.. Possession Verbs to possess, to own, to belong... Emotion Verbs to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind... Examples: · He is needing help now. Not Correct · He needs help now. Correct · He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct · He wants a drink now. Correct Group III Mixed Verbs The third group, called "Mixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more than one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a unique verb. Some meanings behave like "Non-Continuous Verbs," while other meanings behave like "Normal Verbs." Mixed Verbs to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh... List of Mixed Verbs with Examples and Definitions: to appear: · Donna appears confused. Non-Continuous Verb DONNA SEEMS CONFUSED. · My favorite singer is appearing at the jazz club tonight. Normal Verb MY FAVORITE SINGER IS GIVING A PERFORMANCE AT THE JAZZ CLUB TONIGHT.
Be Was/were Been Olema Do Did Done Tegema Make Made Made Teostama Beat Beat Beaten Lööma See Saw Seen Vaatama Go Went Gone Minema Read Read Read Lugema Write Wrote Written Kirjutama Teach Taught Taught Õpetama Bring Brought Brought Tooma Tear Tore Torn Kiskuma Pay Paid Paid Maksma Choose Chose Chosen Valima Ring Rung Rung Helisema Steal Stole Stolen Varastama Mistake Mistake Mistaken Viga Become became become Muutuma Fall fell Fallen Kukkuma Light Lit Lit valgustama Blow Blew Blown Puhuma Run Ran Run Jooksma Stand Stood Stood Seisma Lie Lay Lain Asetsema Fly flewn flown Lend...
come open suddenly and violently, as if from internal pressure: BURST, SPLIT, POP burst open with a sharp, explosive sound: Break into sth to suddenly begin to do something: He felt so happy that he broke into song (= suddenly began to sing). She walked quickly, occasionally breaking into a run (= starting to run). Exercises No. 1 Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings and then translate them. Phrasal Verb Meaning Translation 1. To break down a) stop working ............. 2. To break into b) end a relationship ............. 3. To break off c) escape ............. 4. To break out d) make a forceful entry ............. 5. To break up e) stop ............. No. 2 Choose the correct answer. 1. After years of working for a shoddy employer, I was finally able to ......... from that
Verb + -ing or to... Verb + -ing 1) Kasutame -ing vormi kirjeldamaks tegevust, mis toimub enne esimest tegevust või samal ajal · They denied stealing the money. · I enjoy going out. stealing <-- denied Verb + to... 1)Kasutame to vormi kirjeldamaks tegevust mis järgneb esimesele tegevusele · They decided to steal the money. · I want to go out. decided -> to steal want -->to go 3)Mäletan millegi tegemist. (peale seda) I'm absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it. (=I locked it, and now I remember this) 4)Mäletan et pidin midagi tegema (enne seda) · I remembered to lock the door when I left but I forgot to shut the windows. · Please remember to post the letter.
PHRASAL VERB PULL PULL - to remove from a fixed position (the dentist pulled the tooth) - to rip or tear (the dog pulled the toy to pieces) - to strain (a muscle, for example) injuriously. PULL DOWN 1) TO DEMOLISH They pulled down the old sports stadium to build a new one. 2) TO DEPRESS SOMEONE John was really pulled down by his recent divorce. 3) TO MOVE SOMETHING FROM A HIGHER POSITION TO A LOWER ONE The sun was shining in my eyes so I pulled down the blinds. PULL IN 1) TRAIN OR BUS ARRIVAL AT A STATION The train pulled in right on time. 2) TO ATTRACT A CROWD The festival really pulled in the crowds. 3) TO EARN I pulled in more this year than last year. How about you? PULL THROUGH - to recover from an illness We didn't know if he was going to pull through but in the end he did. PULL UP - to slow and stop a car The cab pulled up outside my house and I got out. PULL OVER - to stop a vehicle by the side of the r...
soap soapy experiment experimental violence violent business busy modest modesty problem problematical employee employable business busy fluff fluffy possibility possible cleverness clever verb verbal silk silky nerve nervous hair hairy hate hateful ancestor ancient sensation sensational continent continental energy energetic tragedy tragic rain rainy misery miserable importance important Noun Adjective
Moved to Cali 2005 Was Born Traveled to Europe Husband 1978 School graduates @ Oxford 1999 Started Got married School 1983 2008 2 The Six English Verb Tenses Three Simple Tenses Simple continuous Present You walk. You are walking I run. I am running. Past You Walked You were walking. I ran. I was running. Future You will walk. You will be walking. I will run. I will be running. Three Perfect Tenses Perfect continuous
DERIVATION (tuletamine) Verb Noun Adjective Adverb (öeldis) (nimisõna) (omadussõna) (määrsõna) -en -er -en -ly -fy (beauty -or -cal nicely beautify) -ist -able cruelly -ate -ics -less -ize/ ise -ism -al -ion -ed
7. Verb: The principal forms of the verbs: Verbil on 4 põhivormi: Regular verb Irregular verb 1. the base form Talk Speak üldoleviku tüvivorm 2. the past form/ -ed form Talked Spoke üldmineviku vorm 3. the past participle (-ed Talked Spoken participle) mineviku kesksõna 4. the present participle (- Talking Speaking ing participle) oleviku kesksõna The tenses: Expressing the future:
Verb forms 1. When I (turn) turned the radio on earlier today, I (hear) heard a song that was popular when I was in basic school. I (hear, not) had not heard the song in years, and it (bring) brought back many great memories. 2. Last week, I (run) ran into an old classmate of mine. We (see, not) had not seen each other in years. I (enjoy) enjoyed talking to her so much that I (ask) asked her, if she’d like to meet me tomorrow. We are getting together tomorrow evening. 3. When Mary (enter) entered the room, I (recognize, not) did not recognize her because she (lose) had lost so much weight and (grow) grown a long, healthy and beautiful hair. He looked totally different! 4. I like listening (listen) to music when I am sad, it really comforts me. 5. I (visit) have visited so many beautiful places since I (come) came to UK. Before moving here, I (hear, n...
Be was been Misunderstand misunderstood 2 Bear bore born Oversleep overslept overslept Beat beat beaten Pay paid paid Become became become Put put put Begin began begun Read read read Bite bit bitten Ride rode ridden Break broke broken Ring rang rung Build built built Run ran run Burst burst burst Say said said Buy bought bought See saw seen Catch caught caught Sell sold sold Can could Send sent sent Come came come Set set set Cost cost cost Shoot shot shot Cut cut cut Sing sang sung Deal dealt dealt Sink sank sunk Dig dug dug Slide slid slid Do did done Speak spoke spoken Dream dream dreamt Spend spent spent Drive drove driven Stand stood stood Eat ate eaten Steal sto...
1. Be was/were been olema 2. Bear bore born(e) kandma, taluma 3. Beat beat beaten- lööma 4. Become became become- saama kellekski , millekski 5. Begin began begun- alustama 6. Bite bit bitten- hammustama 7. Blow blew blown- puhuma 8. Break broke broken-murduma, murdma, lõhkuma 9. Bring brought brought-tooma 10. Build built built-ehitama 11. Burn burnt burnt-põletama 12. Burst burst burst-purskama, puhkema 13. Buy bought bought-ostma 14. Can could could-võima, suutma 15. Catch caught caught- kinni püüdma 16. Choose chose chosen-valima 17. Come came come-tulema 18. Cost cost cost- maksma, väärt olema 19. Cut cut cut-lõikama 20. Deal dealt dealt-kauplema, käsitlema, t...
. Käskiv kõneviis. . 3- Tegusõna alg- . vorm ma-, da- - . Näited. infinitiiv. 3. p. mitmus-nad Tunnus. 1. Et moodustada (sõna tüvi lõpeb käskiv kõneviis, täishäälikuga) peab mitmuse 3. - pöörde lõpud , - --,-- , - ära jätma ja liitma , - lõpud. , - , - - , - , - - () , - - - () , - - ...
The Giant ´s Causeway 1. What does the legend say who made it? A giant 2. What does it look like? Huge stairs 3. According to legend, why was it made? To cross the sea 4. What is it made of? Stones 5. how high are the tallest stones? 12 metres Loch Ness 1. Where is it? In Scottland 2. Why does it have name like this? A monster ´s name ( Ness ) Loch means lake 3. How deep is the deepest point? 266 metres 4. Loch Ness is having one island, what ´s it ´s name? Cherry 5. What do people every year organize in Loch Ness? Running competition Stonehenge 1. When did people build it? About 5500 years ago 2. How did people transport those stones? With rafts 3. What do people think why is it built? For astrology 4. Local people think that there is a magical power. What power? It can heal people 5. Where are the stones from? ...
Words derivation LÕPUD: Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Prefix & Sufix -ation -ise/-ize -ing -ly dis- -ence -en -ive ir- -ion en- -able im- -ance -ate -y -il -age -fy -ed in- -er -ical un-
LIITVERBID Liitverbid on ortograafilised liitsõnad, mille põhiosa on verb ja mis kirjutatakse kõigis vormides kokku. See eristab neid ühend- ja väljendverbidest, mis kirjutatakse kokku vaid kesksõnavormides (meeldejääv, üleküpsenud, lugupeetud), ja liitsõnalise alussõnaga tuletistest (meeleolu-tse-ma, kooskõla-sta-ma). Alati ei ole komplekstüvelise verbi puhul võimalik üheselt mõista, kas tegemist on tuletise (alaliik > alaliigi-ta-ma) või liitverbiga (liigitama > ala+liigitama)
It's amazing to possess that power. The easiest explanation to Non-continuous verbs is that those are the words we can't use in continuous forms. Most verbs talk about actions. State verbs don't talk about actions, they talk about states, feelings, possession, and things that happen inside our heads. You don't have to know all those verbs by heart! one of the best ways to avoid mistakes is to read as much as you can in English After a while, it will become easy for you to tell whether a given verb takes continuous form or not. The best ways to practice NON-Continious verbs: Listen carefully to what people say. Practice the different versions of the verbs of sense until it becomes second nature. Click to edit Master text styles Second level The End !Third level Fourth level Fifth level
Ex. Our country is getting richer. The Universe is expanding. 6.Irritation or Anger And the last use of this tense is to express irritation or anger over somebody or something in the present with adverbs such as: always, continually or contantly. Ex. She is continually complaining about everything! John is always asking stupid questions! Form To form a sentence in the Present Continuous, you have to: *know the proper conjugation of the auxiliary verb. Person Singular Plural First I am We are Second You are You are Third He/she/it is They are *add the "ing" suffix to the verb. Ex. Try + ing = trying go + ing = going NB! Take + ing = taking have + ing = having die + ing = dying Exercises John ......................... (read) a book right now. What ....................... (you do) tonight? Silvia ........................... (not listen) to music. Maria ...............
Produktsioonid
1. Generatiivne grammatika
Produktsioon e ümberkirjutusreegel.
Alustame lähtesümbolist
Autoritekst peab andma piisavalt infot, et tsitaati mõista nii, nagu allikas seda ütles, ja näitama, mis tingimustel, mis olukorras on tsitaat öeldud. • Toimetaja ei või kunagi muuta reporteri tehtud parafraasi tsitaadiks. • Mitte kunagi ei tohi ise luua tsitaate. Saatelause vormistamine Tsitaadilause teine pool annab teada, kes vastava lause ütles ja kuidas ta seda tegi. Siin tuleb kõnelda saatelause verbist ja saatelause asukohast. Saatelause verb Põhiline saatelause verb on ütles. Tuleb jääda sõna ütles juurde ja varieerida võimalikult vähe. Saab kasutada veel: sõnas ja lausus. Ei tohi lisada sellega lisatähendusi. Aga sõnad peavad edasi andma seda, mida inimene tõepoolest teeb; tuleb vältida verbe, mis kannavad hinnangulist lisatähendust. Spetsiifilise tähendusega verbid. On rääkimisverbe, mis on kindlatel juhtudel kasutatavad.
metatees häälikumuutus, mis muudab foneemide järjekorda sõnas; nt sõnad bird ja horse olid varem bryd ja hros, seega metatees muutis need selleks, mis need tänapäeval on; three > third, thirteen; murdumine (breaking) kui täishäälikut hääldatakse nii, et see koosneb tegelikult kahest täishäälikust; üks on seega algne täishäälik ja teine tuleb juurde selleks, et oleks kergem öelda järeltulevat konsonanti nullaste kvalitatiivse vahelduse kolmas vokaalivaheldus nõrk verb regulaarne verb; lihtmineviku ja mineviku kesksõna lõppu lisatakse germaani keeltes d või t (play, played, played; pack, packed, packed) Pennsylvania Dutch germaani rahvaste järeltulijad, kes emigreerusid enne 1800 aastat peamiselt Saksamaalt ja Sveitsist Pennsylvaniasse; räägivad dialekti, mida kutsutakse Pennsylvania Dutch või Pennsylvania German Pidzinkeel keel, mis kujuneb välja erinevate rahvuste vahel, kui on nt toimunud kolonisatsioon,
, the expressions be sure be afraid, etc., and the adverbs probably perhaps, certainly, etc I'm afraid we won't be on time for the meeting. b) for on-the-spot decisions. c) for promises (usually with the verbs promise, swear, guarantee, etc.), threats, warnings, requests, hopes (usually with the verb hope) and offers. d) for actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in the future and which we cannot control. The temperature will reach 40°C tomorrow. Be going to a) for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the future. Now that they've won the lottery, they are
Active Voice, Passive Voice There are two special forms for verbs called voice: 1. Active voice subject verb object active > Cats eat fish. 2. Passive voice The active voice is the "normal" voice. This is the voice that we use most of the time. You are probably already familiar with the active voice. In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb: The passive voice is less usual. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb: subject verb object passive < Fish are eaten by cats. subject verb object active Everybody drinks water.
Words 110-106 1. Approve (verb) heaks kiitma 2. Accuse (verb) süüdistama 3. Wrongful (adjective) ülekohtune 4. Innocent (adjective) süütu 5. Get involved (verb) kaasa minema 6. Misbehave (verb) halvasti käituma 7. Civil rights (noun) tsiviilõigused 8. Humiliating alandav 9. Infuriating vihale ajav 10. Emphasized rõhutatud 11. Auxiliary (adjective) aitav 12. Swearword (noun)- needus 13. Columnist (noun) publitsist 14. Publisher (noun) kirjastaja 15. Business manager (noun) ärijuht 16. Office manager (noun) büroojuhataja 17. Persuade (verb) keelitama 18. Express (verb) avaldama 19. Group (verb) rühmitama 20. Censorship (noun) tsensuur 21. Periodicals (noun) perioodikaväljaanded 22. Courage (noun) julgus 23. Common (adjective) üldine 24. Prosperity (noun) heaolu 25. Monotonous (adjective) monotoonne 26. Abroad (adverb) võõrsil 27. Broadcast (verb) levitama 28. Allo...
ka endale saada, kuna reklaamis öeldi, et uuel nukul on poole pikemad juuksed ja tal on kaasas kaks paari riideid, see on mõjutamine, kuna usutakse paljusid asju, mida reklaamitakse. Manipuleerima kedagi oskuslikult, targalt või muud moodi mõjutama. Manipuleeriv inimene ei näita otseselt ega ütle selgelt välja, mida ta soovib või ootab, vaid ta püüab saavutada oma eesmärke mingite kaudsete teede abil (näiteks hoiatades, hirmutades jne). Hinnanguline verb hinnanguline tegusõna. Kui keegi avaldab oma arvamuse mingi teo kohta, näiteks kui keegi ütleb, et see tegu oli lollitamine, siis see on hinnanguline verb, inimene annab oma hinnangu, mida tema arvab tehtud või parasjagu käimasolevast tegevusest. Sildikleepimine kellelegi tehtu, öeldu või muu sellise asja pärast mingi teatud nimetuse andmine. Näiteks, on kaks inimest ja üks ütleb teisele, et too on 'emo' , siis seda võib lugeda sildikleepimiseks
The Present Simple is the most basic tense in the English language. It is an interesting tense because it can be used Present Simple to express the future. Generally, though, we use it to Basic form describe the present activities or to talk about routines or Subject + Verb + -s (present form) John lives in New York. We play football every day. You are really kind. The meeting starts at 3 PM. Use the Present Simple: with state verbs. to talk about situations in life that last a relatively long time. when an event is certain to happen in the future. to talk about events that we can't change (for example, an official meeting or a train departure).
Tingimuslaused Tingimuslaused koosnevad kahest osast: If (tingimus), (tingimus realiseerub) kõrvallause pealause Inglise keeles on kolm tingimuslause tüüpi. 1. tüüp reaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb lihtolevikus, kestvas verb lihtolevikus või lihttulevikus olevikus või täisminevikus (do, is doing, have done) If she phones me, you will answer the phone. I will go there myself. she has to If he isn´t going, keep it. If she has given a promise, 2. tüüp ebareaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb lihtminevikus (did) Would/should+verb Pane tähele
Verb + -ing or to Verb + -ing Verb + -ing and to Verb + to 1) Stop, postpone, admit, avoid, CHANGE IN THE MEANING: 1) Offer, decide, hope, deserve, imagine, finish, consider, deny, risk, 1) Remember Example: 1. I promise, agree, plan, manage, afford, fancy. Example: Suddenly know I locked the door. I clearly threaten, refuse, arrange, fail, forget, everybody stopped talking. remember locking it. 2. Please learn. Example: It was late, so we
Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases ........................................................... 2 Types of Adverbs ..................................................................................... 2 Position of Adverbs.................................................................................. 4 Yet, still, already ....................................................................................... 6 Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases An adverb describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a whole sentence. Adverbs can be divided according to the information that they give. Types of Adverbs 1. Some adverbs tell us how somebody does something or how something happens. These are called Adverbs of Manner. Please speak quietly. Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. 2. Some adverbs tell us where. These are called Adverbs of Place: She put the book on the table. 3. Some adverbs tell us when
..), siis jäetakse by- fraas ära. Aktiivlause muutmine passiivlauseks: 1. Leiame sihitise ja muudame ta aluseks. 2. Määrame öeldise ajavormi ja asendame ta passiivi vastava ajaga 3. Leiame aluse ja muudame ta eessõna by abil sihitiseks. Example: Jane baked a cake.-active sentence A cake was baked by Jane.-passive sentence Exampple: My bike was stolen. Tence Subject Verb Object Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter Passiv: A Letter is written by Rita Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter Passiv: a letter was written by Rita Present perfect Active: Rita has written a letter
Concrete nouns refer to physical entities that can be observed and measured (cat, garage, soldier). Abstract nouns refer to abstractions that cannot be observed and measured (competition, conscience). verb tegusõna, In a clause, the verb is an obligatory and the most walk, put, do, be, must pöördsõna, verb central element. It denotes actions, events, processes and states. Verbs are either regular (cough, coughs, coughing, coughed) or irregular (speak, speaks, spoke, speaking, spoken). There are three main grammatical
Anglo Frisian » English 2. How to classify words into different word classes? (definition is that enough?, morphology, distribution and function tests); Grammatical categories for nominals, verbs, adjectives. "A set of words like dog, child, cat, man, bird where the individual words are mutually substitutable is known as a word class..." Definitions a) A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. b) A verb expresses an action, process or state. c) An adjective is a describing word which modifies a noun. "Although such definitions will identify many members of a word class, linguists generally agree that they need to be supplemented by formal tests. e.g. sincerity Sincerity can be frightening misery Lee is misery itself. Such miseries are uncommon Distribution: - a distribution test Kim is an engine driver
Present Simple and Continuous Table of Contents Present Simple ..................................................................... 2 The spelling of endings in the Present Simple ....................... 2 When to use the Present Simple ........................................... 3 The verb 'be' ......................................................................... 4 Present Continuous.............................................................. 5 The spelling of endings in the Present Continuous................ 5 When to use the Present Continuous.................................... 6 State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs ................... 7 Present Simple In the Present Simple we use the verb without an ending. I work you live
these words are most commonly nouns, verbs (not auxiliaries), adjectives and adverbs. Closed class words (function words) → These are words that do not take in any new words. In English the word classes are prepositions, pronouns, determiners and conjunctions. Syntax is the study of how sentences are formed in a language. For example what is the word order ( in English it’s usually subject, verb object) or how words relate to each other in sentences etc. Germanic languages → Belong to the Indo-European language family. Germanic languages divide into West Germanic and North Germanic languages. There used to be East Germanic languages also but they are now extinct. North Germanic languages → Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic and Faroese.
Position of Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of freguency show how often somebody does something or how often something takes place. 100 % always almost always very often often quite often usually / normally sometimes occasionally not very often seldom /rarely 0% hardly ever never 5 Adverbs of freguency normally stand in front of the main verb but after the verb to be: They always read newspapers in the morning. Jim almost always sleeps late on Sunday. Mary often visits her parents. She usually gets up at 7. My grandmother sometimes goes to the theatre. I hardly ever write letters nowadays. He has always lived in London. They don’t very often go abroad. He can never remember my name. I have never been to Australia
Indirect speech Pealause Sidesõna Sihitislause Main clause Linking word Object clause He says that he likes my car Väitlaused kaudses kõnes Statements in indirect speech Tom says to me he likes my car Joe is saying that Mary is leaving next week You have told me He kas worked there for two years Ann will tell them our friends will arrive at 7 o'clock Kui saatelause verb on minevikus, toimub otsese kõne kaudseks muutmisel aegade nihe vastavalt aegade järjestuse reeglile , mis nõuab ,et kui pealause verb on minevikus, peab ka sihitislause verb olema ühes mineviku ajavormis. the present indefinite the past indefinite the present continuos the past perfect the present perfect the past perfect the present perfect continuous the past perfect continuos the past indefinite the past perfect the past continuous the past perfect continuous
The Present Continuous What is Present Continuous The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb. Form am/is/are + verb + “ing” Examples: I am watching TV. He/she/it is watching TV. They/we/you are watching TV. How to use Present Countinuous When we use Present Continuous Use We use the present continuous tense to talk about the present: ● for something that is happening at the moment ● for something which is happening before and after a given time NB! Words what ends with -e: Make Making Invite Inviting
QUESTIONS 1.) If there is the verb be or modal verb in a sentence, then a question is formed by changing the word order. * We're going to be late. - Are we going to be late? * He can sing - Can he sing? 2.) Present and past simple questions are usually formed with the auxiliary verb do/did/done. The main verb is the infinitive. * They live in Paris - Do they live in Paris? * He saw her today - Did he see her today? 3.) A question can also begin with a question word. Notice that the word order changes * She is dancing. - What is she dancing? NB! Who did Peter phone? (Subject is Peter) Kellele Peeter helistas? Who phoned Peter? (Subject is who) Kes helistas Peetrile? REPORTED QUESTIONS When we ask for information, we often say Do you know...?/ Could you tell me?. If you
ainsuse 2. pöörde abil Mitmuse 2. pööre Käsud ja palved Käskiva kõneviisi mitmuse 2. pöörde käsu saamiseks lisatakse tegusõna algvormi tüvele liide -kaa/-kää. 2 Mitmuse 2. pöörde eitus - Keelud Käskiva kõneviisi mitmuse 2. pöörde keeld moodustatakse sõna Älkää ja tegusõna algvormi tüve ning liite -ko/-kö abil. HARJUTUSED: 1. Kirjuta verb AINSUSE käskivas kõneviisis: http://www.saunalahti.fi/raillam6/imperatiivi9.htm Näide: tehdä tee 1. juoda 2. Lukea 3. Istua 4. seisoa 5. Auttaa 6. Sulkea 7. Kuunnella 8. avata 2. Kirjuta verb käskivas kõneviisis keeluna: http://www.saunalahti.fi/raillam6/imperatiivi11.htm Näide: syödä älä syö 1. juoda 2. seisoa 3. puhua 4. sotkea 5. potkia 6. piirtää 7
REPORTED SPEECH 2. Kui saatelause verb on oleviku aegades, siis ei muutu kaudse kõne verbi aeg. Kui saatelause verb on minevikus, toimub väit- ja küsilausetes aegade nihe: Prsent Simple Past Simple Present Progressive Past Progressive Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Past Simple Past Perfect Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect jääb muutmata Past Perfect Progressive jääb muutmata Future Simple Future in the Past 3
Implikatsioonilised keeleuniversaalid: · Greenberg 4. universaal: SOV-keeled on üldiselt postpositsioonikeeled · Greenberg 3. universaal: VSO-keeled on alati prepositsioonikeeled Komplekssed implikatsioonilised keeleuniversaalid: · Greenberg 5. universaal: kui domineerib SOV ja peasõnale järgneb genitiiv, siis tõenäoliselt ka adjektiiv järgneb oma peasõnale 6. Sõnaliigid. Avatud ja suletud sõnaliigid. Klassifikaatorid sõnaliigina · Substantiiv nimisõna · verb tegusõna · adjektiiv omadussõna · adpositsioon, prepositsioon ja postpositsioon (vahel, sees, ümber) · abiverb pidama, tegema, olema · determinant määratleja (need, mõned, see) · adverb (hästi, kiiresti, õnneks · proadverb adverbi asendaja (kuidas või sedaviisi) · modaalverb võima, tohtima, saama, pidama, tulema, näima · afiksaalverb ühendverbid (peale käima, üle ajama, juurde lõikama, üles ütlema)
A suffix- is an element placed in the end of the word to form a derviative such as ing and fy. Prefixes: be- become, for-forget, with-within, ad-admit, ac-accurse, af-affrax, co-co-operate, de-destroy, dis-dismiss, sub-submarine Suffixes: er- maker, or- actor, eer- mountineer, ier/yer- lawyer, ant- assistant, ent-student, ee- detainee, ist-artist, en-vixen, ess-actress, ine-heroine 9) Coversion A type of dervation where no suffix is used to change the word class. Catch as a verb and catch as a noun, brake-down as a verb and break-down as an adjective. 10) compounds Are formed by joining two or more root morphemes. Compounds are often idiomatic in meaning or at least not entirely transparent. Coffe plus pot equals coffeepot 11) Clipping Clipping ise the wordformation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts- shortening. Three types of clipping: Foreclipping- retain gthe fial part of the word- racoon-coon, telephone- phone
Will he have worked for twenty years by Will he really have been wo then? hours? He will not have worked for twenty He will not have been worki years. TEGUSÕNA AKTIIVI AJAD (be + verb 3) Lihtolevik Kestev olevik Perfekti olevik [ minu käest küsitakse (alati [ (just praegu) küsitakse minu [ (täna) töötanud (juba arvamust) arvamust) ] käest (arvamust) ] küsitud ] O L E I am I am being I, you, we, they have been asked
I wish we are / had been / would be / could be together always! g) I'm sorry I missed your birthday party. I really wish I come / came / had come / would come. h) I like my new boss but I wish she gave / would give / could give me some more responsibility. i) Having a lovely time in Brighton. I wish you are / were / had been here. j) This car was a complete waste of money. If only I didn't buy /hadn't bought it. 2.- 3.- 4.- Choose the most suitable verb form in each sentence. a) A cheque is all right, but I'd rather you pay / paid me cash. b) Imagine you live / lived in New York. How would you feel? c) If only I have / had / would have a screwdriver with me. d) If you want to catch the last train, it's time you leave / left. e) I'd rather you don't / didn't tell anyone about our conversation. f) I've got a terrible headache. If only I didn't drink / hadn't drunk that wine.
ACTIVE TENSES Active form You use an active verb when you want to say that the subject of a sentence does something. · [Thing doing action] + [verb] + · +[thing receiving action] · Examples The professor (subject doing action) teaches (verb) · the students (object receiving action). · Mary (subject doing action) · washes (verb) · the dishes ( object receiving action). The tenses of the verb 1.Present (olevik) 2.Past (minevik) 3.Future (tulevik) 4.Future in the past (kaudne tulevik) Iga aeg võib esineda neljas eri rühmas 1.IndefiniteTenses (üldajad) 2.Continious Tenses (kestvad ajad) 3.Perfect Tenses (perfekti ajad) 4.Perfect Continious Tenses (perfekti kestvad ajad) Indefinite Tenses (üldajad) used to describe actions but do not state whether the action is completed or on- going märgivad tegevuse sooritamise fakti Peter visits us every day.
going to go to the party. I told you he was going to come to the party. I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner. Active= I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. Passive= I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM. 17. Gerunds See on nimisõna, mis on tuletatud teguseõnast ning lõppu käib -ing. Reading helps you learn English. He enjoys not working. 18. Infinitives See on tegusõna to vorm. Näiteks: sõnast learn tekib to learn 19. Phrasal Verb See on tegusõna + eessõna või määrsõna, mis loob esimesest lausest teise tähenduse, kasutades sama tegusõna. I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. He ran away when he was 15. 20. Negative question Negatiivsed küsimused sisaldavad enamasti emotsioone ning kõlavad teatud situatsioonides ebaviisakalt. Didn't she like the film? Yes, she did. Aren't they reading now? Yes, they are. Isn't he a student? Can't you read? Isn't she a beauty? 21. General question
.. · I wrote this report to look into the results of... this report was written to analyse... · My results show that... the results indicate... · The airport minibus will bring tourists to the hotel the tourist will be transported to the hotel ... · I think the food at the new restaurant is excellent the food ... · The information centre gives you a map of the city a map of the city can be obtained... Reporting (kaudne kõneviis) Verb + that (jutustavad) o Add, admit, agree, announce, believe, boast, claim, complain, deny, declare, explain Verb + sihitis+that (jutustavad) o Warned, reminded Verb + somebody to do something (käsud ja palved) o Advise, beg, order, promise Verb + to do something o Agree, offer, refuse, threaten Verb + ,,ing" form o Admit, deny, suggest Verb + if/whether (kas küsimused) o Inquire, ask Verb + preposition + ,,ing" form
at once on this occasion in his youth at last on time in these days at his moment in the end at the same time in the middle of the month at that time in two day`s time at first sight at present Phrasal verbs: A phrasal verb is a phrase made up of two or three words: a verb combined with an adverb or a preposition, or a verb combined with an adverb and a preposition. Phrasal verbs are very common in English, and their meaning may be quite different from the meaning of the ordinary verb, eg you may know the individual meanings of the words make and off, but you may not be able to guess that to make off means "to leave or escape" . Some phrasal verbs have the adverb or preposition following
Back clipping- retains the beginning crocodile- croc, doctor- doc, gasoline-gas Ambiclipping- middle part is retained- influenza- flu Clipping means beginning plus beginning, situation comedy- sitcom Blends blends form if you take beginning plus the end- money plus energy=monergy Clipped compounds compounds formed by clipping. Conversion A type of derivation where no suffix is used to change the word class. Catch as a verb and catch as a noun, break-down as a verb and break-down as an adjective. Compounds Are formed by joining two or more root morphemes. Compounds are often idiomatic in meaning or at least not entirely transparent. Coffe plus pot equals coffeepot Solid, hyphenated, and open compounds An open compound means that the words of the compound are written separately (credit card), a hyphenated compound separates the words by hyphen(s) (brother-in-law), a solid compound is formed when the two words
Põimliitsõna liitsõna, mille eesosa (täiendsõna) laiendab järelosa (põhisõna): koolimaja, lehekülg, linnupesa. Enamik liitsõnu just sellised. Rindliitsõna liitsõna, mille osad on omavahel rinnastatud: ööpäev, pudi-padi, ajaloolis-poliitiline, sinimustvalge. Prefikssoidid e pooleesliited: ala-, üli- Sufiksoidid e pooljärelliited:-võitu, -ohtu, -mees Liitverbid: liitsõnad, mille põhisõnaks on verb: alahindama, kuumsuitsutama, ristküsitlema. Liitverbide moodustusmallid: · Määrsõna + verb · Käändsõna nimetavas + verb · Adj + verb · S + verb Tüvi lihttüvi e juur (käsi/lane, käe/line), tuletatud tüvi (käsitle/mine, käsitse/ja) või liittüvi (käsitöö/line). Tuletusalus e alussõna sõna, millest on tuletis moodustatud. Alussõna tüvi varieerub. Tuletustüvi liite ees olev tüvevariant
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