PRONOUNS Object form Possessive Subject form Possessive Reflexive Pronouns Osastav asesõna Omastav Nimetav asesõna Omastav Enesekohased asesõnad Keda? Asesõna + nimisõna Kes? Nimisõna + verb+asesõna Mida? Kelle? Mis? Kelle? (ennast, ise) Kellele? Mille?
Pronouns By: Anneli Võikar Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. Types of pronouns Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns Indefinite pronouns Relative pronouns Possesive pronouns Reciprocal pronouns Pronoun case Personal pronouns Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on: number person gender Case Singular: subject- I, you, he, she, it ; object-me, you, him, her, it. Plural: subject-we, you, they ; object-us, you, them. Examples: 1) Do you like coffee? (subject) 2) John loves you. (object) Reflexive pronouns We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "- selves" (plural).
Indefinite Pronouns Table of Contents Some and any....................................................................... 2 No (+ Noun) and none (+ Pronoun) ........................................ 3 Every and each..................................................................... 3 Whole ................................................................................... 4 Both, either and neither ....................................................... 4 Few/a few – a little/little....................................................... 5 A lot of/lots of – much/many................................................ 5 Some, any + -body / -one, + -thing, + -where ........................ 6 Some and any Some and any mean a certain number or amount. They are used with or instead of plural or uncountable nouns. Some is a possible plural form of a/an and one: Have a ...
TEST ON PRONOUNS 1. Sina ja mina elame mõlemad samas majas. You and I, we live in a same house. 2. Keegi helistas, kui sa olid väljas Kas ta jättis mingi teate? Somebody called when you were out did they leave a message? 3. Sul ja mul on sama pliiats, aga sinu oma on lühem kui minu oma. You and I, we have the same pencil, but yours is shorter than mine. 4. Need olid mu elu kõige õnnelikumad päevad. Those were the happiest days of my life. 5. Kui keegi helistab, lihtsalt võta ta nuber ja ma helistan talle hiljem tagasi. If someone calls, just take their number and I will call them back later. 6. Väike laps õpib ennast riietama. A small child is learning to dress himself/herself. 7. Nad jälgisid teineteist. They were watching each other. 8. Keegi ei tea luku koodi. No one knows the locks code.
simple simpler simplest Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow narrow narrower narrowest Irregular forms of comparison: Bad Worse The worst Good Better The best Fur Further The furthest Far Farther The farthest Little Less The least Much More The most Many More The most 5. Pronouns: Subjective personal pronouns: A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they." You are surely the strangest child I have ever met. Objective personal pronouns: An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns are: "me,"
For example: consider, considered, considers. Open class words (content words) → These are the word classes that take in new words, for example by adding affixes to them or borrowing words from other languages. In English these words are most commonly nouns, verbs (not auxiliaries), adjectives and adverbs. Closed class words (function words) → These are words that do not take in any new words. In English the word classes are prepositions, pronouns, determiners and conjunctions. Syntax is the study of how sentences are formed in a language. For example what is the word order ( in English it’s usually subject, verb object) or how words relate to each other in sentences etc. Germanic languages → Belong to the Indo-European language family. Germanic languages
A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example ‘We flew over the mountains at dawn'. countable nouns Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns: •dog, cat, animal, man, person •bottle, box, litre •coin, note, dollar •cup, plate, fork •table, chair, suitcase, bag
tõotamist väljendavaid verbe. Tähtsaimad neist on : say, tell, think, ask, want to know. Direct Speech (Otsene Kõne) Reported Speech (Kaugkõne) Oliver says, "I`m not from poor family." Oliver says that he is not from poor family. Pille says, "The weather has been awful." Pille says that the weather has been awful. Asja Selgitavad tabelid. Statements. When transforming statements, check whether you have to change: · pronouns · present tense verbs (3rd person singular) · place and time expressions · tenses (backshift) Type Example Direct speech "I speak English." Reported speech (No He says that he speaks backshift) English. Reported speech (Backshift) He said that he spoke English. Questions When transforming questions, check whether you have to change: · pronouns
Greeting Dear + first name, nickname, of family member's name Farewell Love, with love, best wishes, yours etc. depending on the style of the letter. In every type of letter: YOU MUST NOT USE ANY SLANG! aint conna wanna etc. Grammar Formal and semiformal letters: Impersonal style Complex sentence structure Passive Voice Single word verbs Noncolloquial English Formal language Only facts Few adjectives No use of short forms Few pronouns Informal letters: Personal style Short Use of colloquial English Use of idioms and literature expressions Phrasal verbs Pronouns Chatty Wide use of descriptive adjectives Short forms
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH - 15 monophtongs, (7 long, 7 short, 1 central), 4 diphtongs, 17 consonants. Free variaton of R, and it was pronounced everywhere. Very much Germanic in character. Quite some special consonants that no longer exist. About morphology: synthetic with numerous aglutinating tendencies. System of tenses Germanic, but with a reduction of tenses. Paradigmatic leveling; Stress shift; Word order; Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax: clauses were joined much simpler than nowadays, using and, then etc. Because of case syncretion the word order in a sentence became much more important to be able to tell the difference between words. FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT (GRIMM'S LAW)
Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills and call attention to common problem areas.
alternative grammatical forms of words. Inflectional affixes are always suffixes in English. consider, considers, considered Open vs. Closed class words: In linguistics, a closed class (or closed word class) is a word class to which no new items can normally be added, and that usually contains a relatively small number of items. Typical closed classes found in many languages are adpositions (prepositions and postpositions), determiners, conjunctions, and pronouns.[1] Contrastingly, an open class offers possibilities for expansion. Typical open classes such as nouns and verbs can and do get new words often, through the usual means such as compounding,derivation, coining, borrowing, etc. [2] Syntax: studies how words group together to make phrases and sentences. Sentences are not simply random strings of words; they conform to specific patterns determined by the syntactic rules of the language.
a country countries, a diary- diaries, a boy boys, a dictionary dictionaries, try tries, play-plaies. -ves lõpulistele f, -fe a leaf leaves , a wolf wolves, a knife knives, a life lives Irregular nouns a man men, a woman women, a child children, a person people, a sheep sheep, a tooth feet, a mouse mice, a goose geese Pronouns Personal : Possessive possessive Object adjective: pronouns: pronouns: I my mine I me wait for me You your yours you-you I love you He his his me-him she isn't in love with him She her hers she her he kisses her
Exercises on reported speech Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses. 1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked. → She asked 2. "How are you?" Martin asked us. → Martin asked us 3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?" → He asked 4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter. → The mother asked her daughter 5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend. → She asked her boyfriend 6. "What are they doing?" she asked. → She wanted to know 7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me. → He wanted to know 8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?" → The teacher wanted to know 9. "How do you know that?" she asked me. → She asked me 10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me. → My friend asked me Complete the sentences in reported speech using introductory verbs. 1...
Strong syllables - has as its nucleus one of the vowel phonemes but not "schwa" Weak syllables has 4 types of nucleus 1) the vowel ,,schwa" 2) a close front unrounded vowel in the general area of i: and ý 3) a close back unrounded vowel in the general area of u: and 4) a syllabic consonant Close front vowels occur in word-final weak syllables (as in happy), weak initial syllables (as in react) and in unstressed personal pronouns (be, the), when preceding a vowel. NB. i: or ý, as in ,,easy, busy", is transcribed as i Close back vowels occur in unstressed syllables, when not preceding a consonant (you, to, into, do) and in unstressed syllables in all positions (through, who). NB. u: or , as in ,,food to eat", is transcibed as u ,,schwa" - is a reduced vowel that is in weak syllables only, and it's sound quality is mid and central. E.g. carrot, perhaps, attend.
the Saturday after that Saturday Examples: I went to the theatre last night. He said he had gone to the theatre the night before. I'm having a party next weekend. He said he was having a party the next weekend. I'm staying here until next week. He said he was staying there until the following week. I came over from London 3 years ago. He said he had come over from London 3 years before. Personal pronouns You also need to be careful with personal pronouns. They need to be changed according to the situation. You need to know the context. For example, there is possible confusion when you try to change reported speech to direct speech: She said she'd been waiting for hours. (Is she one person or two different people?) I told them they would have to ask permission. (Are we talking about two groups of people or only one?)
almost everywhere. For a start it is worth understanding formality levels in Spoken language. Because the spoken language is used much more often. The first level of Spoken language is informal. Its use for routine messages delivered face-to-face with friends. Informal language is relaxed language with slang, contractions and humor. The second level is Semiformal. Its use for important messages to strangers(for example, Phone call). It is language with some contractions and personal pronouns. And the last one is Formal. Its use for serious messages and in other formal contexts. It is correct, serious language using complete sentences without slang. In a written language it is similarly important as in a spoken language, to what public this letter is directed. Formality levels distribute on Intimate and Casual. Usually this is how writing to best friends or to friends and family members. If you are writing a letter to a friend, writing something personal, you would use a
problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -ción, -tad, -dad, or -tud. Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa, ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas. 5. Subject Pronouns nosotros / noh-soh-trohs / yo yoh I we nosotras noh-soh-trahs
· The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia. · The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Grammar · Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language, the canonical word order is SVO. (subject-verb-object) · In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative) Vocabulary · Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different
Chinese Pidgin English a pidgin lexically based on English and influenced by Chinese developed in 17th century in China Began to decline during the 19th century, when standard English began to be taught in schools Chinese Pidgin English Some characteristics: Based on a vocabulary of 700 English words Grammar and syntax are simple and positional (grammatical categories are indicated by the position of words in a sentence) Lack of plural personal pronouns Chinese Pidgin English Example sentences: Hab gat rening kum daun (Have got raining come down) “There is rain coming down” Tumoro mai no kan kum (Tomorrow my no can come) “Tomorrow I can't come” Mai no hab kachi basket (My no have catch basket) “I didn't bring a basket” Creole language a natural language developed by mixing two parent laguages arose as the result of European maritime power Vocabulary mostly supplied by the parent
(present tense) pöördeline vorm, tense (a tensed verb). It typically has a subject, and can finite be a main or subordinate clause. (cf. Non-finite) gender sugu A grammatical distinction in which words are marked he, him, she, it, his, her for masculine, feminine or neuter. Only pronouns and She's a famous actress, isn't she? possessive determiners are marked grammatically for He's a famous actor. gender in English. However, gender is occasionally distinguished in nouns for male or female people or animals.
INGLISE KEELE GRAMMATIKA Present Simple Lihtoleviku moodustamine Jaatav vorm Eitav vorm Küsiv vorm I make I do not make Do I make? He/she/it speaks He/she/it does not speak Does he/she/it speak? We/you/they go We/you/they do not go Do we/you/they go? NB! ERANDID! · Verbidele, mis lõpevad ss, h, ch, tch, x või oga, lisatakse ainsuse kolmdandas pöördes es. he does he goes he misses he watches he mixes · Verbid, mis lõpevad yga, mille ees on konsonant, muudavad y iks enne es lisamist. fly he flies carry he carries Võrdle: say he says Lihtolevik väljendab: · Antud momendil toimuvat tegevust, mis ei väljenda kest...
ends with their tryst in Moscow and a wrenching discussion of the impossibility of their situation -- he cannot leave his wife because of the loss of status and wealth that a divorce would entail, and she cannot leave her husband and family for much the same reason -- yet they pledge to one another to carry on with their aff air because they are now clearly in love with one another. Just after sex TY What is missing from this passage in English is the asymmetrical use o the second-person pronouns in the Russian original. Gurov addresses Anna throughout as ty while she addresses him throughout as vy. Because of his unhappy marriage and the ease with which he had always been able to enter into brief aff airs, Gurov had long considered women "a lower breed." So now, aft er he and Anna have had sex, he addresses Anna as he would anyone who had proven herself to be of the "lower breed," with a slight degree of contempt. Untranslatable "You" in Chekhov's Lady with Lapdog 293
ebatõenäolised sündm. Third cond. miski, mis oleks võinud minevikus toimuda, aga ei toimunud. if-clause main clause 0 present simple + present simple 1 present simple + will future 2 past simple + would (could, might) ja I.pv. 3 past perfect + would (could,...) ja present perfect VII. TAG QUESTIONS. ____________main clause_____ , ___tag ___ . Positive verbs turn to negative and negative verbs change to positive!!! Names change to pronouns! EXAMPLES: You are going to Spain, aren´t you? She isn´t pretty, is she? It is a nice day, isn´t it? I am seeing you tomorrow, aren´t I ? AM AREN ` T !!! I´m late, aren´t I? !!! David can´t go out tonight, can he? She can spell, can´t she? Jane has finished her homework, hasn´t she? You haven´t got a car, have you? Bill and Tom don´t work very hard, do they? You like chocolate, don´t you? They don´t like us, do they? Tim doesn´t look well today, does he
appear in reported speech. In reported speech they always start with if or whether. NT: Mary asks me: "Do you like tennis?" --- Mary asks me if/whether I like tennis. In reported speech the questions which start with what,who,where,why,how,when they stay in the reported speech sentence. NT: She asked him: "How old are you?" --- She asked him how old he was. EXERCISE. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Change pronouns and time expressions where necessary. 0. She said, "I am reading." She said that ... (she was reading) (Present Progressive becomes Past Progressive.) 1.They said, "We are busy." They said that.... (they were busy.) (Simple Present becomes Simple Past) 2.He said, "I know a better restaurant." He said that....(he knew a better restaurant.) (Simple Present becomes Simple Past) 3.She said, "I woke up early." She said that... (she had woken up early.) (Simple Past becomes Past Perfect) 4
Uncountable nouns are names of the things you cannot normally count (love, air, philosophy, etc). The can usually be used when we mean this. The Indefinite Article – a/an (= one!) can only be used with singular countable nouns. a child, a book, an elephant, an apple On the other hand, singular countable nouns cannot be used without any determiner. Determiners are both articles (a/an and the) and different pronouns (e.g., one, another, each, every, this, that; personal pronouns: my, your, his, her, its, our, their). Only one determiner can be used at a time: My house was deserted. Or: The house was deserted. Another problem is the pollution that the factory causes to the environment. Or: One other problem is the pollution the factory causes to the environment. 2 The Definite Article – the, can be used with both singular and plural countable and uncountable nouns.
, or things as human without definite regularity. literal meaning of a word is beings. Used: Function to emphasize repeated affirmation by denying "not pronouns, capital unit. opposite of what intended good"=bad). (positive word used in Function not to sound too letters, verbs of negative sense) categorical. thinking & speaking, 7. SYNONYMIC
Riifi keel Jelizaveta Komissarova Sissejuhatus Riifi keel (seda nimetatakse ka tarifit keel, araabia keeles - تاريفيت,Tamazight Tarifit) – kuulub berberi keele rühma ja selle kasutusala on peamiselt Aafrika, täpsemalt öeldes Maroko põhjaosa (Vikipeedia, 2017). Selle keele kõnelejaid leidub ka Alžeerias, Marokos, Tuneesias ja Lääne-Saharas (Ethnologue, 2017). Kogu maailmas kasutavad riifi keelt 4 milljonit inimest. Nad valdavad tavaliselt mitu keelt, sealhulgas ka araabia keelt (Vikipeedia, 2017). Nagu ka teised berberi keeled, riifi keel kirjutati üles mitme erineva süsteemi alusel paljude aastate jooksul. Hiljuti (alates 2003. aastast) see keel muutus Marokos ametlikuks (Vikipeedia, 2017). Riifi keelt saab kirjutada ladina, araabia ja tifinagh tähtedega (Ethnologue, 2017). Foneetika ja fonoloogia Joonis...
It is less personal than the active. Tense Active Passive present simple I think it is thought present we are discussing it is being discussed continuous present perfect the boss has said it has been said past simple John called a meeting a meeting was called future I will refer to this later this will be referred to later Personal pronouns Active verbs use more personal pronouns: I think ... We are working on ... Be careful not to overuse I. We is a good alternative for talking about companies: We will launch the product in June. Reference to the audience As I'm sure you know ... We have all experienced ... You may remember ... As I'm sure we'd all agree ... Everyday language Using slang and everyday expressions can make an impact on the audience and add drama: Where's the caring side of employment gone? I'll tell you where
CITATION FORM The citation form of the lexeme is the form that is employed to refer to the lexeme; it is also the form that is used for the alphabetical listing of lexemes in a conventional dictionary. In English, the citation form of a noun is the singular: e.g., mouse rather than mice. For multi-word lexemes which contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one: e.g., do one's best, perjure oneself. In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen, Spanish ir. In English it usually is the full infinitive (to go) although alphabetized without 'to' (go); the present tense is used for some defective verbs (shall, can, and must have only the one form). In Latin, Ancient Greek, and Modern Greek (which has no infinitive), however, the first person
me. 15) Are you interested........literature? 16) It depends........the weather. 17) Do you agree........me? 7. Translate using the Modal Verbs. ( 5 points ) 1) Kas sa oskad malet mängida?( oskus ) 2) See on saladus. Sa ei tohi seda kellelegi rääkida.( keeld ) 3) Me peame kiirustama.( käsk ) 4) Kate peaks vähem maiustusi sööma.( soovitus ) 5) Kas ma tohin sinuga kaasa tulla?( luba ) 8. Complete these sentences by adding suitable Personal and Possessive Pronouns. ( 5 points ) e.g. Mary and I do our homework together. 1) If you can`t ski, we will teach........ 2) How will you spend........holiday? 3) She put on.......hat and left the room. 4) Robin works during........holidays to earn money. 5) "Hands up!" shouted the masked man and they all put........hands up. 6) In the evening the boys watched TV with........parents. 7) Before going to the cinema Mary washed........hair. 8) May I borrow........book. I`ve lost.....
My summer go swimming / ...ing Polite English. Saying hello and introducing 3. nädal Unit 2. A trip to England Past Simple 4. nädal Outdoor activities by bus / car / train / plane, on foot English Country School Ordinals (the first, the second, ...) The Tower of London Posessive pronouns Polite English. Excuse me... 5. nädal Unit 3. A trip to Estonia Past Simple Travelling The comparison of adjectives Estonia. Writing a postcard Means of transport Polite English. Polite answers 6. nädal Unit 4. At the seaside Question words 7. nädal Class trip Pr Simple Pr Continuous
· Verbs--hope, wish, and want (clever people everywhere. I wish to goodness we had a few fools left) · Repeated words (German art, G science and G culture) · Character's voice may be specified (hatred, she said with he voice trembling with pleasure) · Words with inherent connotation may change it in context, that is, pos may become negative and vice versa 4. Stylistic morphology: articles, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, numerals Articles: · Article with proper names adds a colloquial touch (The Hardys, a Miss Smith) · The indefinite article (a) with a family name creates an evaluative meaning (a Caruso) · A+names of common, undistinguished names suggests contempt (a Malone, a Smith) · A may convey the meaning of belonging to a famous or aristocratic family (a Tudor) · In enumeration adj
"). While listing adjectives normally one article is enough, however the author may use an article with each of adjectives in order to emphasize every word. Absence of the article in the singular of concrete nouns is violation of the norm, yet is used for expressive purposes. PRONOUNS: instead of "I" the speaker may use: "one", "you" to create a close contact with the reader or listener. In colloquial speech the same effect is achieved by "man", "chap", "fellow". The speaker may use pronouns "he / she" meaning himself as if viewing himself from the distance and focusing more attention on the speaker. The archaic second personal pronoun "thou" and its forms may be used to create an elevated mood in poetry. In prose they may convey historical background. "It", "he", "she" may be involved in personification (e.g. "The Moon smiled her smile."). "We" may be used to denote only a speaker. "We" the Majestic Plural that is used in king or queen's orders or manifesto
Review questions English lexicology Size of English vocabulary. Average speaker 45,000-60,000 words, a total of about 200,000. Core and periphery. English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from Old English, 45% comes from French, 16,7% comes from Latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words and the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. Native and foreign element. Native words belong to very important semantic group (modal verbs-shall, will, can, may; pronouns- I, you, he, my, his; preps- in, out, under; numerals and conjunctions::but, till, as. Native words are head, arms, back; mother, brother, son, wife; snow, rain, wind, sun; cat, sheep, cow; old, young, cold, hot, dark; do, make, go, come, see. Many native words have developed many meanings (nt, hand, man, head). Most native words have become ...
Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I. Ladusseva "A Guide to Punctuation" EXAMINATION TOPICS: 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies 2. Inherent connotations. Phonesthemes Use lecture notes 3. Adherent connotations 4. Stylistic morphology: articles, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, number * 5. Expressiveness on the level of word-building 6. Phonetic expressive means Study independen tly 7. Phonetic SD ("Rhythm And Style") 8. Lexical SD* 9. Syntactic SD* Use lecture notes 10. Graphical means and devices 11
INGLISE KEELE PÕHITÕED C.K 2017 A – AN – SOME Singular: a or an Use some for things you can't count ◦ *a banana *a car *a monkey *a football ◦ *some milk *some water *some coffee ◦ *an egg*an accident *an umbrella *an *some sugar eagle ◦ *some tea *some juice*some money *some butter Plural: some Exercises: 1. http://www.english-4u.de/a_an_some_ex1.htm ◦ *some bananas *some cats *some monkeys *some 2. http://www.english-4u.de/a_an_some_ex3.htm balls ◦ *some eggs*some oranges *some umbrellas *some 3. http://www.english-4u.de/a_an_some_ex6.htm eagles We us the ...
hrs hours reps representatives Contractions One reflection of the spoken language found in Text 1 is the use of contractions I've, they'll, we've, he's. In Text 2 these are avoided and the full form is used they will, he has, he is, etc. Personal versus Impersonal Language As a general rule, the more formal a report is, the less personal reference it will contain, i.e. the less use of personal pronouns such as I, we, you, our, etc. In general you should use personal reference in written business communication only when you really want to emphasise the role of the writer or reader. Where it adds nothing to the meaning of the report it should be avoided. Compare Text 1 to Text 2: Text 1 Text 2 this has caused us this has caused the company
1.Lexicology as a science L. studies the voc of lg as a system. Word-learning, lexis-logos. The task of L is to establish the general features of modern Engl voc. Theoretical L. gives a complete picture of voc. Practical value lies in using and appretiating the lg more conciously. There is diachronic (historical) L that studies origin and development; syncronic studies voc at a given historical period. There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns m...
(used by the working class) 5. Regularisation of ,,be" ,,Me/You/They was" 6. Regularisation of some irregular verbs draw/drawed/have drawed; go/went/have went 7. Optional ,,-ly" ending on adverbs ,,He writes real quick." 8. Unmarked plurality on amounts of measurement after numerals 10 pound, 20 year 9. Different forms of the relative pronoun ,,The man what lives there."/ ,,The man as lives there." 10. Regularisation of reflexive pronouns myself; herself; hisself; theirselves 11. Distinction between main and auxiliary verb ,,do" ,,You done it, did you?" 2) The spread of English. The Inner / Outer / Expanding Circle THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH · 16-18th century the spread took place. · By the beginning of the 19th century English had spread to virtually every part of the world. · 19-20th century the number of speakers only grew.
and most familiar relation between a word and the world. Yet, when exam- ined, the Referential Theory very soon runs into serious objections. Objection 1 Not every word does name or denote any actual object. First, there are the names of nonexistent items like Pegasus or the Easter Bunny. "Pegasus" does not denote anything, because there is in reality no winged horse for it to denote. (We shall discuss such names at some length in chapter 3.) Or consider pronouns of quantification, as in: (5) I saw nobody. 4 Philosophy of Language It would be a tired joke to take "nobody" as a name and respond, "You must have very good eyesight, then." (Lewis Carroll: "Who did you pass on the road?" . . . "Nobody" . . . " . . . So of course nobody walks slower than you."1 And e. e. cummings' poem "anyone lived in a pretty how town"2 makes little sense to the reader until s/he figures out that cummings is perversely
Style The term style is a polysemantic one. The latin word ,,stilus" meant a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Already, in classical latin the meaning of style was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres of human activity fiction, scientific prose, newspape...
Greeting: Dear Sir/Madam / Mr bobbins, Informal letters · impersonal style Greeting: Dear Julie, · complex sentence structure - frequent · personal, short, zappy style use of Passive Voice - single word · use of slang or colloquial English use of verbs - non-colloquial English -- formal idioms/phrasal verbs language · pronouns are often omitted · each paragraph develops one specific · chatty, wide use of descriptive adjectives topic · use of short forms · only facts, infrequent use of descriptive Best wishes / Love / Yours / Regards. adjectives · no use of short forms Name: Steve Name: Yours faithfully/Yours sincerely, Steven Hill TASK 2 Put an - for formal and an I for informal language. Give reasons
primitive forms of secret ink: Tuta quoque est fallitque oculus e lacte recenti Littera: carbonis pulvere tange, leges. Pallet et umiduli quae fiet acumine lini, Et feret occultas pura tabella notas. Or: "A letter is also safe and escapes the eye when written in new milk; touch it with coal dust and you will read. That too will deceive which is written with a stalk of moistened flax, and a pure sheet will bear hidden marks." He also advised using pronouns of the opposite sex, such as HIM for her. Among the strange means of secret communication to which lovers in the 1800s resorted was perhaps the most public of all channels—the personal advertisements in newspapers, sometimes called the "agony columns." Apparently unable to contact one another directly through the mails because of parental or other restrictions, the lovers could easily bring a newspaper into the house and thus receive their messages. For
. When Sshavecompletedthe exercise' text S, .un refer to p.1 89 of the S's book for the sametapescript. I 5sto readthrouqhthe corrected i;., ...,-.-.- Answer Key(See overprtnted answers) afterrelative pronouns whenthe 1 we do not usepronouns relattvepronoun and the subiect are the same short arnountof time eachdaY we can say'of many' but not'many of' without a pronoun 3 together 5 wedo notuseboffithe nounandthepronoun preposrtion between the verb and the
. When Sshavecompletedthe exercise' text S, .un refer to p.1 89 of the S's book for the sametapescript. I 5sto readthrouqhthe corrected i;., ...,-.-.- Answer Key(See overprtnted answers) afterrelative pronouns whenthe 1 we do not usepronouns relattvepronoun and the subiect are the same short arnountof time eachdaY we can say'of many' but not'many of' without a pronoun 3 together 5 wedo notuseboffithe nounandthepronoun preposrtion between the verb and the
. When Sshavecompletedthe exercise' text S, .un refer to p.1 89 of the S's book for the sametapescript. I 5sto readthrouqhthe corrected i;., ...,-.-.- Answer Key(See overprtnted answers) afterrelative pronouns whenthe 1 we do not usepronouns relattvepronoun and the subiect are the same short arnountof time eachdaY we can say'of many' but not'many of' without a pronoun 3 together 5 wedo notuseboffithe nounandthepronoun preposrtion between the verb and the
. When Sshavecompletedthe exercise' text S, .un refer to p.1 89 of the S's book for the sametapescript. I 5sto readthrouqhthe corrected i;., ...,-.-.- Answer Key(See overprtnted answers) afterrelative pronouns whenthe 1 we do not usepronouns relattvepronoun and the subiect are the same short arnountof time eachdaY we can say'of many' but not'many of' without a pronoun 3 together 5 wedo notuseboffithe nounandthepronoun preposrtion between the verb and the
dence), our public prestige will rise. All this tells me is that we purposefully manipulate the visibility of our con- nections with winners and losers in order to make ourselves look good to anyone who views these connections. By showcasing the positive associations and burying the negative ones, we are trying to get observers to think more highly of us and to like us more. There are many ways we go about this, but one of the simplest and most pervasive is in the pronouns we use. Have you noticed for example, how often after a home-team victory fans crowd into the range of a TV camera, thrust their 9Take, for example, the case of Andres Escobar who, as a member of the Colombian national team, accidentally tipped a ball into his own team's net during a World Cup soccer match in 1994. The "auto- goal" led to a u.s. team victory and to the elimination of the favored Colombians from the competi- tion
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