Colonial period and the Puritan tradition lecture 1 • American literature started before America was discovered • There were very different colonies in America Puritan tradition * Salvation through faith alone * The Word * Christian utopia * Covenant of grace - John Winthrop (1587-1649) - William Bradford „Of Plymouth Plantation“ (1630) - conflict between the ideal and the real - literacy and plain style • Edward Taylor (1642-1729) - meditative writing deeply grounded in faith • Captivity narrative: *Enemies inside and outside
after he died. From 1600 to 1608 Shakespeare wrote his great tragedies. These plays have given world theatre unforgettable characters such as Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth. The comedies that were written in this period no longer have the bright, optimistic appeal of earlier works. SHAKESPEARE WAS A THEATRICAL GENIUS. Plays for audiences: The relationship between audiences and performers was very intimate in Elizabethan theatres. POETRY IN THE PURITAN AGE - John Donne (1572-1631), born in London, intoa a Roman Catholic family. Throughout this period Donne was tormented by the question of his religion, in 1593 decided to convert to the Protestant faith. In 1601 he was elected Member of Parliament. He wrote essays and pamphlets condemning the Church of Rome. Donne wrote poetry exclusively for personal pleasure. His use, for example, of religious imagery in love poems and images of physical love in religious poetry shocked his
Mayflower Compact In the landmark Mayflower Compact of 1620, the Pilgrims decided that they would rule themselves, based on majority rule of the townsmen. This independent attitude set up a tradition of self-rule that would later lead to town meetings and elected legislatures in New England. Without good harbors or extensive tracts of fertile land, however, Plymouth became a colony of subsistence farming on small private holdings once the original communal labor system was ended in 1623. Puritan Colony in Plymouth, New England; Puritan ethics and ideology The four main convictions of Puritanism were that personal salvation was completely dependent upon God, that the Bible was the final authority and guide to good Christian life, that the church was to be organized from the scripture and that society was a single, unified entity. This is the Puritan Ethic: Strict self-discipline and devotion to God and church, accompanied by contempt for sinful pleasures and luxuries.
Mary was a devout Catholic. Her attempts to restore Catholicism to the country resulted in internal turmoil and much bloodshed. 9. In what way was Elizabeth I able to keep peace and order in the country? Under Elizabeth, order was restored and England entered upon her most glorious age. Elizabeth ruled wisely and well for 45 years. Through her policy of middle-of-the-road Protestantism, she held in check throughout her reign the proponents of Catholicism on one hand and the growing numbers of Puritan extremists on the other. A master politician, wise in the choice of her councilors, Elizabeth established a strong central government that received the loyal support of her subjects. 10. What led England to become a world power? During Elizabeth's reign, England began to gain supremacy on the seas. Threatened by an invasion from the long-time enemy, the King of Spain, Elizabeth sent Hawkins and Drake out to destroy the Spanish Armada. England's increasing population created new
FLRG.01.193 Heidi Järvpõld 01.01.2015 Puritanism in A model of Christian Charity A modell of Christian charity, also known as A City on a Hill, is the kind of Puritan literature example that can fade the suspicious reader’s doubts in the Puritan main ideology and beliefs. At least, this is how it seemed to me. This sermon can be seen as a gateway to the Puritan society’s attitude and mindset as it is one of the most classical examples of the Puritan era literature. Although John Winthrop was the leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony which was filled with corrupted chiefs, he vigorously emphasizes in his writings the unity of
The 17th century In England 17th century was a time of political and religious turmoil. It is known as a struggle between Parliament and the throne. 1625 came to rule Charles I, who was proved to be politically stubborn. In 1642 civil war broke out between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. Oliver Cromwell was a puritan who brought the Roundheads to the victory and temporarily ended the monarchy in 1649. Charles I was beheaded. Oliver Cromwell ruled England for 9 violent years. The return of the oldest son of Charles I in 1660 is called the Restoration. In 1660 the Royal Society of London was established to promote scientific research. In 1688 the Glorious Revolution was without bloodshed or violence. The 1689 Bill of Rights limited monarch's powers. Parliamtary government was established
Charles Baudelaire. The mid-19th cent was a period of astonishing literary creativity in Am lit. In the short space of 6 years, four monumental lit works were published: Nathaniel Hawthorne's (1804-64) The Scarlet Letter (1850), Herman Melville's (1819-91) Moby Dick (1851), Henry David Thoreau's (1817-62) Walden (1854) and Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1855). This period witnessed the highest lit expression of the Puritan tradition and the emergence of a new cultural and philosophical movement, Transcendentalism. Although the Am frontier was being pushed westward, Massachusetts and Virginia, the Puritan strongholds in the east, remained the centre of cultural activity. The Puritan heritage is clearly evident in the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne, who wrote about the conflict between the good and evil set in the dark, Puritan, New England past
church head of the nation The Elizabethan period (1558- Fourfold growth in London 1603)- A golden age population Timber buildings Stuart dynasty The Civil War Oliver Cromwell Execution of Charles I - 1649 Puritan Republic (1653-60) Charles II took the throne 1660 The Great Plague and the Great Fire (1665-1666) Sir Christopher Wren St. Paul's Cathedral The Georgian era (1714-1830) The premier city of the Western John Nash an architect
her many adventures as a 17th century orphan with genuine knowledge of witchcraft. Mary is packed off to join Puritans headed to the New World. While they search for religious freedom, Mary searches for a fresh start and a chance to live a life untainted by the suspicion of witchcraft. She is informally adopted by good friends who accept her strong-willed nature and and knowledge of herbs, medicines, and midwifery. To escape the oppressive atmosphere of the village and the stringent Puritan expectations, Mary retreats to the woods where she befriends a local Native American boy. Despite dire warnings from all who care about her, Mary persists in keeping her journal, gallivanting through the woods, and making dangerous comments. Even though Mary has assisted her community on numerous occasions, when things begin to go poorly for the village, accusatory fingers are quickly pointed. The fear and superstition are palpable in this diary-style novel
o people were angry at the way Stuart monarchs raised money without getting the agreement of the house of commons o conflicts between the king and the parliament, which led to the civil war(1642) and the execution of Charles I(1649) o during the period after the civil war Britain became a republic and Oliver Cromwell established his military government. Theatres and other forms of amusement were banned because of his puritan ethics 1660 monarchy restored, Charles II asked to reign B. The Great Plague in 1665 C. The Great Fire of London in 1666 In my opinion it was a negative century for the people because so many awful events took place. However, there was also one positive event: The glorious revolution in 1688, it was bloodless and as a result the monarch's powers were limited by the government, the bill of rights was drawn up in 1689 Victorian period o 1837-1901.
of the 100 Years War, the Black Death, the Peasants’ Revolt and Wars of the Roses. 13) Henry VIII, the son of Henry Tudor, made the crown the spiritual head of the nation and formed the Anglican church. 14) The Elizabethan period is considered a golden age in British history due to a fourfold growth in London’s population and timber building. 15) The leader of the Civil War was Charles I, who was executed during the war. The leader of the Puritan Republic was Oliver Cromwell. 16) London’s greatest disaster is considered the Great Fire, which happened in 1666 and destroyed some 13 000 houses over an area of almost 400 acres. 17) The positive effect of the Great Fire was to rid the city of its accumulated filth. 18) London became the premier city of the Western world during the Georgian era. 19) The Victorian era is marked with development of industry and public transport. 20) Yes, it did
rather than being tied to a single area or garrison. Its soldiers became full-time professionals, rather than part-time militia. To establish a professional officer corps, the army's leaders were prohibited from having seats in either the House of Lords or House of Commons. This was to encourage their separation from the political or religious factions among the Parliamentarians. partly from among veteran soldiers who already had deeply-held Puritan religious convictions, and partly from conscripts who brought with them many commonly-held beliefs
Julius Caesar Macbeth Hamlet Troilus and Cressida King Lear Othello Antony and Cleopatra Cymbeline poems Shakespeare's sonnets Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece The Passionate Pilgrim[nb 5] The Phoenix and the Turtle A Lover's Complaint Lost plays Love's Labour's Won The History of Cardenio Apocrypha Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Edward III Locrine The London Prodigal The Puritan The Second Maiden's Tragedy Sir John Oldcastle Thomas Lord Cromwell A Yorkshire Tragedy Sir Thomas More Thank you for listening J
As a starter, the arriving Europeans seemed attuned to another world, they appeared to be oblivious to the rhythms and spirit of nature. Nature to the Europeans - and the Indians detected this - was something of an obstacle, even an enemy. It was also a commodity: A forest was so many board feet of timber, a beaver colony so many pelts, a herd of buffalo so many robes and tongues. Even the Indians themselves were a resource - souls ripe for the Jesuit, Dominican, or Puritan plucking. It was the Europeans' cultural arrogance, coupled with their materialistic view of the land and its animal and plant beings, that the Indians found repellent. Europeans, in sum, were regarded as something mechanical - soulless creatures who wielded diabolically ingenious tools and weapons to accomplish mad ends. The Europeans brought with them not only a desire and will to conquer the new continent
It took them four years to decide what to do with them. They decided to behead him in 1649. After his beheading the Commonwealth or Cromwell's republic was created. However, the government was too severe and it fell in 1660. The Commonwealth abolished the House of Lords, the Anglican Church and Scotland went under Cromwell's rule. 1653 it became a dictatorship. The army was used to retain law and order. The country strictly observed Puritan beliefs no celebration of Christmas or Easter, no games on Sunday. Cromwell died in 1658, his son was his successor, but fucked up. In 1660 Charles II was invited to return to the throne. He was a good and judicious diplomat. Was Catholic yet allowed both Puritans and Catholics to follow their beliefsystems. The first political parties were founded during that time: The Whigs and The Tories. The Whigs were MPs, supported religious reedom, against absolute monarchy. 1685 Charles died
destroyed almost all of the City and a large area to the west. Thousands of new houses were built, and Christopher Wren constructed St Paul's Cathedral as well as many churches. Stuart London The first Stuart king, James I, came to the throne in 1603. In 1605 a group of men tried to blow up both him and the Houses of Parliament. This Gunpowder Plot failed. In 1625 Charles I came to the throne. Civil war broke out in1642 between supporters of the king and the parliamentary forces, led by Puritan called Oliver Cromwell. Charles I was beheaded in1649 and Britain became a republic known as the Commonwealth. In 1660 the monarchy retuned. Saxons and Vikings Later in the 5th century, Saxons settled just west of Londinium and formed the town of Lundenwic. It was raided by Danish Vikings in the 9th century. Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings in 886 and rebuilt the Roman city
They saw little chance of England becoming a proper country Wished to live free of English laws and oppressing church religious freedom In may (had time before winter!!!) · Mayflower Compact First governing document of Plymouth Colony Agreement composed by a consensus among new Settlers Composed for the sake of their own survival Fair and equal laws, for the general good Signed by 41 adult male members on the Mayflower Free of English law foundation of the USA constitution · Puritan Colony in Plymouth, New England America's first permanent puritan settlement Along with Jamestown, the most successful colony Originally 105 colonists First home in an empty Indian village Concluded a peace treaty with neighbouring tribes Aided by natives +++ (how to grow corn etc) went there to find relogious freedom · Puritan ethics and ideology God has a preordained plan for everybody Following the Bible
(pühaduseteotus) or ribaldry (nilbus), cultivated laziness, ministerially abetted (õhutatud) twists of laws and distractions of his mistresses. John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester: writer of satirical and bawdy poetry. To a Lady in a Letter, Song, A Song Charles Sackville: The Advice, from the Latin Sir Charles Sedley: Song Dryden: 14. Restoration drama (Dryden, Etheridge, Wycherley, Congreve) Theatres closed in Civil War, resumed in altered society of Restoration, florishing after Puritan regime. Most famous: unsentimental or „hard” comedies of John Dryden, William Wycherley, and George Etheredge. Reflect atmosphere at court, celebrate an aristocratic macho lifestyle of constant sexual intrigue and conquest. Sharp drop in quality and quanitity in 1680s, in 1690s again William Congreve’s „Love for Love” and „The Way of the World”. Were softer and more middle-class, different from earlier aristocratic extravaganza, aimed wider audience
The Cavaliers In Italian knights, were the long-haired member sof the loyalist counrty gentry who fought for King Charles I in 1642-52 Later they supported Tory party. Came fro among old aristocracy in the North and West, counrty squires, cathedral and small towns. All were Roman Catholics. Their headquarters was at Oxford. They had regular cavalry under Prince Rupert- kings nephew of some military experience. The Roundheads Puritan supporters of Parliament during the Civil War. Name comes fro the closely cropped hair of the supporters of parliamentary party. Came from among newly rich in the East and London. The merchant class, new landowners, Keywords: The reformed church, The Royal Navy, merchant fleet and infantry. Headquarters in london Oliver Cromwell An English soldier, a statesman who helped to make England a Republic. The New Model Army
Poems and short stories should be short enough to be read in one sitting. Poe produced not more than 15 poems. He revised them all his life. The final versions are perfect(ed). His poems are a romantic manifesto because they speak of lands that are nowhere "out of space, out of time". Nathaniel Hawthorne's preoccupation with guilt and conscience. His belief that the roots of the philistinism and hypocrisy characteristic of New Englanders are to be found in early Puritan settlements. Power of Guilt in The Scarlet Letter If a character does something wrong but no one knows, that character can both gain and lose from what they have done. This happens multiple times in The Scaret Letter. Characters commit evil deeds, some are caught, some are not. For those that aren't caught, they have a decision to make. To turn themselves in or to live their lives as if it never happened. For those that choose to live on as if it never
Emergence of puritanism – poetry becomes leading form. Puritanism – purification of religion, of all unnecessary rituals and decorations, in essence, all pleasure equals sin. Closed theatres and denounced all drama, dance, rural festivals, even country sports. Puritan poetry is logical and undecorated in style; it strives to render God’s word directly, undecorated by human wit. John Donne (1572–1631) – a puritan poet who rebelled against established traditions in poetry
10. How are Senators and Representatives elected? Congressional elections every two years, half of them are midterm elections. 11. Whose birthdays are celebrated as federal holidays? Martin Luther King, Jr. Day 18th January leader of the Civil Rights Movement, preached nonviolence, got a Nobel Peace Price Washington's birthday 1st president of the US Columbus day Abraham Lincoln's birthday 16th President of the US 12. Origin of Thanksgiving Day In 1620, Pilgrims - Puritan separatists - landed in Plymouth, MA. The Pilgrims celebrated the "First Thanksgiving" in1621, after their first harvest Traditional foods eaten that day large roast turkey, side dishes - cranberry sauce, stuffing or gravy, sweet or mashed potatoes, pumpkin or peach pie. Black Friday - the day after Thanksgiving Thursday The beginning of Christmas season shopping 13. Who were the first European explorers in the area of present-day New York?
Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. Oliver Cromwell was born on 25 April 1599 in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire into a family of minor gentry and studied at Cambridge University. He became member of parliament for Huntingdon in the parliament of 1628 - 1629. In the 1630s Cromwell experienced a religious crisis and became convinced that he would be guided to carry out God's purpose. He began to make his name as a radical Puritan when, in 1640, he was elected to represent Cambridge, first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament. Civil war broke out between Charles I and parliament in 1642. Although Cromwell lacked military experience, he created and led a superb force of cavalry, the 'Ironsides', and rose from the rank of captain to that of lieutenant-general in three years. He convinced parliament to
who believed a soldier should be trained, well fed and paid regularly. After the Civil War, he established a republic which the called the Commonwealth and started to rule as its Lord Protector”. Between 1653 and 1658 he ruled the UK, with more or less the same powers as a monarch, but as he was 'Lord Protector' of the Commonwealth, he had no crown. By the time Cromwell died, he, his system of government, and the puritan ethics that went with it (theatres and other forms of amusement had been banned) had become so unpopular that the executed king’s son was asked to return and become King Charles II. 18. The Restoration. Restoration, in English history, is the reestablishment of the monarchy on the accession (1660) of Charles II after the collapse of the Commonwealth (see under commonwealth) and the Protectorate. The term is often used to refer to the entire
Finally in 1992 a memorial was erected to those who were wrongly executed at Salem. 'The Crucible' by Arthur Miller The Crucible is a 1953 play by Arthur Miller (19152005). It is a dramatization of the Salem witch trials. It was first staged in 1953, it was widely acclaimed as a metaphor for the recklessness of Joseph McCarthy and his spurious crusade against communism. After a group of young women is accused of witchcraft in the Puritan community of Salem, Mass. in 1692, Abigail Williams is held in suspicion of practicing magic. Abigail in turn levels charges against John Proctor and his wife Elizabeth. Abigail has a private grudge against the Proctors; while working as their servant, she had an affair with John, and when John ended the relationship and returned to his wife, Abigail was fired. Now the Reverend Parris is hearing accusations and counter-
18th century but is primarily associated with the opposition to the Anglo-Catholic movement of the later 19th century. Low Church placed great emphasis on preaching, personal piety and the authority of scripture and gave much less importance to the orders of priesthood and episcopacy. Anglo-Catholic = high church High Church is the older of the two terms and was first applied in the late 17th century to those individuals who were opposed to the Puritan wing of the Church of England. It is first and foremost associated with the Anglo-Catholic movement of the later 19th century (from 1833 onwards). High Churchmen placed great emphasis on liturgy and the sacraments, especially the weekly or daily celebration of the Eucharist as well as on the three orders of ministry (deacon, priest and bishop). Archbishop In Christianity, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office.
and adventures of kings and knights began to appear (e.g. "The Death of Arthur"). In the 16th century English emotive prose progressed rapidly (mostly it influenced the translations from Greek, Latin, also Italian and French). But on the whole the emotive prose of the 16th century had not yet shaped itself as a separate style. The 17th century saw a considerable development in emotive prose (were introduced not only lexical but also syntactical innovations). It was puritan time, when simplicity in choice of words was predominant, another peculiarity of this period was a rather poorly developed system of connectives (e.g. "and", "so", "then"). 18th century emotive prose is characterized by the predominance of the realistic style. This century is regarded as the century which formed emotive prose. In the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20 th certain stylistic devices had been refined and continue to be further developed and perfected.
appear (e.g. "The Death of Arthur"). In the 16th century English emotive prose progressed rapidly (mostly it influenced the translations from Greek, Latin, also Italian and French). But on the whole the emotive prose of the 16th century had not yet shaped itself as a separate style. The 17th century saw a considerable development in emotive prose (were introduced not only lexical but also syntactical innovations). It was puritan time, when simplicity in choice of words was predominant, another peculiarity of this period was a rather poorly developed system of connectives (e.g. "and", "so", "then"). 18th century emotive prose is characterized by the predominance of the realistic style. This century is regarded as the century which formed emotive prose. In the 19 th century and at the beginning of the 20th certain stylistic devices had been refined and continue to be further
Writers became more critical and more bitter. One zanr that was proletarian literature, pro communist, left wing. The most famous representative was Michael Gold. The most interesting style was modernist combined with realism. The most interesting writer of this period was John Dos Passos 1896-1970. He is linked to the 1930's, the period of fear, unemployment, the rise of facism, market crashing. Came from an interesting background, grandfather was portugese, his mother came from puritan New England. Father was a lawyer and importand figure on wall street. He was born into a well off family and this is a paradox about him. Upper middle class family, yet his political views were very radical, he was extremely well educated. He was hostile against the social order in the usa. The central theme in his writings is the criticism of basic institutions of american society. Interestingly, he wasnt just a social critic but one of the best experimentalists. Anti
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