Made by: Siim Reimand Crusades Holy wars. The purpose -to retake the Holy Land. Christ -would come when the Christians control Jerusalem. For almost 200 years. Nine crusades! 1 Crusade st 2 Crusade nd (1096-1099) (1145-1149) Urban II called a Launched in 1147. council Was a complete Thousands of warriors failure. attacked Muslims and Christians took no Jews to gain the land new territory. for Christians. 3rd Crusade (1189-1192)
Serfs were slaves in all but name. Freemen were poor farmers who had control of small portions of land. Freeman usually made just enough money to live on. They sold their crops and may have worked with a trade. 9.What do you remember about the Tower of London and Westminster Abbey? Tower of London is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. Westminster Abbey is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London. 10.The Crusades - find some information about them. They were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. The first of the Crusades began in 1095, when armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II's plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land. 11.How would you describe Medieval or Chivalric Romances? Chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe
Education in Estonia { The beginning The history of formal education dates back to 1314th century crusades The first schools were built near churches The first primer was published in 1575 It was possible to learn reading & writing in various guilds during the 16th century 1617th century Education in the Estonian language started after the reformation by Martin Luther During Swedish era, on Gustav Adolf II's orders, the first school and university were built in 1631 GAG in Tallinn and in 1632 the University of Tartu After The Great Northern War, as Estonia was
Väljuti Lõuna- Prantsusmaa sadamast ja saadi lüüa marsruudil Kairosse. Kuningas Louis vangistastati, tema vabastamiseks maksti suur lunaraha. VIII ristisõda 1270 Viimane peamine katse saada Püha maad tagasi leidis aset 1270. aastal, kui kuningas Louis IX püüdis araablasi rünnata Tunises, ingnoreerides oma nõuandjaid. Kuna tegemist oli aasta kõige kuumema aastaajaga, siis armeed laastasid haigused. Samuti suri kuningas ise. The numbering of crusades is problematical. The Eighth Crusade is sometimes counted as the Seventh, if the Fifth and Sixth Crusades are counted as a single crusade. The Ninth Crusade is sometimes also counted as part of the Eighth. Ristisõjad väljaspool Vahemeremaid ja hiliskeskajal Ristisõdade alla käisid kõik sõjad kristlaste ja paganate/ketserite vahel. 1) vendide ristisõjad 1147-1185 1147 kui Clarivaux abt Bernard värbas II ristisõtta sõjamehi andis ta õiguse pidada
3 million, it is one of the least-populous member states of the European Union. The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the official language, Estonian, is a Finno-Ugric language closely related to Finnish The history of Estonia is a part of the history of Europe. Estonia was settled near the end of the last glacial era, beginning from around 8500 BC. Before the Germans invaded in the 13th century proto-Estonians of the Ancient Estonia worshipped the spirits of nature Starting with the Northern Crusades Estonia became a battleground for centuries where Denmark, Germany, Russia, Sweden and Poland fought their many wars over controlling the important geographical position of the country as a gateway between East and West. Estonia is often seen as the world’s leading innovator against the backdrop of untouched nature and rich medieval heritage.One of the most popular things Estonians have invented is Skype. The story goes deeper, and it might just be
The Foundation of Estonia Estonia The history of Estonia The history of Estonia is a part of the history of Europe. Estonia was settled near the end of the last glacial era, beginning from around 8500 BC. Before the Germans invaded in the 13th century proto-Estonians of the Ancient Estonia worshipped the spirits of nature. Since the Northern Crusades Estonia became a battleground for centuries where Denmark, Germany, Russia, Sweden and Poland fought their many wars over controlling the important geographical position of the country as a gateway between East and West. Being conquered by Danes and Germans in 1227, Estonia was ruled initially by Denmark in the north, by the Livonian Order, an autonomous part of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and Baltic German ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire.
though it is not related to them genetically. History · The two different historical Estonian languages, the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. · Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia. · The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia. · The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Grammar · Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language, the canonical word order is SVO. (subject-verb-object) · In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but
It represents the blue sky, the dirt, purity or snow. • The national bird is a swallow. • The national flower is a cornflower. History • The first settelments in Estonia came by supposedly about 11 000 years ago. • In the past most Estonians worshipped spirits of nature and their beliefs were seen as unholy by christian crusaders. Taara is believed to have been the name of the old Estonian god. • Starting with the Northern Crusades in the Middle Ages, Estonia became a battleground for centuries where many countries fought their wars over controlling the important geographical position of the country as a gateway between East and West, despite this the country has survived. • Estonia first got it’s independence in 1918 wich lasted 22 years. • The first president of Estonia during this period was Konstantin Päts. • Metsavennad( the forest brothers) were freedom fighters who fought in
Coastline is 46 kilometres long.The highest point of Tallinn, at 64 meters above the sea level, is situated in the district of Nõmme, in the south-west of the city. The first human steps, that archeologists found, are about 5000 years old. Tallinn`s first fortress was built in Toompea, in 1050. As an important port for trade between Russia and Scandinavia, it became a target for the expansion of the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Denmark during the period of Northern Crusades in the beginning of the 13th century when Christianity was forcibly imposed on the local population. Danish rule of Tallinn and Northern Estonia started in 1219. In 1285 the city became the northernmost member of the Hanseatic League - a military alliance of German-dominated cities inNorthern Europe. The Danes sold Tallinn along with their other land possessions in northern Estonia to the Teutonic Knights in 1346. Medieval Tallinn enjoyed
The London Eye is located at the western end of Jubilee Gardens on the South Bank of the River Thames in London, England between Westminister Bridge and Hungerford Bridge The site is adjacent to that of the former Dome of Discovery which was built for the Festifal of Britain in 1951. The Natsional symbols: The Flag of England is the Georges Cross . The red cross appeared as an emblem of England during the Middle Ages and the Crusades and is one of the earliest known emblems representing England. It achieved status as the national flag of England during the sixteenth century.Saint George became the patron saint of England in the thirteenth century, and the legend of Saint George slaying a dragon dates from the twelfth century. The floral emblem In England is officially the Tudor rose or unofficially the red rose. The celebrities of England is: keira Keira Knightly (actor) , Jude Law (actor) , Lilly Allen (singer)
Estonia Where it is? Republic of Estonia is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe .It is bordered to the north by the Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. Towns Tallinn is the capital and the largest city of Estonia. It lies on the northern coast of Estonia, along the Gulf of Finland. There are 33 cities and several town-parish towns in the country. In total, there are 47 linna, with "linn" in English meaning both "cities" and "towns". More than 70% of the population lives in towns. History • Estonia was settled near the end of the last glacial era, beginning from around 8500 BC. Before the German invasions in the 13th century proto-Estonians of the Ancient Estonia worshipped the spirits of n...
History of English literature Periods: 1. Anglo-saxon or early literature (499 - 1066) 2. Second or Norman or late Medieval period (1066 - 13/14 century) 3. Renaissance or Modern period (13-14 century present) Anglo-Saxon period · All of the literature had its roots in folklore · Texts were orally transmitted, the anglosaxons had no written language · Two types of singers: 1) scop (attached to the royal court, wrote poetry and songs, performed them); 2) gleeman (travelled, mostly sang other peoples' songs, not their own songs; performers of scop songs) · The oldest known song Widsith (The Far Traveller/Wonderer); tells of a gleeman who travels in Europe, of his love of noble deeds, speaks of the shortness of life http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widsith · The other known song Deor's Lament. Can be called the first English lyrics, about 40 lines. Talks about a scop who is not happy w...
In this respect, Turkey has a request from the EU not just for itself but also for the future of Europe and the whole world. In a sense, Turkey says ,,if you want an easier shift, we have to stick together". (Laciner, S., Özcan, M. & Ihsan, B., 2005) This statement might sound too naive and idealistic. But when looking at Turkish history, at their weakest and strongest times, Turkeys have turned towards Europe, wanting to be a part of it. Even after the Crusades, Turks' motion towards Europe was not bent on destruction, but aimed at unification and contribution. In a process that lasted for centuries, Turkey has a peculiar experience between East and West. In a sense, it can be said that Turkey is a laboratory. This peculiar experience, combining the peoples of the East and West, their religions and civilizations on the lands of Anatolia harbor a very special secret, a very special prescription. (Laciner, S., et al., 2005) TURKEY, ISLAM AND MUSLIMS
juxtaposed to bring out contrasts in genre, style, tone and values The Knight (est . RÜÜTEL) : What kind of a person is he? Which values does he represent? Describe his looks and skills. The knight is dressed in a common shirt which is stained "where his armour had left a mark". He Knight represents the ideal of a medieval Christian manatarms. He has participated in no less than fifteen of the great crusades of his era. Brave, experienced, and prudent, the narrator greatly admires him. The Squire (est: PAAZ) : What kind of a person is he? Which values does he represent? Describe his looks and skills. The Squire is curlyhaired, youthfully handsome, and loves dancing and courting. The Knight's Yeoman(est: VABAMEES): What is his status in society? Describe his looks and skills.
By the early 13th century, Estonia was divided into eight large counties -- Saaremaa, Läänemaa, Rävala, Harju, Viru, Järva, Sakala, and Ugandi. Annual consultations were held by representatives of several counties and developments took the direction of establishing a state. Estonia until this time retained a pagan religion centered around a deity called Tharapita. Estonia was christianised when the German "Livonian Brothers of the Sword" invaded southern Estonia as part of the Northern Crusades in the early 13th century. At the same time, Denmark attempted to take possession of northern Estonia. Estonia was consolidated under the two forces by 1227. Northern Estonia remained a possession of Denmark until 1346. Tallinn (known as Reval at the time) was given its Lübeck Rights in 1248 and joined the Hanseatic League at the end of the 13th century. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against the rule of the Germans in the St.
An interesting difference can be noted with regard to the use of colors by the Chinese and later by the Arabs; whereas the Chinese identified every color with a philosophical or religious concept, the Arabs associated specific colors with dynasties and individual leaders. Another interpretation of the Arab colours, from the last century, and based on the words of the poet Safi al-Din al-H'ily In the West, flags were introduced during the Crusades, and derived from the struggles between Christians and Muslims. In the Christian world the practice of bestowing banners previously blessed by the Pope became a tradition of high significance at this time and followed the ceremonial forms set by pre-Christian Rome. These banners were generally called `pallia' and like the previously mentioned cloak of Mohammed, they were originally garments. It is interesting to note that pallia were dedicated to St. Augustine (354-430), Charlemagne (742-
Jewish philosopher Maimonides contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated. Starting in the 9th century, Muslim conquests in the West began to be reversed. The Reconquista was launched against Muslim principalities in Iberia, and Muslim Italian possessions were lost to the Normans. From the 11th century onwards alliances of European Christian kingdoms mobilized to launch a series of wars known as the Crusades, bringing the Muslim world into conflict with Christendom. Initially successful in their goal of taking the Holy land, and establishing the Crusader states, Crusader gains in the Holy Land were later reversed by subsequent Muslim generals such as Saladin; who recaptured Jerusalem during the Second Crusade. In the east the Mongol Empire put an end to the Abbassid dynasty at 11 | P a g e
System, is the political, economic, and social system by which peasants of medieval Europe were made dependent on their land and on their lord. The manorial system was the most convenient device for organizing the estates of the aristocracy and the clergy in the European Middle Ages. Feudalism is a hierarchical system in which a lord or king gives a gift or land to a vassal in exchange for protection. The decline of feudalism can be marked by the crusades. *Edward the Confessor was an Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last of the House of Wessex. His reign marked the continuing disintegration of royal power in England and the enlargement of the great territorial counts. Edward was canonized and is regarded as the patron saint of kings, difficult marriages, and separated spouses and the Royal Family. Edward's reign was marked by peace and prosperity. He married Edith, daughter of Earl Godwin of Wessex, but they were childless
Each one of the housewives was advocating harsher punishment for Hester. "The magistrates are Godfearing gentleman, but merciful overmuch,that is the truth," added a third autumnal matron. "At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne's forehead. Madam Hester would have winced at that, I warrant me."(Housewife 36). Religion is often the source of much hypocrisy. A great example of God being perverted into something else, were the Crusades. Christian soldiers were told to go and kill "in the name of God", so they went off into the holy lands and killed the infidel. Fanaticism to a deity is not a good thing. The terrorists of 9/11 killed so many people did so "in the name of God" also. Their creed actually does not call for anything like that. Perversion of God by those who hold power is a sin. Its impossible to truly believe in a religion, and feel justified in killing or persecuting others. The infamous Bill
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