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2013-04-24
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Thomas Paine (1737-1809) and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826). The common sense and witty aphorisms of Franklin's popular Poor Richard's Almanac series appealed to colonial readers. Franklin also wrote effectively on the question of allegiance to the British crown but it was his protégé, Thomas Paine, who inspired colonists during the dark days of the Revolution with his stirring pamphlet Common Sense (1776), which sold over half a million copies, and American Crisis Papers (1776-1783). Thomas Jefferson was also an influential political writer. He made important contributions to the 85 essays of The Federalist papers, which effectively outlined the Am governmental system and the basic principles of republican theory. Jefferson also wrote the Declaration of Independence (1776), which identifies the moment in which the nation was born, and in stirring language explains the reasons for its birth.
Written between 1620 and 1647, the journal describes the story of the Pilgrims from 1608, when they settled in the Netherlands, through the 1620 Mayflower voyage, until the year 1647. The book ends with a list, written in 1650, of Mayflower passengers and what happened to them. The Age of Reason The Age of Reason: Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology , a deistic treatise written by eighteenth-century British radical and American revolutionary Thomas Paine, critiques institutionalized religion and challenges the inerrancy of the Bible. Published in three parts in 1794, 1795, and 1807, it was a bestseller in America, where it caused a short- lived deistic revival. British audiences, however, fearing increased political radicalism as a result of the French revolution, received it with more hostility. The Age of Reason presents common deistic arguments; for example, it highlights the corruption of the Christian Church
Naturalists do not judge their characters, they simply report. Try to describe facts like they are. Naturalists depict the lower, coarser forms of life. · Drab, squallid set of scene. Revolting, disgusting · Characters are people with strong animal desires · Neurotic characters unable to understand the forces that control them · By the end of the 18th century the naturalism depicts in europe, but stars to become the literature method no 1 in america · Naturalism appealed American authors because they found it very right to describe what was going on in the turn of century in America · They wanted something fresh, new · They were disgusted by romantics · Showed the harsh tone in moral life · Refleced the development of science · Period of intense urbanisation, the city is in the center of the novel, often · New characters were businessmen, salesman, immigants, poor farmers
He managed to combine the influences of different metaphysical poets while keeping his own originality. (Coursebook, pp. 8-10; Sanders, pp. 194-209, 235-238) 4. The arrival of classicism in England. The impact of the art collections of the Earl of Arundel and Charles I. The arrival of classicism had a huge impact on the cultural identity of the British. One of the most remarkable things that happened was the further sophistication of the cultural output. Architecture, art and literature received more emphasis. Different areas to do with culture drew inspiration from the age of classicism. This movement was greatly influenced by many important figures. Perhaps the greatest proponents of this movement were the Earl of Arundel and Charles I, both of whom possessed great collections of Italian antiquities and artwork. Their art collections definitely left an impact, as they represented the pursuit of a greater ideal through art. (Coursebook pp. 25-31) 5
English literature is one of the oldest literatures in Europe; dates back to the 6th century AD. Oral literature, i.e. not written down, spread from person to person. In 449 AD Anglo-‐Saxon tribes invaded England – beginning of the Anglo-‐Saxon period in English literature. The first form of literature was folklore, carried by scops and gleemen, who
combination of cruelty and neglect he experienced there at the hands of Mrs. Holloway might not have hastened the onset of his literary life. She ruled the boarding house with fire and brimstone and Kipling was often beaten by her and her son. "Then the old Captain died, and I was sorry, for he was the only person in that house as far as I can remember who ever threw me a kind word."--ibid. Kipling soon learned to read and found solace in literature and poetry, voraciously turning to the magazines and books his parents sent him including Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. Wilkie Collins' The Moonstone and works by the likes of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Bret Harte also left an indelible impression on Kipling. Respite from the Holloway household was gained when he spent one month a year in London with his mother's kindly sister Aunt Georgie and her husband, pre-Raphaelite painter Edward Burne Jones and their children
to convey his interpretation of the nature of human existence. He writes in the first person so the reader can identify and deeply understand the truths he wished to share about the meaning of life and man's relationship with the Creator. Dante is remembered as a great thinker and one of the most learned writers of all time. Many scholars consider his epic poem The Divine Comedy consisting of Inferno, Paradiso, and Purgatorio, among the finest works of all literature. Critics have praised it not only as magnificent poetry, but also for its wisdom and scholarly learning. Dante was a man who lived, who saw political and artistic success, and who was in love. He was also a man who was defeated, who felt danger and the humiliation of exile, and who was no stranger to the cruelty and treachery possible in people. Dante felt he was a victim of a grave injustice. He also suffered serious self-doubts, natural for a man in exile
Benjamin Kidd social evolutionist, supported the British dominion, Europeans had a greater capacity for ruling justification of British actions overseas. British expansion pushed forward at an unprecedented rate a new era of cultural exchange(that altered the British worldview). Representatives: Rudyard Kipling, Richard Francis Burton(The Perfumed Garden, The Arabian Nights, Kama Sutra) · Other themes and genres of Victorian literature and their representatives(children's literature, psychological novel, fantasy). Children's literature before there was no literature for children, the Victorians "invented childhood"(children started to read), stopping child labour + introduction of compulsory education, literature for young peoplegrowth industry, dedicated children's authors, novelist producing works for children Dickens A Child's History of England. Writers_ Lewis Carroll, R.M. Ballantyne, Anna Sewell.
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