Hispaania keel kirjapilt + audio allalaadimise lingid 53lk (3)

1. Basic Phrases ¡ Buenos días! ¡Buenas tardes! ¡Buenas noches! bway -nohs dee-ahs bway-nahs tard -ays bway-nahs noh- chays Hello! / Good morning ! Good afternoon! Good evening ! / Good night !
¡ Hola ! / ¡Chao! Adiós. Por favor . oh-lah / chow ah-dee-ohs por fah-bor Hi! / Bye! Good bye. Please .
Hasta la vista / Hasta luego. Hasta pronto. Hasta mañana. ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-stah ah-stah prohn-toh ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah loo-ay-go See you soon. See you tomorrow . See you / See you later .
(Muchas) Gracias . De nada. Bienvenidos (moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs day nah-dah byen-veh-nee-dohs Thank you (very much). You're welcome . Welcome
Con permiso / Perdón / Lo siento Disculpe ¡Vamos! loh see-ehn-toh kohn pehr-mee-soh / pehr- dohn bah-mohs I'm sorry / dees-kool-peh Let's go! Excuse me / Pardon me
¿Cómo está usted? ¿Cómo estás? ¿Qué tal? koh-moh ay-stah oo- sted koh-moh ay-stahs kay tahl How are you? ( formal ) How are you? ( informal ) How's it going ?
Mal / Muy mal / Más o Bien / Muy bien menos Sí / No bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh see / noh Good / Very good may-nohs Yes / No Bad / Very bad / OK
¿Cómo se llama usted? ¿Cómo te llamas? Me llamo... / Mi nombre es... koh-moh say yah-mah oo-sted koh-moh tay yah-mahs may yah-moh / mee nohm-breh ess What is your name? (formal) What is your name? (informal) My name is...
Mucho gusto. / Encantado. Señor / Señora / Señorita Igualmente. moo- choh goo-stoh / en-cahn- sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah / ee-guahl-mehn-tay tah-doh sayn-yor-ee-tah Same here . / Same to you. Nice to meet you. Mister / Mrs. / Miss
¿De dónde eres? ¿De dónde es usted? Yo soy de... day dohn-day eh-rehs day dohn-day ehs oo-sted yoh soy day Where are you from? Where are you from? (formal) I'm from... (informal)
¿Cuántos años tiene usted? ¿Cuántos años tienes? Yo tengo _____ años. quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ay-nay quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ayn- yoh tayn-goh _____ ahn-yohs
1 oo-sted ays I am _____ years old. How old are you? (formal) How old are you? (informal)
¿Hablas inglés? ¿Habla usted español? (No) Hablo... ah-blahs een-glehs ah-blah oo-sted eh- spahn -yol noh ah-bloh Do you speak English ? Do you speak Spanish ? (formal) I (don't) speak... (informal)
¿Entiende usted? / ¿Entiendes? (No) Entiendo. Yo (no lo) se. ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehn-tyen- noh ehn-tyen-doh yoh noh loh seh dehs I (don't) understand . I (don't) know . Do you understand? (formal / informal)
¿Puede ayudarme? Claro / Claro que sí ¿Cómo? pweh -deh ah-yoo-dar-meh klah-roh / klah-roh keh see koh-moh Can you help me? (formal) Sure / Of course What? Pardon me?
¿Dónde está / Dónde están... ? Aquí / Ahí Hay / Había... dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh eh- ah-kee / ah-ee eye / ah-bee-ah stahn Here / There There is / are... / There was / were... Where is ... / Where are ... ?
¿Cómo se dice ____ en español? ¿Qué es esto ? ¿Qué te pasa? koh-moh seh dee-seh ___ en eh- keh ehs ehs-toh keh teh pah-sah spahn-yol What is that? What's the matter (with you)? How do you say ____ in Spanish?
No importa. ¿Qué pasa? Sin novedad. noh eem-por-tah keh pah-sah seen noh-veh-dahd It doesn't matter. What's happening ? Nothing much.
No tengo ninguna idea . ¡Buena idea! ¡Pase! noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah ee- bweh-nah ee-deh-ah pah-seh deh-ah Good idea! Go ahead ! I have no idea.
Estoy cansado / enfermo. Tengo hambre / sed. Tengo calor / frío. eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehn-fehr- tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-oh moh I'm hungry / thirsty. I'm hot / cold . I'm tired / sick.
Estoy aburrido. No me importa. No se preocupe. eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh noh meh eem-por-tah noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh I'm bored. I don't care. Don't worry
Está bien. Me olvidé. Tengo que ir ahora.
2 ehs-tah bee-ehn meh ohl-vee-deh tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rah That's alright. / It's ok. I forgot. I must go now.
¿Listo? Quizás / Depende. Todavía no. lees-toh kee-sahs / deh-pehn-deh toh-dah-vee-ah noh Ready ? Maybe / It depends. Not yet.
¡Qué chistoso! ¡Que le vaya bien! ¡Nos vemos! keh chees -toh-soh keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn nohs veh-mos How funny! Have a nice day! We'll see you!
¡Salud! ¡Felicitaciones! ¡Buena suerte! sah-lood feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-nehs bweh-nah swehr-teh Bless you! Congratulations ! Good luck !
Te toca a ti. ¡Callate! Te amo. teh toh-kah ah tee kah-yah-teh tay ah-moh It's your turn. (informal) Shut up! I love you. (informal and singular ) Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of speaking. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as well as in many other languages .) The informal you is used when talking to close friends , relatives, animals or children . The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor , for example.) Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words . If the words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the final o changes to a: encantada, cansada, enferma, and aburrida In Spain , as well as Argentina , Bolivia, Chile , Paraguay, Peru , Uruguay and Venezuela , the Spanish language is called castellano instead of español.
2. Pronunciation Spanish Letter English Sound a ah e ay i ee o oh u oo ll y b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 v vowels ñ ny (as in canyon) r almost like a d when in between 2 vowels rr r with a roll of the tongue d almost like a th when in between 2 vowels
3 j hard h g g, sometimes a h qu k ai / all / ay eye z s z, ce, ci th (in northern Spain only)
The five vowels in Spanish are all pure vowels: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] Be sure that you do not pronounce a diphthong as we do in English (the extra yuh or wuh sound at the end). Stress : Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If a word ends in a consonant , except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If a word ends in a vowel , or s or n, the stress is on the second-to-last syllable. For words that do no follow these rules , an accent is written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as in el pájaro ( bird ). Please keep in mind that because Spanish is spoken in many countries, there are several regional dialects and accents so pronunciation rules may not apply to all countries. This tutorial is mostly concerned with the language that is spoken in Mexico and Spain.
3. Alphabet
a ah j hoh-tah r air-ay
b bay k kah rr airr-ay c say l ay-lay s ay-say
ch chay ll ay-yay t tay
d day m ay-may u oo
e ay n ay-nay v bay chee -kah
f ay-fay ñ ayn-yay w vay doh-blay
g hey o oh x ah- kees
h ah-chay p pay y ee-gree-ay-gah
i ee q koo z say-tah
The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr to be separate letters in dictionaries, but they are still separate letters in the alphabet. In Spain, you can say oo-bay for v, but in Latin America most dialects just use bay and an adjective , such as chica (Mexico and Peru) or corta (Argentina and Chile).
4 4. Articles & Demonstratives Masc. Singular Fem. Singular Masc. Plural Fem. Plural the el (ail) la (lah) the los (lohs) las (lahs) a, an un (oon) una (oon-ah) some unos (oon-ohs) unas (oon-ahs) this este esta these estos estas that ese esa those esos esas that aquel aquella those aquellos aquellas
El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first syllable. Words that end in -o and -or are generally masculine, with a few exceptions : la mano ( hand ), la foto ( photo ). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few exceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -ción, -tad, -dad, or -tud. Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above ) are used before a noun ; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns , which are used before a verb , add an accent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa, ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas.
5. Subject Pronouns nosotros / noh-soh-trohs / yo yoh I we nosotras noh-soh-trahs vosotros / boh-soh-trohs / tú too you (informal) you all vosotras boh-soh-trahs él / ella / ail / ay-yah / he / she / it / you ellos / ellas / ay-yohs / ay-yahs / they / they / you usted oo-sted (formal) ustedes oo-sted-ays (plural)
Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you know well. Nosotras and vosotras refer to a group of all females, as well as ellas. Ustedes is almost always used for saying "you all" in all Spanish speaking countries. Usted can be abbreviated to Ud. Ustedes can also be abbreviated to Uds. Please note that the subject pronouns are rarely used before verbs .
6. To Be & to Have ser - to be present past future soy I am fuí I was seré I will be eres you are fuiste you were serás you will be es he/she/it is fué he/she/it was será he/she/it will be somos we are fuimos we were seremos we will be sois you are fuisteis you were seréis you will be
5 son they are fueron they were serán they will be estar - to be present past future estoy I am estuve I was estaré I will be estás you are estuviste you were estarás you will be está he/she/it is estuvo he/she/it was estará he/she/it will be estamos we are estuvimos we were estaremos we will be estáis you are estuvisteis you were estaréis you will be están they are estuvieron they were estarán they will be tener - to have present past future tengo I have tuve I had tendré I will have tienes you have tuviste you had tendrás you will have tiene he/she/it has tuvo he/she/it had tendrá he/she/it will have tenemos we have tuvimos we had tendremos we will have tenéis you have tuvisteis you had tendréis you will have tienen they have tuvieron they had tendrán they will have Highlighted forms are only used in Spain. Ser is used to identify or describe . It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its origin . Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels. Uses of Ser El edificio es un templo. The building is a temple. Identify person/ object La casa es grande . The house is large. Inherent characteristics Carlos es pobre . Charles is poor . or qualities Es carpintero. He is a carpenter . Nationality / Occupation Son las tres. It's three o' clock . Telling time Los libros son de Juan . The books are John's. Express ownership Es necesario. It is necessary . Impersonal expressions El teléfono fue inventado por The telephone was invented by Passive voice Bell. Bell. Uses of Estar Location/ position El libro está en la mesa . The book is on the table. Temporary La ventana está abierta. The window is open. condition /state Juan está enfermo. John is sick. State of health Miguel está estudiando. Michael is studying . Form progressive tense Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice, estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado - to be discrete, estar callado - to be silent ; ser moreno - to have brown hair , estar moreno - to be tan.
Many common expressions using the verb "be" in English use the verb "tener" in Spanish (but not all):
6 to be afraid tener miedo to be in a hurry tener prisa, estar de prisa to be against estar en contra to be jealous tener celos to be at fault tener la culpa to be lucky tener suerte to be careful tener cuidado to be patient tener paciencia to be cold tener frío to be sleepy tener sueño to be curious ser curioso/a to be successful tener éxito to be happy estar contento/a to be thirsty tener sed to be hot tener calor to be tired estar cansado/a to be hungry tener hambre to be ___ years old tener ___ años
7. Question Words what qué which cuál(es) who quién(es) how much cuánto (-a) how cómo how many cuántos (-as) when cuándo whom a quién(es) where dónde whose de quién(es) why por qué
8. cardinal & ordinal Numbers 0 cero say-roh 1 uno oo-noh first primero 2 dos dohs second segundo 3 tres trays third tercero 4 cuatro kwah-troh fourth cuarto 5 cinco seen-koh fifth quinto 6 seis says sixth sexto 7 siete see-ay-tay seventh séptimo 8 ocho oh-choh eighth octavo 9 nueve new-ay-vay ninth noveno 10 diez dee-ays tenth décimo 11 once ohn-say eleventh undécimo 12 doce doh-say twelfth duodécimo 13 trece tray-say thirteenth décimo tercero 14 catorce kah-tor-say fourteenth décimo cuarto 15 quince keen-say fifteenth décimo quinto 16 diez y seis dee-ays ee says sixteenth décimo sexto 17 diez y siete dee-ays ee see-ay- seventeenth décimo séptimo
7 tay 18 diez y ocho dee-ays ee oh-choh eighteenth décimo octavo diez y dee-ays ee new-ay- 19 nineteenth décimo noveno nueve vay 20 veinte bayn-tay twentieth vigésimo 21 veinte y uno bayn-tay ee oo-noh twenty -first vigésimo primero twenty- 22 veinte y dos bayn-tay ee dohs vigésimo segundo second 30 treinta trayn-tah thirtieth trigésimo 40 cuarenta kuar-ain-tah fortieth cuadragésimo 50 cincuenta seen-kuain-tah fiftieth quincuagésimo 60 sesenta say-sain-tah sixtieth sexagésimo 70 setenta say- tain -tah seventieth septuagésimo 80 ochenta oh- chain -tah eightieth octogésimo 90 noventa noh-bain-tah ninetieth nonagésimo 100 cien (to) see-ain-(toh) hundredth centésimo 1000 mil meel thousandth milésimo
If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is ciento uno and 156 would be ciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can use dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as one word (veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers. Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before a noun.
9. Days of the Week Monday lunes loo-nays Tuesday martes mar-tays Wednesday miércoles mee-air-coh- lays Thursday jueves hway- bays Friday viernes bee-air-nays Saturday sábado sah-bah-doh Sunday domingo doh- ming -oh day el día dee-ah week la semana say-mahn-ah weekend el fin de semana feen day say-mahn-ah today hoy oy tonight esta noche es-tah noh-chay last night anoche ah-noh-chay yesterday ayer eye-yair
8 tomorrow mañana mahn-yahn-ah my birthday mi cumpleaños mee coom-play-ahn-yohs next próximo / próxima prok-see-moh / mah last pasado / pasada pah-sah-doh / dah day before yesterday anteayer ahn-teh-eye-yair day after tomorrow pasado mañana pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah the following day el día siguiente dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh the day before la víspera vees-peh-rah
Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing. The definite article is not used after the verb ser, but at all other times it is required and there is slight change in meaning if it is singular or plural: el lunes = on Monday but los lunes = on Mondays
10. Months of the Year January enero ay-nair-oh February febrero fay-bray-roh March marzo mar-soh April abril ah-breel May mayo mi-oh June junio hoo-nee-oh July julio hoo-lee-oh August agosto ah-gohs-toh September septiembre sayp-tee-aim-bray October octubre ohk-too-bray November noviembre noh-bee-aim-bray December diciembre dee-see-aim-bray month el mes mais first of [a month] el primero de [month] pree-mair-oh day _____ year el año ahn-yoh decade la década deh-kah-dah century el siglo see-gloh millennium el milenio mee-leh-nee-oh
The preposition en is used with months: en abril = in April. Also notice that primero is used for the first of the month, but the rest of the days are referred to using the regular cardinal numbers: el primero de junio but el dos de julio. Months of the year are also all masculine and not capitalized in writing. ¿Cual es la fecha de hoy? What is today's date ? Hoy es el primero de agosto. Today is August 1st.
9 11. Seasons spring la primavera in spring en primavera summer el verano in summer en verano winter el invierno in winter en invierno autumn el otoño in autumn en otoño
12. Directions to the right a la derecha to the left a la izquierda straight ahead todo derecho north el norte northeast el noreste south el sur northwest el noroeste east el este southeast el sureste west el oeste southwest el suroeste
13. Colors & shapes red rojo / roja circle el círculo pink rosado / rosada square el cuadrado orange anaranjado / anaranjada rectangle el rectángulo yellow amarillo / amarilla triangle el triángulo green verde oval el óvalo blue azul cube el cubo light blue celeste sphere la esfera purple morado / morada cylinder el cilindro violet violeta cone el cono brown marrón octagon el octágono black negro / negra box la caja gray gris pyramid la pirámide white blanco / blanca golden dorado / dorada dark oscuro / oscura silver plateado / plateada light claro / clara
All adjectives in Spanish are placed after the noun that they describe and they agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun. Notice that some colors do not change for gender (marrón) or number (gris). To change an adjective to the feminine form, you usually just change the final -o to -a. To make an adjective plural, simply add an -s. a red house = una casa roja
10 14. Time ¿Qué hora es? What time is it? Es la una. It's one. Son las dos/tres/cuatro... It's two/three/four... Es mediodía. It's noon. Es medianoche. It's midnight. Son las cinco y cinco. It's 5:05 Son las ocho y cuarto. It's 8:15 Son las diez menos cuarto. It's 9:45 Son cuarto para las diez. It's 9:45 (common in Mexico) Son las nueve menos diez. It's 8:50 Son diez para las nueve. It's 8:50 (common in Mexico) Son las tres y media / treinta. It's 3:30 de la mañana in the morning / AM de la tarde in the afternoon / PM de la noche in the evening / PM en punto exactly / sharp ¿A qué hora? At what time?
15. Weather ¿Qué tiempo hace? What's the weather like? Hace buen tiempo. The weather's nice. Hace mal tiempo. The weather's bad. Hace frío. It's cold. Hace calor. It's hot. Hace sol. It's sunny . Hace viento. It's windy. Hace fresco. It's chilly. Está nublado. It's cloudy. Hay niebla. It's foggy. Hay neblina. It's misty. Hay humedad. It's humid. Hay granizo. It's hailing. Llueve. It's raining. Nieva. It's snowing. Truena. It's thundering. Llovizna. It's sprinkling.
11 16. Prepositions a at, to al lado de beside, alongside of con with alrededor de around contra against cerca de near, close to de of, from lejos de far from en in, on delante de in front of entre between, among debajo de below, under hacia towards, about en frente de opposite para for, in order , by detrás de behind por for, through , along , via encima de above, on top of sobre on, over hasta till, until sin without desde from, since
There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles. A and el combine to form al, and de and el combine to form del.
17. Family & Animals family la familia cousin (m) el primo parents los padres cousin (f) la prima husband el marido / el esposo cousins los primos wife la mujer / la esposa relatives los parientes father / dad el padre / el papá stepfather el padastro mother / mom la madre / la mamá stepmother la madrastra son el hijo stepbrother el hermanastro daughter la hija stepsister la hermanastra children los hijos stepson el hijastro brother el hermano stepdaughter la hijastra sister la hermana godfather el padrino brothers & sisters los hermanos godmother la madrina only child (m) el hijo único baby el bebé only child (f) la hija única teenager el adolescente kid / boy el muchacho boy el niño kid / girl la muchacha girl la niña half -brother el medio hermano boys & girls los niños half-sister la media hermana man el hombre father-in-law el suegro woman la mujer mother-in-law la suegra adult el adulto brother-in-law el cuñado twins (m) los gemelos sister-in-law la cuñada twins (f) las gemelas
12 son-in-law el yerno dog el perro daughter-in-law la nuera cat el gato grandfather el abuelo bird el pájaro grandmother la abuela fish el pez grandparents los abuelos gold fish la carpa dorada grandson el nieto horse el caballo granddaughter la nieta goat la cabra grandchildren los nietos pig el cerdo uncle el tío cow la vaca aunt la tía rabbit el conejo aunts & uncles los tíos turtle la tortuga nephew el sobrino mouse el ratón niece la sobrina deer el ciervo nieces & nephews los sobrinos duck el pato
18. To Know People & Facts conocer - to know people saber - to know facts conozco conocemos sé sabemos conoces conocéis sabes sabéis conoce conocen sabe saben
19. Formation of Plural Nouns 1. If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa las casas 2. If a singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural: el papel los papeles 3. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the plural: la luz las luces 4. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the plural: el lápiz los lápices
20. Possessive Adjectives Initial Forms Terminal Forms
singular plural singular plural my mi mis mío / mía míos / mías your tu tus tuyo / tuya tuyos / tuyas your/his/her/it su sus suyo / suya suyos / suyas s nuestros / our nuestro / nuestra nuestro / nuestra nuestros / nuestras nuestras
13 vuestros / your vuestro / vuestra vuestro / vuestra vuestros / vuestras vuestras your/their su sus suyo / suya suyos / suyas
Remember that vuestro forms are only used in Spain (just as the vosotros subject pronoun & verb conjugations are only used in Spain). Because su and sus can have so many meanings, de + a pronoun may be used following the noun: de Ud., de él, de ella, de Uds., de ellos and de ellas. los libros de ellos their books The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must be preceded by the definite article, except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English "of mine, of yours ," etc. el libro mío my book Qué haces, hijo mío? What are you doing, my son? un amigo mío a friend of mine
14 21. To Do / Make hacer - to do or make hago hacemos haces hacéis hace hacen
22. Work & School accountant el contador musician el músico actor / actress el actor / la actriz nurse el enfermero official / civil architect el arquitecto el funcionario servant author el autor optician el óptico baker el panadero painter el pintor pharmacist banker el banquero el químico (chemist) barber el barbero pharmacist el farmacéutico bookseller el librero photographer el fotógrafo businessman el comerciante pilot el piloto butcher el carnicero plumber el fontanero el agente de carpenter el carpintero policeman policía computer programmer el programador postman el cartero cook el cocinero priest el cura customer el cliente professor el profesor dentist el dentista publisher el editor doctor el médico / el doctor salesman el vendedor electrician el electricista scientist el científico employee el empleado secretary la secretaria engineer el ingeniero servant el criado firefighter el bombero shoemaker el zapatero fisherman el pescador singer el cantante gardener el jardinero soldier el soldado grocer el dependiente student el estudiante hair stylist el peluquero surgeon el cirujano jeweler el joyero tailor el sastre journalist el periodista teacher el profesor judge el juez teacher (grade el maestro
15 school) lawyer el abogado typist el mecanógrafo librarian el bibliotecario waiter / server el camarero mason el albañil watchmaker el relojero worker (blue- mechanic el mecánico el obrero collar ) model el modelo writer el escritor
accounting la contabilidad law el derecho algebra el álgebra linguistics la lingüística architecture la arquitectura literature la literatura art el arte mathematics la matématica astronomy la astronomía medicine la medicina biology la biología modern languages las lenguas modernas botany la botánica music la música business el comercio natural science las ciencias naturales chemistry la química painting la pintura computing (IT) la informática philosophy la filosofía drawing el dibujo physical education la educación física earth science la ciencia terrestre physical science las ciencas físicas economics la económia physics la física engineering la ingeniería political science las ciencias políticas English el inglés Portuguese el portugués French el francés psychology la psicología geography la geografía religious education la enseñanza religiosa geometry la geometría science la ciencia German el alemán sociology la sociología Greek el griego Spanish el español history la historia technology la technología Italian el italiano zoology la zoología Latin el latín
16 23. Countries & Nationalities Africa el Africa Indonesia Indonesia African africano/a Indonesian indonesio/a Albania Albania Ireland la Irlanda Albanian albano/a Irishman irlandés/esa America la América Israel Israel American americano/a Israeli israelí Argentina la Argentina Hebrew hebreo/a Argentine argentino/a Italy Italia Asia el Asia (f) Italian italiano/a Asian asiático/a Japan Japón Australia Australia Japanese japonés/esa Australian australiano/a Latvia Letonia Austria el Austria (f) Latvian letón/ona Austrian austríaco/a Lithuania Lituania Belgium la Bélgica Lithuanian lituano/a Belgian belga Luxembourg Luxemburgo Bolivia la Bolivia Luxembourger luxemburgués/esa Bolivian boliviano(a) Macedonia Macedonia Bosnia la Bosnia Macedonian macedonio/a Bosnian bosnio/a Malta Malta Brazil el Brasil Maltese maltés/esa Brazilian brasileño/a Mexico México Bulgaria la Bulgaria Mexican mexicano/a Bulgarian búlgaro/a Netherlands los Países Bajos Canada Canadá Dutch holandés/esa Canadian canadiense New Zealand Nueva Zelanda China China New Zealander neozelandés/esa Chinese chino/a Nicaragua Nicaragua Chile la Chile Nicaraguan nicaragüense Chilean chileno/a Norway Noruega Colombia Colombia Norwegian noruego/a Colombian colombiano/a Panama Panama Costa Rica la Costa Rica Panamanian panameño/a Costa Rican costarricense Paraguay Paraguay
17 Croatia la Croacia Paraguayan paraguayo/a Croatian croata Peru Perú Cuba la Cuba Peruvian peruano/a Cuban cubano/a Poland la Polonia Czech Republic la República Checa Polish polaco/a Czech checo/a Portugal Portugal Denmark Dinamarca Portuguese portugués/esa Danish danés/esa Romania Rumania Dominican Republic República Dominicana Romanian rumano/a Dominican dominicano/a Russia Rusia Ecuador Ecuador Russian ruso/a Ecuadorian ecuatoriano/a Scotland la Escocia Egypt Egipto Scottish escocés/esa Egyptian egipcio/a Serbia Serbia El Salvador El Salvador Serbian serbio/a Salvadorean salvadoreño Slovakia la República Eslovaca England la Inglaterra Slovak eslovaco/a English inglés/esa Slovenia Eslovenia Estonia Estonia Slovene esloveno/a Estonian estonio/a South Africa Sudáfrica Europe la Europa South African sudafricano/a European europeo/a Spain España Finland Finlandia Spanish español/a Finnish finlandés/esa Sweden Suecia France Francia Swedish sueco/a French francés/esa Switzerland la Suiza Germany Alemania Swiss suizo/a German alemán/ana Turkey la Turquía Great Britain la Gran Bretaña Turk turco/a British británico/a Ukraine Ucrania Greece Grecia Ukrainian ucraniano/a Greek griego/a United Kingdom Reino Unido Guatemala Guatemala United States Estados Unidos Guatemalan guatemalteco/a Uruguay Uruguay Honduras Honduras Uruguayan uruguayo/a
18 Honduran hondureño Venezuela Venezuela Hungary Hungría Venezuelan venezolano/a Hungarian húngaro/a Wales el país de Gales Iceland Islandia Welsh galés/esa Icelandic islandés/esa India India Indian indio/a
24. To / In and From to a from de in en
Remember to use the prepositional contractions when a noun with an article follows the preposition.
25. To Come & to Go
venir - to come ir - to go vengo venimos voy vamos vienes venís vas vais viene vienen va van
26. Common Words a lot mucho always siempre very much muchísimo everyday todos los días a little poco now ahora very little muy poco usually usualmente sometimes a veces there ahí well bien over there allí after después too bad demasiado malo poorly mal
19 27. Conjugating Regular Verbs Verbs in Spanish end in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated, it is called the infinitive . Removing the last two letters gives you the stem of the verb (cantar is the infinitive to sing, while cant- is the stem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, add these endings to the stems : -ar -er -ir o amos o emos o imos as áis es éis es ís a an e en e en
Remember that verbs do not require the subject pronouns, so just canto means I sing. Here are some more regular verbs: -ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs bailar to dance aprender to learn vivir to live desear to want comer to eat escribir to write escuchar to listen correr to run compartir to share estudiar to study leer to read recibir to receive hablar to speak vender to sell practicar to practice beber to drink tomar to take comprender to understand viajar to travel
To make sentences negative , simply put no in front of the verb.
28. Reflexive Verbs The subject and the object are the same with reflexive verbs - the subject acts upon itself. A reflexive verb in Spanish will be marked with se attached to the end of the infinitive. These verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, except the reflexive pronoun agrees with case and gender and precedes the verb when not used in the infinitive form. Reciprocal verbs are the same as reflexive except the action passes from one person to another . It can only be used in the first and third person plural forms. Reflexive verbs sometimes use the "-self" forms in English, while the reciprocal verbs use "each other." reflexive pronouns me nos te os se se
20 Some common reflexive verbs: acostarse - to go to bed bañarse - to bathe oneself casarse - to get married despertarse - to wake up irse - to go away levantarse - to rise sentarse - to sit down vestirse - to dress oneself atreverse - to dare quejarse - to complain
29. Irregular Conjugations Some verbs have vowel changes in the present tense for all forms except first and second person plural. After dropping the endings (-ar, -er, or -ir), the e of the last syllable changes to ie, and o of the last syllable changes to ue. Some -ir verbs change the e to i, while verbs ending in -uir change the i to y for all forms except first and second plural. e to ie o to ue e to i ui to uy pensar - to think contar - to count pedir - to ask (for) construir - to build querer - to want, like, love poder - to be able repetir - to repeat cerrar - to close costar - to cost seguir - to follow comenzar - to begin dormir - to sleep servir - to serve despertar - to awaken encontrar - to find , meet vestir - to dress empezar - to begin jugar - to play entender - to understand morir - to die perder - to lose mostrar - to show preferir - to prefer volar - to fly sentar - to seat volver - to return sentir - to regret, feel pensar contar pedir construir pienso pensamos cuento contamos pido pedimos construyo construimos piensas pensáis cuentas contáis pides pedís construyes construís piensa piensan cuenta cuentan pide piden construye construyen
A few other verbs are irregular only in the first person singular form. The rest of the forms follow the regular pattern: traer to carry traigo I carry salir to go out salgo I go out hacer to do hago I do saber to know sé I know dar to give doy I give ver to see veo I see tener to have tengo I have poner to put pongo I put
21 decir to say digo I say valer to be worth valgo I am worth caer to fall caigo I fall conocer to know conozco I know deducir to deduce deduzco I deduce
Generally, verbs that end in -cer and -cir add z before the first person singular ending. 30. Personal a When the direct object of a verb (except tener) is a person, it is preceded by a. It isn't used if a number precedes the object though. The pronouns alguien (somebody), alguno (someone), nadie ( nobody ), and ninguno (no one) require a as well, when used as the direct object. Veo a Juan. I see John. Conozco a tu amiga . I know your friend. Veo a alguien. I see somebody. 31. Preterite Tense The preterite tense expresses an action in the past. It is used to describe events that are finished or complete. It is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem. -ar verbs -er and -ir verbs -é -amos -í -imos -aste -asteis -iste -isteis -ó -aron -ió -ieron
Viví en España dos años. I lived in Spain for two years. Ellos hablaron con los niños. They spoke with the children. Quién comió la fruta? Who ate the fruit? 32. Irregular Preterite Tense A few verbs are irregular in the preterite tense. The following are the most common: dar - to give decir - to say, tell estar - to be di dimos dije dijimos estuve estuvimos diste disteis dijiste dijisteis estuviste estuvisteis dio dieron dijo dijeron estuvo estuvieron hacer - to do, make ir - to go / ser- to be poner - to put, place hice hicimos fui fuimos puse pusimos hiciste hicisteis fuiste fuisteis pusiste pusisteis hizo hicieron fue fueron puso pusieron tener - to have traer - to bring venir - to come tuve tuvimos traje trajimos vine vinimos tuviste tuvisteis trajiste trajisteis viniste vinisteis tuvo tuvieron trajo trajeron vino vinieron
Ir and ser have the same forms in the preterite tense. Context will make the meaning clear.
22 33. Imperfect Tense The imperfect is another past tense that is used to express an action as going on in the past, as repeated or habitual. It is also used with mental and physical conditions and for descriptions. The preterite tense is used much more often than the imperfect tense though, except with these verbs: querer, creer, poder, esperar, tener, and saber. It is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem. -ar verbs -er and -ir verbs -aba -ábamos -ía -íamos -abas -abais -ías -íais -aba -aban -ía -ían
Yo vivía en España. I used to live in Spain. Luisa estaba triste. Louise was sad. El vendía radios. He was selling radios. Only a few verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense: ser - to be ir - to go ver - to see era éramos iba íbamos veía veíamos eras erais ibas ibais veías veíais era eran iba iban veía veían
34. Food and Meals bacon el tocino salad la ensalada beef la carne de vaca salami el salchichón beer la cerveza salt la sal beverage la bebida sandwich el bocadillo biscuit el bizcocho sauce la salsa bread el pan sausage la salchicha breakfast el desayuno soft drink el refresco gaseoso butter la mantequilla soup la sopa cake la torta sour cream la crema agria candy los dulces steak el bistec cheese el queso stew el guisado chicken el pollo sugar el azúcar chocolate el chupete supper la cena chop la chuleta tea (iced) el té (helado) coffee el café toast las tostadas cookie la galleta turkey el pavo cottage cheese el requesón veal la ternera
23 cotton candy el algodón de azúcar vegetable la legumbre cream la crema vinegar el vinagre custard las natillas water el agua dessert el postre whipped cream la nata montada dinner la comida wine el vino duck el pato yogurt el yogur egg el huevo bag la bolsa fat la grasa bowl el tázon flour la harina bottle la botella fried eggs los huevos fritos box la caja goose el ganso can la lata ham el jamón can opener abrelatas hamburger la hamburguesa carton el tetrabrik honey la miel chopsticks los palillos hot dog el perro caliente coffee pot la cafetera ice el hielo colander el colador ice cream el helado corkscrew el sacacorchos jam la jalea cup la taza juice el jugo dish el plato lamb el cordero fork el tenedor lobster la langosta frying pan la sartén lollipop el chupete glass el vaso lunch el almuerzo jar el tarro meal la comida jug la jarra meat la carne kettle la caldera milk la leche knife el cuchillo milkshake la malteada lid la tapa mustard la mostaza napkin la servilleta mutton la carne de carnero plate el plato oil el aceite saucer el platillo omelet la tortilla saucepan la cacerola / el cazo pepper la pimienta spoon la cuchara pie el pastel spray can el spray pork el cerdo table la mesa rice el arroz tablecloth el mantel
24 roast el asado teapot la tetera roll el panecillo tube el tubo
35. Gustar Gustar plus a noun means to like something. Literally , it means to please and takes an indirect object, so the construction of the sentence will be different than that of English. The verb will only be conjugated in the third person singular or plural because it is agreeing with the noun or infinitive that follows it, not the subject. Me gusta (n) I like Nos gusta(n) we like Te gusta(n) you like Os gusta(n) you like Le gusta(n) you/he/she likes Les gusta(n) you/they like
Gusta is used with singular nouns or an infinitive, while gustan is used with plural nouns. It is also possible to add a + complement pronoun to emphasize the subject, but this is not necessary. The complement pronouns are the same as the suject pronouns except a mí and a ti. Me gustan las flores . I like the flowers. (Literally: To me are pleasing the flowers or the flowers are pleasing to me.) A nosotros nos gusta la casa. We like the house. No me gusta. I don't like it. Le gusta a Ud.? Do you like it? A ellos les gustan los caballos. They like the horses .
36. Fruits & Vegetables almond la almendra barley la cebada apple la manzana beans los frijoles / las judías apricot el albaricoque beet la remolacha avocado el aguacate broccoli el brócoli banana el plátano cabbage la col berry la baya carrot la zanahoria blackberry la zarzamora cauliflower la coliflor blueberry el arándano celery el apio cherry la cereza chives la cebollana chestnut la castaña corn el maíz coconut el coco cucumber el pepino currant la grosella eggplant la berenjena date el dátil garlic el ajo fig il higo green bean la habichuela fruit la fruta herbs le hierba
25 grapefruit el pomelo horse-radish el rabano picante grapes la uva leek el puerro hazelnut la avellana lentil la lenteja kiwi el kiwi lettuce la lechuga lemon el limón mint la menta lime la lima mushroom la seta / el hongo lychee el lichi oats la avena mango el mango onion la cebolla melon el melón parsley el perejil olive la aceituna pea el guisante orange la naranja pepper el pimiento papaya la papaya potato la patata / la papa peach el melocotón pumpkin la calabaza pear la pera radish el rábano pineapple la piña rhubarb el ruibarbo plum la ciruela rice el arroz prune la ciruela pasa rye el centeno raisin la uva pasa sage la salvia raspberry la frambuesa seed la semilla starfruit la carambola spinach la espinaca strawberry la fresa sweet potato el camote / la batata walnut la nuez tomato el tomate watermelon la sandía turnip el nabo artichoke la alcachofa wheat el trigo asparagus el espárrago zucchini el calabacín
Los frijoles is used in South America, whereas las judías is used in Spain.
37. To Take or Drink tomar - to take or drink tomo tomamos tomas tomáis toma toman
When tomar means to drink, it usually refers to alcohol . In Mexico, tomar can be intransitive, as beber is almost never used. In Spain, tomar is always transitive, such as tomar una copa - to have a drink and tomar un café - to have a coffee.
26 38. Commands / Imperative To form commands, drop the final -s on the present tense conjugation for the tú form and change the final -r of the infinitive to -d for the vosotros form. The other imperative conjugations (for Usted, Ustedes, and nosotros) use the present subjunctive forms. (More about the Subjunctive at #70.) You use the nosotros form when you mean Let's + infinitive. Negative commands use no + the present subjunctive conjugations for all forms. So the only forms that differ between affirmative and negative commands are tú and vosotros. Verbs that end in -car, -gar and -zar have the following changes in commands as well: c becomes qu, g becomes gu, and z becomes c. Affirmative Negative -ar -er or -ir -ar -er or -ir tú -a -e -es -as Usted -e -a -e -a nosotros -emos -amos -emos -amos vosotros -ad -ed / -id -éis -áis Ustedes -en -an -en -an
¡Habla! = Speak! (tú form) ¡Comed! = Eat! (vosotros form) ¡No comáis! = Don't eat! (negative vosotros form) ¡Beba! = Drink! (Usted form) ¡Coman! = Eat (Ustedes form) ¡No beban! = Don't drink! (negative Ustedes form) There are 8 irregular verbs in the imperative, but they are only irregular for the tú form. The rest of the commands follow the pattern above. infinitive tú form decir di hacer haz ir ve poner pon salir sal ser sé tener ten venir ven
There are several irregular stems that appear in the present subjunctive, and therefore in the imperative. infinitive imperative stem dar d- decir dig- estar est- haber hay-
27 hacer hag- ir vay- poder pued- poner pong- querer quier- saber sep- salir salg- ser se- tener teng- traer traig - venir veng- 39. More Negatives To make sentences negative, you place no before the verb. Other negatives may precede or follow the verb, but if they follow, they must follow a negative verb (a double negative). The word order is either no + verb + negative or negative + verb. Nunca means ever when it follows a comparative ; jamás means ever when it follows an affirmative verb. Ya no + verb means the same thing as no + verb + más (no more, no longer). más no more, no longer nada nothing, (not) anything nadie nobody, (not) anybody ninguno (a) no, none tampoco neither, either ni nor ni...ni neither... nor ni siquiera not even nunca, jamás never, ever
No bailas nunca. = Nunca bailas. You never dance. No juego más. = Ya no juego. I no longer play. 40. Holiday Phrases Feliz Navidad Merry Christmas Feliz Año Nuevo Happy New Year Feliz Cumpleaños Happy Birthday Feliz Pascua Happy Easter
Spanish National Anthem : Marcha Real There are no words to the Spanish national anthem; it is completely instrumental. Mexican National Anthem: Mexicanos, al Grito de Guerra by Francisco González Bocanegra
28 Mexicanos, al grito de guerra Mexicans, at the cry of battle El acero aprestad y el bridón; lend your swords and bridle; y retiemble en sus centros la tierra and let the earth tremble at its center Al sonoro rugir del cañón. upon the roar of the cannon . Ciña ¡oh patria ! tus sienes de oliva Your forehead shall be girded, oh fatherland, with olive De la Paz el arcángel divino, garlands Que en el cielo tu eterno destino by the divine archangel of peace , Por el dedo de Dios se escribió. For in heaven your eternal destiny Mas si osare un extraño enemigo has been written by the hand of God. Profanar con su planta tu suelo , But should a foreign enemy Piensa ¡oh patria querida! que el cielo Profane your land with his sole, Un soldado en cada hijo te dio. Think, beloved fatherland, that heaven gave you a soldier in each son. ¡Guerra, guerra sin tregua al que intente War, war without truce against who would attempt De la patria manchar los blasones! to blemish the honor of the fatherland! ¡Guerra, guerra! Los patrios pendones War, war! The patriotic banners En las olas de sangre empapad. saturate in waves of blood . ¡Guerra, guerra! En el monte , en el War, war! On the mount , in the vale valle The terrifying cannon thunder Los cañones horrísonos truenen and the echoes nobly resound Y los ecos sonoros resuenen to the cries of union! liberty ! Con las voces de ¡Unión! ¡Libertad! Fatherland, before your children become unarmed Antes, patria, que inermes tus hijos Beneath the yoke their necks in sway, Bajo el yugo su cuello dobleguen, May your countryside be watered with blood, Tus campiñas con sangre se rieguen, On blood their feet trample. Sobre sangre se estampe su pie. And may your temples, palaces and towers Y tus templos, palacios y torres crumble in horrid crash, Se derrumben con hórrido estruendo, and their ruins exist saying: Y sus ruinas existan diciendo: The fatherland was made of one thousand heroes here. De mil héroes la patria aquí fue. Fatherland, fatherland, your children swear ¡Patria! ¡patria! Tus hijos te juran to exhale their breath in your cause , Exhalar en tus aras su aliento, If the bugle in its belligerent tone Si el clarín con su bélico acento should call upon them to struggle with bravery. Los convoca a lidiar con valor. For you the olive garlands! ¡Para ti las guirnaldas de oliva! For them a memory of glory! ¡Un recuerdo para ellos de gloria ! For you a laurel of victory! ¡Un laurel para ti de victoria! For them a tomb of honor! ¡Un sepulcro para ellos de honor! Mexicans, at the cry of battle Mexicanos, al grito de guerra lend your swords and bridle; El acero aprestad y el bridón, and let the earth tremble at its center y retiemble en sus centros la tierra upon the roar of the cannon. Al sonoro rugir del cañón.
29 41. Useful Expressions Hay There is/are Había There was/were Hay que + infinitive It is necessary to + infinitive Tener que + infinitive To have to + infinitive Ir a + infinitive To go to + infinitive Acabar de + infinitive To have just + past participle Hace + time time + ago
42. Progressive Tenses The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any tense) with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the verb, and adding the following endings to the stem: Present Participles -ar -ando -er -iendo -ir -iendo
Juan está hablando. Josh is talking. Estaban cantando. They were singing. Estuve escribiendo una carta . I was writing a letter. A few irregular present participles: poder - pudiendo, dormir - durmiendo, sentir - sintiendo, venir - viniendo, pedir - pidiendo, leer - leyendo, ir - yendo, reír - riendo.
43. Haber haber - to have (auxiliary verb) he hemos has habéis ha han
This verb does not mean to possess (that is tener); but it is used in past tenses as an auxiliary verb.
44. Present Perfect The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is only used as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated as have or has done something. Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than this tense when expressing the past. Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings:
30 Past Participles -ar -ado -er -ido -ir -ido
The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) - abierto (opened); escribir (to write) - escrito (written); morir (to die) - muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto (put); ver (to see) - visto (seen); volver (to return) - vuelto (returned); decir (to say) - dicho (said); hacer (to do) - hecho (done). No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the house. Dónde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the key? Hemos ganado mucho dinero. We have earned a lot of money . Qué ha dicho Ud.? What did you say?
45. Places
airport el aeropuerto embassy la embajada pier el muelle bakery la panadería factory la fábrica police station la comisaría bank el banco farm la granja port el puerto bar el bar fire hydrant la boca de aguaprison la prisión barn el granero fountain la fuente restaurant el restaurante road barracks el cuartel garage el garaje la carretera / la vía (highway) bench el banco grocery store el supermercado school la escuela bridge el puente hospital el hospital sidewalk la acera bookstore la librería hotel el hotel square la plaza building el edificio house la casa stable la cuadra butcher's la carnicería hut la cabaña stadium el estadio castle el castillo inn la posada stop sign la señal de alto cathedral la catedral lane (town) la calleja store la tienda cemetery el cementerio library la biblioteca street la calle el barro church la iglesia market el mercado suburb residencial cinema el cine ministry el ministerio theater el teatro consulate el consulado monument el monumento tower la torre corner la esquina museum el museo town la ciudad courtyard el patio palace el palacio town hall el ayuntamiento el cruce crosswalk path la senda traffic light el semáforo peatonal dock la dársena pavement la acera university la universidad dry cleaner 's la tintorería pharmacy la farmacia village el pueblo
31 46. Transportation
by bus en autobús by bicycle en bicicleta by car en coche by motorcycle en motocicleta by subway en metro by taxi en taxi by plane en avión by train en tren by boat en barco on foot a pie
47. To Want, to Be Able to, to Have to querer-to want poder-to be able to, can deber-to have to, must quiero queremos puedo podemos debo debemos quieres queréis puedes podéis debes debéis quiere quieren puede pueden debe deben
48. Past Perfect The past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of haber and a past participle. Sometimes the preterite of haber is used, but the imperfect is more common.
Carlos había vivido en México. Carlos had lived in Mexico. Habíamos aprendido el español. We had learned Spanish.
49. House & Furniture alarm clock el despertador drawer el cajón pipe la pipa armchair el sillón dresser el tocador pipe (water) el tubo la entrada del ashtray el cenicero driveway poker el atizador garaje attic el desván DVD player el lector de DVD radio la radio balcony el balcón fence la cerca record el disco basement el sótano film la película refrigerator el refrigerador basket la cesta fire el fuego roof el tejado bathroom el baño flame la llama room el cuarto bathtub la bañera flashlight la linterna rug la alfombra batteries las pilas flat el apartamento sheet la sábana
32 bed la cama floor el suelo shelf el estante la alcoba / el bedroom floor (levels) el piso / la planta shovel la pala dormitorio bell (door) la campanilla flower la flor shower la ducha blanket la cobija freezer el congelador sideboard el aparador blinds la persiana front walk la vereda sink el fregadero sink bookcase la librería furniture los muebles el lavabo (bathroom) box la caja garage el garaje sitting room la sala broom la escoba garden el jardín smoke el humo bucket el balde ground floor la planta baja sofa el sofá camcorder la cámara hearth la chimenea stairs las escaleras la máquina de camera hook el gancho steps los escalones fotos candle la vela house la casa story el piso carpet la alfombra iron (flat) la plancha stove la estufa cassette la cinta kerosene el petróleo study el estudio CD player el lector de CD key la llave switch el conmutador ceiling el techo kitchen la cocina table la mesa chair la silla ladder la escalera tap (faucet) el grifo chimney la chimenea lamp la lámpara telephone el teléfono cigar el puro / el cigarro lawn el césped television el televisor cigarette el cigarrillo light bulb la bombilla toaster la tostadora clock el reloj living room la sala toilet (WC) el inodoro closet el armario lock la cerradura towel la toalla compact vacuum el disco compacto mailbox el buzón el aspirador disc cleaner computer la computadora matches las cerillas vase el jarrón el corner el rincón mattress el colchón VCR magnetoscopio microwave el horno cupboard la alacena wall (house) el muro oven microondas curtain la cortina mirror el espejo wall (room) la pared cushion el cojín oven el horno window la ventana desk el escritorio pantry la despensa yard el jardín dining el comedor picture el cuadro room door la puerta pillow la almohada
33 50. Comparative & Superlative Comparisons are expressed as follows: más [adjective] que more [adjective] than menos [adjective] que less [adjective] than tan [adjective] como as [adjective] as tanto (-a, -os, -as) [noun] como as much/many [noun] as
El gato es menos inteligente que el perro. The cat is less intelligent than the dog. Mi prima tiene más discos que nadie. My cousin has more records than anyone . No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes. I don't have as much money as you. To form comparatives, just add más or menos before the adjective or adverb . To form the superlative, place the definite article before the comparative. Note that de is used to express in after a superlative. más alta taller la más alta the tallest Rosa es la niña más alta de la clase. Rosa is the tallest girl in the class .
51. Irregular Forms Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The most common are: Adjective/Adverb Comparative Superlative good bueno better mejor the best el mejor bad malo worse peor the worst el peor great grande greater mayor the greatest el mayor small pequeño less menor the least el menor well bien better mejor best el mejor badly mal worse peor worst el peor much mucho more más most el más little poco less menos least el menos
Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and pequeño change according to gender. The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.
52. Clothing apron el delantal pants los pantalones barrette el pasador pin el alfiler bathrobe la bata pocket el bolsillo belt el cinturón purse el bolso blouse la blusa raincoat el impermeable boot la bota ring el anillo bracelet la pulsera sandals las sandalias
34 brush un cepillo del pelo scarf la bufanda buckle la hebilla shirt la camisa button el botón shoe el zapato cap el gorro shoelace el cordón clothes la ropa shorts los pantalones cortos coat el abrigo silk la seda collar el cuello skirt la falda comb el peine sleeve la manga cotton el algodón slippers las pantuflas dress el vestido soap el jabón earmuffs las orejaras sock los calcetines earrings el arete stocking la media fashion la moda suit el traje glasses los lentes sunglasses las gafas de sol glove el guante suspenders los tirantes handbag el bolso sweater el jersey handkerchief el pañuelo sweatsuit el chándal hat el sombrero swimsuit el traje de baño jacket la cazadora tie la corbata jeans los vaqueros T-shirt la camiseta mittens los mitones umbrella el paraguas necklace el collar underwear la ropa interior nightgown el camisón waistcoat el chaleco overcoat el sobretodo watch el reloj pajamas los pijamas wool la lana
53. To Wear llevar - to wear ponerse - to put on llevo llevamos me pongo nos ponemos llevas lleváis te pones os ponéis lleva llevan se pone se ponen
You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but you do use the definite article.
35 54. Future Tense The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive: -é -emos -ás -éis -á -án
Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above: caber (to fit) cabr - cabré decir (to say, tell) dir- dirás haber (to have) habr- habrá hacer (to do, make) har- haremos poder (to be able) podr- podréis poner (to put, place) pondr- pondrán querer (to want) querr- querré saber (to know) sabr- sabrás salir (to leave, go out) saldr- saldrá tener (to have, to own) tendr- tendremos valer (to be worth) valdr- valdréis venir (to come) vendr- vendrán
55. Adjectives Adjectives must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they describe, and they are placed after the noun. In general, masculine adjectives end in -o and feminine adjectives end in -a: blanco and blanca (white). Adjectives that end in -ín, -án, -ón, -dor, -tor and -sor in the masculine will add an -a for the feminine. Adjectives that end in -ete for the masculine will end in -eta for the feminine. Adjectives of nationality add -a to the masculine to form the feminine: francés - francesa (French).Notice that when you add -a, the adjective is no longer written with an accent. To form the plural of adjectives, follow the same rules for forming the plural of nouns. Most adjectives follow the noun they describe, but the following adjectives drop the final -o if placed before a masculine noun in the singular: bueno - good; malo - bad; alguno - some; ninguno - no, any; uno - one; primero - first; tercero - third When grande means great, it precedes the noun and drops the -de before a singular noun of either gender. Santo (saint) drops the -to before all masculine nouns, except those beginning with Do- or To-.
36 56. More Adjectives large grande high, tall alto small pequeño low, short bajo long largo pretty lindo, bonito short corto beautiful hermoso good bueno ugly feo bad malo wide ancho rich rico narrow estrecho poor pobre heavy pesado strong fuerte light ligero weak débil hard duro easy fácil soft blando difficult difícil sweet dulce fat gordo sour agrio thin delgado bitter amargo
When any form of the definite article is placed before an adjective, then the adjective becomes a noun. pobre - poor; el pobre - the poor man If the neuter article lo is placed before a singular masculine adjective, the latter becomes an abstract noun. bueno - good; lo bueno - the good (everything that is good)
57. Sports ball la pelota pool la piscina game el juego basketball el baloncesto match el partido tennis el tenis team el equipo swimming la natación player el jugador boxing el boxeo soccer el fútbol wrestling la lucha football el fútbol americano hockey el hockey baseball el béisbol volleyball el vóleibol racket una raqueta net una red ball (small) una pelota cleats unos zapatos de fútbol bat un bate skis unos esquís glove un guante ski poles unos bastones ball un balón boots unas botas basketball hoop una canasta helmet el casco
37 58. Nature air el aire grass la hierba sea el mar archipelago el archipiélago gulf el golfo shadow la sombra bank la orilla hail el granizo sky el cielo bay la bahía hay el heno snow la nieve barn el granero high tide la marea alta soil el suelo beach la playa hill la colina south el sur branch la rama ice el hielo spring (water) la fuente bridge el puente island la isla star la estrella bud el capullo isthmus el istmo stem el tallo bush el arbusto jungle la jungla storm la tormenta cape el cabo lake el lago strait el aprieto cave la cueva leaf la hoja stream el arroyo city la ciudad light la luz street la calle climate el clima lightning el relámpago sun el sol cloud la nube lily la azucena sunflower el girasol coast la costa low tide la marea baja thaw el deshielo comet el cometa meadow el prado thunder el trueno constellation la constelación moon la luna tornado el tornado country el país mountain la montaña tree el árbol country(side) el campo mountain range la sierra trunk el tronco current la corriente mouth (river) la desembocadura tulip el tulipán daffodil el narciso mud el barro valley el valle daisy la margarita nature la naturaleza view la vista darkness la obscuridad north el norte water el agua (f) desert el desierto peninsula la península fresh water el agua dulce dew el rocío plain el llano salt water el agua salada dust el polvo planet el planeta watering can la regadera earth la tierra plant la planta waterfall la cascada east el este pond el estanque wave la ola farm la granja pot (for plants ) la maceta weather el tiempo field el campo rain la lluvia west el oeste flower la flor rainbow el arco iris wind el viento foam la espuma river el río world el mundo fog le niebla rock la roca foliage el follaje root la raíz forest el bosque rose la rosa frost la helada sand la arena
38 59. To Say & to Go Out decir - to say salir - to go out digo decimos salgo salimos dices decís sales salís dice dicen sale salen
60. Para vs. Por & Pero vs. Sino Para is used to express: use or destination (for), purpose (in order to); point of future time (for, by) and to be about to (estar para + infinitive - though this is not used in all dialects of Spanish.) La carta es para Concha. The letter is for Concha. Estudia para aprender. He studies in order to learn. Lo tendré para el martes. I will have it by Tuesday. Juan está para salir. John is about to leave. (not used in all dialects) Por is used to express: a place through or along which; expressions of time (in, during , at); exchange, price (for); unit of measure (by, per); way or means (by); because of, on account of, for; to go for, to send for; on behalf of, for the sake of; motive, reason . It is also used after a passive verb to indicate the agent (by) and estar por + infinitive indicates what remains to be done or to be in favor of. por el pueblo through the town por la mañana in the morning Pagó un peso por el libro. He paid a dollar for the book. Se vende por libras. It's sold by the pound. Voy por tren. I'm going by train. Voy por Alicia. I'm going for Alice . Voté por Juanita. I voted for Juanita. Fue escrito por Cervantes . It was written by Cervantes. La carta está por escribir. The letter is yet to be written. Estoy por escribirla. I am in favor of writing it. Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows. Bebe leche pero no bebe café. He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee. Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the first clause is understood but not repeated. No bebe café sino leche. He does not drink coffee, but milk.
61. Object Pronouns Subject Direct Indirect Object of Prepositions yo I me me me to me mí me tú you te you te to you ti you él he/it lo him/it le to him/it él him/it ella she/it la her/it le to her/it ella her/it Usted you la you le to you Usted you
39 nosotros (as) we nos us nos to us nosotros (as) us vosotros (as) you os you os to you vosotros (as) you Ustedes you los, las you les to you Ustedes you ellos (as) they los them les to them ellos (as) them 1. An object pronoun generally precedes the conjugated verb, except if is used in an affirmative command, with an infinitive or gerund . Then it is attached to the verb as one word. Déme Ud. el libro. Give me the book. 2. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct. If both pronouns begin with the letter l, then the first one is changed to se. 3. When one or two object pronouns follow and are attached to the verb form, an accent mark must be added to retain the original stress of the word. 4. For clearness or emphasis , the prepositional form of a plus an object of a preposition may be used. Nos envió a Ud. He sent us to you. 5. When the preposition con (with) precedes me or te, the words change to conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).
62. Parts of the Body
ankle el tobillo fever la fiebre pain el dolor arm el brazo finger el dedo nose la nariz artery la arteria fist el puño palm la palma back la espalda flesh la carne pulse el pulso beard la barba foot el pie rib la costilla belly el vientre forehead la frente shin la espinilla bladder la vejiga gum la encía shoulder el hombro blood la sangre hair el cabello / el pelo skeleton el esqueleto body el cuerpo hand la mano skin la piel bone el hueso head la cabeza skull el cráneo brain el cerebro health la salud sole la planta breast el seno heart el corazón spine la espina dorsal breath el aliento heel el talón stomach el estómago calf la pantorrilla hip la cadera tear la lágrima cheek la mejilla intestine el intestino temple la sien chest el pecho jaw la quijada thigh el muslo chin la barba / la barbilla kidney el riñón throat la garganta coccyx el coxis knee la rodilla thumb el pulgar cold el resfriado leg la pierna toe el dedo del pie complexion la tez lip el labio tongue la lengua cough la tos liver el hígado tooth el diente disease la enfermedad lung el pulmón vein la vena ear la oreja moustache el bigote wound le herida
40 elbow el codo mouth la boca waist la cintura eye el ojo muscle el músculo wrist la muñeca eyebrow la ceja nail la uña eyelid el párpado neck el cuello face la cara nerve el nervio To express pain, use an indirect object pronoun + duele(n) + body part. Me duele la cabeza. My head hurts. Le duelen los pies. His feet hurt .
63. Asking Questions
Simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence. Place the predicate in front of the subject of the sentence. Add no? or verdad? or no es verdad? to the end of the statement. These translate to many phrases in English, such as Isn't it? Aren 't you? Don't you? Didn't he? Isn't she? etc.
64. To Give and to Bring dar - to give traer - to bring doy damos traigo traemos das dais traes traéis da dan trae traen
65. Relative Pronouns A relative pronoun connects a dependent clause to a main clause and refers to something already mentioned (the antecedent.) This pronoun may serve as the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Que and quien are the most commonly used relative pronouns. Que (who, whom, that, which) refers to persons or things, except after a preposition, when it refers to things only. El que (and its forms - la que, los que, las que) and el cual (and its forms - la cual, los cuales, las cuales) may replace que or quien. These pronouns are used for clearness when there are two antecedents, and with prepositions. La casa en que vivo es pequeña. The house in which I live is small. He visitado la ciudad cerca de la cual vive. I visited the city near which he lives. Quien (-es) (who) is used in a supplementary clause. When used with a preposition, it means whom. Quien (-es) is often used in place of el que and its forms as well, when it means one who, those who, etc. Lo que and lo cual (which) refer to the whole sentence. Cuyo (-a, -os, -as) is a possessive adjective and it agrees in gender and number with the thing possessed, which is always the word that follows it.
41 66. Disjunctive Pronouns Disjunctive pronouns are used independently of the verb. They are the pronouns which follow prepositions, or show emphasis. mí nosotros (-as) ti vosotros (-as) él ellos ella ellas Usted Ustedes
Ello is also used as a neuter pronoun meaning it. Sí can mean yourself, himself , herself, yourselves or themselves. When con combines with mí, ti or sí, the words become conmigo, contigo and consigo. For clearness, the forms of mismo (-a, -os, -as) can be added to these pronouns.
67. To Hear , to Smell and to See oír - to hear oler - to smell ver - to see oigo oímos huelo olemos veo vemos oyes oís hueles oléis ves veis oye oyen huele huelen ve ven
68. Animals
animal el animal lark la alondra ant la hormiga lion el león antelope el antílope lizard el lagarto antenna la antena lobster ( spiny ) la langosta antler el asta louse el piojo badger el tejón mackerel el escombro bat el murciélago mole el topo beak el pico monkey el mono bear el oso mosquito el mosquito bee la abeja moth la polilla beetle el escarabajo mouse el ratón bird el pájaro mule el mulo blackbird el mirlo mussel la almeja bull el toro nest el nido butterfly la mariposa nightingale el ruiseñor calf el ternero octopus el pulpo carp la carpa ostrich el avestruz cat el gato owl el buho caterpillar la oruga ox el buey cheetah el guepardo oyster la ostra
42 chicken el pollo parrot el loro chimpanzee el chimpancé partridge la perdiz claw la zarpa paw la pata cockroach la cucaracha penguin el pingüino cod el bacalao pig el cerdo cocoon el capullo pigeon el pichón cow la vaca pike el sollo crab el cangrejo pony el potro crayfish el cangrejo rabbit el conejo crocodile el cocodrilo raccoon el mapache crow el cuervo rat la rata deer el ciervo rooster el gallo dog el perro salmon el salmón donkey el burro scale la escama dragonfly la libélula scorpion el escorpión duck el pato sea gull la gaviota eagle el águila (f) seahorse el caballito de mar eel el anguila seal la foca egg el huevo shark el tiburón elephant el elefante sheep la oveja feather la pluma shrimp la gamba fin la aleta skin la piel fish el pez slug la babosa flea la pulga snail el caracol la serpiente / la fly la mosca snake culebra fox el zorro sole el lenguado frog la rana sparrow el gorrión fur el pelo spider la araña gill la branquia squid el calamar giraffe la jirafa squirrel la ardilla goat la cabra starfish la estrella de mar goose el ganso stork la cigüeña gorilla el gorila swallow la golondrina grasshopper el saltamontes swan el cisne hamster la marmota tadpole el renacuajo hare la liebre tail la cola hedgehog el erizo tiger el tigre hen la gallina toad el sapo heron la garza trout la trucha herring el arenque tuna el atún
43 hoof la pezuña turkey el pavo horn el cuerno turtle la tortuga horse el caballo wasp la avispa hummingbird el colibri weasel la comadreja iguana la iguana whale la ballena insect el insecto wing el ala (f) jellyfish la medusa wolf el lobo kitten el gatito worm el gusano ladybug la catarina zebra la cebra lamb el cordero
69. Suffixes
Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs. Unaccented vowels should be dropped before adding the suffixes. The most common suffixes are -ito (a) and -cito (a). They express size, affection , admiration, appreciation or pity. The ending -ero (a) indicates the maker or dealer in charge of something. To indicate where something is made or sold, add -ería. When -eza and -ura are added to adjectives, they express abstract nouns. When -dor is added to a verb ( minus the final letter), it indicates the performer of the action.
70. Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should not be too difficult. Start with the first person singular yo conjugation in the present indicative tense, remove the final -o and add these endings: Present Subjunctive
-ar verbs -er and -ir -e -emos -a -amos -es -éis -as -áis -e -en -a -an (Notice that -ar verbs use -e and -er/-ir verbs use -a) Usually when there is an irregular spelling change in the present indicative of a verb, that form will be used for the stem of all of the subjunctive forms. Verbs than end in -erir, -ertir, or -entir use two different irregular spellings in the present subjunctive: mentir in present subjunctive mienta mintamos mientas mintáis mienta mientan
44 The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on ending, leaving you with -ar and -ier, and add these new endings: Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive all verbs -a -amos -as -ais -a -an An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of hablaramos, it is habláramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiéramos, etc. Note that there is another way to form the past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given are used more often. You must always the past subjunctive after como si. Es como si fuera mi padre. It's as if he were my father. The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Similarly , the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Present perfect subjunctive Past perfect subjunctive haya hayamos hubiera hubiéramos hayas hayáis + past participle hubieras hubierais + past participle haya hayan hubiera hubieran You must always pay attention to the correct usage of verb tenses. When the verb of the main clause is in the present or future, then the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the present subjunctive. But if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense, the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the past subjunctive.
71. Irregular Subjunctive Mood Many verbs are considered irregular in the present subjunctive mood. However, only six verbs (marked in grey below) do not follow the pattern described above when starting with the yo conjugation of the indicative. Nevertheless, these verbs are still somewhat easy to remember even if they don't follow the pattern because the imperative form will help you determine the stem to use for the subjunctive conjugation. dar - to give decir - to say/tell estar - to be dé demos diga digamos esté estemos des deis digas digáis estés estéis dé den diga digan esté estén haber - to have hacer - to do/make ir - to go haya hayamos haga hagamos vaya vayamos hayas hayáis hagas hagáis vayas vayáis haya hayan haga hagan vaya vayan poder - to be able to poner - to put/place querer - to want pueda podamos ponga pongamos quiera queramos puedas podáis pongas pongáis quieras queráis pueda puedan ponga pongan quiera quieran saber - to know salir - to go out ser - to be
45 sepa sepamos salga salgamos sea seamos sepas sepáis salgas salgáis seas seáis sepa sepan salga salgan sea sean tener - to have traer - to bring venir - to come tenga tengamos traiga traigamos venga vengamos tengas tengáis traigas traigáis vengas vengáis tenga tengan traiga traigan venga vengan
Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well: dar - to give decir - to say/tell estar - to be diera diéramos dijera dijéramos estuviera estuviéramos dieras dierais dijeras dijerais estuvieras estuvierais diera dieran dijera dijeran estuviera estuvieran haber - to have hacer - to do/make ir - to go hubiera hubiéramos hiciera hiciéramos fuera fuéramos hubieras hubierais hicieras hicierais fueras fuerais hubiera hubieran hiciera hicieran fuera fueran poder - to be able to poner - to put/place querer - to want pudiera pudiéramos pusiera pusiéramos quisiera quisiéramos pudieras pudierais pusieras pusierais quisieras quisierais pudiera pudieran pusiera pusieran quisiera quisieran saber - to know ser - to be tener - to have supiera supiéramos fuera fuéramos tuviera tuviéramos supieras supierais fueras fuerais tuvieras tuvierais supiera supieran fuera fueran tuviera tuvieran traer - to bring venir - to come trajera trajéramos viniera viniéramos trajeras trajerais vinieras vinierais trajera trajeran viniera vinieran
72. Uses of the Subjunctive
The main uses of the subjunctive include (generally, que will follow the verb): 1. After the verbs querer and desear (to want) when there is a change of subject (but use the infinitive if there is no change of subject) 2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something. 3. After verbs of emotion or command, such as esperar (to hope ), sentir (to be sorry), temer (to fear ), alegrarse (to be glad ), mandar (to order), rogar (to request), when there is a change of subject. 4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty (negative of creer), as well as after quizás, tal vez and acaso (maybe) to reinforce the idea of doubt. 5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible que / puede que (it's possible), es importante que (it's important), es necesario que / hace falta (it's necessary) if there is a subject
46 for the subordinate verb. 6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite 7. After certain conjunctions , such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes que (before) 8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when future is implied. 9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal! 10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor iré a España. When I'm older, I will go to Spain. In contrary-to- fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense)
73. Adverbs
Most adverbs are formed by adding - mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much). Adjective Adverb correcto correctamente correctly fácil fácilmente easily claro claramente clearly absoluto absolutamente absolutely rápido rápidamente rapidly
Lo + adverb + que expresses how, while lo más + adverb + an expression of possibility is translated: as ... as ... lo bien que how well lo más pronto posible as soon as possible
47 74. Passive Voice In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle. Ser should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The agent is expressed by por if the action is physical; and by de if mental. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective and it is not a passive sentence. Active El viento destruye la casa. The wind destroys the house. Passive La casa fue destruida por el viento. The house was destroyed by the wind. Cuando la vi, la casa estaba When I saw it, the house was Predicate Adjective destruida. destroyed.
El niño fue castigado por su padre. The boy was punished by his father. Rosa es amada por todos. Rose is loved by everyone.
75. Uses of the Infinitive
The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a preposition, ver or oír. El correr es un buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise. Partió sin hablar. He left without speaking. Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.
76. Shopping department store el almacén shop /store la tienda el mercado (al aire shopping mall el centro comercial (open-air) market libre) belt el cinturón ( fixed ) price el precio (fijo) glasses las gafas sale la rebaja gloves los guantes to bargain regatear sunglasses los lentes de sol to spend money gastar
77. Post Office and Bank post office el correo bank el banco envelope el sobre ( traveler 's) check el cheque (de viajero) mailbox el buzón to cash (a check) cobrar mail carrier el cartero to save (money) ahorrar stamps las estampillas to deposit depositar package el paquete account la cuenta
48 78. Conditional Tense The conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability. To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional tense. -ía -íamos -ías -íais -ía -ían
79. Infinitives followed by Prepositions The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English. Verb + a + another infinitive Verb + de + another infinitive acostumbrarse to become used to acabar to have just aprender to learn to acordarse to remember atreverse to dare to alegrarse to be glad to ayudar to help aprovecharse to profit by comenzar to begin to arrepentirse to repent convidar to invite to cansarse to tire of decidirse to decide to cesar to cease dedicarse to devote oneself to dejar to cease empezar to begin to encargarse to take charge of enseñar to teach to gozar to take pleasure in invitar to invite jactarse to boast of ir to go to olvidarse to forget to negarse to refuse to tratar to try to persuadir to persuade to principiar to begin to rehusar to refuse to resignarse to resign oneself to resistirse to resist resolverse to resolve to venir to come to volver to return to Verb + en + another infinitive Verb + con + another infinitive consentir to consent to contar to count on consistir to consist contentarse to content oneself with divertirse to amuse oneself soñar to dream of empeñarse to insist on esforzarse to endeavor to insistir to insist on ocuparse to busy oneself pensar to think of persistir to persist in tardar to delay in
49 80. Office / School Supplies pencil el lápiz dictionary el diccionario eraser la goma tape (audio) la cinta pen la pluma map el mapa ink la tinta newspaper el periódico paper el papel novel la novela letter la carta backpack la mochila notebook el cuaderno stapler la grapadora book el libro scissors unas tijeras
81. Parts of a Car & Gas Station car el coche garage el garage tank el tanque gasoline la gasolina oil el aceite air el aire grease la grasa tire la llanta spare tire llanta picada wheel la rueda steering wheel el volante brake el freno speed la velocidad slow despacio danger peligro stop alto go siga, adelante service station la estación de servicio
82. Travelling & Vacation passport el pasaporte airport el aeropuerto customs la aduana parking lot el aparcamiento arrival la llegada bus stop la parada departure la salida traffic jam los atascos (round-trip) ticket el pasaje (de ida y vuelta) map el mapa luggage el equipaje countryside el campo single/double la habitación mountain la montaña room individual/ doble la estación de tren (de train (bus) station beach la playa autobuses) subway la estación de metro paths los caminos to take a trip hacer un viaje vacation las vacaciones
50 to go on vacation ir de vacaciones to drive conducir to pack hacer las maletas to visit visitar to travel viajar to walk pasearse to fly volar to get lost perderse
83. Cosmetics / Toiletries shampoo el champú brush el cepillo soap el jabón comb el peine makeup el maquillaje toothpaste la pasta de dientes shaving cream la crema de afeitar toothbrush el cepillo de dientes lotion la loción towel la toalla nail polish el esmalte para las uñas electric razor la maquinilla de afeitar
84. Other Perfect Tenses
Beside the present and past perfect tenses, there are also the preterite, future and conditional perfect tenses. All are conjugated with a form of haber and a past participle. The preterite perfect is formed with the preterite of haber + past participle, and it has the same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is normally only used after conjunctions of time, such as así que, luego que, tan pronto como (as soon as); cuando (when); después (de) que (after); and hasta que (until). The future perfect is formed with the future of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the present. The conditional perfect is formed with the conditional of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the past.
85. Durations of Time
Ago : hace + a period of time Se fue hace quince días. He left fifteen days ago. Since / For : desde hace + a period of time (careful with verb tenses here: present tense in Spanish, present perfect or present perfect continuous in English) No vienes a verme desde hace un mes. You haven 't come to see me for a month. In : dentro de + a period of time (time at which something will happen ) Te llamo dentro de media hora. I'll call you in a half hour.
51 86. Telephone
Hello Diga telephone book la guía telefónica Hello ( reply ) Oiga yellow pages las páginas amarillas This is... Soy... to transfer someone poner con alguien phone card una tarjeta telefónica to call telefonear phone booth una cabina to pick up descolgar call una llamada to hang up colgar ringtone el timbre del teléfono to leave a message dejar un recado dialtone el tono de marcar to be very talkative hablar por los codos wrong number un número equivocado to dial a number marcar un número busy signal la señal de ocupado
87. Exclamations
Exclamatory phrases, which express what a or how, begin with qué, cuánto, and cómo. Qué can be followed by a noun or an adjective. Sometimes tan or más are also used with the adjective to emphasize a defect or a quality. ¡Qué mujer! What a woman! ¡Qué familia tan unida! What a united family! Cuánto expresses quantity, and agrees in gender and number with the adjective that follows. It can also be followed by a verb, in which case there is no agreement. Furthermore, lo que can replace cuánto when a verb follows. ¡Cuánta comida! How much food! / There's a lot of food! ¡Cuánto comes! How you eat! / You eat a lot! Cómo expresses the manner in which something is done. It can only be followed by a verb. ¡Cómo baila! How he dances! / He dances well!
88. Colloquial Expressions
la pandilla group of friends ¡qué pasada! that's awesome ! el colega / el socio friend ¡qué rollo ! it's boring! el profe teacher ¡chulo! ¡chula! great! el cole middle school ser un lince to be very clever un(a) chaval(a) guy/girl llevarse un chasco to be disappointed un tío guy estar hasta la gorra to be fed up un ligue flirt ligar to flirt un empollón hard-worker estar hecho papilla to be sad un cabeza de chorlito scatterbrain estar hecho polvo to be tired un cabeza cuadrada stubborn estar mal del coco to be crazy un cara de mala leche mean look /face estar harto to be fed up
52 89. Aspects of Action
To express an action that is planned (going to happen): ir a + infinitive. Voy a acostarme. I'm going to go to bed. To express an action that is just about to happen: estar a punto de + infinitive or estar para + infinitive. El avión está para aterrizar. The plane is about to land. To express an action that repeats : volver a + infinitive. Vuelve a escribir su nombre. You write your name again . To express an action that has just happened: acabar de + infinitive. Acabo de llegar. I just arrived.
90. Verbs of Feelings Several verbs in Spanish that express feelings (pleasure, pain, etc.) have different word order than in English. These verbs have the same construction as gustar (#35): Indirect object + verb + subject. Me, te, le, nos, os, les are the indirect object pronouns. The verb is conjugated in third person singular or plural because it agrees with the subject, not the indirect object.
gustar to like dar asco to hate apetecer to feel like dar miedo to scare encantar to adore dar lástima to trouble dar ganas to feel like doler to hurt
Te apetece salir. You feel like going out. Le duelen los dientes. His teeth hurt. Les da miedo la película. The film scares them. You can also add a mí, a ti, a él, a ella, a usted, a nosotros/-as, a vosotros/-as, a ellos, a ellas, or a ustedes before the indirect object for emphasis. A mí me gusta el fútbol. Me, I like soccer.
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