Made by: Siim Reimand Crusades Holy wars. The purpose -to retake the Holy Land. Christ -would come when the Christians control Jerusalem. For almost 200 years. Nine crusades! 1 Crusade st 2 Crusade nd (1096-1099) (1145-1149) Urban II called a Launched in 1147. council Was a complete Thousands of warriors failure. attacked Muslims and Christians took no Jews to gain the land new territory. for Christians.
Dear Tom, It was nice to hear from you and you asked me to write about religious holidays that are celebrated in my country. I will talk about Easter and Christmas celebrations. Easter is a moveable feast, meaning it is not fixed in relation to the civil calendar. The date of Easter therefore varies between March 22 and April 25. Originally only Christians celebrated Easter. According to Christians, Jesus was resurrected from the dead that day. Newer elements such as the Easter Bunny and Easter egg have become part of the holiday's modern celebrations, and those aspects are often celebrated by many Christians and non-Christians alike. There are also some Christian denominations who do not celebrate Easter. Other religious holiday is Christmas. It's one of the most popular festivals of Christian community celebrated all over the world. According to Christians it's
APRIL 2, 2015 The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050 Why Muslims Are Rising Fastest and the Unaffiliated Are Shrinking as a Share of the World’s Population The religious profile of the world is rapidly changing, driven primarily by differences in fertility rates and the size of youth populations among the world’s major religions, as well as by people switching faiths. Over the next four decades, Christians will remain the largest religious group, but Islam will grow faster than any other major religion. If current trends continue, by 2050 … The number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world. Atheists, agnostics and other people who do not affiliate with any religion – though increasing in countries such as the United States and France – will make up a declining share of the world’s total population.
Easter Quiz 1.What day is Easter celebrated? Sunday 2.Where does the name Easter come from? An Anglo-Saxon goddess called Eastre 3.On Palm Sunday, Christians celebrate the day that .... Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey and was greeted by cheering crowd 4.How long is Lent is western churches? 40 days 5.Why do we have eggs at Easter? They are a symbol of rebirth 6.The night before his death, Jesus finished the Passover meal with disciples by sharing bread and wine 7.What traditionally happened on Ash Wednesday? People put ash on their foreheads 8.What does Shrove Tuesday have to do with Easter? Shrove Tuesday is the last day to indulge before Lent
The truth pushes our world forward 1. Truth has helped us to study and learn more about our world, not like religion and bible have done. Religion did not let science to evolve, but thanks to the sciences like Galileo Galilei science evolved because he was brave enough to say that earth is not the centre of the world. 2. Truth always comes out, Crusade wars began because of Turks conquered the holy lands and mistreated the Christians not because Christians wanted to increase their religion that happened later after the Crusade wars. 3. The Bible put humans to believe that we all are Childs of Adam and Eve but in fact humans evolved from apes and the truth helped the science to find the real origin of people. 4. Many people say that they have seen UFO-s but most of us do not believe them and the truth of alien
lives around. People celebrate Christmas differently from one to another. For example, my family celebrates Christmas by having a Christmas tree and decorating it. We also exchange gifts, sometimes go to church, and cook a big dinner, a really big dinner. But I must say that when we do all these things, we don't keep in mind the true meaning of Christmas - celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ. Christmas is one of the biggest celebrations for all Christians. However, it would be wrong to assume that it is only celebrated among Christians. With the world becoming a global village, Christmas is now celebrated in many countries around the world. Though the mode of celebration, the dates and the traditions vary, the spirit remains the same everywhere. Nevertheless, Christmas is like a national shopping season. It has become a stress-filled time of the year. Depression is a major symptom of this holiday season. For those who follow the
Easter Easter is a moveable feast. It is so, because the date of Easter changes every year. Easter Sunday can fall on any date from 22 March to 25 April, but it always falls on the first Sunday following the full Moon after 21 March. Easter is the oldest and the most important Christian Festival, the celebration of the death and coming to life again of Jesus Christ. For Christians, the dawn of Easter Sunday with its message of new life is the high point of the Christian year. There are three important days: · Maundy Thursday eg Holy Thursday the Last Supper of Jesus Christ with the Apostles · Good Friday the day on which Jesus was crucified · Easter Day the day on which Jesus came back to life In many European languages the name Easter comes from the word Passover.
But its also a holiday in Montserrat , in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. In the rest of Canada, Great Britain, Australia, the United States and New Zealand, it is widely celebrated but is not an official holiday Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated worldwide by Irish people and increasingly (kasvavalt) by non-Irish people (usually in Australia and North America). Celebrations are generally themed around all things Irish and, by association, the colour green. Both Christians and non-Christians celebrate the secular version of the holiday by wearing green or orange, eating Irish food and/or green foods, drinking Irish drinks(such as Guinness or Baileys Irish Cream) and attending in parades. Primary and high schools also often dress up in green on St Patrick's day The St. Patrick's Day parade in Dublin, Ireland is part of a five-day festival; over 500,000 people attended the 2006 parade.
The element “love” is subjected through the Bible again, referencing to the sin of Adam’s. Another way of defining this element is expressed as following:“might be all knitt more nearly together in the Bonds of brotherly affection.”(Winthrop, 1996) Also, this can be looked as the love of the community and the attempt of bringing the society more closer to each other. Individuals are as one part of a body, serving God and having love as following:”his love among Christians is a real thing, not imaginary. Secondly: This love is as absolutely necessary to the being of the body of Christ, as the sinews and other ligaments of a natural body are to the being of that body.” (Winthrop, 1996) This kind of spiritual love needed to result in the great influence on the world in the positive manner where community’s needs are the priority and the individual’s desires are in the background. Thus, Winthrop believed that
Religious education in Hungary Religious country since year 1000. DenominationsPopulation % of total Catholicism 5,558,90154.5 Roman Catholics 5,289,52151.9 Greek Catholics 268,9352.6 Protestantism 1,985,57619.5 Calvinists 1,622,79615.9 Lutherans 304,7053.0 Baptists 17,7050.2 Unitarians 6,5410.1 Other Protestants 33,8290.3 Orthodox Christianity 15,2980.1 Other Christians 24,3400.2 Judaism 12,8710.1 Other religions 13,5670.1A ll religions 7,610,55374.6 No religion 1,483,36914.5 Undeclared 1,034,76710.1 Unknown 69,5660.7 Total 10,198,315100.00 History and nowadays v After World War II religious education difficult and problematic like in many Soviet countries. Althougt freedom of religion during socialist era. v Since 1993 the Hungarian Parliament constitution guarantees the right to religious education. v
Not the Mayan experts, not the conspiracy theorists, not the sceptics. Recently sceptics have used comments from modern day Mayans themselves that 2012 is a hoax, and that no Mayan calendar points to the end of the world on December 21, 2012. This is somewhat misleading. While Mayans do not believe the world will end on 2012, many do believe that there will be a massive event, which will change the way we experience reality. What that actually is, however, is anyone's guess. There are many Christians who believe the coming of Christ will happen within their lifetime. This idea shouldn't be discounted immediately, but it does not necessarily mean the Jesus we understand in Western culture will come sailing down from the sky. If we consider that Jesus was a manifestation of God, it's possible that Christ may return embodied in another form. It's possible that all the differing theories about 2012 may all be about the same event, and have just been interpreted in different ways
The Church of England Carry Kangur Sotsiaal- ja Haridusteaduskond Religion in the UK 2001: 72% Christians (41 million people) 3% Muslims 1% Hindus 15% No Religion around ~19 550 churches in Britain Major Christian denominations in the Catholics UK Anglicans Baptists Lutherans Methodists Quakerism Shakers Presbyterianism The Salvation Army Congregationalism Scientologists Church of England How it began 1509 Henry VIII became king He was a devout catholic Wanted a divorce from Catherine Fell in love with Anne Boleyn
When in Rome do as Romans do Australia is located in the South-East of the world and there is very warm, now there is approximately 30°C. Australia has a population of almost 20 million people and they speak in English. Half of the people there are christians. One of the only things I knew about australia are that there is very warm and there are a lot of kangaroos. In Australia the appearance of people is very formal. Men wear dark business suit and a tie, women may wear a dress or a scirt and blouse. For casual clothing there are pants for both men and women. Australians are friendly and open, but directness and punctuality is very important. They maintain good eye contact during conversations. They bring small gift of chocolate, wine or
Eating bugs Annika Annika History Hunters and gatherers ate bugs to survive Christians and Jews ate bugs "At first the males are better to eat, but after copulation the females, which are then full of white eggs." Main info 1,462 species of edible insects crickets, cicadas, grasshoppers, ants, worms and scorpions, tarantulas. Insects used as a source of nutrients and insects as condiments Pesticide use can make insects unsuitable We eat from one to two pounds of insects each year Most of insects are caught wild except for silk moth pupae Ants have a lemon tang
Capital punishment The opinions on capital punishment are usually based on justice and moral. There are people who believe that an ideal community should be merciful even to the ones who have not shown mercy, but there are also people who think that violating the rights of fellow members of the community, particularly if it happens consistently, should be punished as severely as the death sentence. Most Christians are firmly against capital punishment, because they believe that there is some good in every person, even if he does not show any regret for what he has done. Not all people are as mature as to have such forgiveness in them. On the other hand this type of forgiveness cannot be a groundsel for the larger community, because it requires that you should really know the person that is in question. The Gallup Death Penalty Poll has shown that in the year 2008 64% of Americans were in
God Save the Queen, Land of Hope and Glory. · Currency: Pound sterling (GBP). · Distribution: Males: 48,7% Females: 51,3% Climate of England · England has a temperate climate, with mild winters with temperatures not much lower than 0 C, and not much higher than 32 C in summer. Generally, July is normally the warmest month, and February is normally the coldest. Religions in England · 71,75% of Englands population are Christians. · 22,52% is unidentified or non-religious. · Other religious minorities include Muslims which account for 3% of the population. · There are also Jewish, Hindu and Sikh minorities. People Distribution · White:45,082,900 · Asian:2,914,900 · Black:1,447,900 · Mixed:870,000 · Chinese:400,300 · Other:376,100 · Due to disputes about religion, southern Ireland declared independence but northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom.
smaller facility at Y aoundé. · The major radio and television stations are state-run, and other communications, such as land-based telephones and telegraphs, are largely under government control Religion · The Christian community, makes up 40 percent of the population. There is also 40 percent of the population who maintain Indigenous beliefs, and Islam is practiced by 20 percent of the country's population. · Christians are concentrated chiefly in the southern and western provinces and Muslims reside in large numbers in every province. There is significant internal migration. Large cities have significant populations of both groups, with mosques and churches often located near each other. Religion ·The Christian community, makes up 40 percent of the population. There is also 40 percent of the population who maintain Indigenous beliefs, and Islam is practiced by 20 percent of the country's population
Western Cape Cape Town 129,370 5,278,585 Total 1,219,080 48,502,063 Music The South African music scene includes both popular (jive) and folk forms. South Africa is very diverse, with many native African ethnic groups as well as European and Indian peoples. The best selling singer is Theuns Jordaan, who has selled over 150 000 copies. Religion South African people are mainly Christian. 79.7% of population is Christians. Islam accounted for 1.5% of the population, Hinduism about 1.3%, and Judaism 0.2%. 15.1% had no religious affiliation. Language South Africa has eleven official languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. Sport South Africa's most popular sports are soccer, rugby union and cricket.
be the one to blame, might be smiling on the outside, but going through hell on the inside. And hell is definitely not the place we would like to find ourselves. That points us to the fact that religious people are often persecuted and even the Bible says, that the life of a Christian is no picnic, you have to stand above mockery and the fact that you may be rejected from the society. Of course there are many people who think differently. The facts that Christians burned heretics, tortured thousands of innocent people until they confessed to something they did not do and that Christianity goes against science makes us difficult to be tolerant. Some of us may have a question: "Why should we be kind to them if they have done so much bad to us?" There are no us or they. We all have our good and bad sides. However evolution doesn't like tolerance. Tolerance means, that we will accept all abnormalities and freaks
Christmas if Christmas is on Friday or Saturday. 3. What is the same and what is different about the way Easter is celebrated in England and Estonia? Easter lasts for 4 days in Britain: from Good Friday to Eas-ter Monday. Schools close for two weeks. On Good Friday people usually eat small sweet rolls toasted with butter and containing currants with a cross on top representing the wooden cross Jesus died on. On Easter Sunday Christians celebrate the resurrection of Christ. Most people give each other chocolate eggs of all sizes, which are usually hollow or contain sweets. Families with children often have an Easter Egg Hunt in which everybody must look for eggs hidden in the house or the garden. 4. How do people celebrate Shrove Tuesday in England? Do we celebrate the same day in Estonia? In Estonia, we don't celebrate Shrove Tuesday(Pancake Day). Shrove Tuesday is the
The British Isles, because of their good geographical position have been conqured only twice. And both occasions had a great influence on the language. First came Latin with the conquest of Roman Empire. Latin gave some terms to English and now it is a scientific language. Romans stayed for half a century, when they left, different Germanic tribes came and estabilished new kingdoms. They brought a new language with them. The Old English is developed from their Germanic dialects. After that, came Christians and brought new words like martyr, bishop etc. The second and last conquest was in 1066, when the Duke of Normandie, also known as William the Conqurer, invaded England to claim his right to the throne. He was the one who estabilished the House of Normandy. He brought Old French to England making it the official language. It gave many new terms to English, like pig and pork etc. After the hundred years' war, English took over as the official language.
Easter in England Kaia Teder Susanne Rajang K112 What is Easter ? Easter is the time for holidays, festivals and a time for giving chocolate Easter eggs. But Easter means much more. Easter is the oldest and the most important Christian Festival, the celebration of the death and coming to life again of Jesus Christ. For Christians, the dawn of Easter Sunday with its message of new life is the high point of the Christian year. In fact, it has been in vogue even before the pre Christian times Easter story Easter is the story of Jesus' last days in Jerusalem before his death.The Easter story includes Maundy Thursday (the Last supper leading to the Eucharist), Good Friday (the day on which Jesus was crucified) and Easter Day (the day on which Jesus came back to life). It is a sad story because Jesus was killed
dissected by numerous rivers, creeks and waterfalls, including the famous Kaieteur Falls. The country enjoys a diverse, multicultural society, high floral and faunal biodiversity, prize-winning rum, and Demerara sugar. Guyana is a major breeding area for sea turtles and other wildlife. The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid. The major religions in Guyana are Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and other minor different faiths. Most Guyanese Christians are Protestants and include a mix of all races. Hinduism is dominated by the Indians who came to the country in the early 1800s, while Islam varies between Afro-Guyanese and Indian-Guyanese. When the first Europeans arrived in the area around 1500, Guyana was inhabited by the Arawak and Carib tribes of American Indians. Although Guyana was first sighted by Christopher Columbus during his third voyage in 1498. In 1831 the three separate colonies became a single
An Independence Day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's assumption of independent statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state; more rarely after the end of a military occupation. Most countries observe their respective independence days as a national holiday, and in some cases the observance date is controversial or contested. Good Friday Moveable Friday Good Friday is a religious holiday observed primarily by Christians commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death at Calvary. The holiday is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum on the Friday preceding Easter Sunday, and may coincide with the Jewish observance of Passover. It is also known as Holy Friday, Great Friday, Black Friday, or Easter Friday, though the latter properly refers to the Friday in Easter week. Easter Sunday Moveable Sunday Easter is a Christian festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus
9.What do you remember about the Tower of London and Westminster Abbey? Tower of London is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. Westminster Abbey is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London. 10.The Crusades - find some information about them. They were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. The first of the Crusades began in 1095, when armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II's plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land. 11.How would you describe Medieval or Chivalric Romances? Chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures, often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities, who goes on a quest. 12.What is courtly love
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brought into being by God's sheer command, ,,Be and so it is," and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. He is known as a personal God who responds whenever a person in need or distress calls him. There are no intermediaries, such as clregy, to contact God who states, I am nearer to him than jugular vein." The reciprocal nature is mentioned in the hadith qudsi, ,,I am as My servant thinks I am." Allah is the term with no plural or gender used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews to reference God, while 'ilah is the term used for a deity or a god in general. Some other non-Arab Muslims might use different names as much as Allah, for instance ,,Tanri" in Turkish, ,,Khoda" in Persian or ,,Khuda" in Urdu. Is it said that belief in angels is fundamental to the faith of Islam. The arabic word for angel, malak, means ,,messenger", like its counterparts in Hebrew(malakh) and Greek(angelos).
Located near Viru Street, between Müürivahe and Vene Streets, is a medieval Dominican monastery which reveals a fascinating dimension of the city's history. The Dominican Order was founded by a Spaniard, Saint Dominic Gusman, in 1216. Up to that moment only bishops were permitted to preach, but their performance was inadequate beause of the time they had to devote to the administrstion of their dioceses. The result was that many Christians heard the Word of God rarely if at all . Dominic envisioned the creation of a body of trained theologians who would scatter throughout Europe and proclaim the gospel in the most remote areas. The nordic countries appear very early on the Dominic anagenda. To reach Tallinn the friars followed the trade route along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, and reached Estonia some 750 years ago. The monastery in Tallinn was certainly in existence by1246
exile Henry II's wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and his sons rose against him but failed His third son, Richard I, defeated Henry II in 1189 and became the King Richard I was a devoted Christian and a soldier - Massacres of Jews in London and York - Third Crusade - Married Berengaria of Navarre and became King of Cyprus - Received the nickname of Richard the Lionheart for fighting bravely for the rights of Christians While he was on the crusade and in caption, his brother John almost became the king but was stopped by the return of Richard who later named John as his heir due to having no children of his own Died in 1199 Richard the Lionheart on the Third Crusade In 1199 the throne was claimed by King John - Known by the nickname Lackland or as the enemy of Robin Hood - Married Isabella of Angoulême, whom he had kidnapped from her fioncé
The Renaissance Between 14th and 16th century in Europe From French word rebirth It was an age of growth in Europe. New, powerful city states emerged. A new middle class had more and more money to spend. Great artists, writers and thinkers lived during this time. During the Middle Ages many people who lived in the countryside worked on the land that they got from the noblemen. In return, they were protected by them Between the middle and the end of the 14th century, the plague, also called "Black Death" killed almost half of Europe's population. It spread most rapidly in the larger cities where many people lived. This led to economic depression. When the plague slowly decreased in the 15th century, the population in Europe began to grow. A new middle class emerged --bankers, merchants and trades people had a new market for their services. People became wealthier and had more than enough money to spend. They bega...
255. The chief means of happiness in this life is the ability to consider externally always, internally never. 256. Do not love art with your feelings. 257. A true sign of a good man is if he loves his father and mother. 258. Judge others by yourself and you will rarely be mistaken. 259. Only help him who is not an idler. 260. Respect every religion. 261. I love him who loves work. 262. We can only strive to be able to be Christians. 263. Don't judge a man by the tales of others. 264. Consider what people think of you--not what they say. 265. Take the understanding of the East and the knowledge of the West--and then seek. 266. Only he who can take care of what belongs to others may have his own. 267. Only conscious suffering has any sense. 268. It is better to be temporarily an egoist than never to be just. 269. Practice love first on animals, they are more sensitive. 270. By teaching others you will learn yourself. 271
embarked on what today is considered a continuous tradition of a red cross on white from 1277, whereas France displayed a white cross, first on a red, then on a blue flag. From this practice and time emerged the famous and significant cross flags, such as St. George's Cross (red cross on white), the Cross of St. Denis (a white cross on red) and the cross flag of the Teutonic Knights (black cross on white). The Crusader flag displaying a white cross on red, was originally used by Christians against the European `pagans', and later became the flag employed by the Holy Roman Empire in battle. The influence of heraldry on modern flags has been substantial, and the effectiveness of the symbolism has been reproduced due to the simplicity, distinctiveness and originality of heraldic colours and designs. The first cross flags indicated primarily that the military operations of the crusaders were sanctioned by the Pope. However, it is clear that these flags gained territorial
Chinese American and Filipino American. Over 80% of all Americans live in urban areas. There are 9 cities which have population more than 1 million people and 4 cities which have population more than 2 million people and these are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Houston. At the federal level, there is no official language but English is most spoken language in America. There are 8 languages which have more speakers than 1 million people. Nearly 80% of Americans consider themselves as Christians by religion. But still there are Protestants and Roman Catholists. The leading non-christian religions are Judaism, Buddishm, Islam and Hinduism. Also many people say that they are atheists or they don't have religion. View to the biggest city in America New York. 8 Famous Americans To write about famous examples from all walks of life would take forever because there are so many famous people
Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas saw the Colorado River from the rim of the South Rim of the Grand Canyon while looking for a route that would connect them with Alarcón's fleet. The Legend of the Seven Cities The Legend of the Seven Cities of Gold dates back to the eighth century, when the Moors of Africa conquered Spain for Islam. The archbishop of Porto in Portugual was believed to have set sail with six other bishops and a group of colonists and their cattle and supplies. The Christians reached land, so the story goes, burned their ships so that no one would be tempted to return to Spain, and each bishop built a fabulously rich city. Spanish cartographers had traditionally placed these cities on an island somewhere in the Atlantic, but as more and more islands were explored and no cities turned up, they began to position them at various places on the huge land mass representing the New World-- often in North America
Augustin became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601. It was the Celtic Church which brought Christianity to the ordinary people. Patrick, a British monk, introduced Christianity to Ireland before 460. Around 563 a monk named Columba left Ireland for the isle of Iona near Scotland and started a monastery there. Monks from Iona then converted most of Scotland. Another monk, Aidan, founded the monastery of Lindisfarne in 635. These holy men and the people who followed them are known as Celtic Christians. When the king of Northumbria decided to support the Roman Church, the Celtic Church retreated. So England became Christian very quickly. By 660 only Sussex & the Isle of Wight had not accepted the new faith. Latin became the language of the Church. From the end of the 8th cent. and during the 9th & 10th centuries Western Europe was attacked by new barbarians who came from the North Norway, Sweden & Denmark and were called Northmen
About 80 percent of the population lives in that fertile region. The total population of Syria is a little over 13 million. Half the people live in cities, 4 million in Damascus alone. Arabic is the official language of the Syrian Arab Republic and the language is spoken by nearly all Syrians. French is the second-most- common language. However, it has started to be rivaled by English. The majority religion in Syria is Islam: 85 percent of the population is Muslim. Other groups include Christians, Druze, Jews, Baha'is, and others. Syria is not a wealthy country; most people have a mediocre standard of living at best. City dwellers live in apartments. Those who are wealthy enough build villas or large vacation homes in the mountains or on the sea coast. 3. Security policy and alliances Syria is a founding member of the UN, having joined on 24 October 1945, and belongs to ESCWA and all the nonregional specialized agencies except WIPO. It is a charter member of the Arab League, set
literature of the Latin Church, and whose purpose of writing was highly moral. For example, the fate is a `providentia' and the monster Grendel is an embodiment of evil fighting against Christian militant. This contrast corresponds to the poem itself. The poet is looking back from his own Christian times to an old society with different customs and beliefs. The poem is set, as it is announced in the very first line: `in days gone by'. For instance, the poet and his fellow Christians who can know that Grendel belongs to the race of monsters descended from Cain. For the Danish king he is the only a mysterious creature, for he doesn't know the Bibel. Again, when aged B. is killed by the dragon, the poet observes that his soul departs from the body. Yet the hero's people, the Geats, in the pagan manner burn his body and bury his ashes with much treasure. This is what commanded in a dying speech of a pagan who
1 billion and 1.8 billion Muslims, making Islam the secondlargest religion in the world, after Christianity. Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, God's final prophet, and regard the Qur'an and the Sunnah (words and deeds of Muhammad) as the fundamental sources of Islam.They do not regard Muhammad as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Islamic tradition holds that Jews and Christians distorted the revelations God gave to these prophets by either altering the text, introducing a false interpretation, or both. Islam includes many religious practices. Adherents are generally required to observe the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five duties that unite Muslims into a community. In addition to the Five Pillars, Islamic law (sharia) has developed a tradition of rulings that touch on virtually all aspects of life and society
A toad and a serpent sprang out of his mouth. Olev was buried on the very spot where he died. A stone block with the carved figure of Olev, a toad and a serpent, was placed on his tomb. St Olaf's Church was a Roman Catholic one up to 1524. The first Evangelical sermons delivered in the church signified the beginning of the Reformation and thus the church belonged to the Lutheran congregation from 1524 to 1950 (up to 1940 the congregation was German). Since 1950 the Union of Evangelical Christians and Baptist Churches of Estonia have used the church. The spire of the St Olaf`s Church has been opened to the public. The view of the Tallin Old Town and its vicinity is magnificent. Lore has it that citizens of Tallinn pursued two objectives at once when building the tower. Concerned about their sailors and guests of the city, they wished to erect a lighthouse that could be seen even from the shores of Finland. On the other hand, the magistrate and the
The present height of the church spire, after the reconstruction, which followed the numerous fires, is seemingly insignificant 123 metres, compared to the previous figures, yet even so it is the second tallest building in Tallinn after the TV tower. It is noteworthy that the ball at the base of the cross at the top of the spire is 114 centimetres in diameter. The church building was turned over in 1950 to the united Tallinn St. Olaf's Congregation of Evangelical Christians and Baptists. P o r g a s s a a r, Kristina; A l j a s, Eva-Grete; K u u s k e m a a, Jüri. Tallinn: Medieval capital. Tallinn: PhotoTour T ä h e p õ l d, Kadri. 2005. Giidi käsiraamat: Vanalinn. Tallinn: Ecce Revalia The legend of St. Olaf's Church In ancient times Tallinn was said to have been quite small, and it would just now grow bigger. The town could not boast of any trade, and farther away it was completely unknown. It even did not have its own church
conquest The Roman Occupation 43-410 43 AD Emperor Claudius conquered Britain, it was easy, romans were more skilled and betetr equipped. Romans faced assaults of Picts, Scots, barbarians. 406-7 barbarians begin invasion Legacy- new types of animals, plants; miles, feet, inches-roman measurements;christianity; Roman basilica in curches; reading, writing; buildings, roads Christianity in Roman Britain Until 4th C christians were persecuted 313 AD Emperor Constantine legalised christianity 380 AD Emperor Theodosius I made it the official religion of the empire Paganism had been eclipsed but continued to pose a political, religious challenge Boudicca Queen of Iceni people of Eastern England, led an uprising against Roman forces Prasutagus(ruler) was first allowed to rule when romans conquered England, after his death, romans decided to rule Iceni and
Mass media was allowed to investigate and publish freely 3.Collapse of the Empire- Soviet empire and communism eventually destroyed, President George Bush passive, avoided any support of Yeltsin 4.Containment and the Reagan military build up · The fall of the Berlin Wall, re-independence of Eastern Europe and disintegration of the Soviet Union · · Rise of conservatism and fundamentalism suspicion that the government can't fix anything efficiently rise brought by fundamentalist Christians They favoured strict limits on government intervention in the economy AIDS 14 No drugs campaigns issues with abortion Life in the 80s (came popular, not invented during that time)cabel television, personal computers, MTV, Hippies ->Yuppies(profession- banks, etc financial sector. Earned alot. Young Urban Professionals), Video Cassette Recorders · Iran-Contra scandal and the intervention of the CIA in international politics
off fireworks and burning home-made Guy Fawkes figures on bonfires. 34. Easter. A moveable holiday, which lasts four days in Britain, from Good Friday to Easter Monday. Schools close for two weeks. On Good Friday people traditionally eat small sweet rolls, toasted with butter and containing currants, with a cross on top representing the wooden cross Jesus died on – hence their name – “hot cross buns”. On Easter Sunday Christians celebrate the resurrection of Christ. Most people give each other chocolate eggs of all sizes, which are usually hollow or contain sweets. Families with children often have Easter Egg Hunt, in which everybody must look for eggs hidden in the house or the garden. Easter is first and foremost a spring holiday to celebrate the time of new birth and the reawakening of nature. 35. Remembrance Day.
SU acquiring old SU territories and more, some rife w antisem, fanned esp by Polish and Romanian interwar regimes. Now have under belts 20 yrs fascism, hyper-natlism, Nazi propaganda. Borders porous. Rebirth of anti-Semitism, almost entirely w/o help from above. Js 10% civilian casualties, 2 mill. SU citizens not in DP camps, mostly killed. Survivors in Auschwitz from all over, but not from SU. SU citizens also spread out over. Some Js survived as partisans, some forged identities as Christians. Major redist in J demo. W lands now emptied, in major cities, Moscow, Leningrad, Rostov, Donetsk, or much further to E, either never occupied or briefly occupied. Ashkenazis where no or few Js were living before, or where Sephardic. Now 10s of 1000s in Tashken, Tajikistan, Bishkek (Frunzen) Dushanbei (Lanenobad), Tabilsi. Also Samara (Kuibishev). Hundreds of thousands. SU hadn't been keeping recs of evacuation. Travel docs, but no central recs. Censuses, 1939 and 1959
why Christmas food had to remain on the table for the whole night? It was believed that ancestors and spirits would visit the house on Christmas Night as well as on New Year's Eve and Epiphany. jõulud has always been a family holiday? Jõulud is considered to be silent time. In the old times, no guests were allowed to come on the first day of the holiday. Moreover, if the guest was a woman, it was seen as a bad omen. The same belief was about the New Year's Eve. For Christians, the 24 and 25 December was holy time people stayed at home, read the Bible and sang chorales. Näärid, or the festive events of the turn of the year, were a joyous holiday in both traditions. old Estonians brewed hundreds of litres of beer per household?Christmas was also called beer holidays and the beer or mead brewed on St. Thomas's day had to last until Epiphany. Brewing the ale was men's work, and it had to be started in the
to Islam. The Arabs were principally noblemen coming from Yemen, though they were only few in numbers they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. The Muslim conquerors, few in number, stayed largely in the Algarve region, and in general south of the Tagus. RECONQUISTA During the Reconquista period, Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim and Moorish domination. In 868, the First County of Portugal was formed. A victory over the Muslims at Battle of Ourique in 1139 is traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal as a fief of the Kingdom of León was transformed into the independent Kingdom of Portugal. Henry, to whom the newly formed county was awarded by Alfonso VI for his role in
Roman introduced theire measurements, Christianity, reading and writing. Also, many words in English and Welsh have been borrowed from the Latin language. An important legacy of the Romans was its roads, agriculture and cities. In the Roman times the land was dominated by rules and reguations. *Christianity in Roman Britain The Roman authorities were suspicious of Christianity because followers of Jesus Christ refused to take an oath of loyalty to the Roman emperor. For this reason the early Christians were regarded as dangerous enemies of the Empire. That ceased when the emperor Constantine converted to Christianity. Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire in the early fourth century A.D. As the century progressed Christianity spread very quickly. Despite official recognition there was no mass conversion to Christianity; worship of the pagan gods and goddesses was not even formally banned until late in the fourth century.
RATHER CHOOSES TO DO NOTHING BUT CONTINUE WITH THE PRACTICE, THEN THAT RACE IS STUPID. I have never seen a European adopting an African name, despite the fact that some of them had lived or were born in Africa. They are not a conquered people – so why would they want to answer African names. They don’t value our culture and history. The conquered people must be made to change their names in favour of the conqueror. Today I see these Christians, especially priests, insisting upon these foreign names in the belief that a person cannot be regarded a true Christian without answering to English or French names. They neither understand the historical antecedents of how the change of 38 names was used to enslave Africans nor how this is still being used to continue the cultural and historical annihilation of a race.
to a complete appropriation of them. It is widely documented that Cooper admitted his support for what the white settlers did in their westward expansionhe actually acknowledges in The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking Tales to be written but the next to last in the sequence of events, that "the Europeans, or, to use a more significant term, the Christians, dispossessed the original owners of the soil" and justified it by saying that it was part of the noble mission of Christianity and therefore "part of a universal moral progress which it was the special destiny of American to manifest." However, it is equally undeniable that he appreciated some aspects of the native culture. On the one hand, Cooper saw
the time his form and pressure. Now this overdone, or come tardy off, though it make the unskilful laugh, cannot but make the judicious grieve; the censure of the which one must in your allowance o'erweigh a whole theatre of others. O, there be 92 players that I have seen play, and heard others praise, and that highly, not to speak it profanely, that, neither having the accent of Christians nor the gait of Christian, pagan, nor man, have so strutted and bellowed that I have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men and not made them well, they imitated humanity so abominably. First Player I hope we have reformed that indifferently with us, sir. HAMLET O, reform it altogether. And let those that play your clowns speak no more than is set down for them; for there be of them that will themselves laugh, to set on some quantity of barren spectators to laugh
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