PREFIX- MEANING- EXAMPLE Ize- make into- sterilize, satirize A, in, on, of, up, to- ablaze, atop Ly- in a specific way- softly, kindly Circum- around- circumference Ity- state, condition, civility, acidity In- in, into, within- inhabit Post- after, following, later- postscript Sub- under, below- submerge Ab- from, off, away- absent Con- with, together- congregate In- not, opposing- insincere Pre- before- prefix Super- over, above, extra- superabundant Ad- to, toward- advance Contra- against, opposing- contradict Inter- among, between- international Pro- foward- proceed Trans- across, over- transfusion Ante- before, previous- antecedent De- down, from- descend Intra, intro- to the inside, within- intramural Re- back, again- rebound Un- not- unhappy Anti- against, opposing- antifreeze Dis- apart, away- disappear Mis- badly, wrong- mistake Semi- half, partly- semicircle Uni- one- u...
Secular literature- written in vernacular languages as well 6th -15th century Anonymity Religious writing Liturgical writing-hymns, psalms Theological writing-aquinas, abelard etc Religious poetry Mystery plays-reenactment of bible stories Secular writing Troubadour writing:"courtly love", romance Epic poem(song of roland) Travel writing History writing-chronicles Allegory The use of symbols and analogy to convey a certain meaning /message Literary output of medieval English Anglo-saxon or Old English literature(7th century-1066) Middle english literature(12th century-15th century) End of the period:1470s chancery standard(regulating english) and onset of renaissance Middle English literature Written in many dialects in early period 14th century Middle english was used for majority literary works-known poets Chaucer, Langland Standardization-printing from 1470 Geoffrey Chaucer 13401400 London 1357 public servant
designs. Over time, they developed tools and techniques to stamp or engrave the metal. Today, Navajo jewelry is well known and highly valued by both Native and non-Native Americans. It remains a distinctive feature of Navajo history and culture. Basketry Navajos are also known for their basket work. They believe the First Man and First Woman made baskets for ceremonial purposes. Each part of the basket has a very distinct meaning. Like Navajo textiles, only women generally make baskets. Some Navajo baskets have specific symbols and colors, such as a red design to represent darkness and clouds, and a black triangular layer to represent all of the Holy People. The four Sacred Mountains are represented by a black triangle. Different tribes use different materials, weaving techniques, basket shapes, and characteristic patterns. Sandpainting
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning).
The Rich Boy Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald Words 1. Queer. Meaning in Estonian: imelik, veider. Example from book: That is because we are all queer fish, queerer behind our faces and voices... 2. To conceal. Meaning in Estonian: varjama. Example from book: I feel pretty sure that he has some definite and perhaps terrible abnormality which he has agreed to conceal... 3. Misprision. Meaning in Estonian: kuriteo varjamine. Example from book: ...And his protestation of being average and honest and open is his way of reminding himself of his misprision. 4. Cynical. Meaning in Estonian: küüniline. Example from book: They are..
heart-en, hard hearted, sad hearted) The native elements play a very important role in English. Influence of borrowings some say that English is so rich mainly due to loan words. The first effect of foreign influences is of course the volume of the vocabulary. Borrowings influence native words stilistically and semantically. If we have 2 words in the language: one native, other borrowed, then they become different in meaning and usage (nt, to meet or to encounter- meaning's the same, but stilistically different) Under the influence of borrowings native words narrowed their meaning (nt stool-iste, chair was borrowed, chair infuenced stool and it is now a taburet). Borrowings have influenced the English language a lot but native elements should not be disregarded or overlooked. Latin borrowings cheap, pepper, street, mile, butter, cheese, wine, inch, ounce, pound,
The presence of social order enables individuals to feel more secure publicly, as it enables them to somewhat predict their lives. Social order is also necessary for stability and serves as the basis for collective advancements. There are several theories and explanations for why social order persists and emerges. Hechter and Horne in the reader Theories of Social Order present several widely-acknowledged explanations for social order. In this essay, the explanations regarding a shared meaning, norms and values and power and authority are explained. Furthermore, the extents to which these explanations can be convincing are assessed. Meaning Hechter and Horne argue, that "shared concepts and beliefs are a perquisite for successful communication" (Hechter and Horne, 2003:44), thus bringing together the ideas of many sociologists in explaining the importance of meaning when explaining social order. Meaning,
Estonian hero Kalev. Up to the 13th century the Scandinavians and Henry of Livonia in his chronicle called the town Lindanisa: Lyndanisse in Danish, Lindanäs in Swedish, also mentioned as Ledenets in Old East Slavic. According to some theories the name derived from mythical Linda, the wife of Kalev and the mother of Kalevipoeg. who in an Estonian legend carried rocks to her husband's grave that formed the Toompea hill. It has been also suggested that in the context the meaning of linda in the archaic Estonian language, that is similar to lidna in Votic, had the same meaning as linna or linn later on meaning a castle or town in English. According to the suggestion nisa would have had the same meaning as niemi (meaning peninsula in English) in an old Finnish form of the name Kesoniemi. After the Danish conquest in 1219 the town became known in the German, Swedish and Danish languages as Reval (Latin: Revalia). The name originated from (Latin)
conatin archaisms. Archaic elements that occur only in certain fixed expressions are not considered to be archaisms- be that, as it may. For exsample lyre- music instruments 7) Neologisms A word or a sense of a word, on the coining or use of new words and sense. (a word that is not yet in the dictionary). Soccer-mom, botox, speed-dating, fashionista 8) Word formation by the means of affixation. A prefix- is an element placed in the beginnig of the word to adjust or to qualifiy its meaning. A suffix- is an element placed in the end of the word to form a derviative such as ing and fy. Prefixes: be- become, for-forget, with-within, ad-admit, ac-accurse, af-affrax, co-co-operate, de-destroy, dis-dismiss, sub-submarine Suffixes: er- maker, or- actor, eer- mountineer, ier/yer- lawyer, ant- assistant, ent-student, ee- detainee, ist-artist, en-vixen, ess-actress, ine-heroine 9) Coversion A type of dervation where no suffix is used to change the word class. Catch as a verb and
to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys approaches to metaphor. Part IV, new to this edition, examines the four theories of metaphor. Features of Philosophy of Language include: · new chapters on Frege and puzzles, inferentialism, illocutionary
sampan, tai chi, taipan, Tao, tea, yang, yen, yin. Japanese: aikido, banzai, bonsai, bushido, futon, geisha, haiku, hara-kiri, judo, jujitsu, Kabuki, kamikaze, kimono, koan, mikado, sake, samisen, samurai, sayonara, Shinto, shogun, soy(a), sushi, teriyaki, tofu, tycoon, yen, Zen Arabic: artichoke, alcohol, sugar, camel, alchemy, algebra, elixir, 13. Etymological doublets Two (or more) words derived from the same source, but having a different meaning. Fashion/faction Dialect based: Road/raid Seek/beseech Old English, Old Norse Skirt/shirt Rear/raise Anglo Norman, French Guarantee, warranty, quaranty Latin/Greek, French Thesaurus/treasure Abbreviation/abridge French, French Genteel/gentle Dragon/dragoon 14. Folk etymology
separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns may carry a new meaning (nt, arms-weapons, looks-appearance, works-plant) b)connected with phonetics. The meaning of a word is expressed by sounds and it depends on the order of sounds(spoonerism) c)history of the lg helps to understand ahanges in the meanings of words (nt, legend ment a book where a life of saints was described) d)stylistics is the sign of expressive means of the language. The same idea may be expressed in different ways and so may aquire a new meaning
are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot, cosmopolitan language 4) Modern English – 500,000 words (OED) At present at least 1 billion lexical units 2. Core and periphery Core vocabulary – often short (monosyllabic) words of Germanic and Old Norse origin = ie core vocabulary of most frequent words, and vague fuzzy peripherial words. Core meaning is the meaning which is at the centre of the word.periphery – vague. Formal usage (often polysyllabic words) from Norman French (rank, courtliness,refinement). Learning, science, abstraction: Latin, and Greek. The core vocabulary is predominantly Germanic (the, I, you, etc.) Only 4 of the topranked one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are of foreign origin. 93 of the first one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are monosyllabic, and the
LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES Based on: interaction of lexical and interaction of denotational interaction of primary circumlocution other cases contextual meaning and emotional meaning and secondary meaning 1. EPITHET 1. METAPHOR indicates individual 1. ZEUGMA 1. PERIPHRASIS 1. BATHOS based on similarity of 2 evaluation of sth. Logical "to join" w-d is use of longer spoiling the lofty effect. Function
(Cranmer 1986:60) Another important reason is that it is possible at this stage to exploit the new lexis in its own right, not just as a means comprehension, If we are to bring new vocabulary into active use and not just passive understanding, it is not sufficient for us just to teach it. It should be done in a way, so that teachers should be sure that it is learnt and used. If the words are taught after the target text, then the meaning of the words will be more understandable. In this case, the `matching' is the best thing to learn new words. The definition will be given to a learner and he/she has to find the word with the identical meaning in the text. What should be added to the topic, I believe, not hundred percent of new words will be learnt by students. However, this is a great practice for them, to be able to find associations, approximate meaning of the words, if they know the theme and the material based on the text.
STYLISTICS 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies The term ,,style" is polysemantic. Latin ,,stilus"--a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Soon, the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift said: ,, Style is proper words in proper places" Present day--half a dozen meanings: · the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas (Style of Byron) · the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g
Maybe in the future, the technology will get so far that they can recreate some extincted spieces. Here is araucaria mirabilis which was living approximately 160 million years ago If we create some culture on the field or cut down some alder forest and replace it with spruces, will it have interaction to the whole world? It's extremely difficult to answer, because there are so many factors. 4. slaid Renewable resources have became metaphor with meaning that its easy way to produce energy. Its easy to destroy our forests but it changes our ecosystem. They cause blowdowns, erosions and so on. 5.slaid scope of history Forests sometimes need to be updated. We need to take down trees with diseases. But we cant cut down trees which have cultural information in them. There may have some text beaten in from thousands years ago. Here is a tree which has old bicycle in it. 6.slaid
areas in life, because after the war new interactive medium have changed the English language more to the American English direction. The object of the work Ø The object of my research work is present day English and understanding that the origin of idioms is closely connected with people's mentality. The subject of the work The subject of my studies is" Idioms in the English language". Idiom is a phrase or expression whose total meaning differs from the meaning of the individual words. Methods of my studies Ø Dictionary of English Idiom; Ø Internet sites; Ø Phraseology of modern English; Ø Communication with English teachers; Ø Reading books and comparing with dictionary; On this subject I studied the literature Ø Antrushina G., Afanasyeva O., Morozova N., Ø Basics of English phraseology by Amosova N., Ø McMarthy, M., & O'Dell Felicity.(2008). English Idioms in Use. Ø Cambridge.(1989)
Simple Present Present Progressive/Continious (99%) infinitive form of 'be' and verb + ing (3rd person singular: infinitive + 's') I speak I am speaking you speak you are speaking he / she / it speaks he / she / it is speaking we speak we are speaking they speak they are speaking Signal words: always, every, often, normally, usually, Signal words: at the moment, at this moment, today, sometimes, seldom, never, first, then now, right now, Listen!, Look! Rules · in general (regularly, often, never) · right now e...
For many people, money is the most important thing in the world What is the meaning of life? What is happiness? Surely everyone has asked these questions from himself and has thought about that. It can not be answered the same, because people have different personalities and value judgements. It looks like for some people happiness depends on that how much money they can earn. Money is for them the most important thing in the world. Somehow money is important for all of us. We need it for everything: to buy food, clothes and other bare necessities
Why are traditions important? They bring you closer together. They are a trigger, a reason to get together, they bring back happy memories. Without traditions life would not be as fulfilled. Traditions are the glue that binds one generation to another. They give every member something to look forward to in our sometimes chaotic lives. They remind us to slow down and remember the things and people that are most important. There are many different traditions and they all have different meaning. In my opinion the most important traditions are family ones, like celebrating birthdays, anniversaries and weddings. These traditions bring family closer together. For me birthdays are very important. On your birthday you can feel the love around you and also you can see that there are so many people who care about you. In my opinion the importance of ,,The New Year" on January 1 is overemphasized. There seems to be an almost magical belief in a "New Year" bringing change
Style The term style is a polysemantic one. The latin word ,,stilus" meant a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Already, in classical latin the meaning of style was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style
.. Possession Verbs to possess, to own, to belong... Emotion Verbs to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind... Examples: · He is needing help now. Not Correct · He needs help now. Correct · He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct · He wants a drink now. Correct Group III Mixed Verbs The third group, called "Mixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more than one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a unique verb. Some meanings behave like "Non-Continuous Verbs," while other meanings behave like "Normal Verbs." Mixed Verbs to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh... List of Mixed Verbs with Examples and Definitions: to appear: · Donna appears confused. Non-Continuous Verb DONNA SEEMS CONFUSED. · My favorite singer is appearing at the jazz club tonight. Normal Verb
mechanisms are fairly systematic and predictable and hence tend to feature in discussions of language structure. Derivation generally involves the use of affixation of various types, e.g. getting the noun derivation from the verb derive. Compounding involves putting together two existing elements of the lexicon (normally "content" words rather than grammatical words and affixes) to create a new word, like matchbox. In both derivation and compounding there is a strong element of compositionality, meaning that the meaning of the new word is broadly predictable from the meaning of its component parts. Probably the main non-grammatical way in which languages get words for new things is by metaphorical extension of the meaning of some existing word. There are broad generalisations about metaphor cross-linguistically, and some people regard metaphor as a central feature of what makes language language (see e.g. Lakoff 1987). However, in any
regard) · loovus ja vaba eelarvamustest · harmoonia suhetes teistega Q-sorting technique (William Stephenson) ideaalmina, reaalmina T group, encounter group VIII. Facilitaator (facilitator) õppimine ja fasilitaator Humanistlik paradigma Eksistentsiaalne lähenemine I Viktor E. Frankl (1905 -1997 ) · The Doctor and the Soul: From psychotherapy to logotherapy (1955) · Man's search for meaning: an introduction to logotherapy (1962) · The will to meaning (1969) Inimese kontseptsiooni kolm printsiipi: tahtevabadus (freedom of will) tähenduslikkus (will to meaning) elu mõte (meaning of life) II Rollo Reese May (1909 - 1994) · The springs of creative living: a study of human nature and god. (1940) · The meaning of anxiety. 1950/1977. · Man's search for himself. 1953. · Love and will. 1969. I. Eksistentsiaalsed terminid:
regard) · loovus ja vaba eelarvamustest · harmoonia suhetes teistega Q-sorting technique (William Stephenson) ideaalmina, reaalmina T group, encounter group VIII. Facilitaator (facilitator) õppimine ja fasilitaator Humanistlik paradigma Eksistentsiaalne lähenemine I Viktor E. Frankl (1905 -1997 ) · The Doctor and the Soul: From psychotherapy to logotherapy (1955) · Man's search for meaning: an introduction to logotherapy (1962) · The will to meaning (1969) Inimese kontseptsiooni kolm printsiipi: tahtevabadus (freedom of will) tähenduslikkus (will to meaning) elu mõte (meaning of life) II Rollo Reese May (1909 - 1994) · The springs of creative living: a study of human nature and god. (1940) · The meaning of anxiety. 1950/1977. · Man's search for himself. 1953. · Love and will. 1969. I. Eksistentsiaalsed terminid:
Vormsi Island Location Located between Hiiumaa and the mainland Fourth largest Estonian island Covering 92 square kilometres The meaning of "Vormsi" Known as "snake island" Derived from the German name "Worms" or it's Swedish name "Ormsö", both meaning snake island History Vormsi was inhabited by coastal Swedes 2500 people lived there before WWII During the Soviet occupation Vormsi was a closed border-zone Blend of Soviet and Swedish history mixed with unspoilt nature Nowadays Celtic crosses from the 13th century in Vormsi cemetery Vormsi is for people interested in mixed Soviet and Swedish history and rare nature Landscape Juniper fields Seaside meadows
Irritation 1.Present Actions Happening at the moment of speaking Most often, we use the Present Continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking. Ex. He is eating a dinner. Mary is talking with her friends. They are swimming in the pool. Stative Verbs There is a certain group of verbs that usually does not appear in the Continuous form. They are called Stative Verbs, and if used in the Continuous form, they have a different meaning. Ex. I think you look pretty today. Meaning: Opinion I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco. Meaning: Act of thinking 2.Temporary Actions Activities continuing only for a limited period of time This tense is also used for activites continuing only for a limited period of time. Ex. I am riding a bike to get to work because my car is broken. (His car will soon be repaired) Mary is working at McDonald's. (She is working there only during the summer holidays) 3
USE: 1)Predicting a future happening or situations 2)Shalll can be used with i and we 3)Descisions to do smthing at the time of speakin (offering to o / agreeing to do smthing/ promising to do smth) Negative: I can see you' re busy, so I WON't BE GOING TO Form: am/is/are going to + algvorm Use: 1) Descisions to do smthing, intentions. I'm going to buy a new car 2) Predictions about the future, which are based on the situation now. PRESENT SIMPLE ( I do) WITH A FUTURE MEANING Use: 1)Talking about timetables, programmes: My train leaves at 11.30. 2) Talking about people if their plans are fixed like a timetable. PRESENT CONTINUOUS (I am doing) WITH A FUTURE MEANING Use: 1)Talking about descisions and arrangements (sbdy has decied and arranged to do smthing). He is playing squash on Monday afternoon 2) You can use present contiuous for an action just before you begin to do it. FUTURE CONTINUOUS Form: will+be+ing
Transferred Poetic diction Oxymoron Neologisms Functional styles / registers Hyperbole STYLE AND STYLISTICS FGI 1081 Stylistics (I. Ladusseva) 2 The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. The precise definition was given by Jonathan Swift, who defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron). 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period (e.g.
Marriage is an outdated institution Is marriage a wonderful institution nowadays, when the meaning of this word is totally different from the meaning that expanded many years ago? Is this document which indicate the union of two people who have given a permission to love each other in sickness and in health, until the death do they part is the evidence of everlasting love? I think the answer for these questions is No and I would talk about my opinions why i think so. First of all, i think everyone know that the rate of divorces is quite high. For example, 50%
SECTION 1: LISTENING COMPREHENSION This section of the TOEFL test your ability to understand spoken American English. You will hear taped conversations to which you will make responses. Part A and B contain samples of informal American English. Idiomatic expressions and two-word verbs are common in these parts. Single Statement In Part A you will hear a single statement made by a man or a woman. In your test booklet, there are four sentences. You must choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to the one you heard. YOU WILL HEAR: To get to the post office, cross the street, go three blocks, and you'll see it right on the corner. YOU WILL SEE: (A) The post office is right on the corner. (B) The post office is at the next corner. (C) The post office has a cross near it. (D) The post office is three blocks away. The correct choice is, which most closely gives the same meaning as the sentence you heard. It is
Students approaches to learning and teachers approaches to teaching in higher education. Kristina Tairova HUM-IK-I NARVA 2014 Approaches to studying in higher education Research, carried out in Great Britain and Sweden in 1970 identified only three dominant approaches to study. ·A deep approach (understanding the meaning of materials and in my oppinion this approach includes additional studies, very serious way of learning) ·a surface approach (memorising the course materials, the most common approach) ·and the last one, a strategic approach (only grades make sense) But the same student can adopt different approaches, It depends on different things, such as personal interest, teacher, tasks. Conceptions of learning in higher education. ·Learning as the extending knowledge ·Learning as memorising
Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining Essay "Every cloud has a silver lining" - this is a very commonly used expression meaning that every bad situation has some good aspect to it. It's usually said as an encouragement to someone who is struggling in difficulties and is unable to see any positive way to get out of it. I have to say that I strongly believe in the meaning of this proverb and I try to recall it in my mind every time I'm in a complicated situation. Although I, like every other person in this world, have my ups and downs, I mostly like to think of myself as a positive person. I always seem to surprise people with my "can-do" attitude and smiley face, especially in severe or akward situations. I tend to believe that there's always something good in bad and that things will always turn out well, no matter how hopeless circumstances might be. Some of my friends, as well as couple of my family members are strong pessimists. While spe...
From books we can learn many new words and write better essays in school. It really improves language and I don't mean foreign language but also native language. We can learn many new ways of saying things and so we can make our writing and talking much colorful by variety of words. I think that is very important for us to learn new words because if we hear them from news, tv, radio or read them from newspaper, magazine we know the meaning of the word. Knowing variety of words also shows our intelligence. Reading in foreign language is the one of the best ways to learn another language. For example, if someone goes to England or America they hear the language, but the words sound much different than they are written. That's why reading in another language is very important. The reader sees how the words are written. Also many new words are found in texts. It is not hard to translate them and find out what they mean
"Continental" philosophy "Analytic" philosophy Continental philosophy is more influential on the European continent Analytic philosophy is predominant in the major research universities in the English-speaking world Analytic Philosophy Analytic philosophy developed from attempts in the early 20th century to make our concepts precise. The model of this procedure was science. Emphasis in contemporary analytic philosophy is on language and meaning, and meaning is understood as a relation between language and objective reality. Thus, understanding the structure of language is what reveals the structure of reality. Continental Philosophy At the same time that analytic philosophy was emerging, E. Husserl was developing his "phenomenological" approach to philosophy. He too emphasized high standards of clarity and precision, but sought them more in the rigorous description of our immediate experience (the
life indefinetely. – philospher´s stone was the key in these goals 3. creating human life 3) Idea of making gold and silver. Where does it originate and / how to Western Europe? The idea of transmutation arose among the Alexandrian Greeks in the early centuries of the Christian era, then it passed to Arabs and then from Arabs to Western Europe. Since then realization was very important to all chemical workers down to the time of Paracelus and even later. 4)narrow and wider meaning of alchemy Narrow sense of the word, alchemy is pretended art of making gold and silver, or transmuting the base metals into the noble ones. Wider meaning that it stands forthe chemistry of middle ages. 5)why is the philosophical principle important in alchemy? Philosophical principle unified and focused chemical effort, which previously was expanded on acquiring empreical acquaintance. Alchemy is an early phase of the decelopment of systematic chemistry.
(a season) winter." Viljandi 2009 Viljandi County Gymnasium 4. Phrasal verbs Many verbs in English are followed by an adverb or a preposition (also called a particle), and these two-part verbs, also called phrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particle that follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in idiomatic ways: · drop off - decline gradually The hill dropped off near the river · drop off(2) - fall asleep While doing his homework, he dropped off. · drop off(3) - stop and give something to someone Would you drop this off at the post office? · drop out - cease to participate After two laps, the runner dropped out.
2016. Lemma (Morphology). Available at http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/lemma_(morphology), accessed January 19, 2016. DIPHTHONGS Origin: Late Middle English: from French diphtongue, via late Latin from Greek diphthongos, from di- 'twice' + phthongos 'voice, sound'. A diphthong is a special kind of vowel sound. Most vowel sounds in English are made with the mouth in one position and with one pure sound. These vowel sounds are called monophthongs (mono meaning “one” and phthong meaning “sound”). A diphthong is one vowel sound formed by the combination of two vowel sounds. A diphthong begins as one vowel sound and moves toward another, such as the vowel sounds in coin or loud. Diphthongs can be contrasted with two monophthong vowel sounds together that form two syllables, such as in chaos, triage, or violin. When teaching reading, the two vowel sounds most commonly identified as diphthongs are /oy/ and /ow/
Some here usually means ’an unspecified or unknown’: Some idiot parked his car outside my garage. Or other can be added to emphasize that the speaker isn’t very interested: He doesn’t believe in conventional medicine; he has some remedy or other of his own. Any can mean ’practically every’, ‘no particular (one)’: Any book about writing will tell you how to saddle a horse. Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words. No (+ Noun) and none (+ Pronoun) No and none can be used with affirmative verbs to express a negative: I have no cherries in my garden, I had some last year but I have none this year. No + Noun can be the subject of a sentence: No work was done. No letter(s) have arrived. None as the subject is possible but not very usual: Some people had been invited, but none came. We expected some letters, but there were none.
g. he, she, a dog, etc. + e.g. walking, going, taking, etc. Negative Sentences: Subject IS/ARE Verb+ING e.g. he, she, a dog, etc. + NOT + e.g. walking, going, taking, etc. Stative (State) Verbs There is a certain group of verbs that usually does not appear in the Continuous form. They are calledStative (State) Verbs, and if used in the Continuous form, they have a different meaning. ***I think you look pretty today. Meaning: Opinion. !! ***I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco. Meaning: Act of thinking. Present Perfect Basic form The Present Perfect is used to express actions that happened at anindefinite time or that
mountains all kinds of adventure activities are offered in New Zealand. New zealand is the home of bungee jumping. It comes from the South Pacific islands, where young men jumped off towers to test their courage. Kawarau Bridge became the first commercial bungee jump location in 1988. Today there are about 13 placec to go bungee jumping in New Zealand. Many place names in NEw Zealand are of Maori origin. The names often have a meaning connected to Maori legends. Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoro nukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu in New Zealand is one of the world's longest place names with 85 letters.The meaning of this Maori name is The place where Tamateam, the man with big knees, who slid, climbed, and swallowed mountains, known as landeater, played his flute to his loved one.
define and specify entities projected as known to I'll try to put you through to the speaker/writer, listener/reader. (cf. Indefinite article right department. a/an) indefinite article umbmäärane Refers to the determiner a/an that is used to express an Give me a pen, please. artikkel indefinite meaning. zero article nullartikkel Refers to the use of no article or other determiner I like coffee. before a noun. 4 Grammatical Terminology Phrase fraas A word or group of words which form grammatical units such as noun phrase, verb phrase or adjective phrase. Phrases are the constituents of clauses
often Simple general + s I go usually he goes seldom after the never following first ... verbs (to then love, to hate, to think, etc.) future meaning: timetables, programmes something is happening at the same time of speaking or around it Now I'm working to be at the (am/are/is) he's Present
Christmas differentces of 2 countries This reports purpose is to analyse Estonian and English Christmas traditions. It compares the meaning of this tradition, decorations, eating habits, activities and Father Christmas. Firstly, for English people this traditions means to celebrate the birthday of Jesus Christ , but on the other hand for Estonian peole it means to celebrate the mid-winter holidays and religous people go to church. Secondly, for Estonian people decorating their homes is big part of christmas. People in the countryside bring straw into the house, they decorate their homes and bring in fir-trees
Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'. 2. Rule:Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can't say "he gave me an advice", but you can say "he gave me some advice", or "he gave me a piece of advice". Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say "coffee" meaning the product, but we say "a coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee. 3. Rule:You can use 'the' to make general things specific. You can use 'the' with any type of noun - plural or singular, countable or uncountable. "Please pass me a pen" - any pen. "Please pass me the pen" - the one that we can both see. "Children grow up quickly" - children in general. "The children I know grow up quickly" - not all children, just the ones I know. "Poetry can be beautiful"- poetry in general.
English download B2 workbook lk 10 harjutus 1 vastused (Listening) 1. Frustrated 2. Symbols 3. Unclear 4. Stop using 5. Parents 6. Classes 7. Clues to the meaning of the word 8. Under five years old 9. Makaton-friendly
its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead. " Etymology Christopher Chippindale's Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the Old English words "stn" meaning "stone", and either "hencg" meaning "hinge" (because the stone lintels hinge on the upright stones) or "hen(c)en" meaning "hang" or "gallows" or "instrument of torture". Medieval gallows consisted of two uprights with a lintel joining them, resembling Stonehenge's trilithons, rather than looking like the inverted L-shape more familiar today. The "henge" portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as henges. Archaeologists define henges as
Paiute people Meaning of name Unknown Northern:Numa Southern:nuwuvi language Northern Paiute language Owens Valley Paiute Southern Paiute language English Lived near water Fish Roots Seeds Meat Nuts beliefs Wolf Coyote Ghost dance Wowoka chores Fishing Weawing Hunting Roots and berries hearding children 1840 Euro Americans Pah Ute war 1860 Pony Express Thank you for listening!
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