Rhyme is regular sound repetition occurring at the end of poetic lines (rhyming words have similar or identical sound combinations). Full rhyme identical sounds (last stressed vowel and following consonant) tide-side, cold-gold. Incomplete rhyme derived from full rhyme. Vowel rhyme identical vowels and different consonants pen-best. Consonant rhyme identical consonants and different vowels love-live. Compound rhyme made up of 2 or more words united by single stress women=two men. Eye-rhyme contains identical letters while vowels are pronounced differently farm-warm. Internal rhyme occurs within a poetic line. Head rhyme connects the end of a line with the beginning of the next one by similar sound combinations. Couplet rhyme 2 lines are rhythmically linked by the final rhyme: a a. Cross rhyme rhyming combination: a b a b. Frame rhyme - rhyming combination: a b b a.
Test 13 1. Complete the sentence Choose from here : a lovely tune, tongue twister, sneezes, put on the light, plague, nursery rhyme, recit poems, sunshine, mysterious, dream. 1.Last night i had a strange dream about travelling to Mars 2.My sister´s favourite nursery rhyme was Twinkle, Twinkle, Litter Star. 3.In our literature classes we often learn and recite poems. 4.What do you say when someone sneezes? Bless you! 5.Don´t you think it´s dark here? Could you put on the light, please? 6.This song has a lovely tune ; that´s why it´s so popular. 7.We walked along the sandy beach and enjoyed the sunshine. 8.Do you know any tongue twisters in English? 2. What do you say in the following situations ? 1
A lot of religious poems and hymns. Caedmonian. · Cynewulf represents the essence of Christianity perfectly. The idea of the cycle of the Sun and the Moon, the movement of the waves, nature. · The subject matter of A-S poetry is actually centered on the three things that were most important in A-S lives: war, the sea that surrounded the British Isles and death. · Main qualities: somberness, awareness of inevitable death. Formal features of A-S poetry: 1. No rhyme, instead they used alliteration; A-S poetry is alliterative. (Alliteration the repetition of the same consonants in a line); 2. Every line contains a caesura a pause in the middle of a line; 3. In every half-line there are two stressed syllables, so all in all, 4 in a line; 4. The number of unstressed syllables is not fixed; 5. There is no rhyme; 6. There are very few similes (a direct comparison, i.e your hair is like gold), in Beowulf there are 5 similes;
Despite that her hand gestures were just perfect and she did not seem nervous. To sum up the whole presentation she used some funny words and pointed at her lower back as in the beginning of the presentation. This was used to make people more lively and to let them know that the presentation is about to end. Also she encouraged the audience to move more and told that her life quality has increased greatly due to moving and having meetings while walking. In addition, she used a rhyme to make sure that her message is said out loud and clear - “walk and talk, walk and talk”. I think she reached the goal with her rhyme and whole presentation. At least I started to think differently after listening to her presentation.
· Compound nouns standing for people may form out of a phrase (sound contemptuous) (miss what's-her-name) · This type of word building is popular for coining nonce words (adjectives, nouns) (a move-away-or-I'll-kick-you attitude) In general, nonce words are very expressive, strikingly new, unexpected. · This is true for words with uncommon structure and those built according to conventional patterns (to eyebrow) · Words based on repetition and rhyme (hoity-toity, riff-raff) · Rhymy slang (wife-joy of life) · Distorted words are humorous. Proper understanding is based on fixed context (I beg your pudding) · Unusual shortenings are also humorous (bacon and e [eggs]) · Phrasal verbs being colloquial become even more expressive and colloquial when they appear as nouns (a walk-up--house with no elevator) 6. Phonetic expressive means Every work of literature is a certain sequence of sounds
Euphony Ellipsis Amphibrach Phonetic SD Aposiopesis Spondee Onomatopoeia Nominative sent. Pyrrhic Alliteration Asyndeton Rhythmic invers. Assonance Apokoinu Run-on line Rhyme: Gap-sentence link Stanza: Full Framing Heroic couplet Incomplete Anadiplosis Ballad stanza Vowel Tautology Spenserian stanza Consonant Polysyndeton Ottava rima
Words standing for people may be coined out of a phrase (usually they are negative) (e.g. "Ms. what-her-name"). This type of word building compression is often used to coin new words (nonce words): nouns (e.g. "She greeted me with a pleasant-day-don't-you-think-so smile.") adjectives (e.g. "Move-away-or-I-will-kick-you attitude") In general, nonce words are very expressive, because they are fresh, strikingly new and unexpected. Words based on repetition and rhyme (e.g. helter skelter, riff raff, etc.) possess humorous and / or ironic overtones. The same applies to rhyming slang, which originates from Cockney (e.g. "joy of my life wife"). The expressiveness of the distorted words is humorous and proper understanding of these words is based on the fixed context (e.g. "I beg your pudding"). The same holds true for unusual shortenings (e.g. "bacon and e.").
· No woman appeared at the stage; women's and children's roled were played by boys who were skilful and highly trained · In a soliloquy the actor's alone on the stage, speaking to himself and revealing to the audience his inner thoughts and feelings · In an aside the actor speaks words that the other characters on stage are not supposed to hear Sonnet · A sonnet (from the Italian fot ,,little song") is a fourteen-line lyric poem with a fixed rhyme pattern and a regular rhythm, or predictable pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables called metre · The basic unit of metre is foot which usually contains one stressed syllable and one or two unstressed syllables · The usual metre of a sonnet is iambic pentameter · The English sonnet (Shakespearean sonnet) differs from the Italian one on its structure · The Italian sonnet has 2 four-line and 2 three-line stanzas, the English sonnet divides
Butterfly who lived on weak tea with cream in it. The Gnat soon left her and poor Alice had to face the next wood all by her self the wood where things have no names. Just like that when she had entered the wood she couldn't tell her own name but for her delight when she exited the name came right back to her. Alice had then reached the Fourth Square and met TWEEDLEDUM and TWEEDLEDEE. Alice knew them from a short rhyme. Before acting just like the rhyme had said they managed to tell Alice about the sleeping Red King. DUM and DEE were quite sure of themselves that Alice was only a dream of the King and if he woke up Alice would disappear. It was time for Alice to move on if she wanted to reach the Eighth Square before dark. She suddenly met the White Queen who then turned into a sheep, who was a shopkeeper and the shop and everything turned into a boat. Alice had reached the Fifth Square- here she only had
Phonology. Mid-term 2. Syllable - is a phonological unit consisting of one or more phonemes. In phonetics a syllable is a unit which consists of a centre, that has little or no obstruction to airflow; it is comparatively louder than other sounds. In phonology syllables are the possible combinations of phonemes. The syllable consists of - onset, nucleus, coda. (every syllable has a nucleus: vowel, syllabic l, or m, n). Rhyme/rime nucleus + coda; the nucleus and the coda constitute a sub-syllabic unit rhyme. Words rhyme, when their nucleus and coda are identical. (E.g 'cr-o-wn', 'd-o-wn'). The hierarchical structure of the syllable: Onset the beginning of the syllable Nucleus/peak the open part of a syllable, generally a vowel. Coda a consonant sound which ends the syllable. Open syllable - has no coda Closed syllable - has a coda!
Shakespeare`s sonnets Sonnets in the world In Italy in the 14 century by Petrarch In England in the 15 century Fourteen lines Iambic pentameter 2 four-line and 2 three-line stanzas The structure of the Shakespearen sonnet It differs from Italian sonnet Three quatrians and a rhymed couplet In iambic pentameter The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg Shakespeare`s creation 154 sonnets Main themes : time, love and beauty First published in 1609 Dedication to Mr. W.H. Characters Fair Youth The Dark Lady The Rival Poet Mary Fitton ( one of the candidates) Two sonnets about the Dark Lady
pied laiguline poisonous mürgine pole poolus, post, mast power energiaga varustama pump pumpama push tõuge quotation tsitaat, hinnapakkumine radiation radiatsioon rare haruldane recycle korduvkasutama, taastöötlema reindeer põhjapõder (Rangifer tarandus), põhjapõdrad rely on toetuma, lootma renewable taastuv, uuendatav, pikendatav reserve broneerima, reserveerima resource ressurss, vahend rhetorical retooriline, ilukõneline rhyme riim, salmike rhythm rütm rotor blade rootori laba rubbish dump prügi mahapaneku koht run juhtima safeguard kindlustama, turvaliseks muutma 2 sanctuary varjupaik, pühamu, altariruum sawmill saeveski seed seeme, iva set up üles seadma, valmis panema, installeerima share jagama shortage nappus, puudujääk shower duss, (vihma)valang significant oluline, paljutähendav, märkimisväärne
prepare for truth about present with unite in prevent from unkind to protect against unknown to protect from unwilling to protest about use of proud of used to provide with victims of punish for vote for puzzled about warn about qualified for worry about quarrel about wrong with rank among zest for reaction to recover from related to relief from rely on report on respect for responsible for result of rhyme with rid of room for safe from save from serious about sick of smile at solution to sorry for stand for subtract from succeed in suffer from
instances comprise nonce coinages: The train choo-chooed to the station. Rrrr-umph! A devastating crash.. A jet whooshed into the sky. He tut-tutted his tongue. Punk, punk, punk, her needle broke the taut circle... Clop, -clop, -clop! Up the street came the delivery wagon. Alliteration The repetition of similar or identical consonants at the beginning of neighbouring words or stressed syllables: Most musical of mourners, weep again! This device goes back to Anglo-Saxon poetry that knew no rhyme and did not yet rely on metre. An example of this period: In a somer seson, when soft was the sonne, I shope me in shroudes, as I shepe were. (W.Langland) The importance of A. Is fully recognized by contemporary poets as well. They use it more sparingly, yet rather frequently and effectively. The complete alliteration of Anglo-Saxon poetry is sometimes used for humorous purposes: Susan Simpson strolled sedately, Stifling sobs, suppressing sighs. (Anon.)
consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with backing beats. Hip hop music is part of hip hop culture, which began in the Bronx, in New York City in the 1970s, predominantly among African Americans and Latino Americans.[1][2] The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop music. Rapping, also referred to as MCing or emceeing, is a vocal style in which the performer speaks rhythmically and in rhyme, generally to a beat, recently, however, a difference has developed between "rapping" and "MCing". "MCing" has been used to describe those artists who possess and exercise superior lyrical ability and prowess. Beats are traditionally generated from portions of other songs by a DJ, or sampled from portions of other songs by a producer, though synthesizers, drum machines, and live bands are also used, especially in newer music
describes Beowulf as well as he is always the absolute contrary to Grendel. We know that this is an Anglo-Saxon text because it has all the characteristic features of Anglo-Saxon literature. For example the metrical system is alliteration and it is used in abundance e.g. "Many at morning, as men have told me", "Folk-leaders faring from far and near", "By that bloody battle the boon had come" etc. Another characteristic is that there is no rhyme, but rhythm. This was very important in the Anglo-Saxon period as in the contemporary time the epic was performed by court singers. "Beowulf" was written with four beats to each line. The lines were divided into two parts, each with two beats. This is a natural place for a stop in a line of words and is called a caesura. For example "Many at morning, as men have told me" or "Death-sick his den in the dark moor sought" etc. Here one
2) understandable language e. Are texts ever only vocative (or other text type)? Explain. - A really small percentage of texts are purely only vocative (or other text types). They tend to be a mixture of different types. 5. Aesthetic function e. a. What are some of the aspects that help create the aesthetic effect? -The rhythm, balance and contrasts of sentences, clauses and words also play their part. The sound-effects consist of onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, intonation and stress. b. How do you understand the conflict between ‘truth’ and ‘beauty’? - c. Why are descriptive verbs (‘kirjeldav tegusõna’) usually easy to translate? - Descriptive verbs of movement and action, since they describe a manner, are rich in sound effect. d. Explain the importance of the metaphor in this context. - Metaphor is the link between the expressive and the aesthetic function. Metaphor connects
After his death, the son of the overthrown Anglo-Saxon king returned The Danes and the Anglo-Saxons The cultural differences relatively small Similar way of life Different varieties of the same Germanic language The Danes soon converted to Christianity By the end of the 10th c, England was a united kingdom with a Germanic culture throughout Most of Scotland united (at least in name) in a (Celtic) Gaelic kingdom Anglo-Saxon verse No rhyme nor regular number of syllables in a line, rhythm is important. The stressed syllables in a line usually begin with the same consonant alliteration. A line is divided into two half-lines by a pause a caesura, it is a natural place for a stop. Parallelism the repetition of the same idea in a different form. Many nouns and names substituted with metaphors and kennings. sea: salt-streams, sail-road, wave-deeps
Climax There is no single moment of intense action in the play, but rather a long process of development culminating in Katherine's fully changed behaviour. The climax could be seen in the wedding scene in Act III or in Katherine's decision in Act III to agree with Petruchio whatever he says. Conclusion I was a pleasantly surprised after reading this book. At first I was afraid there would be complicated use of words and heavy use of complex rhyme schemes. It was relieving to find out that the book was very easy to read. I would definitely recommend this book to anyone who is interested in literature. The book was fun and I am absolutely not surprised that this play is one of Shakespeare's most performed plays in the world.
April 25th .Temperance and William Fitzgerald .Her mother had a heart attack , when she was 15 . First record with Chick Webb "Love and kisses" Biography Dubbed "The First Lady of Song," Ella Fitzgerald was the most popular female jazz singer in the United States for more than half a century. In her lifetime, she won 13 Grammy awards and sold over 40 million albums. In 1938, at the age of 21, Ella recorded a playful version of the nursery rhyme, "ATisket, ATasket." The album sold 1 million copies, hit number one, and stayed on the pop charts for 17 weeks. Suddenly, Ella Fitzgerald was famous. By the 1990s, Ella had recorded over 200 albums. In 1991, she gave her final concert at New York's renowned Carnegie Hall. It was the 26th time she performed there. As the effects from her diabetes worsened, 76yearold Ella experienced severe circulatory problems and was forced to have both of her legs amputated below the knees
antagonist, protagonist, setting. Beast Epic humorous allegorical stories that contain a moral lesson, usually the main characters are animals. Originate in France and le Romain du renart Alliteration Two syllables alliterate when they begin with the same sound. Alliterative verse form of verse that uses alliteration as the principal structuring device to unify lines of poetry, as opposed to other devices such as rhyme Kenning a short metaphorical description of a thing used in a place of a thing's name. Protagonist hero, main character Antagonist - character opposing the protagonist, not always a villain. Good luck fucking your brains up!
Romans around 50 AD. It was built near the present site of the London Bridge and it was made of wood. The site was chosen because it was the place where the Thames was rather low most of the time. This wooden bridge was destroyed in 60 AD by the army of Queen Boudicca. The new bridge was also built around the place of the present bridge. In 1014 the bridge was pulled down by the Norwegian Vikings who tried to conquer London. It is thought that the well-known nursery rhyme "London Bridge is Falling Down" speak about that time. The bridge was repaired, but it was destroyed by a heavy storm in 1091, once more rebuilt and destroyed yet again by fire in 1136. After the fire a new bridge was built and this time it was made of stone. This bridge served Londoners for over 600 years. By the end of the 18th century it was clear that this old bridge was too narrow and old. So once again a new London Bridge was built. It opened in 1831 and was used until 1924
contexts, was reinterpreted in a number of ways by the participants. After the papers had been published with the same title (2006), Graham Chesters wrote in a review: “What strikes one is the diversity of what resists or is being resisted. Larkin is claimed, for example, to resist translation, foreign languages in general, specific developments in English poetry, the academic prerequisites of poetry, time, the world, mass civilization, loss of traditional respect for rhyme, modernity, the War, conservative ideals with respect to sexual and social politics, unjust treatment, traditional modes of understanding, hostile attitudes towards the enemy, commercialization, aggressive and demeaning self-interest characteristic of the final decades of the twentieth century, Modernist fragmentation, the language of public discourse, and inarticulate middle-class prosperity”. In my reading, this gives evidence of Larkin’s strong “resistance” to restricting
In 1957 county charts as soon as it hit the radio. At Folsom Prison remains a legendary Cash played live for the first album, with millions of copies sold and time for some inmates at tons of praise heaped upon it. Huntsville State Prison. The event went over so well that Cash continued this practice, playing concerts at prisons Folsom Prison Blues around the U.S. Song History Reason behind the Rhyme June Carter wrote the song `Ring of Fire' with the help of her friend Merele Kilgore She felt being around to describe her relationship with Johnny Cash. Cash was like being in a "ring of fire." As previously stated Ring of Fire Cash was involved in drugs and had a very volatile lifestyle and June saw him through to the end
in life, even leave her room. Dickinson was a prolific private poet, though fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her lifetime. The work that was published during her lifetime was usually altered significantly by the publishers to fit the conventional poetic rules of the time. Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines, typically lack titles, and often utilize slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two subjects which infused her letters to friends. Walter Whitman Walter Whitman (May 31, 1819 March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets
moving (adj) mug (v) multiply (v) mumble (v) murmur (v) 18 mussel (n) mutual (adj) naked (adj) nanny (n) napkin (n) narrow-minded (adj) nationwide (adj) native people (n) natural habitat (n) nerve-racking (adj) network (n) neuroticism (n unc) news bulletin (n) next to worthless (phr) nickname (n) no mean achievement (phr) no trace of (idm) nocturnal (adj) nod off (phr v) nomadic (adj) notably (adv) notion (n) nourishing (adj) novel (adj) novelty (n) nursery rhyme (n) object (v) obsession (n) occur (v) occur (v) odd (adj) odour (n) odyssey (n) offend (v) offended (adj) official (n) olive (n) on all fours (phr) on balance (phr) on duty (phr) on the cards (idm) on the contrary (phr) on the spur of the moment (idm) on top of the world (phr) ongoing (adj) onlooker (n) open-minded (adj) open-plan (adj) 19 opponent (n) oppose (v) optimistic (adj) option (n) originality (n) ornament (n) orphanage (n) otherwise (adv)
selle järgnevast kahest lühikesest silbist. Kui tume veel kauaks ka sinu maa v –vv –vv –v– Riim on seaduspärane häälikukordus, rütmi kõrval teine luule silmapaistev tunnus; loob kõlaterviku, häälikuline kokkukuuluvus, tähenduslik kokkukuuluvus; võimalik igas keeles, aga paljudes keeltes ei kasutata riimi võimalusi, mõnes keeles väga oluline, nt, inglise k. luuletus: rhyme, AGA Shakespeare riimi ei kasutanud - blankvärss. Riimitüübid: algriim -sõnade esihäälikute kunstikavatsuslik kordus, sage rahvaluules, (alliteratsioon e. kaashäälikualgriim, assonants e. täishäälikualgriim); lõppriim - ühendab sama kõlaga sõnade ja värsside lõppe; täisriim - alates pearõhulisest täishäälikust kuni riimsõna lõpuni (laeb, saeb; tuikab, luikab, pelg, selg), sh. samariim (tule: tule); irdriim – sarnaste kõrval ka
Veel -Täisriim, irdriim Salm -Sarnase ehitusega rühmadeks liitunud värsid Salmi nimetused värsside arvu järgi on 1.kaksik ehk s (distihhon); 2.kolmik ehk kolmikvärss (tertsett); i.k. triplet (monoriim) ja tercett (erinevad riimiskeemid, nt. terza rima) 3.nelik ehk nelikvärss (katrään), ballaadistroof abcb 4.viisik ehk viisikvärss (kvint); 5.kuuik ehk kuuikvärss (sekstett) 6.seitsmikvärss (nt. Rhyme royal, jambiline pentameeter, ababbcc, G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales (mõned lood), Troilus and Criseyde 7.Ottava rima (8 värsirida, abababcc), Giovanni Boccaccio luule Kõne-, lause ja piltkujundid („Poeetika”, lk 39–59). Epiteet, võrdlus, metafoor, isikustamine, ümberütlus, allegooria, metonüümia. Epiteet- kirjeldav või kaunistav lisandsõna, ehk poeetiline täiend. Nt mustav on ta põhi, salalik ta süle. Võrdlus- kõrvutamine ühistunnuse alusel
Uses the objective correlative, includes many new elements that used to be considered unpoetic before him. Highly experimental with language, believed that a poet should write verse imitating actual speech – different rhythms, varying form – free verse, rhyme, etc. First masterpiece “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”. Best known for “The Waste Land” (1922) – post-‐WWI world, sterile and empty, full of death. Divided into vignettes (a short impressionistic scene that focuses on one moment or gives a clear-‐cut
He often uses obscure, foreign, or invented words. This, however, is not meant to be intellectually elitist but is instead meant to signify Whitman's status as a unique individual. Democracy does not necessarily mean sameness. The difficulty of some of his language also mirrors the necessary imperfection of connections between individuals: no matter how hard we try, we can never completely understand each other. Whitman largely avoids rhyme schemes and other traditional poetic devices. He does, however, use meter in masterful and innovative ways, often to mimic natural speech. In these ways, he is able to demonstrate that he has mastered traditional poetry but is no longer subservient to it, just as democracy has ended the subservience of the individual. The innovations in the poetic technique and subject matter in Whitman's Leaves of Grass (seminar).
VV /VV /VV /V Suveöö sumestav valu. Toomingad valvavad talu, Üle ussaia vaatavad kopli. Riim. Seaduspärane häälikukordus, rütmi kõrval teine luule silmapaistev tunnus Loovad kõlaterviku, häälikuline kokkukuuluvus > tähenduslik kokkukuuluvus Võimalik igas keeles, aga paljudes keeltes ei kasutata riimi võimalusi, mõnes keeles väga oluline, nt, inglise k. luuletus: rhyme, AGA Shakespeare riimi ei kasutanud > blankvärss Suulises luules mneumooniline mõju, aitab luuleridu meelde jätta Olemuselt korduseline (ka kajaline), suurendab sellisena luulekeelest saadavat naudingut, toob esile keele loovat paindlikkust (vt. Wainright, slaid 4) Algriim > sõnade esihäälikute kunstikavatsuslik kordus, sage rahvaluules, (alliteratsioon e. kaashäälikualgriim, assonants e. täishäälikualgriim)
VV –/VV –/VV –/V Suveöö sumestav valu. Toomingad valvavad talu, Üle ussaia vaatavad kopli. Riim. Seaduspärane häälikukordus, rütmi kõrval teine luule silmapaistev tunnus Loovad kõlaterviku, häälikuline kokkukuuluvus > tähenduslik kokkukuuluvus Võimalik igas keeles, aga paljudes keeltes ei kasutata riimi võimalusi, mõnes keeles väga oluline, nt, inglise k. luuletus: rhyme, AGA Shakespeare riimi ei kasutanud > blankvärss Suulises luules mneumooniline mõju, aitab luuleridu meelde jätta Olemuselt korduseline (ka kajaline), suurendab sellisena luulekeelest saadavat naudingut, toob esile keele loovat paindlikkust (vt. Wainright, slaid 4) Algriim > sõnade esihäälikute kunstikavatsuslik kordus, sage rahvaluules, (alliteratsioon e. kaashäälikualgriim, assonants e. täishäälikualgriim)
The Simple Present Tense 80 Period 150 Am, Is and Are 83 Comma 151 The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152 Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152 The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153 1 What is Grammar? Here's an old children's rhyme about the eight parts of speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it. Every name is called a noun, Pronoun As field and fountain, street and town. Noun In place of noun the pronoun stands, As he and she can clap their hands. The adjective describes a thing, As magic wand or bridal ring.
The main prototypes for Heiki Vilep's characters are his children. His stories are mainly addressed to children 5-10 years of age but they are also provide a pleasant reading for adults. Vilep's literature is always printed in capital letters in order to be more accessible for children who are learning to read. Heiki Vilep's books are written from a child's viewpoint. He uses childish language and naïve style. In his poetry the important facets are the ideas and moods not experiments in rhyme and rhythm. Heiki Vilep is an author who has had considerable influence over development of Estonian children's literature scene. Humorous contents and attractive packaging appeals to children who may have previously shunned reading. I would like to express the hope that with this thesis I have managed to analyse and record the development of one of the Estonia's future children's literature classic authors.
tales, tunes, dances, richly decorated handicraft, and folk customs. The ancient Estonian runic song stood quite apart from the European tradition: the core consisting of one-two phrases in small diapason (up to 5-6 tones), recitative performance, slow movements, a governing epic-lyrical mood with mostly stable rhythmic patterns, as a rule usually sung by women in one voice. In the second half of the 19th century Estonian folk song and folk poetry were displaying novel features. The end rhyme became dominant and previous archaic melodies were substituted by more lively tunes sometimes reproducing features from German and Swedish music. After the Great Northern War in 1721 Estonia became part of the Russian Empire; though Estonians had lived as the serfs of the Baltic-German nobility since the 16th century, they would remain serfs until 1816 when serfdom in Estonia was abolished by the Russian tsarist government. The Baltic Germans retained their upper
There was no bed, only a wide and inviting black leather sofa. The floor was covered with a thick golden carpet, and the walls were hung with heavy fabric in a slightly darker shade. "Good acoustics?" I guessed. He chuckled and nodded. He picked up a remote and turned the stereo on. It was quiet, but the soft jazz number sounded like the band was in the room with us. I went to look at his mind-boggling music collection. "How do you have these organized?" I asked, unable to find any rhyme or reason to the titles. He wasn't paying attention. "Ummm, by year, and then by personal preference within that frame," he said absently. I turned, and he was looking at me with a peculiar expression in his eyes. "What?" "I was prepared to feel... relieved. Having you know about everything, not needing to keep secrets from you. But I didn't expect to feel more than that. I like it. It makes me... happy." He shrugged, smiling slightly. "I'm glad," I said, smiling back
and he goes away laughing, sure he will get to keep the child. On the third day the queen's most faithful, far-traveling messenger reports that he's struck pay dirt. In his wanderings he didn't uncover any new names, but far away, atop a mountain, he did come across a little house, in front of which a fire was blazing, and around it was dancing a ridiculous little man. T h e messenger heard him shout a rhyme that revealed his name was Rumpelstiltskin. T h e little man appears once more in the queen's room, sure she will be unable to guess his absurd name. But after two bad guesses ("Conrad?" " H a r r y ? " ) , she gets it right — Rumpelstiltskin! T h e tale ends abrupdy as the little man, crying out that the devil must have told her his name, stamps his right foot so furiously that it goes through the floor and sticks deep in the earth. W i t h his two hands he seizes the other
The 'value' of the play is the average work required to break a cryptogram in the system by the method chosen." Cryptology is, by definition, a social activity, and so it may be examined from a sociological point of view. It is secret communication, and communication is perhaps man's most complex and varied activity. It encompasses not just words but gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, even silence. A glance can express a tale more sweetly than a rhyme. Basically, all forms of communication are sets of agreements that certain sounds or signs or symbols shall stand for certain things. One must be a party to these preconcerted rules if one wants to communicate. But all forms of communication are not at all times and all places known. Those who happen to know one system that others around them do not can use it for secret communication. Irish troops sent to the Congo as part of the United Nations force in 1960 spoke Gaelic over the
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