herzog is very lonely and depressed, this is the range of his life. He calls the police for company, atleast someone to talk to. In general he views life in america as a horrible dream, where everything becomes standardized. The american nation is seen by hertzog as a crowd of lonely souls, frightened, faceless, brainwashed by the government and the media. But herzog is not only critical of the government but he is also disgusted by the middle class, believes that most of them have morally fallen, their desire in life is greed. Herzogs brother. Herzog thinks that such qualities as mercy , compassion, kind heartedness are very rare in the modern world. All in all he believes that values and ideas that reign in america are worthless. At the same time herzog as an intellectual he denounces existentsialsm, believes that it degrades man, deprives man of self confidence . Existentsialism makes man accept the idea of social inevitability. Herzogs attitude never takes the form of active social protest. He doesn’t do anything about his dissatisfaction. At one point he even wants to put his mind to sleep. This is extreme form of protest for an intellectual, because he has to make ideas, this would be the death of him. We get a small glimpse of hope that the crisis is over. We learn that Ramona, his lover, is going to visit him. There is some hope for herzog after all.
New journalism. It can be described as artistic creative literary reporting with three basic traits , dramatic literary techniques, intensive reporting and reporting generally acknowledged subjectivity. This is a paradox beacuse subjective journalism allowes for the writers interpretation. Jorunalism with the writers point of view. Sometimes this new journalism is also calles nonfiction , creative nonfiction. From fiction, from literature, new journalism borrows the following techniques. Telling the stories using scenes rather than accurate historical narrative, the second feature presenting dialogue in full, meaning conversations as they happen in real life, rathen than quotations. Use the point of view, every scene is represented in the eyes of a character. Recording everyday scenes, collecting as many facts and details as possible. New journalism is not thought to be as fiction. The most famous new journalists is Truman Capote.
Truman Capote 1924-84. The most notorious and scandalous writers of his time, public personality, love being on tv, loved being seen in high society. He wasn’t afraid to say his mind, had a very sharp tongue, openly homosexual. He did not attend college, he was self thought. His first major novel called „other voices, other rooms“. He was constantly involved with theater and cinema, wrote his famous short novel „breakfast at tiffanys“. He lived in europe for many years, when he returned he decided to compose an „ epic nonfiction novel“. Anything less than epic wouldn’t be enough for him. And indeed in 1966 he produced, published this epic nonfiction novel called „In Cold Blood“. This is one of the most famos nonfiction novels ever, the history of the novel goes back to 1959, capote noticed a small newspaper article, describing mysterious murder in Kansas . Family of 4 were murdered in cold blood, in that time murderes were not discovered . The ideal story for him to write about, for 5 years that followed he did a lot of research on this murder case. He got acquainted with the murderers. He even admired the murderers Smith and Hickock, never used the tape recorder, never wrote anything, memorized everything, later he reproduced everything from memory. The trial took a very long time, he didn’t want to publish the book before the end of the trial. When finally the murderers were sentenced to death, he decided no to help his new friends and let them die. The book was a success. Became favourite amongs schoolchildren and prisoners. According to capote every word of the novel is true. He believes that a sign of good. Was partly as a litearally experiment. The question remains. Capote had to make subjective choices about the subjective about the book, makes it closer to reader. The chapters alternate, the Clutter family, scenes from the Clutter family, the murderers. Describes everything in detail, no real newspaper article would have such an creative structure. This makes it seem like a fiction. Capote wanted to make his book interesting even to the people who knew the outcome of the trial. Book had to be informative, accurate and interesting. Novel is filled with details that would never find its way to newspaper. He had collected 8000 pages of facts and interviews and notes . The book in carefully edited details. Two surviving daughters from the Clutters, Capote interviewed them as well but they weren’t interested. Personl opinion creeps into the novel. The novel is about death penalty. On the one hand is against the death penalty, on the other hand he almost wished the murderers got a death penalty. American dream, the clutter family seemed to be living the american dream, their two eldest daughter are married , they have a farm but this perfect american family is murdered, the dream is over. It shows that the american dream is very fragile and it functions only if people who dont have this dream are not present, since not everyone can have this dream. Hickock and Smith cant have this dream, murder seemed almost meaningless, hickcock and smith had heard from someone that the clutters were fairly rich and hoped that there was some money in the farm house. Perry Smith was part of native American, the inspiration was Hickock. Wheter „in cold blood“ can called non fiction novel, how can a novel be nonfiction, paradox.
The mythological novel 17.04.13
John Updike 1932-2009. He is known for his so-called rabbit trilogy about one character.
The Centaur 1963. The novel has two levels, one is realistic level, in which the protagonist George Caldwell is a school teacher, the other level is a mythological one. George is The Centaur Chiron from Greek mythology . Cyron was the centaur who gave up his immortality to save Prometheus from death. each character on the realistic level has a counterpart in greek mythology. George’s son Peter Caldwell is Prometheus himself. George’s wife Cassie is on the Greek mythological level Ceres. One of george’s friends Al is Hephestus-the Smith. The local doctor is Apollo and so on. Vera , collegau, is Venus . The reason for the parallels is that America is home for parallelity. Cyron is gentle and kind-hearted, at a loss in the world of selfcentered selfish people. He is dismissed by his collegaus as a misfit. Moreover, he himself believes he is a failure. The events of the novel are shown through the eyes of his son Peter-Prometheus. He is telling the story to his black mistress. Peter has become a painter. Symbolically he posesses the holy fire of creation , of art, in this sense he is Prometheus, he has the fire, the holy fire of creativity. Peter is vulnerable. George worries about his students and Peter (who is one of them). The students laugh at George, make fun of him, during the lessons but at the same time they cannot help feeling his humane nature. Ironically Deifendorf (the worst student, who is Satyr) becomes a teacher himself, so he learnt something from George. The most famous scene is 20 minute lecture which George delivers on the evolution of the Earth. And he actually juxtaposes two theories, the scientific theory, evolution and the poetic and mythological theory. It is not religious as poetic and mythological. Explains the conflict between heaven and eart, what is real and what is ideal. He explains why artists suffer, because artists can never reach their ideal, they thrive for it but they never reach it. George understands the tragedy of the artists so that is why he wants to protect Peter, like Cyron wants to protect Prometheus. The epigraph: man is the creature on the boundary between heaven and earth. Man is between heaven and earth and has elements of both. The scene in the classroom reminds us mythological classroom, the classroom becomes a symbol of human condition. Because mankind is constantly tormented by insanity, disorder and conflict. However, george caldwell, the centaur, sees the reason of the chaos. He thinks that people are ignorant and they choose to be ignorant because it is blissful. Becomes to conclusion that the profession teacher has no meaning, is meaningless. He believes he has cancer and is going to die soon, sums up his life. Only goodness lives, and life goes on because of goodness. Like the mythological centaur, george sacrifies himself for the sake of his pupils . His goodness will live on in his pupils, in this sense we can say that george becomes a christ like figure. George lives an authentic existence, he is the architect of his destiny . What is the function of myth? Myth shows the reader what is universal in the world, in a man. Myth goes beyond nation boundaries. Myth adds a poetic dimension to the style of the novel, according to updike our generation has decaded and hardened since the ancient times. The ancient times were romantic , poetic and so on.
1970’s. Postmodernism contiunes but things change. Three important events change the spiritual and cultural influence. the end of the vietnam war, the failure of the black movement and the youth movement to change things radically and the watergate affair, which shook the whole idea of American government. Nixon was accused of tapping for Stalin . New philosophy-neo conservatism. Which is all about modernation. The 1960’s have been too free. The ideas: stability, return to traditional values, especially the importance of family, and creating positive images, positive values in society, this philosophy was partly responsible for hegemonic (domeneering) foreign policy of the USA. Power cult appeared. Also the American administration introduced severe cuts in social payments , education, retirement money and so on. A lot of money was invested into the army, the military, naturally this philosophy had to leave its mark on literature and art. There was a crisi of postmodernism. Many writers turned away from experimentation and turned to more realistic style. Simple human values. At the same time new zanrs apperead, the native american novel, the postmodern historical novel, the family novel and so on.
Joseph Heller „something happened“. The spiritual portrait of American in 1970’s. The central motif is fear and „Something happened“ is like a refrain. Very long monologue told by the protagonist Bob Slogam. At first glance he has nothing to complain about, he is very wealthy, has 3 children, in a large company, generous. Everything seems fine, ideal picture and yet people who work for the company are prone to nervous breakdowns, the atmosphere inside the company is not healthy at all, everyone is afraid of everyone else. Insecurity. Bob is paranoid of FBI, is unhappy and close to suicide. He fears the unknown. He fears the unpleasnt, he fears having to take responsibility. Recalls his youth in 1950’s, time of hope, had confidence in his youth, hsi girlfriend commits suicide and he loses confidence. He loses not his confidence but his identity. He works in a large company with hundreds of similiar men. Feels like he has become a small cog, detail, in impersonal machine of the company. He does the same thing every day. Even his wife knows exactly who he has been talking to, cant hide anything. The rules of life, he says that, for on to succeed has to play golf with the boss , has to wear right clothes, and cant say the word nigger and has to be succesful. He has become a product of standardisation because of the rules, he is succesul because he is like everyone else. He is a conformist. The inner self is egoistic. Bob Slogam has to avoids everything that is tragic, like blind people. Wants his blind mother to die. Younger generation is not much better, they dont care for their parents, they dont care about school, education, they have no ambition, they are salky, unhappy, dissatisfied with everything. Jospeh heller gives a collective picture of his characters, many of them has no names. There is one exception, bobs 9 year old son is different, he is kind, generous, almmost too good to be true. He is unamerican, hates sports , and he is constantly afraid that something terrible will happen and he dies at the end of the novel. His death is equally symbolic, nothing humane, good can survive in the America of the 1970’s. The whole novel is actually Hellers attempt to undo the American dream.
John Gardner 1933-82. Medievalist, „ Beowulf “ professionalist. He is one of the anti postmodernist, he wants to go back to eternal veritys, eternal values, truths, unlike many postmodernists he believes in the educational importance of art. Thats why he broke away from radical and went back to realism. Realism could teach a valuable lesson. „October light“ 1977. Even the setting is chosen veyr carefully, the setting is actually a farm. The action takes place one week in october in the early 1970’s, very few characters, the main characters are James Page, he is a farmer , widowev, not young. His sister lives with him, Sally Page Abbot . The author shows the annual cycle of hard labour for rural farmers, Sally and James have had to work very hard and to doyle all their life to now live in relative comfort. Gardner is saying that through hard labour these characters have managed to retain their moral values, they have no time for sexual experiments or drugs, they had to work hard every day. Thing that helped to retain their moral standards was closeness to nature, they are organically part of the environment. Sally and james have a rough and sally locks herself in upstairs. She sits alone in this room eating apples, applepicking time, october. And she has found a book and starts reading the novel. We get a novel within a novel, she reads the novel and we, the readers read it too. Postmodern technique. Most of the characters are used to represent very clear cut, uncompromosing, represent philosophical or political viewpoints. The sibling show all the conflicting aspects of new-england puritanism. Sally is a relentless optimist , with a strong drive for progress. James is equally relentless, hard worker but he is suspicious of all the people he calls liberal. He is unable to express his deep feeling. Many characters are full of contradictions. James loses his teeth. One of the messages is that kindness, compassion, tolerance are necessary for humanity to survive, these are eternal. Later, when a priest visits her. How difficult it is to have a deep conversation between locked doors . October light-not the end of the year and Sally and James are nearing the end of their lives. But it is still hopeful, they make up, reconsile. Many of the characters lock their hearts agains one another. Gardner seems to be saying that these locking of hearts, but then getting a sudden ray of light and unlocking the hearts are normal phases of the inevitable life is normal. Normal in nature as well.
The historical novel on the 1970’s. The end of the 1970’s saw a very important anniversary in America. This anniversay was the two hundred anniversary of Americas independence. This great anniversary sparked a interest to the history and as a result it was an interest in history, many authors turned to past to find the causes for the spiritual, political and moral crisis of the present. They wanted to uncover the reason for the crisis in the past.
Gore Vidal 1925-2012. „ Burr “ 1973. This novel actually apperaed during the Watergate affair. And although it deals with the American past, the revolutionary past, it is a satirical commentary on the present day political life in America. It is a chronical that describes a large part of American history. The setting is mostly New england, DC, New York. Most characters are real historical figures. Aaron Burr, who was vice president of the USA, under Thomas Jefferson. It was Burr who killed Alexander Hamilton on a duel in 1804. Hamilton was one of Washingtons assistants. Charles Schyler-Burr’s biographer, law student, journalist. Washington is mentioned and Washington Irving, advises Schyler. Novel begins in the middle of the action 1833-announcing the marriage of Burr, who was then 77, to woman of 58. The narrator is very ironical. We learn that the author of this piece of news is Charles Schyler, he is the narrator of the novel, he is studying law under Burr. His narrative is to solve some of the confusion surrounding Burrs contraversial career. But as the novel progresses we have more and more reason to believe that Schyler isn’t totally honest to the reader. This is one of the features of the historical novel. Burr’s life is not presented in chronological order. Three presidential administrations are presented and there are 21 autobiographical sections that present Burr’s life story. Although Burr remains controversial figure in American history, Schyler finds him admirable. Believes that Burr is free of hypocracry and admits his mistakes. The character scetches are extremely ironical and amusing. One of the major themes it he meaning of the constitution. Many of these politicians helped to write it. Is it a document that will endure or is it a subject that changes? How much changed is allowed? And also Vidal shows very cunnigly that with very few exceptions most of the founding fathers undermined the constituion. Even jefferson undermined it. Jefferson undermind the nullificiation, any state has the right to reject the federal law. Hamilton unermined the constituion because believed in the more british parlament . The moral is that nothing is new, lies, scandals, nothing is really new, present day politicians never invented anything. At the same time Vidal doesn’t make direct personal judgements, he describes the story of Aaron Burr. Very ocntroversial figure, he was a man of charm and at the same time scoundrel. The whole trial of burr is revelead in great detail. He was innocent. The second level of narration covers the period of to the burrs death, 60 years of Burr’s life. 21 sections where Burr is narrator. The third level of narration is the parallels between revolutionary american and present day America. Young republic , he shows that the reasons for the war of independece wasn’t as noble as the traditional historians want to present, it wasnt for the love of freedom and so called crimes of the english king. Vidal claims that it was just a fight for money. Washington approved of slavery, dissaproved the french revolution. Burr makes fun of Europeans who came to fight for American independence, De la Fayatte, Jefferson, who had always been considered progressive man is less symphatical than Washington. Drawing these parallels Vidal shows that corruption has always been in the American government.
24.04.2013
Historiografic metafiction – as a post-modern genre , in her, Hutcheon (Canadian writer), theorie (historiografie – was history is recorded/metafiction – fiction about fiction). The recordgin of historical facts and fictions. The techniques have narrative quality. It’s a literary genre that denies the traditional reliability concept of history but at the same time attempts to reclaim historical sigunificants. An important feature is blurring the line between history and fiction. To sho that history is neither absolute nor finite. And again in accordance to post-modernism it all depends on the point of view, there can be many histories. A writer who represents this genre better than anyone is E.Z Doctorow ( 1931 -). The period is know for it’s anarchist attacts. They installed bombs and tried to organise ’terrorists acts’. The real events contribute to the novel. But the title ’ Ragtime ’ is not only about the content but also about the form. It’s a caleidoscopic picture accomapnied by the vibes of ragtime. The novel has an important epigraf – do not play this piece fast, it’s never right to play ragtime fast. And this eograf sets the tempo and the mood of the novel which is fairly slow. The writer outlines several problems from the past which have not been solved in the present. The first one is the fate of the blacks and the fate of immigrants. He presents stories of men and women who typify the period in the book. But most of the attention get the fictional characters. There’s three groups of them, three families. First of all a white family. WASP – White Anglosaxon South Protsetant. There’s a little boy, the mother, the father, mother younger father and a grandfather. It’s sigunificant that the story begins with the white family. It symbolises what America was in the beginning of the century. It was dominated by the WASP’s. In such an America everyone had to be patriotic . Father was a real patriote. Mother was a stereotypical victorian women. Father has to make an appointment with her when he wants to have sex. But when he leaves for the north to discover northpole, mother takes on the responisibility on running the household. And she starts reading dangerous books, deals with business. The father has sex with escimo women and when he returns he thinks his changed wife is his punishment for what he’s done. The younger brother of the mother is revolutionary, radical.
The second family is black. The only family that has a name. The family of Coalhouse Walker , a black ragtime pianist. They become victims of racism . When he can’t find legal help he kills several men who insulted him, then he became an outlaw and mother younger bother joins him. The brother transform fathers patriotich fireworks to something else, bombs probably, fathers factory becomes a factory for weapons for the revolutionists. The third perspective is not related to the firt 2 families. It’s a immigrant family Tateh, Mameh and a little girl. Their in the US in serach of the American Dream, probably from Russia. But what they find from NY is even more poverty. Finally when they don’t have any money left, Mameh becomes a prostitute. After that Tateh can’t live with her anymore and he moves with the little girl. Tateh? changes he becomes Baron Ashkenazy, he has become a rich enterpenure of a cinema or smth and then mother falls in love with him and then mother marries Tateh and then all the families are united. Sarah was someone who had a child with someone from the black familie, she was from the WASP familie. So they’re all connected. The novel is filled with allusions. One of the most important ones is the hints to Dreiser and his search for the room. When he used to write he used to place a chair in the middle of the room, sit in and then decied if it had proper position to find out if the time is right to start writing. Doctorow says that americans are searching for a prooper alienment in the universe. The other important figure is Robert Peary , and exeibitionist of the Antartict? He questions the quest of humans in the universe. America is no longer seen as a melting pot but as a rainbow .
Late 1970’s
Toni Morrison (1931-)
The five key periods of african american cultural history:
The first one is from the african past to the enslavement. 17-18 century
Reconstruction – the period immediately after the civil war when slaves got their freedom but they were sill not entirely equal
Harlem   renaissance – the third period – when black literature, poetry , drama started to flurish in the Harlem region in NY.  Basically black modernist writing.
The fourth from the harlem renaissance to the civil rights in the 60’ and black arts. This is the time when blackness was celebrated. There was no shame on negritude.
The fifth period from the 60’s til the present.
Toni Morrison deals with several of these periods but the most important are the 2nd and the 3rd.
„Song of Solomon “ – her real name is Chloe Anthony Wofford) Mid 20th century, 4th period. It’s about the Dead family. The protagonist is Macon Dead, a milk man, He goes on a journey to find out where he really comes from, his roots. It’s a bildungsroman. We see his spiritual and physical journey toward maturity. He learns of his aunts Pilates secret gold. So he goes to seek it but actually finds the wealth of his familys background. There’s several secrets in the novel. The main conflict in the novel is the difference between his and his aunts family. It all starts on the 18th of February 1931. And it begins with a famous flight  of a man from a roof of a hospital. This trigures the milksmans birth. The birth is a miracle, he’s the first black baby who was born in that hospital. His childhoods friend was named Guitar. Later they become estranged. He is not just dead by name but also spiritually. The name milk man becomes from the fact thathe was suckled by his mother for a long time. He is tired of life and then he decided to go to the white world. Gradually he discovers that he descend from the Solomon Tribe, one of the firts slaves in America. After that he understand the importance of family, of history, he realises what does it mean to love. The novel uses a lot of mythology. The method is magic realism, it’s Morrisons favourite. It combains realistic, factual views on the world with the mythological ones. The method comes from latin –america (from marquez ?) In the end of his jourey his not interested in the gold anymore but his family. He discoveres his grandsomethingmother was an native american. And his greatgreatgreat grandfather is from the Solomon tribe, he JUMPED from Africa to america (or vice versa) and left 21 sons behind. Normally she uses women as protagonists. The quest for identity. Flying symolises freedom, escape. Solomon the flyinf African.
Another novel which moves back and forth in time telling stories about the slaves pasts. We learn that Beloved was killed by her mother because she didn’t want her daughter to be a slave again but later he daughter returns as a ghost to haunt her mother. At first the ghost is pleasent but later she wants more and more attention from her mother so soon she wants to be the only one in her life. Paul D the lover of Sethe (the mother) realises that Beloved may not be a human after all because she has a strang shine around her, she actually uses her mothers sources, her energy. At first as revenge and later because she never got something like that when she was small, she was killed as a baby. S and PD become alienated from their group of society, so Denver has to earn the living for the family. But in the end the community comes to the familys house to get rid of the gohst. They recreat the scene how Beloved was killed and that forces her to leave. It’s about gender politics. A slave woman had no control over her body. The masters produced slaves for free. The black women didnät have the chance to marry, their masters had to give them permission.  The author shows freedom is to be free for desire, slaves did not have that. Beloveds ghost represents desire that can never be fulfilled. A metaphore for guilt and grief. Beloved becomes the ghost who haunts the whole american nation. The ghost of enslavement for the blacks.
American Drama 08.05.2013
Quite late to emarge in America. Puritans thought that drama was dirty . Most themes were taken directly from european plays . Copyright laws. Gradually things started to change and in the 19c the majority of plays was mostly sentimental comedy and romantic tragedy and the war of independent, alot of political satire. Soon comedy of manners became quite prominent. Things got more interesting when melodrama became important. Melodrama depicts a simplyfying moral universe in which good and evil are clear cut and so we have a hero and a villain. There is often struggle for dominance between the hero and villain. The struggle is violent and sensational. Usually good wins. American melodrama in the 19c centers on innocent and vulnerable female character who faces all kinds of sexual threats. She is rescued by the hero and often married him. The play based on a novel „ uncle tom’s cabin“. The play was written by Aiken. Serious quality writers weren’t satisfied with this and ideas of realism started to inspire. Gradually a realistic theatre developed what represented common place middle class american life. This kind of drama included moral and psychology. Plot became less important, character more important. These realistic plays created an illusion of verisimilitude-true to life. Realistic play was James Hermes play „Margaret Fleming “ 1890. Although it starts like a typical melodrama it goes beyond the limits . At this time more influences were coming from europe-Henrick Ibsen and August Strindberg. Also from brittain George Bernard Shaw. Under these influences drama of discussion appeared in America. These dramas tackled all kinds of social problems. In which middle class americans might have been interested. Early feminist dramas started to appear. Taking on the discussion about sexual double standards. Realism combined with modernism. So called „little theatre movement“ began around 1912. It was a revolt, action against the big theatres . These huge companies were intereseted only in money but not in the art. These little theatres started producing quality theatre, they hoped they would be art theatres. Two such important organisations, groups appeared.
Eugene O’ Neill
Provincetown plays-their aim was to produce new american plays and the second group was the Washington Square Plays evolved into the Theatre Guild. These two companies were important because they produced the first genius of American drama-Eugene O’Neill. Thanks to oneill that american drama finally became serious type of literature to be considered worth. Before that only novels and poems had been more or less serious. Soon he became completely merged in modernist tendencies, he began experimenting with drama. First of all he decided to get rid of typical melodramatic types-heroes, villains and so on. He got rid of them, brough in a wide range of characters, new topics and styles. Each of his plays is explaration of human condition. More importantly, he tries to study the subjective reality of the characters coinsciousness. Not the reality of how the world is, but how the disturbed character feels. Oneill uses repetitive movements, robotic, stacatto dialogue-short, abrupt, subjective settings,that usually reflect nightmare or madness and a progression of stability to madness or violence.character starts as a stable personality ja mida edasi seda segasemaks läheb. Play ends with a shriek that signals the protagonist demise. Oneill was so serious about what he was writing he produced only tragedys, 1 comedy. Moreover, by origin he was partly greek, used greek mythology in plays. Also like a typical modernist he was schoked by the lack of religious faith, the lack of religious myth. Connection with the past. He decided to create his own myth. Not to create, he remade old greek myths. One of his masterpiece is „desire under the elms “. Phaedra and Hippolytus . In oneill’s play this myth is used as a vechicle for understanding the characters motivation, see his characters as enslaved human beings. Enslaved by sexual desire, greed and jealousy. Another famous play by oneill is called „mourning becomes electra“. He uses a subjective perspective. In many other plays oneill uses the mask . In this play the family members wear white, masklike faces. The colousr of white, that their faces are, indicates their perhaps artificiality. Meaning that what we can see is not the truth, the reality. The dialogue is very symbolic and yet still remains in realistic frame. This classical tragedy of electra is told against the setting of the civil war. He uses two important things, civil war and myth. He uses the setting to show the divided nature of the country, north and south, different outlooks, philosophies and values. Uses the electra myth to expose the cracked foundations of the family. Uses lot of psychology influences by freud. Freuds ideas helped to deepen his dramas. One of the first playwriters to study the inside of the characters mind. Conscious motives an unconscious needs -id and ego. He destorts reality in order to express the problem in this play. In the play „strange interlude“ there is no outward action what so ever, the most important action takes place in characters mind. We can come to conclusion that we can almost listen to the characters thinking.“ Long days journey into night “ about responsibility and love-hate relationship within the family. Action takes place in a single day. The father and the son have a bitter discussion about the past, while waiting for the drug addict mmother to come downstairs . When night comes we see that it isnt just the late hours of the day but the night of their souls. In 1936 O’Neill was rewarded Nobel Prize for literature.
Between the two world wars. In the 1930’s the great depression. Melodrama emerged but in a new form. Lillian Hellman, who’s plays are different because these don’t have a happy ending always. Introduces realisting settings, fairly believable, sensational. Psyhcological complex characters. She’s hinting this trouble between good and evil behind the dynamic of human social order. The 1930’s saw the new type of play, this was called Agitprop. Russian revolution 1917. Agitation propaganda. It was used by the leftist in the label movement to rally support for their couse. It contains type characters and simple situations, songs-make it remoramble, slogans and direct challenges to the audience to get their reaction, to make them involved. Perhaps one of the best agitation plays was written by Cliffor Odets called „Waiting for Leftie“. Group of workers, labour meeting , work has a waiting for their representative, never comes, has been murdered. Things change dramatically after the second world war. Eugene O’Neill had been a genius but it was onyl for a brief period that American Drama became the best drama in the world. The traditional combining realism and modernism continued and american playwriters used this to enrich eachother.
The two greatest playwriters who emerged were Tennesee Williams and Arthur Miller . They brought new life into American Drama. On of the methods can be called subjective realism. The aesthetic framework is undeniably realistic. They borrow freely the techniques of expressionism to represent the characters subjective experience. The individual was a alienated person, who had the feeling of not belonging to any group. Usually the character is a lonely person, separated from society and other people. Williams’s and miller’s plays take the alienation of modern man as their basic theme.
Tennessee William began his career in broadway, „The Glass Menagerie“. Glass animal figurines, which williams calls memory play. The action is framed by one of the protagonists tom’s narrative. We see his recollections, his memories. Scenes from the past and present are mixed. Small family living in a small apartment. Struggleing mother, desatisfied son, Tom and a shy crippled daughter, she’s an invalid. Lora escapes from his illness into the timeless world of imagination. One cannot escape endlessly. So the illusion is shattered together with the glass figurines. She becomes one of these manymany gentle creatures that is destroyed by life. Another famous play by williams is „Streetcar named Desire“. One of the heroines in this play, Blanche Dubois, lives in a world of unreality. She comes from an older southern family, her name is French. She still thinks, that she is a southern bell. She constantly looks in the mirror and so on. Puts on tons of powder , when she has visitors, she almost turns the lights off so the visitor cant see her real age. „I dont want realism, i want magic“. Gradually, as the play goes on, Blanche descends into psychosis. Being raped by her brother in law doesnt help. He is a brutal man, strong and powerful. He takes advantage of her, shatters her illusion. She is taken an asylm. Williams grew up in sourt, thats because so many southern features. The past is looked upon with sadness , guilt or fear. Like faulkner he describes society as a kind of hell of brutality and racism and society according to williams is sick. Often this sickness is described in sexual terms. Other plays contain a lot of sexual undertone. „Suddenly lost Summer “. At first, william seems to be a realist playwriter, but he is not, his language is close to poetry, situations and characters are distorted, they are often made larger than life. Like Poe, williams uses elements of southern gothic . His tragedys are not everyday tragedys. Reality distorted by the characters imagination. They are gothic because thye show the horrors of the soul. Life is seen as a game, that cannot be won. In one way or another, his characters are defeated by life. „Cat on a hot tin roof“-mendacity ( valelikkus , ebasiirus), homosexuality.
Miller believes that things happen for a reason. Unlike williams, miller believes that life has meaning. That is why his plays are regarded as more intellectual. The past has a direct influence on the present. And often in millers plays characters learn to take responsibility for their past actions . The theme of his first major Broadway play „All my sons“. Protagonist Joe Keller , his company produced plain engines and some of these were faulty. Joe escapes responsibility, escapes legal punishment but can’t escape guilt. It haunts him. Later he is shown a letter from his own dead son-suicide. Son explains that he is going to commit suicide because of his fathers actions. This makes joe finally admit his guilt. Realizes that in a way, all the dead pilots have been his sons. miller has learned the technique of giving the audience the information about the characters past, little by little. As we learn something new, this changes the way we see the situation and valuate the protagonist. False ideas of reality, the truth comes out. The most famous play by Arthur Miller is „Death of a Salesman“, the protagonists is Willy Loman . He is not young anymore, we can say that he is aging, not a very succesful one, he cannot undestand why he is a failure. His business is almost bankrupt, his son hates him. The play shows that these failures are caused by false dreams and hopes. Clearly one of this false dream is the American Dream. At first willy judges his own value as a human being. He thinks that he is a failure because he can’t earn money. As a result he believes he is a double failure. We learn why his son hates him, his father had been fillin his head with false dreams of success, these dreams ruin the son and the father, if willy can’t cope anymore. „The Crucible“- a very difficult situation. Although it is set in 17th century, new england, it has direct parallels with the 1950’s USA. Miller sets his play at the end of 1690’s, the setting is the Witchhunting in Salem. It was a period of fear, panic and during this period, a single individual, John Proctor decides to take responsibility for his own actions. 1950’s Senator McCarthy and his Witchhunt. Social evil is caused by individuals who do not take responsibility for the world they live in. This play shows a lot of deep faith. Moral truth can be found in the human world. He was one of Monroe ’s husbands.
At the end of the 1950’s there was crisis. O’Neill was dead, William and Miller weren’t producing anything important. New blood was required . This new blood came gradually off-broadway theatres, and even off-off broadway theatres. They were smaller, intimate. Beatnik movement had an influence on drama. 1960’s Edward Albee „Zoo story“. New influences are coming from europe, this is the theatre of the absurd. Influence by Beckett and existentsialism. World where human existence has no meaning, life is absurd, meaningless, art should reflect this absurdity. Two characters Peter and Jerry and they have a conversation but they have difficulty understanding each other. Lack of real communication, they speak but don’t hear. Jerry gives peter a knife and peter kills himself. So in this sense he becomes kind of sacrifie, christ like figure. The setting is absurd. People must break out of their loneliness and so the surviving character, it is the guilt that finally unites him with the other men. Uses a lot of methods of absurdity. Social critic and a satirist. „The American Dream“, it is a attack on false values. „Whos afraid of Virginia Woolf “. In this play we have 4 characters, one couple invites another married couple to spend some time with them, university campus. The husbands are colleges, the elder couple are called George and Martha and their marriage is based upon a fantasy , upon a false dream, have been married for a while now. Martha comes from wealthy background, comfortable lifestyle. They haven ’t been able to consive a child, medical reasons, they have invented one, they have conversation about their imaginative son. When George kills their son, in one of their conversation, he destroys the fantasy. Can this marriage survive in a reality, doesn’t give a straigh answer.
The 1960’s and 70’s saw similiar developments as prose writings. Feminist drama, black drama. Amiri Baraka-african-american playwriter. Radical playwriter, became a muslim . Almost antiwhite playwrite, a lot of revolutionary political agenda. Almost calls for black separatism. The end of the 20’th century continues postpost things. David Mamet-jewish writer, writes about dysfunctional families, the effect of poor parenting of children. August Wilson-black playwriter, he writes about the history of Americans. Wilson has been influenced by Toni Morrison. Under Morrison influence Wilson uses techniques of magic realism. The 1990’s can be called the decade of identity politics, politics of agenda, ethnic identity. Tony Kushna with his masterpiece Angels in America. He combines realistic characters on the one hand with social and political commentary with humour, fantasy and so on. Talks about ethnic identity, talks about sexual identity. Problem of aids, how aids affects society and its victims. „Angels in America“.
Exam : open book exam, no läpakas.
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Konspekt on kursusest "Ameerika kirjandus alates I maailmasõjast kuni tänapäevani". Alustades naturalismist ja lõpetades 70'tega on välja toodud kõige mõjukamad autorid Ameerika kirjandusest, samuti on välja toodud nende autorite suurimad teosed ja nende teoste lühikokkuvõtted. Kirjeldatud on ka sellesse perioodi jäävaid teisi kirjandusega seotud märksõnu.
naturalism emile zola 1920-jazz post war euphoria Hemingway Spanish civil war Franco vs the Republicans John Dos Passos american-spanish war mass culture john steinbeck t.s. eliot faulkner The second world war post WWII literature second WW novels salinger beat movement postmodernism in american literature Experimental postmodernists: Barth Donald Barthelme William Gass Joseph Heller Vonnegut Truman Capote John Updike John Gardner The historical novel on the 1970’s Gore Vidal Historiografic metafiction Toni Morrison American Drama little theatre movement between the two world wars in the 1930’s the great depression

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