I'm pleased to meet you! I decided to tell you a story. I want to write it down, just in case you won't remember it in future. I tried to find my pen, but I haven't found. So I decided to write it down on my computer. I love to write stories down. After you read this, you can ask me some questions. I want you to read this very thoughtfully. Please don't tell anyone, that I wrote you a story. I don't sure if that story make you cry, but let the story begin. Today I realised that it's not impossible to eat a hamburger in 30 seconds. Especially if you need to create your essay. It was good to see you and I hope you like my story.
TO DIVE dive dove, dived diving dived TO DO do did doing done TO DRAW draw drew drawing drawn TO DREAM dream dreamed, dreamt dreaming dreamed, dreamt TO DRINK drink drank drinking drunk INFINITIVE SIMPLE SIMPLE PRESENT PAST PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE TO DRIVE drive drove driving driven TO EAT eat ate eating eaten TO FALL fall fell falling fallen
day Past base+ed Had + participle Was/were Had been verb + ing Base + ing I had been walking. He went to a club Mary had read the They were ast night. book. watching. Future Will infinitive Will + have Will+ base+ ing Will + have without to.. + been+ ing He will leave.. I will have a word You will be I will have been with you. watching working Present Future
Here are some common verbs which are followed by the gerund: Admit, appreciate (hindama), avoid, can´t help, can´t stand, consider, delay (viivitama), deny, detest (jälestama), dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine (ette kujutama), involve (sisaldama), mention (mainima), mind, miss, postpone (edasi lükkama), practise, put off, recall, resent, risk, suggest, understand 7.2 Verbs and phrases followed by the infinitive without ´to´ You must answer all the questions. Here are some common verbs/phrases which are followed by the infinitive without to: Can, could, may, might, must, need, must, need, had better, would rather 7.3 Verbs followed by an object + the infinitive without ´to´ She made me do it. ( sundima ) Here are some common verbs which are followed by an object and the infinitive without to: Let, make, know, hear, feel, help. Mum won´t let me go to the beach today.
I do not recommend going to that restaurant. After an adjective, verb or noun followed by a preposition. She is really good at swimming. He apologised to arriving late. I quite like the thought of working in a travel agency. In some fixed expressions I can not bear listening to people who complain. I can not help feeling that he is cheating us. That book is not worth reading. The infinitive with to The infinitive with to is used: After some main verbs (afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, bear, begin, care, choose, consent, decide, determine, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, remember, seem, start, swear, try, want, wish) I can not afford to eat in that restaurant. After some main verbs Followed by object + infinitive with to
every day something happens repeatedly sometimes how often something happens always I work. I don't work. Do I work? one action follows another often Infinitive He works. He doesn't work. Does he work? Simple Present things in general usually he/she/it + -s I go. I don't go. Do I go? after the following verbs (to love, seldom to hate, to think, etc.) He goes. He doesn't go. Does he go?
something happens repeatedly how often something happens every one action day follows sometim another es I work always infinitive Present things in he/she/it he works often Simple general + s I go usually he goes seldom after the never following first ... verbs (to then love, to hate, to think,
or past forms. Active: S + MV (not) + V + O Passive: S + MV (not) + Be + PP + by + O EX: We can't solve this problem. This problem can't be solved. PASSIVE VOICE WITH CAUSATIVE FORM Active: S + Has/Have + O1 + V (BI)+ O2 S + Get + O1 + V (toinfinitive) + O2 Passive: S + Has/Have/Get + O2 + PP EX: My father had Tom wash his car. My father had his car washed by Tom OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE Verbs of liking/loving/wanting/wishing + Object + infinitive form their passive with the passive infinitive. Active: S + V + O1 + toinfinitive + O2 Passive: S + V + O + To Be + PP EX: He wants someone to take photographs. He wants photographs to be taken. Such verbs as "have/let/make/hear/see/watch/feel/ observe" are used in the following passive structure: Active: S + V + O + V (BI) Passive: S + To Be + PP + toInfinitive
every day · how often something happens *püsiv olukord sometimes, *tulevikus · one action follows another I work Present twice a week toimuv, seotud · things in general infinitive he works Simple always, often sõiduplaanidega · after the following verbs (to love, he/she/it + s I go lihtolevik usually, he goes seldom to hate, to think, etc.) · future meaning: timetables,
Present Simple (lihtolevik) Infinitive + He/she/it+-s Signal words: Every day, sometimes, always, often, usually, never + I work. He works. I go. He goes. - I don't work. He doesn't work. I don't go. He doesn't go. ? Do I work? Does he work? Do I go? Does he go? Present Continuous (kestev olevik) To be (am/are/is) + infinitive + -ing Signal words: now, at the moment, look!, listen! + I'm working. He's working. I'm going. He's going. - I'm not working. He isn't working. I'm not going. He isn't going. ? Am I working? Is he working? Am I going? Is he going? Present Perfect (täisolevik) Have/has+ infinitive + -ed / 3rd IRW Signal words: yet, never, ever, already, so far, since, for, recently + I have worked. He has worked. I have gone. He has gone. - I haven't worked. He hasn't worked. I haven't gone. He hasn't gone
to+v..) 2) To express purpose (She went to Spain to meet her friend.) 3) After some nouns ( decision to+v.., time to+v.., wish to+v..) 4) After some main verbs ( appear, agree, ask, begin, choose, decide, expect, happen, help, hope, learn, like, love, mean, offer, prepare, promise, refuse, remember, start, try, want..) USING 1) After some main verbs (let,make, hear, see, watch, feel, notice, help...) In passive sentences make, hear, help are followed by an infinitive with to! Let > allowed in passive sentence My parents let me stay out late. I am allowed to stay out late by my parents. 2) After modal verbs (can, could, may, must, shall, should, will, would) 3) After would rather/had better (You'd better come in now.) 1) Can't bear/stand, like, hate, love, prefere Used with infinitive more specifical situation with gerund more general situation 2) Remember, forget + ing an action that happened before the
happens) time in us action Is goint to the happen) future Form Will-future Going to- Simple Present Future Future future present progressiv progressiv perfect e e Will + To be 3rd To be Will + be Will + infinitive (am/are/is person (am/ are/ + have + ) + going singular is) + infinitive past to + (he, she, infinitive + participle infinitive it) + -ing infinitive -ing + -s She will I am The bus I am She will They will
Clauses of Purpose To, in order to/so as to, so that/ in order that, in case, for, with a view To- infinitive (I called mu brother to tell him the good news.) In order to + infinitive et (midagi teha) (I went to the bank in order to apply for a loan.) so as to + infinitive et (She attended a catering course so as to become a chef.) So that + can/ will (present/ future references) (Tommy has moved to the countryside so that he can have more relaxed life.) So that + could/ would (past references) (Sophia bought a sailing boat so that she could sail around the world.) In case + present tense (present/ future references) (Bring an umbrella in case there is a storm in the afternoon.) NEVER USED WITH WILL/WOULD
Tense Tense Signal words Use Form Examples Present Every day, Sometimes, Infinitive, I work simple sometimes, happens The workes always, often, repeatly, He/she/it I go usually, seldom, how often + -s She goes never, first...then. something (1.pv.) happens. Present Now Something To be Iam working progressive At the moment is (am/is/are) He's working
Simple Present Present Progressive/Continious (99%) infinitive form of 'be' and verb + ing (3rd person singular: infinitive + 's') I speak I am speaking you speak you are speaking he / she / it speaks he / she / it is speaking we speak we are speaking they speak they are speaking
that is always true (such as a scientific fact), or that was always true in the past. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if. E.g., If/When you mix blue and red, you get purple. If/When you don't water flowers, they die. (present simple in both parts of the sentence) If/When I asked her to come with us, she always said no. (past simple in both parts of the sentence) 1 First conditional If-clause present simple; Main clause future tense (or: can, must, may, etc., + bare infinitive) Used to talk about the consequences of a possible action (a real or very probable situation in the present or future). E.g., If I write my essay this afternoon, I will have time to go out tonight. (or: I might go out tonight). (It is still morning, and it is quite possible that I will do this.) NOTE: With type 1 conditionals we can use unless + affirmative verb (= if + negative verb). E.g., I will not be able to come unless Joe gives me a lift. (= If Joe does not give me a lift, ...)
All tickets must be bought in advance. He said that all tickets had to be bought in advance. shall should What shall we do about it? He asked what we should do about it. may might May I smoke? He asked if he might smoke. tell + infinitive positive imperative He told me to shut up. Shut up! tell + not + infinitive negative imperative He told me not to do it again. Don't do that again! ask + infinitive
raining earlier. past perfect past perfect may might The play had started NO CHANGE POSSIBLE May I smoke? He asked if he might smoke. when I arrived. past perfect continuous past perfect continuous I'd already been living in NO CHANGE POSSIBLE London for five years. positive tell + infinitive now then imperative He told me to shut up. today that day Shut up! here there this that this week that week
If/ When you drop an egg, it breaks. Kui sa pillad muna maha, läheb see katki. If my sister eats too much, she gets fat. (See juhtub alati.) Kui mu õde sööb liiga palju, läheb ta paksuks. Type 1 (the first conditional, the will-condition) Kasutatakse selleks, et rääkida tõelisest või väga tõenäolisest olukorrast olevikus või tulevikus. If-cl main cl If + present simple, future simple, imperative, can/must/may etc + bare infinitive (verb) If my sister eats too much, she will get fat. (See on võimalik). Kui mu õde sööb liiga palju, läheb ta paksuks. · If + eitav verb / unless + jaatav verb: If Jack doesn't give me a lift, I won't be able to come. Kui Jack mind auto peale ei võta, ei saa ma tulla. I will not be able to come unless Jack gives me a lift. Ma ei saa tulla, kui Jack mind auto peale ei võta. NB! Kui hüpotees (if...) on enne pealauset, eraldatakse need komaga. Kui pealause tuleb enne
Irregular Verbs Infinitive Past Past Participle Infinitive Past Past Participle Be was/were been let let let Bear bore born(e) lie lay lain Beat beat beaten light lit lit Become became become lose lost lost Begin began begun make made made
Modals Sandra Haar Form 11 I am going to talk about... Can Could May Might Must Should Would Ought to Excercises References How do we use modal verbs? Affirmative: Subject + modal + infinitive, Example: She should stay Negative: Subject + modal(n`t) + infinitive, Example: She shouln`t stay Interrogative: (Wh) Modal + Subject + Infinitive, Example: Why should she stay? Can Ability to do something in the present-I can speak English. Permission to do something in the present-Can I go to the cinema? Request - Can you wait a moment, please? Offer- I can lend you my car till tomorrow. Suggestion- Can we visit Grandma at the weekend? Possibility- It can get very hot in Arizona. Could Ability to do something in the past- I could speak English.
sometimes a veces there ahí well bien over there allí after después too bad demasiado malo poorly mal 19 27. Conjugating Regular Verbs Verbs in Spanish end in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated, it is called the infinitive. Removing the last two letters gives you the stem of the verb (cantar is the infinitive to sing, while cant- is the stem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, add these endings to the stems: -ar -er -ir o amos o emos o imos as áis es éis es ís
form that is used for the alphabetical listing of lexemes in a conventional dictionary. In English, the citation form of a noun is the singular: e.g., mouse rather than mice. For multi-word lexemes which contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one: e.g., do one's best, perjure oneself. In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen, Spanish ir. In English it usually is the full infinitive (to go) although alphabetized without 'to' (go); the present tense is used for some defective verbs (shall, can, and must have only the one form). In Latin, Ancient Greek, and Modern Greek (which has no infinitive), however, the first person singular present tense is normally used, though occasionally the infinitive may also be seen. The pronunciation form in a dictionary will usually relate to the citation form of the word in question
· Emphasise duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. (By May Luke will have been living in Manchester for five years) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS: by...for NB! Future is NOT use with words: while, before, after, until, as, when (if not a question word), whenever, once, as soon as, as long as, by the time, unless, if (if it doesn't show uncertainity, ignorance), suppose/supposing, in case Used to We use used to + infinitive to refer to past habits or states. Not at a definite time! (When they were younger they walked/used to walk to school; NOT I used to walk to work yesterday) Be going to · Plans, intentions, ambitions for the future (I'm going to be a doctor, when I grow up) · Actions already decided to do in near future (Steve is going to work with his dad..) · Predictions based on wht we see, or know, especially if there's evidence (The sky is very clear, it's going
All tickets must be bought in advance. advance. shall should What shall we do about it? He asked what we should do about it. may might May I smoke? He asked if he might smoke. Things are slightly more complicated with imperatives. tell + infinitive positive imperative He told me to shut up. Shut up! tell + not + infinitive negative imperative He told me not to do it again. Don't do that again! ask + infinitive imperatives as requests He asked me to give him some money. Please give me some money.
(Past (Infinitive) Simple) (Past Participle) 1 say - , said said 2 make - made made 3 go - went gone 4 take - took taken 5 come - came come 6 see - saw seen 7 know - knew known 8 get - got got 9 give - gave given 10 find - found found 11 think - thought thought 12 tell - , told told 13 become - became become , 14 show - showed shown 15 leave - left left 16 feel - felt felt 17 put - . put put 18 bring - brought brought 19 begin - began begun
I had to work hard at school. The prisoner was able to/managed to escape by climbing onto the roof of the prison. (NOT *could escape) (=ability / performance on one occasion) In some cases could can be used with a past meaning: I could swim when I was six. (=general ability) • They have no infinitives and no –ing forms. Other expressions are used instead. I’d love to be able to ski. I hate having to get up early. • They are followed by an infinitive without -to. The exception is ought to. You must go. I’ll help you. You ought to see a doctor. • They can be used with perfect infinitives to talk about the past. You should have told me that you can’t swim. You might have drowned. 2 When to use the Modal Verbs • Each Modal Verb has at least two meanings: I must post this letter! (= obligation) You must be tired! (= deduction, probability)
stories.I got up,had breakfast and went to school. 2)Past continious:was/were+ing N: I was still having dinner when my friend called. I was reading a book while my brother was playing his guitar. 3)past perfect:had+past participle/had+been+ing. N: my brother had gone to bed by the time I got home. By midnight, all the guests had left. We were tired because we had been playing volleyball all morning. Future tenses: 1)Future simplewill/shall + infinitive. N:Ppl will live on the moon one day. Are you having a party?I will come! I'll ring you tonight if you want. I'll be really angry if youre late again. 2)Going to + infinitive N:I've decided what to get Tom for his birthday, I'm going to buy him a CD. Listen to the thunder! There's going to be a storm!; 3)Present continuous N: I am meeting my girlfriend tonight. 4)Present simple The bus leaves at 8 a.m. I'll meet you as soon as the
E.g. I was watching television when my mother came home. Two or more simultaneous past actions of certain duration. E.g. I was reading while my brother was listening to music. Background description to events in a strong description. E.g. as he was walking through the woods, the birds were singing and the sun was shining brightly. Time expressions used with Past Continuous: while, when, as, the moment that, etc Used to Would Used to (+ infinitive) expresses past habits or states. It forms its negative and interrogative with did and is the same in all persons. E.g. Stacey used to live in Brighton. Would (+ infinitive) expresses past repeated actions and routines. E.g. Every day, Peter would wake up early, take a shower and set out for work. Past Perfect is used for: A past action, which occurred before another action or before stated past time. E.g. She had typed all the letters by 10 o'clock.
He had worked He hadn't worked Had he worked PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS [had been + ing] · tegevused, mida tehti minevikus enne teise teadaoleva tegevuse algust. (for, since) · tegevused, mis kestist mingit aega minevikus ja mille tulemused olid näha minevikus. väljendid, mida kasutatakse: for, since, how long, before, until, etc He had been working He hadn't been working Had he been working USED TO harjunud olema · used to+infinitive(da-tegevusnimi) I used to work I didn't used to work Did you used to work FUTURE SIMPLE [will+bare infinitive] lihttulevik · oletused tuleviku kohta, mida me arvame, usume või kujutleme. · otsused, mis on tehtud rääkimise hetkel · lubadused, ähvardused, hoiatused, palved, lootused ja pakkumised · asjad, mis kindlasti juhtuvad. I will work I won't work Will you work BE GOING TO · plaanid tulevikuks · tegevused, mida oleme otsustanud teha lähitulevikus
Future Simple We use will + infinitive To predict events, for example to say what we think will happen in the future, using the verbs think, believe etc, the expressions be sure, be afraid etc, and the adverbs probably, possibly, perhaps, certainly etc. Flora will win on Saturday. I don’t think the test will be very difficult. Ask her again. Perhaps she’ll change her mind. To make an offer and a request (ask somebody to do something). Wait, i’ll carry the bag for you.
Conditional Sentence Type 1 It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future Example: If I find her address, I'll send her an invitation. Conditional Sentence Type 2 It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive) Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. Conditional Sentence Type 3 It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle) Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. · You've posted my letters, haven't you? · You won't forget to check my emails, will you? · You're sad that I'm going, aren't you?
-t die Stadt aber der Staat -ei;-heit;-keit;-schaft;-ung : die Übung -age;-ät;-anz;-enz;-ie;-ik;-ion die Antartik NEUTRA Farbnamen das Rot das Blau Hotels,Cafes,kinos das Cinamon, das Dorpat Chemische Elemente: das Gold, sad Silber Buchstaben,Sprachen das Ypsilon, das Deutsch Kontinente,Länder,Inselnt,Orte, das Kleine Põlva Aber der Irak, die Türkei, Die Schweiz,die Krim, Die Antarktis, der Balkan, die Lausitz -chen;-lein Das Tischlein, das Mädchen Substativiere Infinitive: das Lesen, das Sprechen Mit Ge- das Gemüse, das Gebirge -ett;-il;-ma;-o;-um das Kabinett, Das Drama, das Konto
kuud; nädalapäevad; pühad järved: Lake Võrtsjärv mäetipud; üksikud saared keelte nimetused, kui neile ei järgne sõna language hotellide; pankade; kaupluste; restoranide nimed, kui nad sisaldavad omaniku ees- või perekonnanime a or an a: sõna hääldus algab kaashäälikuga an: sõna hääldus algab täishäälikuga ainsuses oleva loendatava nimisõna ees esmakordne mainimine nimisõna ees oleva kirjeldava väljendi ees will+infinitive kiire otsus kõnelemise momendil isiklik arvamus palve või pakkumine ennustus sündmused, mis juhtuvad paratamatult the teistkordne mainimine kindel ese, olend, koht tähistab liiki, sorti, tüüpi ülivõrdes oleva omadussõna ees the sun; the moon; the world; the sky same; right; wrong; following ees järgarvude ees elanike grupid: the young, the old, the rich, the poor muusika instrumentidel mängima: play the piano; the guitar; the flute
FUTURE SIMPLE BE GOING TO Will + infinitive (will go) Am/is/are going to + infinitive (is going to rain) 1.A decision at the moment of 1.Future plans made before the speaking: moment of speaking: A: 'I'm cold'. A: 'We've run out of milk.' B: 'I'll close the window'. B: 'I know, I'm going to buy some.' 2.Prediction based on opinion: 2.Prediction based on present I think the Conservatives will win the evidence: next election
Many accidents are caused by careless driving. Present simple active: Somebody cleans this room every day. passive: This room is cleaned every day. Past simple passive was/ were + III pv (cleaned/ seen jne) We were woken up by a loud noise during the night. Past simple active: Somebody cleaned this room yesterday. passive: This room was cleaned yesterday. These rooms were cleaned yesterday. Infinitive (to) be + III pv (done/ cleaned/ seen jne) The situation is serious. Something must be done before it's to late. Active: Somebody will clean the room later. Passive: The room will be cleaned later. Perfect infinitive (to) have been + III pv (done/ cleaned/ seen jne) I haven't received the letter yet. It might have been sent to the wrong address. Active: Somebody should have cleaned the room. Passive: The room should have been cleaned.
Will ja shall kasutamine 1) Sarah goes work every day.She is always there from 8.30 until 4.30. It is 11 o clock now.Sarah is at work. At 11 o clock yesterday , she was at work. At 11 o clock tomorrow , she will be at work. Will +infinitive (will be / will win / will come etc.): I/we/you/they Will (`ll Be He/she/it} Will not (won`t Win Eat Come etc. I/we/you/they Be? He/she/it Win? Eat? Will Come? Ect.
QUESTIONS 1.) If there is the verb be or modal verb in a sentence, then a question is formed by changing the word order. * We're going to be late. - Are we going to be late? * He can sing - Can he sing? 2.) Present and past simple questions are usually formed with the auxiliary verb do/did/done. The main verb is the infinitive. * They live in Paris - Do they live in Paris? * He saw her today - Did he see her today? 3.) A question can also begin with a question word. Notice that the word order changes * She is dancing. - What is she dancing? NB! Who did Peter phone? (Subject is Peter) Kellele Peeter helistas? Who phoned Peter? (Subject is who) Kes helistas Peetrile? REPORTED QUESTIONS When we ask for information, we often say Do you know...?/ Could you tell me?. If you
No overlap sing sang sung eat ate eaten The morphology of main verbs Verb forms and the verb phrase. 1. the base form: call, sing, walk, etc. finite: a) the present tense (except 3sg): I eat every day. b) the imperative: Open the window! c) the present subjunctive: They demanded that she leave the room. non-finite: a) the bare infinitive: He may come tomorrow. b) the to-infinitive: He wants her to call him. 2. the -s form: calls, sings, walks, etc. finite: the 3rd person singular present tense: She walks a mile every day. 3. the -ing participle: calling, singing, walking, etc. non-finite: a) the progressive aspect: He's reading a book now. b) ing clauses: Calling early, I found her at home. 4. the past form: called, sang, walked, etc. finite: the past tense: I walked a mile yesterday. 5
It's a big company. It employs two hundred Two hundred peolpe are employed by the people. company. Present simple: Active: clean(s) Somebody cleans this room every day. Passive: is cleaned This room is cleaned every day. Past simple: Active: cleaned Somebody cleans this room every day. Passive: was cleaned This room is cleaned every day. Future Will + infinitive Momendi otsus Lubadus Ennustus, mis baseerub minu arvamusel või oletusel (I think she will win) Pakkumine või palve (Will you hold this bag?) Be going to + infinitive Kavatsus Ennustus, mida me võime kindlalt väita (It's going to rain) Present continuous (You are watching; I am sitting) Korraldatud (I am going out with Mark) Present simple Mida me muuta ei saa (tabelid, bussigraafikud, jne) (My train leaves in two
Such + omadussõna + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus Such a lot of + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus So + omadussõna/määrsõna So much/little + loendamatu nimisõna So many/few + mitmus Clauses of reasons The reason for + nimisõna/-ing vorm The reason why + clause (he verb) Because of/on account of/due to + nimisõna Because of/on account of/due to the fact that + clause (he verb) Now (that) + clause (they verb) Clauses of results In order to/so as to + infinitive (formal) So that + can/will (present or future reference) So that + could/would (past reference) In case + present tense (present or future reference) In case + past tense (past reference) For + nimisõna (kui tahame väljendada tegevuse eesmärki) For + -ing vorm (kui tahame väljendada millegi funktsiooni) Prevent + noun/pronoun + (from) + -ing vorm Avoid + -ing vorm Clauses of contrast Although/even though/though + clause In spite of/despite + nimisõna/-ing vorm
h o us e . SECOND CONDITIONAL Susan wants to phone Paul but she can't do this because she doesn't know his number. If I knew h is num b e r, I would phone h im . SECOND CONDITIONAL If I had a lo t o f m o ne y, I would buy a b ig h o us e . If I knew h is num b e r, I would phone h im . if-clause: main clause: PAST TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT CONDITIONAL would + infinitive The second conditional refers to the present and future. It expresses an unreal situation and its probable result. The situation or condition is improbable, impossible, imaginary, or contrary to known facts. FIRST v. SECOND CONDITIONAL If John runs fast, he will win the race. This is still possible to happen. If John ran fast, he would win the race. This is unlikely to happen because John doesn't run fast.
With the exception of some (mostly high frequency) irregular or anomalous verbs, Old English verbs belong to one of two main groupings: strong verbs and weak verbs. The strong verbs realize differences of tense by variation in the stem vowel. They are assigned to seven main classes, according to the vowel variation shown. Thus RIDE v., a Class I strong verb, shows the following vowel gradation in its "principal parts", from which all of its other inflections can be inferred: 1.infinitive: rdan 2.past tense singular: rd 3.past tense plural: ridon 4.past participle: (ge)riden Similarly, the Class III strong verb BIND v. shows the following principal parts: 1.infinitive: bindan 2.past tense singular: band (or bond) 3.past tense plural: bundon 4.past participle: (ge)bunden WEAK VERBS The weak verbs form the past tense and past participle in a quite different way, using a suffix with a
Irregular English Verbs (Tense Table) Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle abide abode, abided abode, abided arise arose arisen awake awoke awoken be was been bear bore borne, born beat beat beaten become became become befall befell befallen beget begot begotten begin began begun behold beheld beheld bend bent bent, bended bereave bereaved, bereft bereaved, bereft beseech besought besought beset beset beset bet bet,...
rather slowly (adverb head) indefinite pronoun umbmäärane A pronoun that expresses a non-specific or non-definite asesõna, meaning (someone, anybody, everything, many, one, indefiniitpronoome more, all) n infinitive infinitiiv, The non-tensed form of a verb that usually combines It's time for me to order now. tegevusnimi with to. It can also occur without to (also known as the I may see you tomorrow. 'bare infinitive'). inflection sõnamuutmine, A process of word formation in which items are added
Many More The most 5. Pronouns: Subjective personal pronouns: A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they." You are surely the strangest child I have ever met. Objective personal pronouns: An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them." Seamus stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him. Persons P. Adjectives P. Pronouns 1st person (singular) (I) MY MINE 2nd person (singular) (You) YOUR YOURS
When we talk about what other people say, believe, etc., we can use two possible passive forms. Compare: Active: People say that Mr Ross is a millionaire. Passive 1: It is said that Mr Ross is a millionaire. Passive 2: Mr Ross is said to be a millionaire. It is used in formal style with verbs such as: say, think, believe, consider, know, claim, report, expect, understand, etc. When the action is in the past, we use the “Perfect Infinitive” (to have + PP) The fire is believed to have started last night. It was thought that two prisoners had escaped. Two prisoners were thought to have escaped. 6
ils seraient ils auraient été ils eussent été Imperative Participle Present Past Present Past sois aie été étant été soyons ayons été été soyez ayez été été été ayant été Infinitive Gerundive Present Past Present Past être avoir été en étant en ayant été CHOISIR (Billet 2) Indicatif Présent Passé composé Imparfait Plus-que-parfait je choisis j'ai choisi je choisissais j'avais choisi tu choisis tu as choisi tu choisissais tu avais choisi
we need an apple some butter some apples some milk - We don't need a tomato any rice Any tomatoes any sugar ? Do we need a tomato? any rice? any tomatoes? any sugar? Past Simple irregular verbs Infinitive past+ past- Go went didn't go Have had didn't have Get got didn't get Buy bought didn't buy Leave left didn't leave Drive drove didn't drive Meet met didn't meet
follows it (except for cases of extreme contrast). Incorrect: She was late for class, because her alarm clock was broken. Incorrect: The cat scratched at the door, while I was eating. Correct: She was still quite upset, although she had won the Oscar. (This comma use is correct because it is an example of extreme contrast) b. Common introductory phrases that should be followed by a comma include participial and infinitive phrases, absolute phrases, nonessential appositive phrases, and long prepositional phrases (over four words). Having finished the test, he left the room. To get a seat, you'd better come early. After the test but before lunch, I went jogging. The sun radiating intense heat, we sought shelter in the cafe. c. Common introductory words that should be followed by a comma include yes, however, well. Well, perhaps he meant no harm. Yes, the package should arrive tomorrow morning.
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