Estonian University of Life Sciences Report on Soil Microflora By Katrin Vares Tartu 2013 Introduction The purpose of this report is to define soil microflora and establish the importance of it. Since the microorganisms clearly play an important role in preserving the balance of life, the next objective is to look into factors that influence this balance. Natural conditions and cultural impact could be considered as the variables that correlate the most with the activity and composition of microflora, hence some of the natural and cultural factors will be looked into a little more in detail.
Do live in the countryside or in the city? At the time I am living with my mother in the countryside. I am eighteen years old and when I finish school I want to be independent and live on my own. People say that when you live in the countryside you are living the easy life. I agree but physically it is very exhausting. You have to work hard to keep the house and yard clean. When you have a farm there is no lack of work and you always have your hands in the soil. At least there is always some action. Although living in the countryside has few bad sides, I am sure rural life stays always in my heart. To me country life has more pros than cons. If you are a maverick which I am then living in the countryside has the privacy what you need. Also you can grow your own vegetables and fruits when you live in the countryside. I think any fruit or vegetable which is from your own tree or a field is better than the one you find in stores.
The organic way to mulching By the Editors of Organic Gardening and Farming Robert Rodale Jerome Olds M. C. Goldman Maurice Franz Kaidi Kask Eesti Maaülikool 2014 Mulching aim · Build and maintain nature's soil pattern · The best way to make most efficient use of the available moisture in producing crops. What is mulch? · Layer of material · Conserve moisture · Hold down weeds · Improve soil structure and fertility · Mulching will improve any type of soil · Wonderful dew-catcher Mulch acts · Protects plants · Protector of the topsoil · Guardian against weather extremes and comfortable · Bruise-saving cushioner under ripening produce
Main functions of a shoot system are: * Stem- to support the plant, to transport water, minerals and sugar * Leaves- to make food by photosynthesis, to absorb water from air * Flower- to contain reproductive organs, the reproductive function *Fruit- to enclode the seeds, to protect seeds 4. What are the main functions of a root system? Main functions of a root system are to take in, absorb water and minerals, to hold the plant firmly in the soil. 5. What happens in the process of photosynthesis? For the process of the photosynthesis is sunlight necessary. Water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air are converted into sugars and after carbohydrates. Durning the process oxygen is formed and relased into the air. 6. Name the reproductive organs of a flower. How they function? reproductive organs of the flower are the stamens and the carpel. The stamens
Rainforest: VÄGA PALJU VIHMA, temp 4-12 °C. ; Temperate deciduous forest: temp 20, kesk. vihm 5. Describe the soils of the. Temperate deciduous forest: Brown forest soils develop under the trees. Broadleaf trees tend to be nutrient-demanding and their leaves bind the major nutrient bases. The autumn leaf fall provides for an abundant and rich humus which begins to decay rapidly in spring just as the growing season begins. The humus content gives soil horizons a brown colour. Temperate rainforest: This forest has nutrient-rich soil because there is a lot of dead organic matter on the ground. This dead material is being slowly digested by the fungi, insects, and bacteria that live here. Temperate Grasslands: Calcification is the dominant soil-forming process in semiarid regions. When this process works on a loess that itself is rich in calcium, the world's most fertile soils are created, the chernozems (A Russian term meaning black soil)
grazing animals or fire. Many grasses take advantage of exposed, windy conditions and are wind pollinated. Soft stems enable prairie grasses to bend in the wind Priit Pensa Tartu Veeriku Kool http://www.geo.ut.ee/kooligeo/loodus/rohtlad.htm 8. Name some temperate grassland plants. (vt. ka õpik lk 64-65) Rhubarb, sweet vernal, Indian grass, purple coneflower, pampas grass 9. Describe the soil of temperate grassland. (vt. õpik lk 61) The soil of the temperate grasslands is deep and dark. The upper layers are the most fertile because of the buildup of many layers of dead branching stems and roots. This organic mater on the surface and in the dead roots provide a great degree of nourishment for the living plants. 10. Why are temperate grassland soils very fertile? (vt. õpik lk 61) Calfication is the dominat soil-forminf process in semiarid regions. When this process works
by Michael J. McGoarty and Kathy Anderson Eesti Maaülikool 2013 Bulb type flowers · Really unique plants · Best planted in groupings · Flower bulbs need good winter sleep. Pilt 1 Bulb type flower care · Blooms cutting · Cutting plant top · Do not bend over plant's top Pilt 2 · mulching Pilt 3 Wildflowers · They want much sun · They like good soil: rich nutrients drained Warm Weeds free Pilt 4 Planting the wildflower seeds · Germination period is 6 to 28 days · Mix the seeds with different germination periods · Mix the seeds with Dry sand Vermiculite Or potting soil · Sow crisscross Pilt 5 pattern Rhododendrons · Broadleaf evergreens · The best time to prune is in the spring right
Chemistry • Essential oils in the plant • Most basils contain methyl chavicol, eugenol and linalool • Methyl chavicol provides a sweet flavor Nutrition • Low in calories • No fat • Source of vitamin A • Also contains Calcium and smaller amounts of other vitamins Cultivation indoors • Growing indoors is challenging • Basil needs alot of water • As a tropical plant, basil requires plenty of heat and light • Good soil is sphagnum, perlite and wood chip mix • Cool white or warm white fluorescent tubes on a timer work best from light • Whatever type of container you choose, be sure it has plenty of drainage holes. Cultivation outdoors • Sowing seeds “close together” • Wait until the soil is warm enough • pH should be about 6.4 • Adding compost to your soil at the beginning of the season is a great way to enrich the soil organically Companion planting
forest is known as the tree line or timberline. Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturi, meaning treeless plain. It is noted for its frost-moulded landscapes, extremely low temperatures, little precipitation, poor nutrients, and short growing seasons. Dead organic material functions as a nutrient pool. The two major nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen is created by biological fixation, and phosphorus is created by precipitation. The most distinctive characteristic of tundra soil is its permafrost, a permanently frozen layer of ground. The average winter temperature is -28°C, but the average summer temperature is 3-16°C. During the brief summers, the top section of the soil may thaw out allowing plants and microorganisms to grow and reproduce. However, these plants and microorganisms become dormant during the cold winter months. Soil is formed slowly. The constant freezing and thawing in the tundra helps to break the rocks into smaller pieces
Canopy Suspended 40m above the ground is the canopy - a belt of tree crowns supported by enormous rainforest tree trunks. This is the most productive and diverse habitat on Earth - perhaps 40% of the world's species spend their lives among its branches. The canopy's function is to photosynthesise. Canopy trees arrange their leaves to soak up as much of the sunlight as possible and supply them with a continuous stream of water and nutrients from the soil far below, so that the process is uninterrupted from dawn to dusk. 1.2. Describe these features Light gap A common event in the tropical rainforest is the fall of an emergent tree, usually during a tropical thunderstorm. In fact, it is estimated that tree turnover rates in some rainforests are every 80-135 years. When one of these giants--laden with lianas connected to neighboring trees--falls, it takes out a sizeable portion of the canopy
Environmental Problems and Sustainability The environment is our physical surroundings. This includes both human (man- made), social and physical (natural) features. Natural features include soil, the atmosphere, vegetation and wildlife. Human features include things such as culture, language and political systems. Geographers are concerned about human action in the environment. Human interference with the environment causes problems such as soil erosion, global warming and acid. You may ask how we as individuals can have an impact on the environment. Our actions can help to increase the problems highlighted above. For example turning off lights that are not being used helps to reduce global warming. Until recently, concern about the environment revolved almost exclusively around local and national problems. Over the past two decades, however, scientists have
Technology. I'd like to talk about environment, its pollution and protecting. I shall only take 3 minutes of your time. Let me begin with the word enviroment and what it means! It means surroundings in which people, animals and plants exist. These are the things that we need, to be alive, but they are also many man-made things and technical progresses that harm the nature. Therefore we can´t live on this planet without basic components which are needed for human existence - air, water and soil. Firstly air, which is mostly a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. People, animals and plants can ´t live without air. Without oxygen there would be no fire. So we can see, that air is the basic condition for life on the Earth. Did you know that till 18th century people didn´t know composition of the air? They only used the knowledge of moving the air. Turning to water which covers over 71 % of Earth´s surface. It is also in underground and, naturally, in the air
spread of weeds in savannas by the removal or reduction of the plants which would normally compete with potential weeds and hinder establishment. In addition to this cattle and horses are implicated in the spread of the seeds of weed species such as Prickly Acacia and Stylo. These alterations in savanna species composition brought about by grazing can alter ecosystem function, and are exacerbated by overgrazing and poor land management practices. Introduced grazing animals can also affect soil condition through physical compaction and break-up of the soil caused by the hooves of animals and through the erosion effects caused by the removal of protective plant cover. Such effects are most likely to occur on land subjected to repeated and heavy grazing. The effects of overstocking are often worst on soils of low fertility and in low rainfall areas below 500 mm, as most soil nutrients in these areas tend to be concentrated in
Kohalikud nomeklatuuride rahvuskeeltes,need ei ole osteselt tõlgitavad,on välja kujunenud pika aja joosul.PRUUNMULLAD-riigi piiriga ei lõppe-1960...ka eestis.RAHVUSVAHELISED MULDADE KLASSIFIKATSIOONID-Vajadus-objektiivne mõistetav info välisriikide spetsialistide eestis esinevad muldade kohta.Mitte kunagi ei piisa mulla eestikeese nime tõlkimisest.mulda tuleb määrata vastaa süsteemi määrajaid kasutades.Tähtsaimad ravusvahelised mulaklassifikatsioonid on :1)FAO_UNESCO(FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World 1974,1988)2USDA Soil Taxonomy-(United States Department of Agriculture Vlassification Soil Taxonomy 1993)3.WRB(World Reference Base for Soil Resources FAO,1988,ISRIC1944)4RSC-1997(venemaa muldade klassifikatsioon)WRB SÜSTEMAATIKA-algus 1980,baseerub suues osas varasematel FAO-UNESCO ja USDA mullaklassifikatsioonide ühikutel ja ülesehitusel. WRB-s-muldade eristamisel aluseks on:a)mulla diagnostilised horisondid b)diagnostlised tunnused c)diagnostilise
Gold images of the flower, as well as seeds, were taken back to Europe early in the 16th century. The Giant sunflower (Hlianthus giganteus) is native to Connecticut. They can grow to be between 3 and 12 feet tall. Their flower heads can be between 2 to 3 inches wide. They are most commonly found in valleys with wet meadows or swamps. The Giant sunflower grows between July and October. To grow well, sunflowers need full sun. They grow best in fertile, moist, well-drained soil with a lot of mulch. In commercial planting, seeds are planted 45 cm (1.5') apart and 2.5 cm (1") deep. Sunflower "whole seed" (fruit) is sold as snacks and can be processed into a peanut butter alternative, Sunbutter, especially in China, the United States, the Middle East and Europe. In Russia it is probably the most wide spread snack.[citation needed] It is also sold as food for birds and can be used directly in cooking and salads.
Litter scattered all over the city. Makes it look ugly. And it usually costs a lot of money to clean up the city every year. But the biggest problem is municipal dumps, because they cause environmental pollution. Most of the municipal dumps are filled with plastic bags, different wrapping, shopping bags and supermarket bags. We can also see empty cans from different drinks, broken glass and others. These items don't decompose naturally. They can stay on the soil for many years and contaminate the ground. Municipal dumps are created in the outskirts of the city. People who live near suffer from such neighbourhood. Because strong smell coming from this place. It's also an attractive place for homeless animals, crows, rats and mice. The air round municipal dumps is always contaminated because several items in the dumps are toxic in nature. And those that decompose release toxic into the air, into the soil, and then get into the groundwater
insecticides. Apart from this, it is also associated with farms that keep livestock above their holding capacity, which in turn leads to pollution, various diseases, and infections brought about by overcrowding and poor hygiene. ✘ Reports and studies reveal that intensive farming affects and alters the environment in multiple ways. Forests are destroyed to create large open fields, and this could lead to soil erosion. It affects the natural habitat of wild animals. Use of chemical fertilizers contaminates soil and water bodies, such as lakes and rivers. ✘ Pesticides sprayed on crops not only destroy pests and contaminate the crops, but also kill beneficial insects. Heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers also affects the workers (who spray the pesticides) and the people residing nearby. Eventually, these chemicals are passed on to human beings, who consume the agricultural produce.
· Using wind, sunlight, water energy · Reduce fuel consumption Forests are lit · Dumb people · The soil erosion · Inform people · Children playing matches · Loss of habitat · Forbit making fire in dry · Misusage of fire · Loss of biodiversity areas · Lightning · Heat
[5] 14. (a) starts with previously uncolonised area / bare ground / bare rock / AW; ref to pioneer species / named pioneer; series of recognisable, seres / stages; progresses to, climax / final equilibrium stage; max 2 (b) stabilise environment; soil development / increase humus / organic material; change soil pH; hold more water; release more minerals or nutrients / increase N content or fix N / hold ions; form microhabitat / reduce exposure / provide shelter / reduce erosion; max 3 (c) any two from following: grazing; burning; mowing / application of fertilizer / application of selective herbicide;
10. Kõdusoometsad ALVAR FORESTS LOOPEALSED METSAD This groupof types includes forests of low productivity and with a peculiar xeromesophilous ground vegetation, which grow on a layer of limestone, gravel, grit or shingle. See metsa kasvukohatüüp sisaldab madala tootlikkuse ja iseloomulikult suure või keskmise kuivusnõudlikkusega alustaimestikku, mis kasvab pae-, kruusa- , peenkruusa või klibukihil. This layer is close to surface, with thickness of soil up to 30 centimetres. See rinne on maapinnale lähemal, mullatüsedus on kuni 30 sentimeetrit. Alvar forests grow mainly in western Estonia (also on the islands) and to a lesser extent in Northern Estonia. Loopealsed metsad kasvavad peamiselt Lääne-Eestis (samuti saartel) ning vähemal määral Põhja-Eestis. The bearberry (Arctostaphylos) alvar site type has a soil layer with fine texture and rich in lime and humus ( 6 ...20%), but with thickness up to 10 centimetres only.
United States and Canada have a pH below normal (about 5.3 for water). Several hundred of these have a pH too low to support any aquatic life. Aside from aquatic bodies, acid deposition can significantly impact forests. As acid rain falls on trees, it can make them lose their leaves, damage their bark, and stunt their growth. By damaging these parts of the tree, it makes them vulnerable to disease, extreme weather, and insects. Acid falling on a forest's soil is also harmful because it disrupts soil nutrients, kills microorganisms in the soil, and can sometimes cause a calcium deficiency. Trees at high altitudes are also susceptible to problems induced by acidic cloud cover as the moisture in the clouds blankets them. Damage to forests by acid rain is seen all over the world, but the most advanced cases are in Eastern Europe. It's estimated that in Germany and Poland, half of the forests are damaged, while 30% in Switzerland have been affected.
Blue Violet mature plant may be 6 inches across and 4 inches high. Leaves are 3 inches long and 3 inches across and vary in color (from yellowish green to dark green). Leaves are oval-ovate to orbicular-cordate in shape. https:// www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=hGz_mjsbywE CULTIVATION Thepreference is partial sun or light shade, and moist to average conditions, although full sun is tolerated if there is sufficient moisture. The soil should be a rich silty loam or clay loam with above average amounts of organic matter. The leaves have a tendency to turn yellowish green when exposed to full sun under dry conditions – this reaction is normal, and is not necessarily a sign of poor health. This plant is very easy to grow, and it will spread under favorable conditions. This wildflower will adapt to lawns, especially if they are not mowed too often during the spring or cut too low. HABITAT & RANGE
is 9740 km2). The output is 70m3/s, mean altitude above the sea level - 50 m, maximum altitude - 78 m, mean flow 64,4 m3/s and precipitation 700 mm. Main problems are floods, agricultural pollution, pollution from the local communities, drainage system and flood plain grasslands. There is an excessive flooding in spring. The most known is the Soomaa swamplands flooding in april. It is called to be the fifth season. A lot of rich soil are situated near the pärnu river, for example some of the biggest farmlands are situated in the Järva county. 83% of phosphorus and 79% of nitrogen originates from human activities of the total discharge of biogenes from Pärnu River basin. The soil does not bind a huge amount of the nutrients. 65 % of the treatment plants are over 15 years of age and most of them are programmed in a way, that when the water level exceeds some point, the sewage water will be sent
Useful for Middle Ages when they were popular in bridal 19th century ilustration dropsy. Large doses may cause nausea vomiting bouquets to symbolise purity and modesty. It and diarrhea. became a favourite flower of the Elizabethans Requirements: who used it to perfume the air. It is also mentioned in some texts about flowers that Lily Soil Type - Sandy loam to clay soils of the Valley was used to make a drink that Soil ph - neutral to slightly acidic became known as 'Aqua Aurea' which was Water - moist to dry believed to help boost the memory as well as Light - Full Shade to full sun treat heart conditions. Apollo is said to have given the lily of the Characteristics:
Käesoleval ajal kaevandatakse põlevkivi Eestis, Venemaal, Hiinas, Austraalias ja Saksamaal. Eesti maardlas on põlevkivi kaevandamise tingimused võrreldes teiste leiukohtadega lihtsad - väike sügavus, rõhtne lasuvus, kihindi püsiv paksus. Teadlaste arvates on Eesti põlevkivi ehk kukersiidi tekkimisel olnud lähteaineks sinivetikad (tsüanobakterid). Huumus Humiinained Huumus Nonliving, finely divided organic matter in soil, derived from microbial decomposition of plant and animal substances. Humus, which ranges in colour from brown to black, consists of about 60 percent carbon, 6 percent nitrogen, and smaller amounts of phosphorus and sulfur. As humus decomposes, its components are changed into forms usable by plants. Humus is classified into mor, mull, or moder formations according to the degree of its incorporation into the mineral soil, the types
crops have to share resources such as light, water and nutrients • Reduces crop quality and health – increases moisture and disease levels • Delay harvesting – conservation of moisture may delay ripening Beneficial effects of weeds • Valuable indicators • Help against erosion • Many weeds are used as herbs for flavouring • Some weeds are used for their medical properties Seed bank • The reservoir of viable seeds found in the soil or at its surface • Depends on the intensivity, soil type, previous cropping, cultivation and herbicide use • 1000 seeds/m2 in pastures or intensively managed arable fields • 80000 seeds/m2 in less intensively managed fields Different ways to deal with weeds • Herbicide • Non-chemical • Integrated weed management • Biological control of weeds Herbicides • ‘’Weedkiller’’ • Pesticides used to kill unwanted plants
populatsioonid. 4. Ökoloogiliste tegurite liigitus Biootilised(liigisisesed ja liikide vahelised) ja abiootilised(klimaatilised, edaafilised jne,); Looduslikud ja antropogeensed, Maa rütmidega seonduvad: esmasperioodilised, sekundaarsed ja aperioodilised. 5. Selgitage autökoloogilise ja sünökoloogilise kasvukõvera vahelisi erinevusi Autecology is the ecology of a single species, its relations to its natural conditions like soil and climate. The science of the relations within the population of one species is called population ecology. Synecology on the other hand is the ecology of different species living in the same habitat, their relations with one another 6. Darwini postulaadid 1)Populatsiooni sees esineb individuaalset muutlikkust. 2)See muutlikkus on osaliselt päritav. 3)Iga populatsioon oleks võimeline hõivama kogu Maa, kui kõik indiviidid jääksid elama ja
In Kasutatud materjalid · http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/events/Sum merSchool_2004/files%5CEnd_solz.pdf · fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Pachic Argicryoll · A Calcium carbonate in the subsoil is derived from 0-43the lime-rich parent material. These minerals dissolve in the upper profile where the moisture content is greater, leach downward, and precipitate in the lower profile where there is less soil moisture. Clay translocation in the upper profile often begins following the downward movement of carbonates in the soil. In this soil, clay translocation is evidenced by the formation of the Bt horizon. Wavy horizon boundaries can be seen on the right side of the badger in this case. Bt profile. These are the result of extensive animal burrowing, possibly 43-78
katastroofide toimel langeb. Rotation period rotatsiooni periood. Periood metsa asutamise ja raie vahel. Salinity - soolsus. Soola konsetratsioon mullas ja vees, mida mõõdetakse mg/l kohta. Seedlings seemik(seemnest kasvatatud taim). Noored puud, mida kasutatakse ettevalmistatud maade taasmetsastamiseks. Silviculture metsakasvatus. Kunst ja teadus mis kontrollib puude kasvu, koostist, tervisehoidu ja kvaliteeti. Soil erosion - pinnase erosiooni. Uhutakse ära mulla pealmine viljakas kiht paduvihmade ja üleujutuste mõjul. Sustainable forestry - säästev metsandus. Weed umbrohi. Taimed, mis kasvavad haritud maal inimese tahte vastaselt.
stone hinges 162 stones originally and about half remain today Southern England, eight miles north of Salisbury and 30 miles north of the English Channel Nearby hillsides are covered with hundreds of burial pits known as barrows 80% of the barrows face east towards where the sun rises on the horizon There are at least 900 circles in Wales, Scotland, England, and Ireland. Most are made of stone, but wood was also used. Soil was also piled up to create banks, ditches, and circles. Many of these structures are of archaeological interest and are found throughout the countries. The builders Prehistoric people Carbon dating shows that it was built in five phases from 3500 1520 BC Class Question How old do you think the people were that built Stonehenge? Answer 40% of the people who lived then probably died before the age of 20 A 30 year old person was considered old
Climate: The average temperature in temperate forests is 50° F. Summers are mild, and average about 70° F, while winter temperatures are often well blow freezing. The average yearly precipitation is 30-60 inches. This precipitation falls throughout the year, but in the winter it falls as snow. There are four seasons in this biome, with warm summers and cold winters, often snowy. In autumn, the leaves change color and fall from the trees. The leaves decay on the forest floor, so the soil is very rich. Because of this, and because of the long growing season, many deciduous forests have been cut down for farming purposes. Plants: Trees of this biome include hardwoods such as maple, oak, hickory, and beech. There are often some evergreens, such as hemlock, spruce, and fir growing amongst them. Decidous forests have usually 3-5 layers of plants; Top layer, or canopy: tall deciduous trees.
Over most of the rest of Canada the winter are longer and colder than in the United States. Only in the southern part and on the west coast is the climate as mild as in the western part of the United States. Towering mountains, crystal-clear lakes and green forests make Canada's far west a beautiful region. Fields of wheat and other grains cover Canada's vast prairies. Much of Canada is covered with forests. Western forests produce much timber. Much of Canada's soil is thin and rather poor. During the Ice Age almost all of Canada was covered with sheets of ice. These ice sheets moved southward. As they did so, the carried away much soil from Canada and pushed it down into the United States. Stretching west from the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay there are great prairies. West of the prairies there is a mountain Wonderland. The Canadian Rockies are higher than the Rockies in the United States. Industry
• Vahe-Eesti rabad ja lodumetsad. http://makanature.blogspot.com/2010/06/kadakatakssaxicola rubetra_22.html Mullad • Liivi lahe rannikumadalikul on glei- ja leet- gleimullad. • Gleimuld- pidevalt liigniiske muld, mille profiilis on rohked gleilaigud ja roosteplekid. • Leet-gleimuld- alustevaesel lähtekivimil tekkinud happeline liigniiske leetunud muld http://bonnieplants.com/library/articles/soilsoilbuilding/ Siseveed • Liivi lahe rannikumadaliku idaosa veestavad Reiu ja Ura jõgi, • põhjaosa Pärnu, Sauga ja Audru jõe alamjooks, keskosa läbib Timmkanal. • Lõunaosas voolab Nigula rabast merre Lemmejõgi. Pärnu jõgi SindiLodjal Reiu jõe suudme Timmikanal juures http://entsyklopeedia.ee/meedia/liivi_lahe_rannikumadalik/parnu http://entsyklopeedia
Zhongshan Bridge Hukou waterfall Wild life The Yellow River has only single near-endemic fish speaces. The Chinese Paddlafish 30% of the fish in the Yellow River are extinct. Red pandas Pandas Snake-necked darter bird. To see them, you can take a cruise from Jim Jim Creek. Why is it called the Yellow River? It is called the Yellow River because huge amounts of loses sediment turn the water that colour. So much of this mineral-rich soil ends up in the Yellow River that it can fill the riverbed and thus change the river’s course. Thanks for your attention!!!
North America was out from under it. But again it grew colder and the ice sheets moved southward. Again it grew warmer and they melted back. Twice more the ice moved slowly southward and twice more it melted back. During the great Ice Age much of Europe, too, was covered with ice. On both continents the ice sheets left many calling cards behind them. They made deep scratches in the rock they moved over. They cut tops of hills and widened valleys. They pushed along great piles of soil, which remained behind when the ice melted back. They left huge boulders perched in places where only moving ice could have put them. The ice sheet also covered Estonia. The Estonian hills were formed of the soil piled up by the ice sheet. The direction of our oblong hills clearly shows the direction in which the ice moved. The tens of thousands of boulders of all sizes and shapes that are scattered all over the territory of Estonia were brought here from Scandinavian Mountains.
achievement was the breeding of winter- rye. He became deaf 50 years before his death. Otepää church The tricolour flag of estonia dates from the 1880s, when it was the flag students` society.It was first used as a national flag in 1918.The blue represents the country beautiful blue skies, seas, and lakes; the black represents the rich soil of the land, and the white represents winter snows and the countery`s long fight for independence. Famous athletics live in Otepää Andrus Veerpalu Kristina Smigun Vähi Jaak Mae Pühajärve Basic school Otepää parish schools began 1765. First director was Juusa Pedo and 2007 we won the
64. Bitumen content 64. Bituumenisisaldus 65. Bituminised sand 65. Bituumensideaine 66. Blade 66. Tera 67. Blading 67. Hööveldamine 68. Blinker 68. Vilkur 69. Block 69. Kivirahn 70. Bluff work 70. Looduslike nõlvade planeerimine 71. Bog 71. Soo, raba 72. Bottom of the ditch 72. Kraavipõhi 73. Bottom soil 73. Aluspinnas 74. Bottoming 74. Killustikust aluskiht 75. Boulder 75. Munakivi 76. Breaker 76. Kivipurusti 77. Brink 77. Äär, perv, veer 78. Broken line 78. Katkendjoon 79. Broken road 79. Killustiktee 80. Brush cutter 80. Võsalõikaja 81. Bucket 81. Ekskavaatori kopp 82
4. How are plants adapted to life in the biome? Tundra plants are small -- usually less than a foot high .The hairs on the stems of many tundra plants, such as the Arctic crocus, help to trap heat near the plant and act as protection from the wind. Plants adapted to the tundra have small waxy leaves to prevent the loss of precious water in this dry environment. Quick-Developing, Cup-Shaped Flowers Soil Not Needed for Growth Polar Desert- Plants that grow in the Arctic regions must be very hardy and adapted to the extreme winter cold of these environments. Polar desert plants have a summertime growing season, but in the Arctic and Antarctic that season is short---often wildflowers and the other plants that manage to survive here are active only from June to July Alphine biome- Because of the blustery weather, most plants are small groundcover plants, which grow and reproduce slowly
environmental challenges. The combination of 300,000 tons of dust from the burning of oil shale by power plants in the northeast part of the country and airborne pollutants from industrial centers in Poland and Germany poses a significant hazard to Estonia's air quality. Estonia's water resources have been affected by agricultural and industrial pollutants, including petroleum products, which have also contaminated the nation's soil. Some rivers and lakes within the country have been found to contain toxic sediments in excess of 10 times the accepted level for safety. The nation's land pollution problems are aggravated by the 15 million tons of pollutants that are added yearly to the existing 250 million tons of pollutants. In 1994, 24,000 acres of the country's total land area were affected. Radiation levels from the nuclear accident at Chernobyl exceed currently accepted safety levels.
Determination of Modulus 1% Proportional Limit 85% of Tangent Modulus Properties of Materials Hoop Stress Ring Bending Strain Importanceof Strain Property Comparison to other materials ABS 1% PE 4.0% PVC-U 1% PVC-O 1.3% Steel & DICL Not relevant GRP 0.2 to 0.6 % Stiffness AS 2566.1 ABS is classified as a rigid thermoplastic over its working temperature range of -30º to 70ºC Stiffness AS 2566.1 ·2 year value can be used where soil support is provided ·50 year value should be used in poor soils Creep Variation of properties in time Long Term Loading/Stress Relaxation Reverse Loading/Stress Magnitude Repetitive Loading/Fatigue Creep Intermittent Loading This is also known as ratchet creep The strain increases incrementally as the sample is loaded
Nendest umbes 650 on säilinud ja on mängukõlblikud. Mõningaid neist säilitatakse muuseumides, mõnel mängivad kuulsad viiuldajad. Mõned pillid on erakollektsioonis. Viis läbi aegade kõige kallimalt müüdud muusikainstrumenti on Stradivari viiulid ja nende eest on maktud üle poolteise miljoni USA dollari. Kõige kallima viiuli eest maksti 16. juulil 2006 Christie oksjonil 3 544 000 dollarit. Kõige ilusamad viiulid on valmistatud aastatel 16981725. Tuntuimad on 1714 valmistatud "Soil" ja 1715 valmistatud "Alard". Pärast 1730. aastat valmistanud viiulitest on osa valmistanud tema pojad Omobono ja Francesco, ehkki need signeeris Antonio. Ta eksperimenteeris viiulite valmistamisega palju. Seetõttu on tema viiulid Amati omadest eristatavad. Ta muutis viiuli kaarestut, puidu paksust eri kohtades jälgis ta märksa hoolikamalt, värnits oli teist värvi. Maailma kaks suuremat avalikku Stradivari muusikapillide omanikke on Hispaania kuningale mis
successfully within the realm of general pediatric practice. BOWEL AND BLADDER INCONTINENCE IN CHILDREN Almost all children have wetting and/or soiling accidents at one time or another. An estimated 15% to 20% of children will become partially toilet trained but continue to have wetting accidents after age 5. ENCOPRESIS Children with encopresis (chronic fecal soiling at age 4 and older) typically soil during the day and are unaware of and unable to control their soiling accidents. ENURESIS Enuresis, repeated (at least twice monthly) involuntary voiding during the day or night in otherwise normal children 5 to 6 years of age (or once monthly for older children), is by far the most common type of voiding problem presenting to the officebased pediatrician. REFERENCE Robert M. Issenman, Robert Bruce Filmer, Peter A. Gorski. (1999)
that a metal plate was missing from between two pipes in the Union Carbide Corporation in which water managed to reach the MIC tank. The chemical reaction between water and MIC caused a major temperature and pressure rise in the tank which allowed the toxic gas to escape from the emergency pipes. The gas was not neutralized, as the three fundamental emergency systems failed to work. The gas killed up to 10, 000 people in 3 days and approximately 35, 000 by 1994. The gas affected soil and water to the point that agriculture in Bhopal is unusable. In conclusion this demonstrates the need for consistent mainteance in pesticide plants, power plants and all ohter industrial plants. Corporations can not save money in the expense of safety, because there is always an intensive risk. Keywords: gas tradegy, methyl isocyanate (MIC), chemical reactions, consistent mainteance, intensive risk
EROSIOON Erosioon mullastiku looduslik ärakanne Pinnase erosiooni põhjustavad: · Sademed · Vooluvesi · Tuul · Temperatuuri kõikumine Erosiooni soodustavad/kiirendavad: · Liigkarjatamine · Metsade hävitamine · Väärad maaharimisviisid [1.] Erosiooni tagajärjed Maakera viljakamaimatel põllualadel läheb kaduma umbes 26 miljardit tonni mulda aastas. · Mulla produktiivsuse ja veesidumisvõime vähenemine [1.] · Veekogude reostumine [2.] · Väheneb muldade orgaanilise aine sisaldus · Muutuvad mulla füüsikalis-keemilised omadused [3.] · Mullamassi ja pinnase ümberpaigutamine kumeratelt reljeefielementidelt nõgusatesse [4.] Veeerosioon [5.] Tuuleerosioon [5.] Erosiooni ennetamine · Mulda säästvad põlluharimisviisid, näiteks mittekünnimeetod · Järsematel nõlvadel terrasspõllundus · Segaviljelusmeetmed, näiteks ribapõllundus · Külvikordade rakendamine · Orgaanilised väe...
Species- a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals Food chain- a series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food Carbon dioxide- a colourless, odourless gas Tissues- any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products Flesh- the soft substance consisting of muscle and fat that is found between the skin and bones of a human or an animal Soil- the upper layer of earth in which plants grow 7.insects:beetle,Caterpillar,lacewings,vole Animals:fir, snail, Plants:bilberry,lichen,aphid, Others:moss, alga, shrew, bacteria, fungas 8. 1.true 2.true 3.false 4.false 5.false 6.true 7.true
There are between 170 and 200 species of frog and 450 species of butterfly. /3/ 4 The forests of New Guinea Richer and more diverse in species than their montane counterparts, the lowland forests of southern New Guinea are the home of more than 1,200 species of trees. Lowland rainforests are demanding ecosystems. They need at least 2,500 mm of rainfall per year, and they only show the greatest species diversity on well-drained sites. /2/ Soil When seeing the rich canopy and massive trees of the lowland canopy, one is tempted to believe that the soils are very rich. In fact, the soil layer is thin and is easily leached of its nutrients compared to the highlands. /2/ Lowland forest Beyond 1,000 m, the lowland forest gives way to montane forests. Here, the canopy is lower than the lowland forests and fewer trees rely on buttresses. Branches also grow lower on the trunks and the shrub layer is denser.
Finland, inland Norway), northern Kazakhstan, northern Mongolia and northern Japan. These forests are occupying about 17% of the land and make up 27% of the world's forest cover. Temperature in these forests is usually low, as the canopy allows very low sunlight to penetrate. Low penetration of light along with low temperature is responsible for limited under story. Soil of these forests is poor- nutrient and thin. Trees like pine, spruce and fir are most likely to be found in these forests. A number of animal species also found in these forests which includes bears, bats, woodpecker, fox etc. Human uses of boreal forests: o Wood products - One of the most important human uses of these forests for example wood for house construction and paper pulp. o
Netherlands (which comprises roughly 98% of the Kingdom's land area. Geography The Kingdom of the Netherlands covers 42,519 square kilometres. The Kingdom of the Netherlands has land borders with Belgium, Germany, and France. About one quarter of the Netherlands lies below sea level. Economy and natural rsources GDP (2011): $705.7 billion. GDP growth (2011 est.): 1.6%. GDP per capita (2011): $ 42,300. Natural resources: Natural gas, petroleum, fertile soil. Agriculture (2% of GDP) Industry (24% of GDP) services (74% of GDP) Politics The Kingdom of Netherlands is a Parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch.The monarch is the head of state, at present queen Beatrix. In practice the executive power is formed by the council of Ministers. Intresting facts One quarter of the country is below sea level with only 0.008% of the world's area, the Netherlands is the world's third
Estonia, Hiiumaa & School Ken Pähn Kärdla Gymnasium 11th grade Estonia Officialy the republic of Estonia Territory: 45 000 sq km Population: 1,3 million Capital: Tallinn 15 counties Language:Estonian Estonian Flag Coat of Arms Blue the blue sky above the native land. Black - the attachment to our black soil. White - hard work and purity. National emblems Barn swallow Corn flower National emblems limestone Estonia President: Toomas Hendrik European Union since 2004 Ilves Nato since 2004 Prime minster: Andrus Ansip United Nation since 1991 Democratic parliamentary republic Andrus Ansip Toomas Hendrik Ilves
The problems the contemporary world faces Over Loorits LE108 Pollution Air pollution produced by industry and motor vehicles. Water pollution caused by chemicals and sewer water dumped into water. Soil pollution caused by chemicals released into underground lakes. Natural resources running out Rainforests are being cut down constantly. There are not enough fresh water in some parts of the world. Fossil fuels are used too much and most of its reserves will be used up by 2050. Endangered species 40 percent of all organisms are endangered All the different species are important for biodiversity Habitat loss and hunting are the most widespread cause of species
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