EXERCISE N. 1 The demand and supply curves for fixed gear bikes in Hipsterland are �� = 75 − 1.5� and �� = 1.5� − 30. a. Find the equilibrium price; b. Find the equilibrium quantity; c. What are the consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total welfare at the market equilibrium? qD = 75 – 1,5*p => p = 50 – 2/3*q qS = 1,5*p – 30 => p = 20 + 2/3*q 75 – 1,5*p = 1,5*p – 30 3*p = 105 p* = 35 q* = 22,5 p S 50
analyzing several best practices and recommending new rules for limiting the level of interest expenses allowed for tax deductions. The recommended approach by the OECD is to limit the entity’s net interest expenses, and payments economically equivalent to interest, to a percentage of entity’s earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA). The net interest expense/EBITDA ratio should be fixed in a corridor of 10-30%. This approach aims at two objectives – uses net interest expense to calculate the amount of tax deductible (to maintain freedom for a corporate to decide where in the group it is most effective to borrow), and by using EBITDA assures that the group has actual business earnings in that particular entity/country. This fixed ratio rule is advised to be supplemented with the group ratio rule to allow a more flexible
Normal Profit In neoclassical economics, all costs should be included: - wages represent the cost of labour - interest represents the cost of kapital - rent represents the cost of land - "normal profit [ P ]" represents the cost of entrepreneurial activity Normal profit includes risk Economic Costs Production and Costs COST CURVES: - Fixed Costs (TFC) = costs that do not vary with output (present even when output, q, = 0) - Variable Costs (TVC) = costs that vary with the rate of output - Total costs (TC) = TFC + TVC - Average Variable Cost (AVC) = total variable cost/ number of units produced - Average Fixed Cost (AFC) = fixed costs/ output (units produced) - Average Total Cost (ATC) = total cost (variable and fixed) / number of units produced
· The Collected Speeches of Margaret Thatcher by Margaret Thatcher · The Path to Power by Margaret Thatcher · The Downing Street Years by Margaret Thatcher Sources: 1) http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/thatcher/ 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher 3) http://www.margaretthatcher.org/essential/biography.asp#ess78-83 Wordlist of Margaret Thatcher Project Conviction (n) - a fixed or strong belief; viewpoint Apprise (v) inform Decriminalise (v) allow, permit, legalise Abolish (v) - to destroy completely; cancel; lose Snatcher (n) a person who steals or grasps something suddenly Scathing (adj.) - harmful or painful; injurious; critical Steadfast (adj.) firmly loyal; steady Crisis-prone (adj.) affected by dangerous situation Enact (v) to establish by law Treble (v) - to make or become three times as much or as many
PRODUCT ERGONOMIC KEBOARD A "fixed-split keyboard" is a single board, with the keys separated into two or three groups, allowing the user to type at a different angle than the typical straight keyboard. An "adjustable split keyboard" has the keyboard split into several independent pieces, so the angle between them can be easily changed. Either of these types of keyboards may include elevated sections at various angles. Other ergonomic keyboards have fixed, vertically aligned keys, so the user types with their hands perpendicular to the ground, thumbs-up. Still others allow a range of rotation and elevations. Simple ergonomic keyboards can cost as little as typical keyboards or as much as $995 for high end keyboards. An ergonomic keyboard may reduce muscle strain and reduce risk of Carpal Tunnel syndrome, but there is no clear evidence of benefit. After a user takes the time to adjust to this style of
Võrdub müügikoguse ja ühiku hinna korrutisega. TR=p*TP AP (average product, keskmine produkt) - on koguprodukti hulk muutuvressursi ühiku kohta. Keskmine produkt on koguprodukti ja selle toomiseks kasutatud ressursihulka jagatis. APL=TP/L või APK=TP/K ATC (average total cost, keskmine kogukulu või ühikukulu) on kogukulude ja toodetud koguse jagatis. ATC=TC/TP AVC (average variable cost, keskmine muutuvkulu) on muutuvkulude ja toodetud koguse jagatis. AVC=VC/TP AFC (average fixed cost, keskmine püsikulu) on püsikulude ja toodetud koguse jagatis. AFC=FC/TP AR(average revenue, keskmine tulu või ühikutulu) on kogutulu ja toodetud koguse jagatis. AR=TR/TP MP (marginal product, piirprodukt) on koguprodukti muutus muutuvressursi ühiku muutuse kohta. MPL=TP/L või MPK=TP/K MC (marginal cost, piirkulu) on lisakulu ühe täiendava tooteühiku valmistamisel või kogukulu muutus, mis vastab tootmismahu muutmisele ühe tooteühiku võrra. MC=TC/TP
Kas keegi ostaks! - Ilmselt ostaks kui konkurendid ei pakuks madala hinnaga. Kust kärpida kulusid? 1. Otsida odavam lennukompanii? 2. Otsida odavam lennujaam? 3. Kasutada oma firmale kuuluvaid majutusettevõtteid sihtkohas? 4. Maksta reisisaatjale, reisifirma esindajale vähem palka? 5. Tegevuskulud viia 4%-le. 6. Kasum 6%-le. Teine variant Kasutades tabeltöötlusprogrammi abi., kus määratakse reisi kindlad (fixed cost) ja muutuvad kulud (variable cost) Kindlad kulud fixed cost Kindel kulu on selline, mis ei sõltu grupi suurusest, vaid mis tuleb tasuda igal juhul. Palgakulud Transpordikulud (näiteks bussireisi puhul) Muutuvkulud variable cost Muutuvkulu sõltub reisijate arvust. Iga muudatus reisijate arvus põhjustab muudatuse reisi hinnas. Kuna tulenevalt reisijate arvu ei ole võimalik ette määrata, võetakse arvukuse aluseks mõistlik reisijate hulk ja selle aluseks leitakse hind ühe reisija kohta.
There are not many people who are devoted to saving the Earth. It seems like people just do not care, but that might be just a small part of the reason. The biggest reason for ignoring environmental issues might be that people tend to focus on immediate problems rather than on problems that are far away in the future and seem unrealistic. If there is no immediate danger or a problem to be fixed, than people just do not consider it to be important. And people do have immediate problems to be fixed, because life is getting busier each day. People have already so much to worry about, they do not have the time to make „Earth saving plans“. The perfect reason, or rather an excuse is that ordinary people do not have time to care about environmental issues. Of course, if people would want to, they would make time to care, but the truth is that people are lazy and convenient. Taking some action to help solve the environmental issues, even if it is only a small thing, means change. People
Product cost is the sum of the costs assigned to a product for a specific purpose. Chapter 3 - Cost-Volume-Profit analysis CVP analysis examines the behavior of total revenues, total costs and operating income as changes occur in the units sold, the selling price, the variable cost per unit, or the fixed costs of a product. Breakeven point is that quantity of output sold at which total revenues equal total costs. Breakeven in units = Fixed costs/contribution margin per unit. Breakeven revenues = fixed costs/CM%. Target operating income. Qty of units required to sold = (fixed costs + target op income) / CM per unit. Revenues needed to earn = Fixed costs + target op income / CM%. Target operating income = target net income / (1-tax rate). Revenues - VE - FE = Target net income/ (1-tax rate). Qty of units required to be sold = FE+ (Target net income/(1- tax rate))/CM per unit.
Lecture 3: Finance and accounting Turnover (sales) in numbers = total number of units sold Turnover in money = sales level, average sales price per unit x total number of units sold. VAT (Value Added Tax) 9%. Landed cost: a special case The total of: purchase price, shipment costs, insurance, customs clearance costs. Break even point gives the relationship between costs, turnover and profit/margin. Costs: - fixed costs: these are costs that do not vary with the change in sales. - variable costs - contribution: the amount of money per product sold that contributes to covering the fixed costs (sales price -/- variable costs per product). Example: product X Estimated sales 5,000 units per annum Variable costs 2,000 per unit Fixed costs 2,000,000 per annum Sales price 3,000 per unit What is the break even point in items? 2000000/(3000-2000)-2000 units.
committing something known as the lump of labor fallacy. Now the problem is that the lump of labor fallacy is itself a fallacy. Imagine a dock worker who had begun to use a machine to make washers, the small metal discs that fasten on the end of screws. And this dock worker felt guilty for being more productive. Asked why, he said "I know I'm doing wrong. I'm taking away the work of another man." In his mind there was some fixed lump of work to be divided up between him and his pals. But the lump of work wasn't fixed. As this worker used the machine and become more productive, the price of washers would fall, demand for washers would rise, more washers would have to be made and there'd be more work for his pals to do. The lump of work would get bigger. Its called the lump of labor fallacy. And today you hear the people talk about the lump of labor fallacy to think about the future of all types of work
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The reason MR=D=AR=P is because in a purely competitive firm the price carries over from the industry and thus that equals the demand. At this demand each additional output increases by the same degree and the average revenue at any point is the same price. Even with changes in the marketplace, the line may move vertically but the values will always be equal Price line is the same as the average revenue or marginal revenue since the price is fixed Profit Maximization in the Short-run: TR/TC Approach · Firm = price taker firms can only adjust output to maximize profit · Short-run = fixed plant firms can only adjust amount of variable resource such as labor and materials. 2 ways to determine maximum profit and minimum loss output level Total-revenue-total-cost approach Marginal-revenue-marginal-cost approach
Floating Wind Turbines University of Tartu 2012 Featured topics Basic layout of wind turbines About FWT Technology and advantages Initiatives Conclusion Introduction to how wind turbines work Electricity Kinetic Click to edit Master text styles Second level energy of the wind Third level is converted to Fourth level mehanical energy. Fifth level Main parts 1. Rotor blades 2. Shaft 3. Generator Introduction to how wind turbines work Click to edit Master text styles Click to edit Master text styles Second level Second level Third level Third level ...
Antud näites siis $50 pre-flopist + 3x$30 flopist (A ja B panevad tasa C märkide summa). Seda panka nimetatakse peapangaks (main pot). A ja B ülejäänud osa panusest ($20+$20) läheb kõrvalpanka (side pot). A ja B mängivad mõlema panga võitmise peale; C mängib ainult peapangale. All-in olukord on väga tavaline no-limit ja pot-limit mängudes, harvemini fixed limitis. Neljas flopikaart (The Turn; Fourth Street) Pärast teise panustamisvooru lõppu "põletab" diiler uuesti pealmise kaardi ja avab ühe kaardi lahtiselt lauale. Kolmas panustamisvoor Analoogne teisele panustamisvoorule. Fixed limit mängudes kahekordistatakse panused. Nt. $0,5/$1 blindidega mängudes on esimeses kahes voorus panustamisühikuks $1 (max. $4); kolmandas ja neljandas seevastu $2 (max. $8) Viies flopikaart (The River; Fifth Street)
Dear Elijah, I’m writing to tell you about the Estonian flag and what are the symbols of Estonia. The national symbols of the Republic of Estonia are the Estonian flag, coat of arms, anthem, but also the national bird and flower. They all have great meaning for Estonia, although nowadays it often tends to forget. The Estonian national flag is a rectangular piece of cloth, which consists of three equal width horizontal bands of colour: the upper band is blue, medium black and white underside. The correlation of the width and length is less imporatnt, but fixed as 7:11.
Blue Chips tuntud firma aktsiad Coupon Frequency maksulehe seerianumber F Coupon Rate kupongi, maksulehe määr Face Value/ Nominal Value nominaalväärtus Covered Warrants kaetud tagatised Fixedincome Securities fikseeritud Credit Rating laenureiting sissetuleku garantii Currency Board valuuta komisjon Fixed Rate Bonds fikseeritud hinna tagatised Current Yield efektiivne kasum, toodang Floating Rate Bonds muutuvad hinna Custody of Securities hooldusgarantii tagatised Future Value of an Annuity tulevane elatustaseme indeksi väärtus
e) What time is the next news …………….? f) This channel doesn't have very good sports……………. g) A first……………. of this book is worth a fortune. h) The mass……………. in most countries is dominated by advertising. i) When does our new advertising …………….begin? j) I spent all of yesterday evening looking at this holiday……………. 2. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best completes each collocation or fixed phrase. After more than fifty years of television, it might seem only too obvious to conclude that it is (1) ....... to stay. There have been many objections to it during this time, of course, and on a variety of grounds. Did it cause eye- strain? Was the screen bombarding us with radioactivity? Did the advertisements contain subliminal (2)….. , persuading us to buy more or vote Republican? Did children turn to violence through watching it, either
– SAMM 3: Koosta ja kasuta valemit, mis näitab segakulude käitumist Segakulud = (Ühiku muutuvad kulud X Ühikute kogus) + Püsivad kulud 23 MAX-MIN meetod: sammud 1 ja 2 • Andmed • SAMM 1 • SAMM 2 24 Samm 3 ($2 x 400 event-playing hours) + $1,000 = $1,800 Kontrolli! 25 Tasuvuspunkti analüüs • Kogukulud = Muutuvkulud + Püsikulud Full cost = Variable costs + Fixed costs • Tegevuskasum = Müügitulu–Kogu (tegevus)kulud • Netokasum = Tegevuskasum – Tulumaksud Net profit = Operating profit – Income taxes For use with Management Accounting for Business 5e By Colin Drury 1408060280 © 2013 Cengage Learning Lineaarne kulu-maht-kasum (KMK) mudel 1. Eeldatakse, et muutuvkulu ja müügihind ühiku kohta on konstantsed. 2. Tegemist ainult ühe tasuvuspunktiga, kasum kasvab müügimahu kasvades. 3
In its initial state, the system is functioning in Automatic mode. By turning switch 3 on the main controller, Manual mode will be enabled on both of the crossroads. At this point, each of the crosswalks can actually be toggled between Democratic mode and Main Street mode. AUTOMATIC MODE Automatic is the default mode. In this mode, the sensors are not active, and the lights switch automatically back and forth after fixed periods of time. In this release, the time periods are equal, but it is possible to give lower-priority roads a smaller time window. This mode is suited to be used in busy hours of the day. To activate Automatic mode: Put switch #3 on controller 1 into off position. DEMOCRATIC MODE Democratic is the default manual mode. This sensor makes full use of the sensors underneath the road
spoken to them already, this week, today He/She/It has visted them/spkoken to Millal kasutatakse? Tegevus, mis sai them alguse minevikus ja kestab olevikus või lõppes lähiminevikus ja väljendab _ I/You/We/They haven't visited them kogemust them/ spoken to them Example Sentence: He has fixed the He/She/It hasn't visited them/ spoken to light. She has broken the vase. He has them been side since Saturday. ? Have You/We/They visited them/ spoken to them? Has He/She/It visited them/ spoken to them? Past simple: + I/You/He/She/We/They visted friend Key words: yesterday, ago, last week, in last weekend 2012 I/You/He/She/We/They spoke English Millal kasutatakse: minevikus lõpetatud
Dear Tom, It was nice to hear from you and you asked me to write about religious holidays that are celebrated in my country. I will talk about Easter and Christmas celebrations. Easter is a moveable feast, meaning it is not fixed in relation to the civil calendar. The date of Easter therefore varies between March 22 and April 25. Originally only Christians celebrated Easter. According to Christians, Jesus was resurrected from the dead that day. Newer elements such as the Easter Bunny and Easter egg have become part of the holiday's modern celebrations, and those aspects are often celebrated by many Christians and non-Christians alike. There are also some Christian denominations who do not celebrate Easter.
Ville was sad, he thought he ruined the Christmas, Ville wanted to make a gift for Santa. Elf boy Ville went to in to the deep forest, he had heard that in this forest live magical creatures who can fulfill your desires. Ville saw a bonfire behind the trees, he went there and he saw big giants dancing around the fireplace. Giants understood his concern. They told Ville:"You have to believe in themselves". Ville felt he got more strength inside him, he went back to North Pole. Ville fixed all broken toys, take care of reindeers, cleaned the rooms and put the sleigh ready. Santa was ready to ride and all gifts where in homes at the right time. Next year Ville was busy during all the Christmas time. When current Santa's time is over then Ville is going to be next Santa clause. By: Markus
1. Be going to describes intentions or plans. By the moment of speaking the plans have already been made. I’m going to wait here until Carol gets back. 2. Going to is also used for a prediction when we see from the present situation what is going to happen in the future. Look at that tree! It’s going to fall. Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future. Present Continuous Present Continuous describes fixed arrangements, especially social and travel arrangements. A time reference is usually included. I’m meeting Mary at 5 o’clock. John’s seeing his dentist tomorrow. 3 Present Simple 1. We use the Present Simple for future when we are talking about a timetable, usually a public one such as a train timetable. The train leaves at five twenty-five tomorrow morning. The football match starts at half past five.
A marine propeller is sometimes colloquially known as a screw propeller or screw. 1.2.1A controllable pitch propeller (CPP) or variable pitch propeller is a type of propeller with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change their pitch. If the pitch can be set to negative values, the reversible propeller can also create reverse thrust for braking or going backwards without the need of changing the direction of shaft revolutions. 1.2.2) Fixed Pitch Propellers are recommended when optimal efficiency, reliability, and robustness is required. Each ship's hull has its own characteristics. In order to achieve the highest possible total efficiency of the vessel, the propeller must be a perfect match with the engine and the hull. A fixed pitch propeller is the choice when optimum efficiency, reliability and robustness are required. Fixed pitch propellers are usually installed for ocean sailing vessels, for example Container vessels Tankers
Present Simple. Present Simple is used for... Example Permanent situations or states Jim lives in the south of England Permanent truths or laws of nature The sun sets around 5 o'clock in the afternoon in the winter Repeated/habitual actions especially with George always plays football on always, usually etc. Saturday afternoons. (= He does that every Saturday Afternoon.) Timetables/programmes with a future The train leaves at 10.05 on Tuesday meaning. Reviews/sports commentaries/dramatic The basketball player shoots and the ball narrative goes in the basket. Time expressions used with present simple: Every day/week/month/year, usually, sometimes, always, rarely, never, often, on Monday, in the morning, evening, etc. Present Continuous (to be + verb -ing)...
Nowadays quite a lot schools has its own uniform.Especially in the UK and in the USA where uniform is a tradition.But in Estonia, a school uniform is not that popular yet On the plus side of the uniform, students do not have to spend extra money for the clothes to wear at school. A School Uniform is launched to unite students, it also maintains discipline. A School Uniform is a tradition in many many countries.Another advantage is that a fixed dress code helps the students perform academically better. But every plus has its minus. For instance, students can not express themselves. Another point is, that students lose their individuality so they can not be unique.For someome the material of the uniform is not suitable.Some people say that a uniform makes life easier and saves time. I totally disagree, because when students say that when they do not have a uniform, they have to think what will they wear to schoo in the morningl
PHRASAL VERB PULL PULL - to remove from a fixed position (the dentist pulled the tooth) - to rip or tear (the dog pulled the toy to pieces) - to strain (a muscle, for example) injuriously. PULL DOWN 1) TO DEMOLISH They pulled down the old sports stadium to build a new one. 2) TO DEPRESS SOMEONE John was really pulled down by his recent divorce. 3) TO MOVE SOMETHING FROM A HIGHER POSITION TO A LOWER ONE The sun was shining in my eyes so I pulled down the blinds. PULL IN 1) TRAIN OR BUS ARRIVAL AT A STATION The train pulled in right on time. 2) TO ATTRACT A CROWD The festival really pulled in the crowds. 3) TO EARN I pulled in more this year than last year. How about you? PULL THROUGH - to recover from an illness We didn't know if he was going to pull through but in the end he did. PULL UP - to slow and stop a car The cab pulled up outside my house and I got out. PULL OVER - to stop a vehicle by the side of the r...
> Bit stuffing 1. scheme: flags (often used on point-point links) flag = 01111110, unique byte pattern 2. scheme: SOF delimiter & length indicator i) receiver searches for SOF delimiter frames authentication failure, for SOF & EOF frame read on 8 bit boundaries until EOF detected reception `01111110' ii) fixed header follows with address & length of data iii) receiver > Functionality of SAP and SNAP · MAC address identifies link quality failure, terminated. - ensure flag pattern isn't in frame data -> bit stuffing · transmitter inserts stuff bits: if counts number of bytes to determine EOF · used in LANs (broadcast transmission a hardware interface ("station"). · LLC Service Access Point the expiration of an idle-period timer,
promising to do smth) Negative: I can see you' re busy, so I WON't BE GOING TO Form: am/is/are going to + algvorm Use: 1) Descisions to do smthing, intentions. I'm going to buy a new car 2) Predictions about the future, which are based on the situation now. PRESENT SIMPLE ( I do) WITH A FUTURE MEANING Use: 1)Talking about timetables, programmes: My train leaves at 11.30. 2) Talking about people if their plans are fixed like a timetable. PRESENT CONTINUOUS (I am doing) WITH A FUTURE MEANING Use: 1)Talking about descisions and arrangements (sbdy has decied and arranged to do smthing). He is playing squash on Monday afternoon 2) You can use present contiuous for an action just before you begin to do it. FUTURE CONTINUOUS Form: will+be+ing Use: 1) Somebody will be in the middle of doing something. This time next week I'lle be swimming in the pool. 2) Talking about complete actions in the future. FUTURE PERFECT
A secondary education is by far the most popular level of education. This shows that it is a centric way to cover ground in life. A significant number of men have basic education. This implies that most men prefer not to pursue education. In case of women, they want to get a better education. This is demonstrated by the fact that only 18 % of women have basic education. A large proportion of women have chosen secondary vocational. This indicates that is chosen an occupation, which suggest a fixed income. A higher level of education is not certainly necessary. This is illustrated by the fact that about 6 % of people have elementary education. A small number of men and women have no schooling. This suggests that some people do not have opportunity to get an education. A substantial number of people have a university degree. This implies that education is valued and people achieve goals. In conclusion, different levels of education are spreaded out in people and having a higher
AK-47 Place and date Russia, 1944-1946 Weight 4.3 kg (9.5 lb) with empty magazine Length 870 mm (34.3 in) fixed wooden stock Overall Barrel length Cartridge 415 mm (16.3 in) 7.62x39mm M43 Action Gas- information operated, rotating bolt Rate of fire 600 rounds/min Muzzle velocity 715 m/s (2,346 ft/s) Effective range 100800 sight adjustments m
When it was bought for the useable business Fa ct o r s that a f fect the calc ulat ion of Depreciation Cost of asset Estimated useful life of asset Residual or scrap value of the asset Method of calculating depreciation Different methods: Straightline method Accelerated depreciation Written down value method Reducing balance method Production based method per unit and per hour STRAIGHTLINE METHOD It is a very popular method because its simplicity and consistency. A fixed amount of original cost is charged as a depreciation every year. Annual depreciation =cost of the assets residual value Estimated economic life 12000 10000 8000 AMOUNT 6000 depreciation life of asset 4000 2000 0 LIFE OF ASSET
multimedia, TrueType and workgroup networking. For me Windows 3.1 was really primitive. Windows 9x Windows 95 – ME were the best operating systems around that time. They were still MS-DOS based. Windows 95 added support for 32-bit applications, plug and play, preemptive multitasking and more. Biggest thing in Windows 95 was the start menu, which was not available. Windows 95 was really buggy and slow, so Microsoft released Windows 98, which was not so different from Windows 95. Windows 98 fixed all of those issues. My first computer had Windows 95 on it. For me best things on this OS were games. At the time games were not widely available. I’ve found some MS-DOS games on the internet (oh god 64kb/s speeds). Best game I’ve played at the time is Chip&Dale. Windows NT Basically Windows NT operating systems were unknown from the start, but when Windows XP came out it was the best thing ever. It introduced alot of changes.
What is the law of diminishing returns? Why this proposition is called a "law"? It states that, at some point- when we add more variable input to a fixed input- our marginal product will start to decrease as the newly added variable input is being added to an already increasingly scares input. This can be explained by citing an example, if we add more workers to a job, such as assembling a car. At some point, adding more workers would cause problems, as they would be getting in each other's way, or workers wold often find themselves waiting for access to specific part or tool required for the job
10. People assume that Eduard Wiiralt is one of the most well-known Estonian artists of all time. 37. Eduard Wiiralt is assumed to be one of the most well-known Estonian artists of all time. 38. POINTS /10 39. 40. 41. Task3. Causative constructions. Please convert the sentence structures according to logic of the samples. 42. SECTION A 43. E.g. Did you fix the car yourself? No, I had it fixed 44. Are they going to paint the walls themselves? No, they are going to have them painted. 45. 1. Do you test your eyes yourself? Of course not, I always have them tested. 2. Are you redecorating your living room yourself? Well, not really. I am having it redecorated by a handyman who can do the job at an affordable cost. 3. Will you please wash your cars yourselves next time? No way! As always, we will have them washed in a car wash joint. 4
Future Tenses Will-future and going to-future Andrea Terasväli Future forms Will-future Going to- Simple Present Future Future future presen progressi progressi perfect t ve ve • • Planned Future Planned Action Sth. Will Prediction, action in action action in will already assumptio the future is fixed the near definitely have n (assur future happen happene • logical ed/de (it d before • conseque ffinite) usually a certain spontaneo nce (sth. happens) time in us action Is goint to the happen) future Form
Abbeys and monasteries became centres of learning. 1168 the founding of Oxford University, 1209 Cambridge University. Alongside the church there was a very complex feudal system based on the idea of land ownership. Landed gentry noble people who owned land, right below aristocracy, quite above peasants etc. Towns grew, London became the true capital. A new class of people developed guildsmen. The guilds were organised by profession. Everything in medieval society was regulated, fixed. Medieval life was very austere (strict). Travel was difficult and dangerous (robbers, bandits). Food was terrible for the most part cabbage everyday! There were some compensations such as religious festivals time for the people to have fun. Crusades the aim was to reconquer the Holy Land. Arab influence. The Arabs gave Europe medicine, mathematics etc. Commerce, travel became easier. After the Norman conquerings, three languages were prevalent: French, Latin, Anglosaxon.
mille üle kõnelejal puudub kontroll) Be going to · "We are going to buy a lot of food." · plans, intentions (isiklikud plaanid, kavatsused) Be going to · "I am going to become a professional basketball player." · Ambitions (ambitsioonid) Be going to "Look! The cat is going to yawn!" · prediction based on evidence (ennustused tõendite põhjal) Present Continuous I am flying to London tomorrow. · Fixed arrangements for the near future (kindlad kokkulepitud ja juba korraldatud tegevused lähitulevikus) Present Simple "My train leaves at 12.30 tomorrow." · timetable events - timetables, programmes etc (sõiduplaanid) Future Continuous "It's nice to be posing on the red carpet, but this time tomorrow we will be filming on set again." · an action that will be in progress at a stated future time (tulevikus kindlal ajahetkel
Short inadequate Bring in a system introduce a system Get receive Give provide The same sort of bus a similar bus Another system an alternative system Can you tell me if this system is ok? Your approval would be appreciated For some time/for the time being temporarily Now currently Is being fixed is under repair Because of that... consequently, ... So,... therefore,... The machine is off the road/does not work the machine is under repair It is back on road it is roadworthy again Finish complete I have noticed the following the following has been observed Helps to develop economy promotes economic development
classes spoke French · In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added An example of Middle English by Chaucer Early Modern English · 1500-1800 · The Great Vowel Shift · Many new words and phrases entered the language · The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print · Books became cheaper and people learned to read · Printing also brought standardization to English · Spelling and grammar became fixed and the dialect of London became the standard · In 1604 the first English dictionary was published Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare Late Modern English · 1800- present · The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary · Has many more words · The Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words · English language adopted foreign words from many countries
god, Helios. The task was assigned to the sculptor Chares of Lindos, a pupil of Lysippos himself, and twelve years (from 304 to 292 BC) were needed to complete it. The Colossus of Rhodes was not only a gigantic statue. It was a symbol of unity of the people who inhabited that beautiful Mediterranean island of Rhodes. To build the statue, the workers cast the outer bronze skin parts. The base was made of white marble, and the feet and ankle of the statue were first fixed. The structure was gradually erected as the bronze form was fortified with an iron and stone framework. To reach the higher parts, an earth ramp was built around the statue and was later removed. When the Colossus was finished, it stood about 33 metres (110 ft) high. A strong earthquake hit Rhodes at around 226 BC. The city was badly damaged, and the Colossus was broken at its weakest point - the knee. For almost a millennium, the statue lay broken in ruins. In AD 654, the Arabs invaded Rhodes
Legislature - the Bundestag and Bundesrat passing laws Executive (Chancellor and government): proposing and implementing laws · Single executive: President downgraded to ceremonial role Federalism: distribution of responsibilities between central and regional government Bundesrat Bundestag · Four year fixed term Second Chamber (cf House of Lords) Represents German Länder (= devolved regions) in national politics · 656 members, half 16 Länder send delegations with voting weights in loose proportion elected from to population constituencies, half 69 members in total from regional party Can veto over 50% of laws (and require reconsideration of the rest)
keskmine kogutoodang average physical product, APP Средний продукт Ilmutatud kulu Explicit cost Явные затраты ilmutamata Implicit cost Неявные затраты keskmine muutuvkulu average variable cost, AVC Средние переменные затраты keskmine püsikulu average fixed cost, AFC Средние постоянные затраты keskmine tulu average revenue, AR or ATR Средний доход kogukasum total profit, TP or Прибыль kogukulud total cost, TC Совокупные затраты kogutoodang total physical product, TPP Совокупный продукт
Unit 6: vocabulary School and work (v.) verb (n.) noun (adj.) adjective (adv.) adverb 1. to retire (from) (v.) - to stop working due to age 2. toddler (n.) young child at the age of learning to walk, age 1-2 3. aspiration (n.) strong desire to achieve something 4. exasperated (adj.) extremely annoyed 5. to be fed up with (v.) sick and tired of 6. rarely (adv.) seldom; not often; infrequently 7. to queue (v.) to stand in a line 8. to be ashamed of (v.) to be embarrassed of something 9. to be depressed about (v.) to feel down/sad 10. to be responsible for (v.) to be in charge of something and take either credit if it succeeds or blame if it fails 11. to be famous for (v.) to be known for 12. to be interested in (v.) to be curious 13. to be proud of (v.) to take pride in 14. to complain about (v.) to whine about 15. to su...
They said that our country based on the students and so everyone must to respect them. They were right, because the young people is the future of our land. We made the anonymous poll to explained out, who the abitur actually was. We wanted to know, who were the most beautiful girl, who were the most humorous boy, who were the most smartest young lady and who were the most sexiest guy. We fixed out their positive and negative properties. Schoolmates described their abitur and gave them some future jobs. Their schoolmates said, that the most beautiful girl in the class was Sandra and the most beautiful boy was Mikk. The most friendliest were Rauno and Helena. The most homorous girl was Sandra and the most homorous boy was Karl he got all the votes! The most smartest students in the class were Hendrik and Liisi. The schoolmates figured that
Sekundaarsed kinnitajad: tähelepanu, kehaline kontakt, raha, kingitused, privileegid, võit, tunnustus, meelitused, ..... · Generaliseeritud kinnitaja (generalized reinforcer) näiteks. ema - assotsieeritud mitme primaarse kinnitajaga raha indiviidid uurimine, funktsionaalne autonoomia · Sekundaarne kinnitaja: üheaegselt kinnitaja ja stiimul VIII Kinnitamise skeemid (Schedules of reinforcement ) continuous/ partial reinforcement schedule · fixed interval reinforcement schedule (FI) teatud kindla ajaintervalli järel õpitud reaktsioon tugev vahetult enne kinnitajat, seejärel nõrk; piisab ühest reaktsioonist · fixed ratio reinforcement schedule (FR) teatud reaktsioonide arvu järel kujundab intensiivse reaktsiooni · variable interval reinforcement schedule (VI) keskmise ajaintervalli järel mida sagedasemad reaktsioonid, seda rohkem kinnitamisi sagedus - kinnitamine · variable ratio reinforcement schedule (VR)
Sekundaarsed kinnitajad: tähelepanu, kehaline kontakt, raha, kingitused, privileegid, võit, tunnustus, meelitused, ..... · Generaliseeritud kinnitaja (generalized reinforcer) näiteks. ema - assotsieeritud mitme primaarse kinnitajaga raha indiviidid uurimine, funktsionaalne autonoomia · Sekundaarne kinnitaja: üheaegselt kinnitaja ja stiimul VIII Kinnitamise skeemid (Schedules of reinforcement ) continuous/ partial reinforcement schedule · fixed interval reinforcement schedule (FI) teatud kindla ajaintervalli järel õpitud reaktsioon tugev vahetult enne kinnitajat, seejärel nõrk; piisab ühest reaktsioonist · fixed ratio reinforcement schedule (FR) teatud reaktsioonide arvu järel kujundab intensiivse reaktsiooni · variable interval reinforcement schedule (VI) keskmise ajaintervalli järel mida sagedasemad reaktsioonid, seda rohkem kinnitamisi sagedus - kinnitamine · variable ratio reinforcement schedule (VR)
buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers") must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers' incomes "Gross" means that GDP measures production regardless of the various uses to which that production can be put. Production can be used for immediate consumption, for investment in new fixed assets or inventories, or for replacing depreciated fixed assets. "Domestic" means that GDP measures production that takes place within the country's borders. · In the expenditure-method equation, the exports-minus-imports term is necessary in order to null out expenditures on things not produced in the country (imports) and add in things produced but not sold in the country (exports). Economists (since Keynes) have preferred to split the general consumption term into two parts;
koguväärtus. Eksport export, riigis toodetud kaupade müük välismaale. Import on välismaal toodetud kaupade sisseostmine kodumaiseks kasutamiseks. Puhaseksport puhasekspordiks nimetatakse impordi ja ekspordi vahet, on SKP osa. Inflatsioon (Tarbija Hinna Indeks)on hindade tõus, millega kaasneb raha ostujõu langus. Tööviljakus ehk tööjõu tootlikkus on toodangu hulk ajaühikus ühe töötaja kohta. Püsikulud fixed costs kulu, mis jääb muutumatuks, sõltumata toodangu mahust. Muutuvkulud variable costs toodangumahust sõltuv kogutulu osa. Mastaabisääst economies of scale, keskmise tootmiskulu alanemine suurtootmise tagajärel.
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