TALLINNA TEHNIKAKÕRGKOOL TALLINN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KIUDTUGEVDATUD KOMPOSIITMATERJALID REFERAAT Õppeaines: Tehnomaterjalid I Juhendaja: D. Arensburger Mehaanika teaduskond Õpperühm: MI- 21 Tallinn 2009 MATERJALI OMADUSED SURVEL Õhukeste komposiitlaminaatide survetaluvuse omadusi on suhteliselt raske mõõta tänu proovidetaili külgpidisele rabedusele. On proovitud mitmeid testimismeetodeid ja mitmeid proovidetaili kujusid, et vältida esilekerkivat probleemi. Siinkohal kirjeldaks neist meetoditest kolme. Celanese test: see test on võetud kui standartne surve test ja seda on detailselt kirjeldatud ASTM D3410-87 standardis. Testi põhimõte seisnes sellest et võetakse sirge proovidetail, mille otsetesse kinnitatakse labad. Seejärel asetatakse see koonilise kujuga silindri sisse, mis omakorda sobitatakse täpselt teise vormi sisse mille siseserv...
With girls, bullying often takes more subtle forms, such as whispering campaigns, spreading rumours and shunning--acts designed to destroy friendships. This can be every bit as painful as physical aggression. Many parents are unaware that it is happening because they never discuss it with their kids and because bullying is often a kind of underground activity that many children won't report. Most bullying takes place in and around school and is often reinforced by an audience. In one study, 120 hours of video surveillance in Toronto schools showed that in over 20 percent of bullying, peers actively reinforced bullying by physically or verbally joining in the aggression. In 54 percent of cases, they reinforced the bully by watching but not joining in. In only 25 percent of cases did peers support the victim. How common is bullying? Toronto's Board of Education has documented that in grades 4 to
Horten Headquarters Architect: 3Xn Presentation made by Kadri Lajal Little about 3X n Danish architectural practice 1986 Kim Herforth Nielsen, Bo Boje Larsen, Jan Ammundsen GXN Horten Headquarter 10,000 m2 2009 Copenhagen, Denmark Shape which saves energy Material Fiberglass and travertine The "innovation" Fibreglass is a fiber reinforced Traventine form of polymer made of a plastic. Easily limestone deposited by mineral formed using molding processes. springs. Lightweight and extremely strong. Interior Optimum daylight conditions The spine of the building Matches with exterior Insulating foam core Two layers on fiberglass Layer of travertine "The building is a good example of how environmentally friendly objectives can be
Hooratta konstrueerimisel on enim oluline selle kompaktsus, vastupidavus ning maksimaalne kineetilise energia salvestamine. Komposiitmaterjalide kasutamine hooratastest tagab kiirema pöörlemise ning suurema energia salvestamise. Hooratas on energiatoiteühik, mis salvestab energiat mehaanilisel kujul. Hoorattad salvestavad kineetilist energiat pöörlevas kodaratega rootoris või kettas, mis on valmistatud komposiit-materjalidest. Hoorattaid kasutatakse autodes juba ammu, neid kasutatakse kõikides tänapäeva sisepõlemismootorites energia salvestamiseks ja võimsuse edastamise silumiseks mootori järskude pulsside korral. Hoorattaid kasutatakse erinevates süsteemides, kuna hooratas suudab edasi kasna energiat stabiilselt, samas kui energiaallikas ei väljasta energiat ühtlaselt. Sel põhimõttel toimivad hoorattad sisepõlemismootorites stabilisaatoritena. Kui tavalised hoorattad on tehtud terasest, alumiiniumist, siis uueks oluliseks suunaks hoora...
Ireland in the 1820s called Carrickmacross, which involved cutting out rose detailing (symbolising England), thistles (Scotland), daffodils (Wales), and shamrocks (Ireland). The dressmakers used fresh needles every three hours, and washed their hands every half an hour to avoid marking the fabric. Pulmad Kate arrived at the church, Rolls-Royce (car brand), a car factory, presented the Queen with the 1977th . The vehicle has a reinforced steel doors, security windows, and even riding with empty tires. Prince William gave Kate Middletonile 18 degrees to the engagement ring that belonged to his mother Princess Diana. Ordinary English wedding costs around 25,000 pounds (about 25,565 euros). Royal wedding costs around 10 million pounds (about 8,547,009 euros). Kate and William's wedding was allegedly of Beyonce and Jay-Z (their favorite singers). Kate and William have asked their guests not to bring gifts, but asked
Examples surviving today in North America include the Kinzua Viaduct (1900) on the former Erie Railroad in Pennsylvania (Figure 15), and the Lethbridge Viaduct (1909) on the Canadian Pacific in Alberta, composed of alternating 67ft (20m) trestles and 100ft (30m) girders, at 5327ft (1624m) long the longest and heaviest in the world. The Tunkhannock Viaduct (1915), 240ft high (73m) by 2375ft long (724m), is the largest reinforced concrete-arch bridge in the world. Suspension bridges Although suspension bridges had been known in China as early as 206 BC, the first chain suspension bridge did not appear in Europe until 1741, when the 70ft (21m) span Winch Bridge was constructed over a chasm of the River Tees (UK), with the flooring laid directly on two chains. It was an American, James Finley, however, who built the first practical suspension bridge in 1796 in the USA
-The Raekoja Square The Raekoja Square is used for senturies like market and fair square, here took place many festivals, and criminals were executed. In summer on Raekoja Square many open air conserts and fairs of handicraftsmen were arranged, at the same time old traditions are remembered, took place many different party parades, knight tournaments and shooting competitions. In winter Christmas tree is placed and christmas fair is spent -Defensive Towers Tallinns Town Wall, reinforced with defensive towers, is one of the strongest defensive structures in Northern Europe by the XVI sentury. It is 3m wide, 16m high and its lenght is about 4km -Modern Tallinn Tallinns business center, with the hotel skyscrapers, banks and business centers, is already a habitual part of the harisont,which people see when the come from over the sea to Tallinn -Old Town Harbour & The Old Town Old City Harbour is one of the biggest and busiest passenger harbour in the Baltic region
2 ft), though some sources put it at 312.6 m (1026.6 ft). The building is administered by the public company Levira (formerly Estonian Broadcasting Transmission Center Ltd) and is a member of the World Federation of Great Towers. The tower was designed by architects David Baziladze and Juri Sinis. The cornerstone was laid on September 30, 1975, and the building was inaugurated July 11, 1980 (although the first transmission took place in 1979). The tower body was constructed of reinforced concrete rings 50 cm thick that weigh a total of 17,000 metric tons, and the total tower weight is approximately 20,000 tons. The tower survived a fire during the construction stage. The observation deck on the 21st floor, originally designed to have a rotating section, is located 170 m above ground, and has a diameter of 38 m. The Tower has been closed to the public since November 26, 2007. Before it was closed, tickets were priced at 60 Estonian
basic principles and plans of Tallinn's fortifications as approved by Nikolai II in 1911; the plan foresaw the construction of two identical and adjacent hangar complexes. At the beginning of March in 1916, Colonel Aleksandr Jaron, who was responsible for the construction works, sent 11 local and foreign companies calls for proposals for designing these hangars, which were then modestly referred to as reinforced concrete sheds. The deadlines were quite short due to the ongoing World War and bids were already expected by the end of March. Construction was set to start during the period of April 15th and June 1st, 1916. However, things did not go so smoothly and the successful project was chosen in the course of negotiations held on April 29th. The winning project was submitted by a Danish company, Christiani & Nielsen (project manager
He was apparently dissatisfied with the standard of singers in the choir; more seriously, there was his unauthorised absence from Arnstadt for several months in 170506, when he visited the great master Dieterich Buxtehude and his Abendmusik in the northern city of Lübeck. This well-known incident in Bach's life involved his walking some 400 kilometres (250 mi) each way to spend time with the man he probably regarded as the father figure of German organists. The trip reinforced Buxtehude's style as a foundation for Bach's earlier works, and that he overstayed his planned visit by several months suggests that his time with the old man was of great value to his art. According to legend, both Bach and George Frideric Handel wanted to become amanuenses of Buxtehude, but neither wanted to marry his daughter, as that was a condition for the position. Some J.S.Bach´s composed songs : *6 triosonates for organ *Dorische Toccata und Fuga in d-minor *18 chants
EHITUSTOOTLUSE INSTITUUT Ehitustehnoloogia õppetool Lingikogu- Ehitustehnoloogia ajalugu Kodutöö aines EPT 0011Ehitustehnoloogia Üliõpilane: Matr. nr Juhendaja: prof. Irene Lill Töö esitatud: 27.11.2007 Töö arvestatud: Tallinn, 2007 Sisukord Sisukord................................................................................................................................2 1.Sissejuhatus....................................................................................................................... 3 2.Töö käik.............................................................................................................................3 3.Töö Tulemused.........................................
Vocabulary with definitions Body and exterior Body components, including windows and trim: · Bonnet/hood : UK (US hood) the metal cover over the part of a car where the engine is I looked under the bonnet and clouds of smoke poured out. (KAPOTT) · Bonnet/hood latch: a type of mechanical fastener that is used to join two (or more) objects or surfaces together while allowing for the regular or eventual separation of the objects or surfaces. · Bumper: a horizontal bar along the lower front and lower back part of a motor vehicle to help protect it if there is an accident. (AMORTISAATOR/PÕRKERAUD) · Unexposed bumper can´t be seen · Exposed bumper can be seen · Cowl screen: (KAITSEVÕRE) · A cowling: is the covering of a vehicle's engine, most often found on automobiles and aircraft. (KAPOTT) A cowling may be used: ...
Autode pesemine Hooldamisega hoiad auto korras ja väldid roostetamist. Pesemine ja vahatamine kaitsevad autod välismõjude eest. Sagedane pesemine ja vahatamine, kaitsevad värvipinda ja keskkonda kahjustavate tegurite nagu ultravioletne kiirgus temp muutus, sademete aga ka õhus olevate tahma ja väävli ühendite eest. Kasutada autopesuks selleks ette nähtud aineid. Ainult siis võib olla kindel lõpptulemuses. Kasutada ei tohiks kodu ja ega üldpesuaineid. Need vähendavad liigselt veepind pinevust: Vesi tungib värvikihti ja tuhmistab selle. Jäätumisel võib vesi tekitada värvipinnal pragusid. Müüakse väga palju erinevaid autopesu vahendeid. Kasutada tasuks tuntud kaubamärkidega tooteid. Need annavad hea tulemuse. Tänapäeval ei ole põhjust kasutada põlemis vedelikeks mõeldud aineid lahusti pesuks. Seega bensiin, nafta ja petrooleum ei ole auto pesuks sobilikud. Ei ole soovitatav lahustid pääseksid kanalisatsiooni ja pinnavette. Kui pesutulemus...
tema liitmaterjalidest osi saab tugevdatud keskkonnast tingitud mõjud töödelda matiks, poolläikivaks polümeel (fiber-reinforced minimaalsed ja klaaskiust ja kõrgläikivaks. Kuigi polymer, FRP) või klaas- toodet võib klaaskiust tugevdatud plastik (glass- hooldada väga heade komponendid on jätkuvalt reinforced plastic, tulemustega umbes iga kuue värvitavad, siis saadaolev GRP), nimetatakse kuu tagant. Samas, kui toodet värvi ja tekstuurivalik igapäevases kõnepruugis hoitakse pidevalt praktiliselt välistab samuti väljas keskkonna mõjutuste tootmisjärgse värvimise klaaskiuks.Tavalise meelevallas, siis regulaarset
Põltsamaa Ametikool Juhtimisseadmed ja veermik A2 Margo Pukki Kaarlimõisa 2009 Sisukord Sisukord................................................................................................................. 2 1.Vedrustus............................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Vedrustuste tüübid vastavalt vedrustuse töötamisele...................................3 1.2 Vedrustuste tüübid vastavalt vedrustussüsteemide ehitusele......................3 1.3 Vedrustuse ülesanded ja töötamine..............................................................4 2. Amotisaatorid..................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Amortisaator ja tööpõhimõte.........................................................................5 4. Rattad...................................
Alumiste 26tiibade konstruktsioon lubab ohutumalt traalida. Gunttropp võib olla erinev, sõltuvalt püügikohast ja objektist. Rockhoppers Kaablid ROFIA manufactures rockhopper gear, adapted to the respective trawl type, thus providing a complete range of equipment for bottom trawl fishing. High- quality rubber discs from old tyres, reinforced long and short-link chains and connecting components from well-known manufacturers are used. To ensure the perfect functioning of the rockhopper gear, the individual segments are all machine-pressed under a pressure of 3-6t. The rockhopper sections are fixed to the ground rope of the trawl and make it possible to "jump" over stones on the bottom. Rockhoppers are a considerable protection against
The writers' narratives follow closely the linear chronology of any voyage that has a beginning, a development Á with an inevitable number of adventures and climactic points Á and an (open) ending. Yet, the general perspective is somehow reinforced by the narrators' re- crossing of borders, one year after their first visit. However, travel books are also autobiographical writings, and as such they inscribe the writers as narrators/characters in their texts. Thus, the authors not only
apply to the entire aircraft, not just the engineering type homebuilder might due to insufficient attention to local wing. During that sudden pull-up, the consider an extensive, detailed and stresses. Experienced designers like wing generates a lift that is by a "load complex wing testing project, a great to over-dimension this area of the factor" larger than the weight of the deal can be accomplished with very main spar (and the local reinforced aircraft. The result is that the reaction simple means. A structural testing of rib). Others become experienced to this suddenly increased lifting force the wing as will be described here designers after building - and testing - presses the pilot onto his seat with requires so little money, time and hot two or three wings. The one-piece
students were sociable and easy-going. Students´ presentations were approved for several times. When an error occurred the teacher encouraged students to correct it themselves. No native language was used. · Traditional: audio-lingual method http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mqd7OdJoLn0 Audiolingual method Communicative language use Automatic use (habit formation) Teacher is a model for imitation Dialogues, drills (substitution, transformation, chain, etc) Right answers are positively reinforced Reading and written work is based on oral work Teacherled interaction Simple forms (everyday language) Focus on language structures 2 The goals are drilling communicative skills, drilling and repeating simple forms (everyday language). It was a teacher-led interaction, they focused on language structures: complete sentences: questions and answers. No native language was used.
Veljed ja rehvid Auto on liiklusvahend, paljudele tööriist, mõnele hobi või lõbusõiduk. Meie ühiskonnas ka tihti imago tõstmise vahend. Ilmselt seetõttu on ta muutunud tihti ka omaniku mänguasjaks, mida ehitatakse, nühitakse ja ümber ehitatakse - tuunitakse. Auto välimust mõjutavad märkimisväärselt tema rattad. Auto ratas ei ole nii lihtne ja iseenesest mõistetav, nagu ta pealtnäha võib paista. Kui me tahame teada, kas velg sobib teatud autole, peame teadma velje läbimõõtu, laiust, nihutust (offset), poldiringi läbimõõtu, tsentriava läbimõõtu ja kinnituspoltide arvu. Poldiringi läbimõõdu mõõtmine. Vasakul nelja, kuue ja kaheksa poldiga, paremal viie poldiga velje puhul. Nihutus (offset) on velje keskjoone ja kinnitustasandi vaheline kaugus. Tavaliselt on kinnitustasand velje välisservale lähemal - sel juhul on tegu sissenihutusega (inset); kui aga kinnitustasand on velje välisservast kaugemal...
ERIALA Puidust kodaratega rattad 2000aastat e.m.a. Traatkodaratega rattad 1800aastate paiku 1950.aastal asendati autode traatkodaratega rattad metallratastega 1769.a auruvanker (Nicolas Cugnot) Max. 5km/h 1790.a jalgratas (M.de Sivrac) 1795.a hoburaudtee (Inglismaal) 1820.a aurusõidukite ehitamine 1845.a õhkrehvid (Robert William Thomson) 1883.a neljarattalist jalgratast meenutav aurusõiduk (auto eelkäija) 1895.a esimene bensiinimootor 1899.a rajati metallurgia laboratoorium 1910.a maailma esimene V-8 mootor 1885.a esimene mootorratas (Gottlieb Daimler) 1890.a esimene auto mille mootor paiknes ees(Rene Panhard ja Emile Levasson) 19.saj algus Esimesed bussid(sõna buss on tuletatud ladina-keelsest sõnast omnibus-kõigile) 1908.a Henry Ford rajs tehase automudeli T masstootmiseks 1894.a esimene autovõidusõit Pariis-Rouen (max. Kiirus 12km/h) 1955.a Le Mans'i võidusõit (Nõudis 84 inimelu ja ...
Learning new things can be the most exciting hobby. Choosing an Occupation (2) I originally became interested in the law during my 9th form when I realized that my skills as a writer, speaker, and leader -- as well as my powers of logic -- would probably serve me well in a legal career. That is why I entered an optional class where I could have lessons on law twice a week. All that I have done and experienced in my studying of the basic aspects of the law has further stimulated and reinforced my interest in the law, especially international obligations and public law, and my determination to pursue a legal career. Studying to be a lawyer represents the fulfilment of one of my longest held dreams. Whatever I could do as a lawyer to help people who are victimised by unscrupulous businessmen, as well as their own ignorance of the law, would give me a great satisfaction. The duty of the lawyer is not only to punish people for various crimes: from espionage
emphasizing the impact slavery had on families, and helping the public understand and empathize with the plight of enslaved mothers. Proslavery forces claimed that slavery was sanctioned in the Bible, that Tom was too noble, and accused Stowe of fabricating unrealistic, onesided images of Southern slavery. Stowe responded to her critics by writing The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, an annotated bibliography of her sources. Researching and writing The Key reinforced Stowe's antislavery sentiments and turned her into an abolitionist. Her second antislavery novel, Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856), was much more forceful and advocated an immediate end to slavery. During the Civil War, Stowe criticized British businesses that continued to trade with Southern cotton suppliers, and was impatient with President Lincoln's willingness to postpone freeing people held in slavery
Mootor Mootoriks nimetatakse masinat, milles muundatakse mingi energia mehhaaniliseks energiaks. Traktorimootorites toimub kütuse põlemisel tekkiva soojusenergia muundamine mehhaaniliseks energiaks ja edasi generaatoris, mille käitab mootor, elektrienergiaks. Kuna kütuse põlemine toimub mootori silindris, siis nimetatakse seda mootorit veel sisepõlemismootoriks. Sisepõlemismootoreid liigitatakse küttesegu süütamise viisi järgi: Diiselmootor survesüüde Ottomootor sädesüüde Töötsükli osade arvu ...
PSYCHOLOGY PART 1: CORE Biological level of analysis Outline principles that define the biological level of analysis. 1) Behavior can be innate, because it is genetically based. Evolution may play a key role in behavior. 2) Animals may be studied as a means of understanding human behavior. 3) There are biological correlates of behavior. Cognitions, emotions and behaviors are products of the anatomy and physiology of our nervous and endocrine system. Explain how principles of the biological level of analysis may be demonstrated in research. 1) Correlational studies: Study by Buss, who hypothesized that across cultures, men will prefer to marry younger women because of greater reproductive capacity and women will place greater value on a potential mate's earning potential to provide survival advantages. This evolutionary hypothesis was tested in 37 cultures by sending out questione...
All Expansion I/O Units except for the CPM1A-20EDR conform to EC Directives. To ensure that the machine or device in which the CPM1A PC is used complies with EC Directives, the PC must be installed as follows: 1, 2, 3... 1. The CPM1A PC must be installed within a control panel. 2. Reinforced insulation or double insulation must be used for the DC power supplies used for the PC and I/O power supplies. 3. CPM1A PCs complying with EC Directives also conform to the Common Emission Standard (EN61000-6-4). Radiated emission characteristics (10-m regulations) may vary depending on the configuration of the control
E1 (at first) cat pulls, loop accidentally / AW; E2 ref to trial and error; E3 freedom is a, reward / reinforcer; E4 associative learning; E5 detail (of associative learning); E6 pulls loop sooner / AW; E7 correct ref to acclimatisation period (when cat placed in box) / AW; E8 AVP; e.g. other behaviours / inactivity, not, reinforced / rewarded max 5 max 7 QWC – legible text with accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; 1 (d) no reward / punishment (of behaviour), in classical; ora one stimulus in operant / two stimuli in classical; AVP; max 2
N.I, had seen exactly the same conditions, and twice before their reasoning that the carriers were being held in empire waters had been proved right. Now, they thought, they were seeing it happen again. Temporarily oblivious to the possibility of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, they watched the forces moving against Malaya as hypnotically as a conjuror's audience stares at the empty right hand while the left is pulling the ace out of a sleeve. American preconceptions were reinforced by two PURPLE messages of December 1, which the Navy read that same day. In the first, Tokyo directed Washington: "When you are faced with the necessity of destroying codes, get in touch with the naval attache's office there and make use of chemicals they have on hand for this purpose. The ATTACHÉ should have been advised by the Navy Ministry regarding this." Five days earlier, the cryptanalysts had read Tokyo's detailed instructions on how to destroy the PURPLE machine in an emergency
information concerning their work, particularly where drawings were not clear and questions arose. 9.8.4.5 Rebar detailing, fabrication and installation Modelling the bridge reinforcement turned out to be more difficult than was anticipated. Bridges of this type (cable stayed) have a high density of reinforcement and complex deck and abutment shapes, which makes the modelling more difficult and time consuming than for simpler structures. In most common reinforced concrete structures, building elements such as beams, columns and foundations are sufficiently standard in shape and reinforcement details to allow the use of parametric objects and rebar layouts that greatly accelerate modeling; bridge elements have unique geometries due to curvatures, which often require that they, and their reinforcement layouts, be 'custom' modeled. Nevertheless, although the modelling effort was carried by WPS, all project participants benefitted from it. WPS were
EHITUSTEADUSKOND Ehitustootluse instituut KUIDAS MUUDAB MUDELPROJEKTEERIMINE TERASKONSTRUKTSIOONIDE PROJEKTEERIMIST, VALMISTAMIST JA EHITAMIST? HOW ARE 3D AND BIM CHANGING THE DESIGN, FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF COMPLEX STEEL STRUCTURES? EPJ 60 LT Üliõpilane: Tanel Friedenthal Juhendaja: Prof. Roode Liias Kaasjuhendaja: Prof. Carrie S. Dossick Tallinn, 2010.a. Olen koostanud lõputöö iseseisvalt. Kõik töö koostamisel kasutatud teiste autorite tööd, olulised seisukohad, kirjandusallikatest ja mujalt pärinevad andmed on viidatud. …………………………………………….. (töö autori allkiri ja kuupäev) Üliõpilase kood: 041399 Töö vastab magistritööle esitatud nõuetele ……………………………………………… ...
in the plant made workers more productive. Then someone pointed out (I have to imagine a sweaty- palmed intern) a confusing detail. Productivity also improved when they dimmed the lighting! In fact, making any change at all seemed to result in increased productivity. It turned out that, with each change, the workers suspected they were being observed and therefore worked harder. This phenomenon--also called the "observer e ect"--came to be known as "the Hawthorne Effect." Reinforced by research in game design, Jack Stack and Western Electric's results can be condensed into a simple equation: measurement = motivation. Seeing progress in changing numbers makes the repetitive fascinating and creates a positive feedback loop. Once again, the act of measuring is often more important than what you measure. To quote the industrial statistician George Box: "Every model is wrong, but some are useful." It's critical that you measure something
Sylvia Day Bared to You Sylvia Day Bared to You The first book in the Crossfire series, 2012 This one is for Dr. David Allen Goodwin. My love and gratitude are boundless. Thank you, Dave. You saved my life. Acknowledgments My deepest gratitude to my editor, Hilary Sares, who really dug into this story and made me work for it. Basically, she kicked my ass. By not pulling her punches or letting me shortchange the details, she made me work harder and because of that, this story is a much, much better book. BARED TO YOU wouldn't be what it is without you, Hilary. Thank you so much! To Martha Trachtenberg, copy editor extraordinaire. This book is an important one for me and she treated it that way. Thank you, Martha! T...
ucts is primarily the result of the protein gel the effectiveness of droplet disruption also network that is formed upon processing increase the manufacturing costs. Typically, (Lavelle and Foegeding 1993). For example, colloid mills with droplet diameters between in poultry meat batters prepared with salt and 1 to 5 μm can be used to produce emulsion phosphate, the structure existing in the raw (McClements 1999). Compared with cutters, state (i.e., 20°C) is reinforced by protein finer and more regular batters are obtained in gelation during cooking (Barbut et al. 1996). colloid mills. These devices can be combined A failure to form the gel can produce an in different ways, depending on the amount excessive loss of water and fat, producing a of production (Figure 7.2). Although chop- mushy and mealy texture (Whiting 1987). ping technology has been used for a long
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