uurides ei uuri vestlusanalüütik mitte ainult keelt vaid ,keelt mis on seatud mingi sotsiaalses maailmas toimuva tegevuse teenistusse.(Drew 2006:114.) Ajalugu Esialgu keskenduti interaktsiooni verbaalsetele aspektidele,siis vähehaaval uurimute haare laienes:hakati huvi tundma vestlejate kõne kattumise,kuuldava hingamise ja intonatsiooni vastu.Peagi ilmusid uurimusse nüoilmete ja interaktsiooni mittevokaalsed ilminguteuurimused. diskursuse analüüs Diskursuse ingliskeelne vaste (discourse)sisus rõhutatakse suhtlemist ja vestlemist. Sünonüümina kasutataksemõistet argumentanalüsis(väiteanalüüs) On nagu vestlusanalüüski kvalitatiivsete andmete analüüsi vorm,mis on välja kasvanud huvist keelekasutuse uurimise vastu.On teoreetiline raamistik mis hõlmab mitmesuguseid rõhuasetusi ja metoodilisi rakendusi.On empirismi mõjutustega analüüs,mis toetub siin -ja- nüüd- sündmuste uurimisele ning on lähedane sugulane vestlusanalüüsile.Tähtis
“is it?” as a catch-all tag (“you go out later, is it?”) Manglish (Mangled English) Example sentences: Gimme lah, ok or not? (“Give it to me, OK?”) This bus got air-con or not? (“Is there air-conditioning on this bus? / Does this bus have air-conditioning?”) Don't worry, he can do it one lah (“Don't worry, he can get it done”) Standard language a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse has high social prestige promoted through the educational system Has legal status effectively used in public (court, legislature, schools) popularity and acceptance in the community Standard English (SE) variety of English that is acknowledged as the model for the speech and writing of educated speakers often associated with the Received Pronunciation (RP) accent in countries where English isn't a native
236), she soon relaxes as she `recognizes' villages that are more or less similar to those of her Polish childhood. Nevertheless, her tendency to orientalize and thus take a distance and minimize persists throughout the whole trip. In her globalizing, post-modernist discourse, Hoffman's references are generally made to broader geographical and mental spaces rather than to a particular home culture. Hers is an unmistakably `major culture' voice that contrasts the West to the East, the
systems that children begin to develop early in life and to engage in research relating to the reasons for selecting specific pictorial solutions. It has been pointed out that even very young children have at their disposal more than one pictorial system and they choose among them as a function of their representational intentions and purposes (Bremmer & Moore, 1984). The notion of the significance of purpose- or telecology- of pictorial behavior in the discourse about development of graphic abilities has been at the center of a map- like model of development that has emerged as an alternative to the traditional stage models (Darras & Kindler, 1996: Kindler & Darras, 1997a, 1997b, 1998). This model regards emergence and development of pictorial imagery as a semiotic process occurring in an interactive social environment that leads to pictorial behaviors that may engage single or multiple modalities of expression. This framework
Periods of backpacking uninterrupted by return visits ‘home’ to work and/or see family and friends ranged from three months to two and a half years. Participants regularly resumed backpacking. Supporting the work of Maoz (2007), participants often identified life crises, such as failed relationships, career disruption, the divorce of parents or drug dependency as catalysts for both their initial and continuing travels. These mobilities are embedded within a discourse of tourism as escape (Cohen & Taylor, 1992), not only instigated by crises, but in some cases through a broader feeling of alienation at home in which their prior lives are presented negatively. This latter tourism push factor is a well-trodden path in discussions of anomie in late modernity (Dann, 1977). A significant departure point, however, in the lifestyle travellers’ narratives of their lives pre-travel, is the many participants who located their initial
Gerard Genette, ,,Narrative Discourse" Resümee Niinimetatud "narratiivi perspektiivi", mida on alates 19. sajandist väga sagedasti uuritud, lahkab ka Gerard Genette, kelle arvates enamik teoreetilisi töid ajab segamini mooduse(mood) ja hääle(voice), nimetades neid kokku kui lihtsalt "vaatepunkt" ja alahinnates sellega nende eristatavust. Genette eristab kaks instantsi: Kes näeb ? (vaatepunkt, fokalisatsioon) ja Kes räägib? (jutustamine). "Kes näeb?" küsimuse tarvis võtab kasutusele abstraktse termini fokalisatsioon (focalization)- ,,jutustamise fookus" ning jagab selle kolmeks eri tüübiks: 1) Nullfokalisatsioon ehk mittefokaliseeritud: Jutustaja > Tegelane; "piirangut pole" Kõikvõimas jutustaja, kes teab rohkem kui Tegelane, täpsemini: ütleb rohkem, kui tegelased teavad; nn vaade tagantpoolt. (klassikaline tüüp) 2) Sisemine (intra-) fokalisatsioon: Jutustaja = Tegelane; "piirang on sisemine...
Parallel analysis & research" (Teerikangas, 2007) 7 14.12.2011 N. discourse working with N. discourse language · Diskursus on tekstitöötlus, ridade vahelt lugemine, · Mitte kuidas keel peegeldab reaalsust, vaid kuidas tegeliku tähenduse aimamine, ... reaalsus luuakse läbi keele. ,,Discourse analysis
kindel, usaldatav (ingl solid) tõlgendused põhinegu erinevatel, mitte üksnes üht liiki tekstilistel tunnustel ehk diskursuse struktuuridel; ulatuslik (ingl comprehensive) uurimisküsimused olgu täielikult vastatud, erandid analüüsis välja toodud; läbipaistev tõlgendused olgu põhjendatud, empiiriline materjal lisatud või pikemate tsitaatidena esitatud. Kriitilise diskursusanalüüsi üks säravamaid esindajaid, ajakirjade Discourse & Society, Discourse Studies ja Discourse & Communication kauaaegne toimetaja Teun A. van Dijk on sõnastanud publitseerimisväärsele diskursusanalüüsile esitatavad nõuded oma kodulehe rubriikides ,,What do we mean by 'discourse analysis'?" ja ,,Instructions to authors: Pre-review your own paper first!" Lühidalt kokku võttes peab diskursusanalüüs olema detailne, süstemaatiline ja teoorial põhinev. Detailsus tähendab analüüsi teksti süvastruktuuride ja nn
Diskursus ei ole isoleeritud. Ta on mõjutaud teistest diskursustest ja moodustab laia võrgustiku, kus erinevad diskursused põimuvad, ristuvad, lõikavad üksteist. 5. Diskursuse sisemised kontroll mehhanismid: kommentaar. Mis funktsioon on kommentaaril diskursuse konstitutsioonis? Kas ja kuidas eristab Foucault diskursust ja teksti? Kas diskursusel on Foucaulti jaoks käesoleva teksti raames alati ühene tähendus (mõelge, mis on pr. keeles discourse )? Kui ei, siis mida see taotleb? Kommentaari funktsiooniks on piirata diskursuse juhuslikkust korduse ja samasuse kujul (identiteedi mäng). Foucault` jaoks ei tundu teksti ja diskursuse eristamine iseenesest tähelepanu all olevat. Arvan, et tekst saab olla diskursuse osa ja samuti saab ka diskursus olla teksti osa. Diskursus kui tekst tundub minu silmis ainult võimalik sel juhul, kui paralleelselt silmas pidada, et diskursused ei ole isoleeritud.
Katarsist pole. Kui tavaliselt oleme harjunud, et revolutsioon toimub teatris (milleks seda siis päriselt enam korraldada?), siis antud juhul see simulatsioon just kutsub esile osalejaid revolutsiooni päriselt ellu viima. Selline teatri vorm kutsub osalejaid üles mässama, reaalsuses asju muutma/ellu viima. o The theatre as discourse Newspaper theater Kuidas formuleerida päevaseid uudiseid või mis tahes mitte-teatraalset materjali teatraalseks. - Loetakse uudiseartikkel ette (eraldatakse kontekstist – ajalehest). - Kahte artiklit vastandatakse, loetakse vastandatult - Complementary Reading: information generally omitted by the ruling class are added to the news. - Artikltit loetakse rütmiliselt/muusika, mis avaldab artikli tõelise
fundamentalism and Islamic terrorism, have placed "Islam" and "Muslims" in an increasingly controversial position. In 1999, when the European Council, in the wake of the historic decision on the EU's eastward expansion, also decided to grant Turkey candidate-membership status, "9/11" had yet to happen. The attacks dramatically changed the social and political climate and awoke dormant feelings of deep unease. Subsequently, much of the discourse on relations between Western and Muslim states was cast in the mould of the "clash of civilisations", to use the phrase coined by Samuel Huntington. Ethnic violence became more quickly associated with Islam and visible communities of religious Muslims more quickly labeled as dangerous fundamentalists (Zürcher, E.J., Linden, H., 2004). It is not only in the member states, but also in Turkey itself, that public and political manifestations of Islam raise controversy
Birmingham,Alabama, gets its name from Birmingham, England. July 22, 1959, was a momentous day in his life. Who lives at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC? Rachel B. Lake, MD, will be the principal speaker. (When you use just the month and the year, no comma is necessary after the month or year: "The average temperatures for July 1998 are the highest on record for that month.") 10. Use a comma to shift between the main discourse and a quotation. John said without emotion, "I'll see you tomorrow." "I was able," she answered, "to complete the assignment." In 1848, Marx wrote, "Workers of the world, unite!" 11. Use commas wherever necessary to prevent possible confusion or misreading. To George,Harrison had been a sort of idol. Comma Abuse Commas in the wrong places can break a sentence into illogical segments or confuse readers with unnecessary and unexpected pauses. 12
· Accentual function intonation helps to produce the effect of prominence on syllables that need to be recognized as stressed, and to mark out the most important element in tone-unit by placing the tonic stress on it. · Grammatical funtion intonation helps to recognize the boundaries between phrases, clauses, sentences and the difference between questions and sentences. · Discourse function intonation can signal to the listener, what information is to be taken as ,,new" and what is already ,,given" and what material is being contrasted with material in some other tone-unit.
(Not for nothing are wastrels and misers considered to be the same type of sinner in Dante's Hell.) This misunderstanding of the concept of efficiency and the depolitization that comes with it are typical symptoms of technocracy and bureaucracy, which NPM professes to oppose but which, as Eugenie Samier has demonstrated, it rather fosters. (2001) As a result of this insight, we are currently witnessing a fundamental shift of emphasis in PA discourse, and even practice, from efficiency to effectiveness, i.e. in effect from getting something done cheaply to actually accomplishing one's goal. But even by the standards of business efficiency, NPM cannot be said to be successful from today's perspective. We have no empirical evidence that NPM reforms have led to any productivity increase or welfare maximization. At best, one may say that "Several years of attempts and experiences of public management
4) deskriptiivne paus nullprogress Vaatepunkti küsimused Genette'i käsitluses Moodus (distants, perspektiiv, fookus) vs. hääl (ehk fokalisatsioon vs. narratsioon: Kes näeb/ tajub? vs. Kes räägib?) Fokalisaatori mõiste see, kes vastutab jutustuses väljendatud vaatepunkti eest Fookus näitab, kui kaugele tegelaskuju ellu (mõtetesse, tunnetesse jms) meil on võimalik tungida ning kui paljusid karaktereid meil üldse lubatakse lähemalt vaadelda. Genette, Gérard: Narrative Discourse. Oxford 1980. Nullfokalisatsioon jutustaja teab tegelaskujust rohkem (jutustaja > tegelaskuju) Sisemine fokalisatsioon - jutustaja ja tegelaskuju teadmised on võrdsed (jutustaja = tegelaskuju) Väline fokalisatsioon jutustaja teab tegelaskujust vähem Homodiegeetiline jutustaja on jutustatava maailma osa Heterodiegeetiline jutustaja ei ole jutustatava maailma osa; Autodiegeetiline (homodiegeetiline) jutustaja on samas peategelane, jutustab
aastal lõpetas teose "Traktaadi maailmast ja valgusest". Selles toetas ta Galilei avastust maakera pöörlemisest. Kuna samal aastal Galilei seisukohad keelustati, jättis Descartes enda raamatu välja andmata. 1635. aastal sünnitas sõbratar ja teenijatüdruk Hélène talle tütre Francine'i, kes suri 1640. aastal, kuu hiljem lahkus siit ilmast Descartes'i isa. 1638 Descartes avaldas raamatu, mis sisaldas kolme esseed matemaatika ja teaduse teemadel ja "Arutlusi Meetodist" ("Discourse on Method"). Nende eesmärgiks oli harida mitte ainult teadlasi, vaid kogu maailma. Aastal 1641 Descartes järgis seda teosega "Meditatsioonid esimesest filosoofiast" ("Meditationes de Prima Philosophia"). See lühike töö on rohkem metafüüsiline, kui teaduslik ja selle eesmärgiks on kehtestada teatava aluse teadused mis Descartes teatas oma vastasseisus koos Chandoux aastal 1628. See teos avaldati koos vastuväidete ja vastustega koos kuue filosoofi ja teoloogiga (s.h
The Politics of Writing Global Space. Routledge, pp. 21-55 - Ó Tuathail, Gearoid 1996. Critical Geopolitics, in Ó Tuathail Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. Routledge, pp. 57-74 - Ó Tuathail, Gearoid 1997. At the End of Geopolitics? Reflections on a Plural Problematic at the Century’s End. Alternatives 22, pp. 35-55 - Barnes, Trevor and James Duncan 1992. Introduction: Writing Worlds, in T. Barnes and J. Duncan Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape. Routledge, pp. 1-12 - Agnew, John 1995. Geopolitical Discourse, in J. Agnew and P. Routledge Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy. Routledge, pp. 46-77 - Dalby, Simon 1988. Geopolitical Discourse: The Soviet Union as Other. Alternatives 13, pp. 415-442 - Luke, Timothy 1993. Discourses of Disintegration, Texts of Transformation: Re-Reading Realism in the New World Order. Alternatives 18, pp. 229-258
võeta solvamise na. Suletud uksega säilitatakse ruumi terviklikkus ja turvalisus. Eestlastel ei ole ühiseid jooni mitte ainult inglaste ja sakslastega. Näiteks viitab eestlaste kergema mööbli eelistus sarnasusele ameeriklaste ruumikäitumisega, kes nihutavad mööblit sobivat distantsi otsides. Allikad Altrov, R. 1998. Ruum ja kommunikatsioon. Ruumikasutus eestlaste suhtluses Gudykunst; W. 1996. Personal communication across cultures. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Gumperz, J.J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge. Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s consequensces. Beverly Hills: Sage. Keesing, R. 1974. Theories of culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 3, 73 – 97. Pajupuu, H. 1997. Eestlased ja soomlased - probleemitud suhtlejad. Keel ja Kirjandus 8, 547 – 550. Salo-Lee, L., Malmberg, R., Halinoja, R. 1996. Me ja muut. Jyväskylä.
7. Advance- edasi viima, arendama, edutama 8. Advertisement- teadaanne, kuulutus, reklaam 9. Crapshoot- 10. Bias- kallakus, vildakus, viltusus, kalduvus Lk 32 1. Influence- mõju, mõjujõud 2. Lens- lääts, prilliklaas, silmalääts, luup 3. Disort- 4. Refer- tagasi viima, omistama, juhatama, esitama 5. Screwed- vints, pommis 6. Dealership- müügitehingute firma, tehingud 7. Purchase- ost, ostmine, omandama, soetama, ostetud kaup 8. Avoid- vältima, ära hoidma, hoiduma 9. Discourse- jutustus, lühiuurimus, suhtlus, mõtteavaldus 10. Decadent- dekadent, dekadentlik 11. Pile- hunnik, virn, kuhi, riit Lk 33 1. Tapped- raputama 2. Inquirie- uurima, teateid koguma, pärima 3. Banner- lipp, võitluslipp, plakat 4. Redecorate- 5. Identify-samastama, identifitseerima 6. Acorns- tammetõru 7. Bet- kihla vedama,, välja panema 8. Sophisticated- võltsitud, rikutud, elukogenu, elutark Lk 34 1. Prioritize- prioriteet, eelistus 2. Cohsive- 3. Monolith- monoliit 4
Kasutatud kirjandus, viited [1]Livingstone, S., Haddon, L. (2009) EU Kids Online: Final report, London, London School of Economics and Political Science [2] Kalmus, V., Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, P., Runnel, P., Siibak, A. (2009b) Mapping the terrain of "Generation C": Places and practices of online content creation among Estonian teenagers. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Special Issue on Young People, Mediated Discourse and Communication Technologies, 14(4), July 2009 [3] boyd, d. m., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), article 11 (http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue /boyd.ellison.html) [4] Livingstone, S. (2008) Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers' use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression New Media & Society: Vol 10 (3): 393411 [5] boyd, D
Ihu on leivas ja veinis või leiva ja veini kujul või nendes, kes sellest söövad ja joovad olemas ihulikult, loomuse poolest ja liha poolest: vaid me ütleme, et Ta on ihulikult ainult taevas ja vaimulikult nendes, kes vääriliselt söövad ja joovad leiba ning veini." (http://www.calsky.com/lexikon/de/txt/e/eu/eucharistie.php) Radikaalsed anglikaani teoloogid võrdlesid Kristuse ihu söömist armulaual isegi kannibalismiga. Peapiiskop John Tillotson (16301694) läks oma ,,Discourse against Transubstantiation'is" nii kaugele, et tuletas ladinakeelsest väljendist hoc est corpus väljendi hocus pocus. Ta kirjutas, et on naeruväärne ja skandaalne uskuda, et armulaual süüakse Inimese Poja ihu ja juuakse Tema verd. (http://www.calsky.com/lexikon/de/txt/e/eu/eucharistie.php) 19. sajandil toimus anglikaani kirikus otsustav pööre nn Oxfordi liikumise kaudu. Reaalpresents avastati taas, küll aga pigem rooma-katoliiklusele lähedasemal moel.
British monarchy and became the first states in the Union. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The Star-Spangled Banner. The flag of the United States is one of the nation's most widely recognized symbols. Within the U.S. it is frequently displayed, not only on public buildings, but on private residences. It is also used as a motif on decals for car windows, and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world it is used in public discourse to refer to the U.S., not only as a nation, state, government, and set of policies, but also as an ideology and set of ideals. The Statue of Liberty is a huge sculpture that is located on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. This monument was a gift to the USA from the people of France in recognition of the French-American alliance during the American Revolution. The formal name of the statue is "Liberty Enlightening the World." It pictures a woman who has escaping the chains of tyranny
separating perennial Islamic beliefs from archaic cultural traditions to resolve these issues. Liberal Islam is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and human rights. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for "independent thought on religious matters". Women's issues receive a significant weight in the modern discourse on Islam because the family structure remains central to Muslim identity. Andrew Rippin states that while Muslims believe that Islam stands for both men and women, the social reality suggests otherwise. In the Islamic debate on evolution, some scientists have expressed concern over Muslims' importation of creationist theories. Nevertheless, because Muslims view Islam as compatible with science, and the high
content and in location: for art, now you do not need to go to a museum or gallery, and the meaning of the work is often clear at a glance. In our environment there are not enough professional critics and theorists who could competently evaluate and describe the work of street artists. This is very bad, because the viewer needs a certain benchmark, according to which he could assess the quality of the works presented. 1. THEORETICAL PART Any type of history is a discourse in its own right. What is more, when talking about art history, the discourses seem to flourish immensely from one into another, and so on into many more. In the context of the beginnings, one cannot but firstly reflect upon the artwork of graffiti. Later on, by the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, street art has evolved into complex interdisciplinary forms of artistic expression. From graffiti, stencils, prints and murals, through
apposition a grammatical construction in which two usually adjacent nouns having the same referent stand in the same syntactical relation to the rest of a sentence (as the poet and Burns in “a biography of the poet Burns”) back-reference In grammatical analysis, the term reference is often used to state a relationship of identity which exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning
Peple have a right to form a new government instead of an unfunctional one. The new government which will serve their best interests. Rousseau social contrackt A man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains Rousseau theorized about the best way in which to set up a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality (ownership/property is the source of all evil) Every law the people have not ratified in person is null and void -- is, in fact, not a law. The legislative power belongs to the people, and can belong to it alone The natural man was free, the modern man is in chains ever since he came to be a society and started a social contract. The social contract: In society you lose some freedoms, but gain others. If you dont like it, you may get out.
Woolfi arvates on aeg, mil tegelaste välimust, elutiili ja tegevusi kirjeldati detailse täpsusega, “viimse nööbini”, keskendudes nende “materiaalsele elule”, möödas. Need “tähtsusetud asjad” peab jätma riigiametnike hoolde. Kirjanik, kes nendega tegeleb, kulutab “tohutut tööd ja oskust sellele, et esitada tühist ja üürikest tõelise ja jäävana” Siirdkõne (free indirect discourse) on omapärane kaudse ja otsese kõne piiril seisev kõne; kaudne sisemonoloog, kui tegelase kõnet vahendab jutustaja. See sarnaneb teadvuse vooluga ja sisemonoloogiga, kuid siirdkõnes ei kujunegi tegelaste muljed tihti mõteteks välja, vaid jutustaja hüpleb tegelaste muljete vahel. В романе внимание сосредоточнено на внутренную жизнь героев. По словам
1641. aastal ilmusid "Metafüüsilised mõtsiklused", mida Sorbonne heaks ei kiitnud, mida ründasid jesuiidid ja kõige ägedamalt hollandi ülikoolid. Descartes vastas igale traktaadile traktaadiga ning leidis kõigest hoolimata mahti avaldada 1644. aastal üks oma põhiteostest "Filosoofilised printsiibid". 1638 Descartes avaldas raamatu, mis sisaldas kolme esseed matemaatika ja teaduse teemadel ja "Arutlusi Meetodist" ("Discourse on Method"). Nende eesmärgiks oli harida mitte ainult teadlasi, vaid kogu maailma. Aastal 1641 Descartes järgis seda teosega "Meditatsioonid esimesest filosoofiast" ("Meditationes de Prima Philosophia"). See lühike töö on rohkem metafüüsiline, kui teaduslik ja selle eesmärgiks on kehtestada teatava aluse teadused mis Descartes teatas oma vastasseisus koos Chandoux aastal 1628. See teos avaldati koos vastuväidete ja vastustega koos kuue filosoofi ja teoloogiga (s.h
Common literary vocabulary Are not confined to any sphere of usage. Here mainly belong borrowed words. E.g. Yearly-annual, hint-allusion, to see-to behold, talk-converse, true-authentic. The man fell-the individual was precipitated, hard study made him sleepy-indefatigable pursuit of knowledge endowed somnolence in him. Sometimes lit words are used for the sake of humour. Especially when they describe very trivial actions. Special literary vocabulary Terms belong to scientific discourse. They are indispensible for the development of science. E.g. malaria (med), blood vessel, spinal cord; linguistics semantics, syntax, chiasmus. Outside this direct application the function of the terms changes. In fiction terms may be used to recreate a true-to-life atmosphere of some profession. E.g. Arthur Hailey "The Final Diagnosis", "The Airport". Secondly to suggest characters educational status, social backround
The absence of 4 requires the absence of A ¬4 → ¬A Philosophy of Science II What is Philosophy? What is Science? What is Philosophy of Science? - Difficulty of providing a definition - To define philosophy, we need to philosophise. Philosophy is inevitable! What is ‘What is’? Importance of Definitions Definitions are important to avoid verbal disputes ( =/ factual disputes) Example: ‘There is no one outside’ The universe of discourse All newspaper readers are well-educated → The universe of discourse = “persons” All persons who are newspaper readers are persons who are well-educated. Intension vs Extension A concept (term or expression) might be defined by its intension or its extension. Intension = sense = what it connotes = the qualities commonly attributed to it S = { x ∈ N, 1 < x < 5} Extension = reference = what it denotes = the individuals that it designates S={2, 3, 4}
Järelikult peab ta seejuures olema veendunud, et selline isiklik kogemus ei ole unikaalne, st inimeste arusaamine heast ja kurjast ehk praktiline mõistlikkus (practical reasonableness) peab olema teatud mõttes universaalne. See arusaamine ei ole tuletatud faktidest (tm Hume’i giljotiin) ega spekulatiivsetest printsiipidest. See on mistahes eetikale eelnev (mõistuspärane) printsiip. “But there is no inference from fact to value. At this point in our discourse (or private meditation), inference and proof are left behind (or left until later), and the proper form of discourse is: is a good, in itself, don’t you think?” Finnis juhib tähelepanu asjaolule, et praktilise arutluse loogika on erinev teoreetilisest (“spekulatiivsest”) arutelust, mille põhiliseks kategooriaks on “asjade seis” ning põhiliseks metodoloogiliseks printsiibiks on vasturääkivuste vältimine ja kõrvaldamine. Praktilise arutluse
tunnuseid,tegelaste seisundit, üldist atmosfääri Wayne Booth. The Rhetoric of Fiction Implitsiitne(varjatud) autor, mitteusaldusväärne jutustaja (unreliable narrator)- reaalse autori alter ego, teksti põhjal tuletatud autori kuju Boriss Uspenski "Kompositsiooni poeetika" (1970): vaatepunktide liigid Hinnanguline (ideoloogiline) Fraseoloogiline Psühholoogiline (pertseptiivne, tajumehhanisimidega seotud) Ajalis-ruumiline G.Genette. Narrative Discourse. Oxford, 1980: jutustajate tüübid Heterodiegeetiline/ homodiegeetiline jutustaja Ekstradiegeetiline/ intradiegeetiline/ metadiegeetiline jutustaja Vaatepunkt Genette'il Moodus (distants, perspektiiv, fookus) vs. hääl (ehk fokalisatsioon vs.narratsioon: Kes näeb/ tajub? vs.Kes räägib?) Fokalisatsiooni 3 tüüpi: null-fokalisatsioon (zero-focalization, kõiketeadev jutustaja), sisemine (internal focalization), väline (external focalization) J. Phelan
feedback of this kind was initiated in the 1980's with the Writer's Workbench (MacDonald, Frase, S., & Keenan, 1982), and continues in applications, including the online essay evaluation service combines e-rater automated essay scoring, advisories indicating anomalies, such as off-topicness ), and descriptive feedback. The descriptive feedback is comprised of a suite of programs that evaluate and, subsequently, flag essays for errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics; identify an essay's discourse structure; and, recognize undesirable stylistic features. As the population of English language learners (ELL) grows, researchers are working on enhancements to the grammatical error detection component to accommodate the kinds of mistakes more common in the ELL population. This kind of feedback includes determiner and preposition errors, and collocation errors (e.g., "strong computer" instead of "powerful computer").Criterion offers a pre-writing (planning) utility
80-90 aastatel tagasipöördumine vanade printsiipide juurde (teor. pöörise vähenemine), nendena saab käsitleda uushistorism (mõjukas koolkond USAS) ja kultuurimaterialism, mille peamised nimed on vastavalt Stephen Greenblatt (s. 1943) ning Raymond Williams Vähemuslikkuse rõhutus mitmes koolkonnas: Ökokriitika - looduse ja kirjanduse seosed; kirjandustekstise ülelugemine ökokr. vaatepunktilt (ka UT, Kadri Tüür) Vähemusdiskursuste uurimine (Minority Discourse), neist uusim on queer-teooria (Queer Theory); mis keskendub seksuaalvähemuste teoorale, kasvas välja fem. teoorias. - Judith Butler (s. 1956)
developments in English poetry, the academic prerequisites of poetry, time, the world, mass civilization, loss of traditional respect for rhyme, modernity, the War, conservative ideals with respect to sexual and social politics, unjust treatment, traditional modes of understanding, hostile attitudes towards the enemy, commercialization, aggressive and demeaning self-interest characteristic of the final decades of the twentieth century, Modernist fragmentation, the language of public discourse, and inarticulate middle-class prosperity”. In my reading, this gives evidence of Larkin’s strong “resistance” to restricting the meanings of his poems. Political readings are always possible, but they are not always interesting and stimulating. Although Regan’s monograph has generated debates, his emphasis on “the fundamental assumption that writing and reading take place in history” and that the
Poeetika peab tegelema “kirjanduslikkusega”. Järgib vormikoolkonna lähenemist. Poeetika ja interpretatsioon täiendavad teineteist. Interpr. on teose mõtte eksplitseerimine. Toob sisse diskursuse mõiste, mis on poeetika objektiks. Tähelepanu keskmes pole immanentne tekstianalüüs; T. ütleb, et parim immanentne analüüs on tekst ise. Tekst on abstraktse struktuuri realiseerimine. Poeetika tegeleb abstraktse struktuuri, diskursusega. Vastandab story – discourse nagu faabula – süžee (vrd. Chatman: story – plot). Poeetika ülesanne on selgitada välja tekstiloome mehhanismide universaalsed seaduspärad. Geneetiline strukturalism on taotlus luua üldist mudelit, millele alluksid kõik tekstid. (Greimas “Struktuurne semantika”) Üksiktekst on T. jaoks näite staatuses, illustreerib üldisi seaduspärasusi. Poeetika objektiks on kirjanduse diskursus kui lõputut hulka tekste tekitav süsteem
linguists are prepared to admit; on the other hand, linguistic reflection sometimes sets the agenda for changes in a society, especially through educational systems. This is particularly true in the Eurasian area, where the Russian national language has been constructed out of a diglossia situation as a top-down process in a partly multi-lingual environment. Over the last few centuries, the development of society and its political upshots have produced agendas for linguistic inquiry and discourse on language, some of which have had an impact on the development of Russian and contingent languages and their social functions, as well as on the development of linguistics as a global discipline. Six such agendas can be pinpointed: (1) the Orthodox emancipation agenda (1600-1700), (2) the Russian nation building agenda (1700-present), (3) the scientific agenda (1860-present), (4) the Marxist agenda (1917-1989), (5) the Eurasian agenda (1920-1935), (6) the cybernetic agenda (1953-1975).
Hyperion to a satyr; so loving to my mother That he might not beteem the winds of heaven Visit her face too roughly. Heaven and earth! Must I remember? why, she would hang on him, As if increase of appetite had grown By what it fed on: and yet, within a month— Let me not think on't—Frailty, thy name is woman!— A little month, or ere those shoes were old With which she follow'd my poor father's body, Like Niobe, all tears:—why she, even she— O, God! a beast, that wants discourse of reason, Would have mourn'd longer—married with my uncle, My father's brother, but no more like my father Than I to Hercules: within a month: Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears Had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married. O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good: But break, my heart; for I must hold my tongue. Enter HORATIO, MARCELLUS, and BERNARDO HORATIO Hail to your lordship! HAMLET
Too esile neid suundusi esindavaid autoreid ja uurimusi. Filoloogiline/tüpoloogiline suund REIDAR TH. CHRISTIANSEN "The Migratory Legends", M. JAUHIAINEN "The Type and Motif Index of Finnish Belief Legends and Memorates", BENGT AF. KLINTBERG "The Types of the Swedish Folk Legend" Ühiskondlik/rühmakeskne O. DAVIES "The Haunted. A Social History of Ghosts", G. BENNETT "Alas, Poor Ghost! Traditions of Belief in Story and Discourse", A. F. GORDON "Ghostly Matters" Ajalooline JEAN-CLAUDE SCHMITT "Ghosts in the Middle Ages", S. McCorristine "Spectres of the Self", R. C. Finucane "Appearances of the Dead" Psühholoogiline/kogemuspõhine Lauri Honko "Geisterglaube in ingermanland", Susan Greenwood "The anthropology of magic", Rane Willerslev "Soul hunters" Zanripõhine D. E. Goldstein "Haunting experiences", E. Tucker "Haunted halls", K. Koski "Kuoleman voimat" 39
plain in the following sentiment of the Frenchman Bernard Lam expressed in The Art o f Speaking (London, 1696): 'Tis an effect of the Wisdom of God, who created Man to be happy, that whatever is useful to his conversation (way of life) is agreeable to him . . . because all victual that conduces to nourishment is relishable, whereas other things that cannot be assimulated and be turned into our substance are insipid. A Discourse cannot be pleasant to the Hearer that is not easie to the Speaker; nor can it be easily pronounced unless it be heard with delight. Here is an equilibrium theory of human diet and expression such as even now we are only striving to work out again for media after centuries of fragmentation and specialism. Pope Pius XII was deeply concerned that there be Serious study of the media today. On February 17, 1950, he said:
In relation to interview, the author takes the full responsibility for the possible misinterpretation of the interview with Jamie Richards. Moreover, the following research project is not intending to be wholly representative of children`s participation in Wales and in Swansea in particular. Before presenting the research findings from the Cadle Primary School, it is important to explore the developments of children`s rights after the adoption of the UNCRC in UK and Wales and the academic discourse and debate around the children`s rights and participation rights in particular. Chapter 1: Citizenship, Children`s Rights and Participation: from the UN to the UK The adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in 1989 followed by the unanimous ratification of the Convention by many countries (except the US and Somalia) represented a significant shift in the status of children in society. The UNCRC
§1-14: Slavery is so vile and miserable an estate of man, and so directly opposite to the generous temper and courage of our nation; that it is hardly to be conceived, that an Englishman,much less a gentleman, should plead for it. And truly I should have taken Sir Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, as any other treatise, which would persuade all men, that they are slaves, and ought to be so, for such another exercise of wit, as was his who writ the encomium of Nero; rather than for a serious discourse meant in earnest, had not the gravity of the title and epistle, the picture in the front of the book, and the applause that followed it, required me to believe, that the author and publisher were both in earnest. I therefore took it into my hands with all the expectation, and read it through with all the attention due to a treatise that made such a noise at its coming abroad, and cannot but confess my self mightily surprised, that in a book, which was to provide chains for all mankind, I
This is connected with proliferation of liberation. Everything has become a commodity, a consumer product, even nature. The philosophical idea of the self has changed. During the enlightenment the self equaled the soul. In postmodernism the self becomes the subject, the subject can be the one who is subjugated, the second meaning as the subjective eye, the agent- we are dominated by someone else, we are still the subjective eyes. According to these philosophers, whatever we experience is a discourse-meaning everything is a text. We know something by interpreting it, by decoding it, the whole world is a text in postmodernity. In modernism everything is more or less separate, individual entitiys, in postmodernism everything is interconnected, itnerrelated, intertextuality. The influence of earlier texts or later texts, another important feature is the attitude of death. Death in postmoderism, death is meaningful, even after death the self does not dissapear completely
o Bear – noun vs bear – verb o Entrance, complex 40. Synonyms A language specific phenomenon where different words share the same meaning. o Because of specialized lexis, foreign influences, expressive lexis Absolute synonymy – absolute sameness of all aspects of meaning. Very rare o Anyway/anyhow, everybody/everyone, Propositional synonymy – the words don’t change the meaning of the sentence difference in style/discourse o Start/commence, o Cross varietal synonymy – courgette/zucchini, tin/can, soda/pop Near synonymy o Non-denotational differences (connotational register, style) Cognitive Die, kick the bucket, pass away Firm, stubborn, pig-headed o Denotational differences – a matter of degree
juurde (teor. pöörise vähenemine), nendena saab käsitleda (2) uushistorism (mõjukas koolkond USAs) ja (3) kultuurimaterialism, mille peamised nimed on vastavalt Stephen Greenblatt (s. 1943) ning Raymond Williams Vähemuslikkuse rõhutus mitmes koolkonnas: näiteks (4) ökokriitika - looduse ja kirjanduse seosed; kirjandustekstise ülelugemine ökokr. vaatepunktist (ka UT, Kadri Tüür) ning vähemusdiskursuste uurimine (Minority Discourse), neist uusim on (5) queer-teooria (Queer Theory); mis keskendub seksuaalvähemuste teoorale, kasvas välja fem. teooriast, eestvedajaks Judith Butler (s. 1956)
short story; revision of the red riding hood fairy tale. The Passion of New Eve (1977), Sadeian Woman (1979). A.S. Byatt (1936-‐) – major British author and a highbrow intellectual, literary critic. Has rejected any ties with feminism but is often viewed as part of feminist literary discourse. Special interest in the Victorian age, the 1960s but also WWII. Possession, Angels and Insects. Relationship between real and fiction, past and present, interdependence and sense of ownership between lovers, issue of female creativity. Magic realism; Salman Rushdie
Clemens was the famous author); second, (3) is contingent, as philosophers say--the fact (3) states is one that need not have held; reality could have been otherwise. So it seems that at least one of the singular terms figuring in (3) must have and contribute some kind of meaning over and above its referent. The Problem of Substitutivity The function of a singular term is to pick out an individual thing and intro- duce that thing into discourse. Even if one stops short of the entire Referential Theory of Meaning, one might think it is in virtue of that denoting role that singular terms are meaningful at all. Therefore, we would expect that any two singular terms that denote one and the same thing would be semantically equivalent: we could take any sentence containing one of the terms and sub- stitute the other of the two for the first term, without changing the meaning or at least without changing the truth-value of the sentence
(kinnisvara) - seega siis tema võrdsuse nõue. Inimkooslus ja eriti võrdlus teistega tekitab võistlussoovi. Sotsiaalne nõue omada ja nautida. Amour de soi asendatakse amour-propre'ga ehk olla hinnatud teiste poolt. ,,Vaata teda, kes enne oli vaba ja sõltumatu, vähendatud lõputute uute soovide sisendamise pärast võrdluses loodusega, aga ennekõike oma ligimestega" (Rousseau 1755 A Discourse of Inequality) Rousseau jaoks on iga kultuuri ilming luksus, sellest tekib soov saamatu järele. (vrd Marx) Sellest ka tema soo teatri keelamiseks. Rousseau kaitseb kodanluse omandit, kainust, luksuse vastasust. Seega töölisklassi tarbimine näis justkui aristokraatide luksus - joomine, mängimine, hobused jne, mis on mõlema nii kõrg kui alamklassi lõbud. Rousseau vastandub seeda Hume'i ja Smithi liberalismile ning näeb ühiskonna ja rahuldamatute
Ameerika Ühendriikide põhiseaduse esimene parandus on nt sõnastatud järgmiselt: „Kongress ei anna välja ühtegi seadust, milles kiidetakse heaks mõne religiooni kehtestamine või keelatakse mõne usundi vaba praktiseerimine, samuti ei kärbi Kongress sõna- ja ajakirjandusvabadust ega inimeste õigust rahumeelselt koguneda ja esitada valitsusele palvekirju ülekohtu korvamiseks. 41 Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1 Wheat. (14 U.S.) 304 (1816), lk 347. 42 G. Ticknor Curtis. A Discourse on the Nature of the American Union, as the Principal Controversy Involved in the Late Civil War. New York 1875, lk 28. 43 Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (viide 40), lk 348. 44 Flaminio Costa vs. E.N.E.L (viide 5). 45 F. Nietszche. Zur Genealogie der Moral: Eine Streitschrift. Insel Verlag 1991. JURIDICA V/2010 329
Throughout major European cities there were wealthy men who, with lots of free time on their hands, would dabble [ harrastama ] in science. These were t the amateur scientists. These men oftentimes made original contributions [ koostöö, panus ] to scientific endeavor [ nimel, heaks ]. They also supplied organizations like the Royal Society with needed funds. By 1700, science had become an issue of public discourse [ avalik kõneaine ]. The bottom line, I suppose, was that science worked! It was wonderful, miraculous and spectacular [ suursugune ]. For the 17th century scientist, science produced the vision that anything was indeed possible. Science itself gave an immense boost to the general European belief in human progress, a belief perhaps initiated by the general awakening of European thought in the 12th century.
annaabi.ee 
