If they had been faster, then they would have won the race. IF Clauses (the condition) • IF clauses present the condition. • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow… If he spoke Chinese… If they had been faster… THEN Clauses (the results) • THEN clauses present the results. • Examples: … then I will see a movie. …. then he would work as a guide in China. … then they would have won the race. IF and THEN Clauses • The word “then” is optional, but the clause is still the result of the condition. So it is a “THEN” clause, without the word “then.” 0 CONDITIONAL • Situations that are always true if something happens. • Instructions, rules • If I am late, my father takes me to school. • If someone calls, let me know • If there is any trouble, call us. • Is it rains, it is cloudy. • This use is similar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when' (examples: When I am late, my father takes me to school.
Linking words used in Conditionals ...................................... 4 Conditionals Conditions deal with imagined situations: some are possible, some are unlikely, some are impossible. A. Real Conditionals Real Conditionals refer to situations that are true, have happened, generally happen or are likely to happen. The First Conditional expresses a possible condition and a probable result: If I have time, I will help you. In the if-clause we use the Present Simple, in the main clause will + the verb. We can also use the Present Continuous or Perfect in the if-clause and a Modal Verb in the main clause. If we are having a party tomorrow, we shouldn’t go out tonight. If you have finished with the computer, you should turn it off. It can also be used in offers and suggestions, or warnings and threats. If you need a ticket, I can get you one. If you don’t study harder, you won’t pass the exam.
Conditionals Sentences with if are used to express possibilities. 0 Zero conditional If-clause present (past) simple Main clause present (past) simple Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility. The zero conditional is used to talk about sth. that is always true (such as a scientific fact), or that was always true in the past. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if. E.g., If/When you mix blue and red, you get purple. If/When you don't water flowers, they die. (present simple in both parts of the sentence) If/When I asked her to come with us, she always said no.
POSITIVE/NEGATIVE ADDITION *although kuigi, vaatamata sellele et + clause (alus->öeldis) // To add more points/arguments/information to what is already informal known or what has been mentioned before, we can use: * even though + clause (alus->öeldis) // * and - ja informal * also ka, samuti * though kuigi, siiski + clause (alus- * as well ka, lisaks, samuti >öeldis) // informal * as well as ja lisaks ka * in spite of hoolimata, sõltumata + noun OR -ing form
Grammar point Made by Nikolai Hodosevich Conditional mood The conditional mood is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs. Conditional verb forms can also have temporal uses, often for expressing "future in the past" tense. Condition sentences are often entered with conjunction IF Real events Structure: Additional clause Present Indefinite Main clause Future Indefinite If I have a lot of money, I will buy a car , Almost unreal events *In additional and main clauses usually use Subjunctive I and II *When you translate into Russian these sentences, you should use conjunction * This type of unreal conditional sentence use, when speaker wants to underline small probability of condition realization Almost unreal events Structure: Additional clause Past Simple
CONDITIONALS ZERO CONDITIONAL If you don't water flowers, they die. If you have a headache, stop watching TV. If clause: Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE or IMPERATIVE With zero conditional we express a general truth or we give advice. FIRST CONDITIONAL If the weather is nice, we will go for a walk. If you don't apologize, she will never trust you again. If clause: Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE The first conditional refers to the present and future. It expresses a possible condition and its probable result in the future. SECOND CONDITIONAL Jack wants to buy a house but he can't do this because he doesn't have any money. If I had a lo t o f m o ne y, I would buy a b ig h o us e . SECOND CONDITIONAL Susan wants to phone Paul but she can't do this
Concrete nouns refer to physical entities that can be observed and measured (cat, garage, soldier). Abstract nouns refer to abstractions that cannot be observed and measured (competition, conscience). verb tegusõna, In a clause, the verb is an obligatory and the most walk, put, do, be, must pöördsõna, verb central element. It denotes actions, events, processes and states. Verbs are either regular (cough, coughs, coughing, coughed) or irregular (speak, speaks, spoke, speaking, spoken)
CONDITIONALS 0 or 1? TYPE 0 ZERO CONDITIONAL In 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple 'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION present: ZERO CONDITIONAL (TYPE 0) 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If you heat ice, it melts. If it rains, you get wet TYPE 0 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If plants don't get they die. enough water, If you mix red and blue, you get purple Make sentences (type 0) Heat water/ boil Mix yellow and red/get orange Conditional Type 1 · First Conditional: real possibility · We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a
Clauses of results Such a/an + omadussõna + ainsuses loendatav nimisõna Such + omadussõna + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus Such a lot of + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus So + omadussõna/määrsõna So much/little + loendamatu nimisõna So many/few + mitmus Clauses of reasons The reason for + nimisõna/-ing vorm The reason why + clause (he verb) Because of/on account of/due to + nimisõna Because of/on account of/due to the fact that + clause (he verb) Now (that) + clause (they verb) Clauses of results In order to/so as to + infinitive (formal) So that + can/will (present or future reference) So that + could/would (past reference) In case + present tense (present or future reference) In case + past tense (past reference) For + nimisõna (kui tahame väljendada tegevuse eesmärki) For + -ing vorm (kui tahame väljendada millegi funktsiooni) Prevent + noun/pronoun + (from) + -ing vorm Avoid + -ing vorm Clauses of contrast Although/even though/though + clause
Neutral pronouns: It, its, itself Gender distinctions get neutralised in plural: them, they 5. The English verbal system Basic verb types and their characteristics 5.1 Main verbs (full/lexical verbs) are verbs that have a meaning on their own and are the key to all sentences. For example: walk, sing, dance 5.2 Helping verbs add functional or grammatical information to the clause and they behave differently from the main verbs. The helping verbs have NICE-properties which distinguish them from the main verbs. Negation To make helping verbs negative, you must use ‘not’ or suffix ‘n’t. Main verbs can’t express negation like this For example: You should not do this. *She liken’t it.* Inversion
Extended Rules for Using Commas Comma Use 1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave. The student explained her question, yet the instructor still didn't seem to understand. Yesterday was her brother's birthday, so she took him out to dinner. 2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. a. Common starter words for introductory clauses that should be followed by a comma include after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while. While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door. Because her alarm clock was broken, she was late for class. If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor. When the snow stops falling, we'll shovel the driveway. However, don't put a comma after the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) clause follows it (except for cases of extreme contrast).
Seldom had he seen such a sight. Hardly had I left the room, when they began talking about me. Had I known he was coming, I'd have waited. - code: avoidance of repetition, ... and so... constructions I can come and so can John. I want to ask you and so does Mary. *I want to ask you and so wants Mary. Can you come tomorrow? I can. the whole VP is not repeated - emphatic assertion/positive: the nuclear stress is on auxiliaries to mark a finite clause as positive rather than negative: You `must come tomorrow. I' can come. (You are wrong to think I cannot.) Meanings of the modal verbs: Modality is a semantic category that allows speakers to express how committed they are to the truth of a proposition (the speaker's propositional attitude). Epistemic modality - how committed we are to the truth of a statement; our attitude to the truth of a proposition He must have arrived. He may have arrived. He may not have arrived.
1st person (plural) (Our) OUR OURS 2nd person (plural) (You) YOUR YOURS 3rd person (plural) (They) THEIR THEIRS Reflexive pronouns: A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded by the noun or pronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause. In English, the reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, thyself, himself (in some dialects, "his self"), herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves (in some dialects, "their selves"). "I see myself" or "She sees herself" Relative pronouns: A relative pronoun "relates" a subordinate clause to the rest of the sentence. It may be found in adjective and noun clauses. A relative pronoun is found only in sentences with more than one clause
kaudselt.Otsene kõne kordab kõneleja sõnu täpselt Näiteks: She says, ,,I am a student ." Kaudne kõne annab kõneleja sõnu edasi ümberjutustatult. Näiteks: She says that she is a student. Otsene kõne Otsene kõne antakse kaudses kõned edasi sihitislausega, kusjuures toimuvad mõningad muudatused , näiteks muutuvad vastavalt lause mõttele asesõnad ja mõnel juhul ka verbi pöördevormid. Saatelause Otsene kõne Reporting clause Direct speech He says, ,,I like your car." Kaudne Kõne Indirect speech Pealause Sidesõna Sihitislause Main clause Linking word Object clause He says that he likes my car Väitlaused kaudses kõnes Statements in indirect speech Tom says to me he likes my car Joe is saying that Mary is leaving next week
4th option ((1.1+1.2)-2.1) = { X/f(Y), T/f(Y), Z/g(cat)} p(f(Y),f(Y),g(cat)) | r(f(Y),f(Y)) | ~s(g(cat),f(Y)) ~p(f(dog),S,g(W)) | s(big,rat) | ~s(small,hamster) = { Y/dog, S/f(dog), w/cat} r(f(dog),f(dog)) | ~s(g(cat),f(dog)) s(big,rat) | ~s(small,hamster) 5th option (1.4+2.3) = { Z/small, T/hamster} p(X,f(Y),small) | p(hamster,hamster,g(cat)) | r(X,hamster) ~p(f(dog),S,g(W)) | s(big,rat) | ~s(small,hamster) Task 4 List all the factors of the following clause: p(X,f(Y),Z) | ~s(Z,T) | p(T,T,g(cat)) | p(f(dog),S,g(W)) | ~s(small,hamster) 1st option = { Z/small, T/hamster } p(X,f(Y),small) | p(hamster,hamster,g(cat)) | p(f(dog),S,g(W)) | ~s(small,hamster) 2nd option = { T/f(Y), X/f(Y), Z/g(cat) } ~s(g(cat),f(Y)) | p(f(Y),f(Y),g(cat)) | p(f(dog),S,g(W)) | ~s(small,hamster) 3rd option = { X/f(dog)), S/f(Y), Z/g(W) } ~s(g(W),T) | p(T,T,g(cat)) | p(f(dog),f(Y),g(W)) | ~s(small,hamster) 4th option = { T/f(dog), S/f(dog), W/cat }
progress, there shall be excluded from the laytime a period calculated by reference to the ratio between the duration of the interference and the time, which would have or could have been worked if the interference had not occurred. WP (konkreetse kauba käitlemiseks sobiv ilm) Välja arvestatakse ainult see ilma periood, millal ilm takistas just selle konkreetse lasti käitlemist. 10. Himalaya clause üldtunnustatud uuemaste prahilepingute standartne klausel, selle ajalooline päritolu ja sisu. Himalaya clause- klausel transpordilepingus, mille eesmärk on kohustuste piiramisega aidata vedajale. Tavaliselt Himalaya clause on lisatud konossementi või muu veolepingusse. Nimetus "Himalaya clause" pärineb Inglismaa apellatsioonikohtu lahendist, mis puudutab Adler v Dickson (The Himalaya) kohtuasja. Hageja proua Adler oli reisiparvlaeva SS Himalaya reisija
o do If you studied more, you would get better marks. (Kui õpiksid, saaksid) · Type 3 if had + III, would have + III o if I had studied more, I wouldn't have had that many mistakes. o If you had studied more, you would have got better marks. (Kui oleksid õppinud, oleksid saanud) · Kasutusel ka variant kus kõik tüübid segi, sellisel juhul tõlgi endajaoks lause ära ja mõtle loogiliselt. If-Clause Main Clause SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING (peaaegu sama, mis if) Type 2 Type 1 · Past Simple kujuteldav olukord, vastandub If he came back he won't be (=will hetkeolukorrale late last night,Kui not be) on time for Suppose/Supposing II, would +I
Positive+Negative focuses on the negative 1b) focuses on the positive point and leads to a positive recommendation. 2a) focuses on the negative point and leads to a negative recommendation. Both of these are therefore logical. 1a) and 2b) emphasize the positive point but lead to a negative recommendation. They are therefore not logical. If you look at 2a) and 2b) you will see that they both contain a main and a support/subordinate clause. The support/subordinate clause is introduced by although.In 2a) the writer places the positive point in the support/subordinate clause, and the negative point in the main clause. Although Mr Pellegrini carries out his duties he seems to have had certain problems extremely efficiently and with an exceptional in his relationships with other staff. amount of initiative, Support/ subordinate clause main clause
about the future (you think that sth. will happen) you decide to do sth. spontaneous I'll work Will - ly at the will+ he'll work future time of infinitive I'll go speaking, he'll go you haven't made a decision before main clause in if clause type I be Going to - when you (am/are/is) I'm going to work future have already + going to decided to he's going to + infinitive work do sth. in the future I'm going to go what you he's going to go
Conditional sentences tingiv kõneviis Type 0 (the zero conditional, the present condition) Kasutatakse selleks, et väljendada üldist tõde või teaduslikku fakti. Nende lausete puhul on võimalik kasutada sõna 'if' asemel sõna 'when.' If-clause main clause If /When + present simple, present simple If/ When you drop an egg, it breaks. Kui sa pillad muna maha, läheb see katki. If my sister eats too much, she gets fat. (See juhtub alati.) Kui mu õde sööb liiga palju, läheb ta paksuks. Type 1 (the first conditional, the will-condition) Kasutatakse selleks, et rääkida tõelisest või väga tõenäolisest olukorrast olevikus või tulevikus. If-cl main cl
Reciprocal pronouns Pronoun case Personal pronouns Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on: number person gender Case Singular: subject- I, you, he, she, it ; object-me, you, him, her, it. Plural: subject-we, you, they ; object-us, you, them. Examples: 1) Do you like coffee? (subject) 2) John loves you. (object) Reflexive pronouns We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "- selves" (plural). singular : myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself plural : ourselves, yourselves, themselves Examples: 1) I saw myself in the mirror. 2) They cannot look after themselves. Demonstrative pronouns A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things: near in distance or time (this, these) far in distance or time (that, those) Examples: 1) Look at that! 2) These are bigger than those. Interrogative pronouns
..*. *....) catch repetition emphasize part 2. ANTITHESIS point. Function 2. APOSIOPESIS repeating w-d or phrase at of sentence. - opposition of 2 contrasted ideas. Function to make - "silence" break in the narrative, the end of a clause, sent-e & (complete strengthen controversial nature of things. Use of an unfinished sent. as if speaker antonyms) reader more at the beginning of following subject is is unable or unwilling to proceed. one
future liht otsuse praegu I'll go in two years speaking, you haven't made a infinitive tulevik *tulevikusünd- he'll go time, in 2020 decision before muste · main clause in if clause oletamine type I /ennustamine I'm going to be (am/are/ work · when you have already decided to is) + going
( stats_id serial NOT NULL, bookx integer NOT NULL, booky integer NOT NULL, joint_buys integer NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT joint_purchase_stat_pkey PRIMARY KEY (stats_id) ) Then the above table gets populated with the result of a complex and a demanding select query (it has taken over 10(!) hours to run on my PC as the amount of data to process was huge and it resulted in creation of over 3,500,000 rows). 1) Insert clause is commented out since it's optional. 2) Selection of all unique combinations of books (t1.book_id>t2.book_id clause takes care of uniqueness of the combinations) that 3) Have both been purchased by at least one person by 3.1) selection of people who have purchased book X and 3.2) testing their IDs against the records of people who have bought book Y if there's at least one matching ID between those selections, it means that there indeed is a person who has purchased both
VÕIMALIKEST SÜNDMUSTEST JA OLUKORDADEST JA NENDE TAGAJÄRGEDEST. If _________________, ______________. ___________________ if _____________. ! alati ei pruugi IF-i lauses olla! 2 4 conditionals: Zero cond. käibetõed, sagedased sündmused First cond. üsna tõenäolised sündmused Second cond. ebatõenäolised sündm. Third cond. miski, mis oleks võinud minevikus toimuda, aga ei toimunud. if-clause main clause 0 present simple + present simple 1 present simple + will future 2 past simple + would (could, might) ja I.pv. 3 past perfect + would (could,...) ja present perfect VII. TAG QUESTIONS. ____________main clause_____ , ___tag ___ . Positive verbs turn to negative and negative verbs change to positive!!! Names change to pronouns! EXAMPLES: You are going to Spain, aren´t you? She isn´t pretty, is she? It is a nice day, isn´t it?
akreditiivi kasutamist nõuavad ühe või teise riigi õigusaktid; eritellimus või väga spetsiifiline kaup; hinnatundlik kaup; ostja või vahendaja saab oma raha puudumise korral teha tehingu vaid akreditiivi kasutades; maksetähtajaga tehingute puhul sobib akreditiiv makseriski vähendamiseks ning soovi korral ka raha kiiremaks kättesaamiseks. Akredtiivide liigid Kinnitatud akreditiivid Ülekantavad akreditiivid Back-to-back- akreditiivid Uuenevad akreditiivid Red clause -akreditiivid Standby -akreditiivid Kinnitatud akreditiivid Kui akreditiiv on kinnitatud, kohustub akreditiivi tingimustele vastavate dokumentide eest maksma peale avajapanga ka kinnitajapank. Ülekantavad akreditiivid Ülekantav akreditiiv annab vahendajale võimaluse taotleda selleks volitatud pangalt akreditiivi ülekandmist oma tarnija kasuks. Seega ostab vahendaja kauba sama akreditiiviga, millega ta selle ostjale edasi müüb. Ülekantavad akreditiivid
He'll work. He won't work. Will he work? will - future you decide to do sth. will + Infinitive spontaneously at the time of I'll go. I won't go. Will I go? speaking, you haven't made a main clause in type I of the if clauses He'll go. He won't go. Will he go? I'm going to I'm not going to Am I going to work. work. work? when you have already decided to
Real conditions (Type I) These sentences describe what the speaker thinks will possibly happen as a result of a real situation. If you train hard, you will succeed in sport. If you don’t train hard, you won’t succeed in sport. We can also use modal verbs (can, may, must, should) instead of verbs in the main clause. If i have enough time, i can visit you. Unreal conditions (Type II) These sentences describe what the speaker thinks would possibly happen in an imaginary situation. If I saw a ghost, I would be scared. If I had wings, I could fly. We can give advice with If I were you. If I were you wouldn’t do that NOTE We normally use were instead of was in conditional sentences.
Christmas time The elves were very busy at the last Christmas. They ran around in the North Pole. In Santa's toy factory were busy times, because all gifts weren't finished. Also there were problems with reindeers, little elf Ville forgot to feed them and no they were ill. Santa was little bit upset. Ville was sad, he thought he ruined the Christmas, Ville wanted to make a gift for Santa. Elf boy Ville went to in to the deep forest, he had heard that in this forest live magical creatures who can fulfill your desires. Ville saw a bonfire behind the trees, he went there and he saw big giants dancing around the fireplace. Giants understood his concern. They told Ville:"You have to believe in themselves". Ville felt he got more strength inside him, he went back to North Pole. Ville fixed all broken toys, take care of reindeers, cleaned the rooms and put the sleigh ready. Santa was ready to ride and all gifts where in...
I’m having a great time – there’s lots to do here. 4. The rules about commas are not very strict. In general they are more likely around longer phrases. FANBOYS (for, and, but, or, yet, so). (2 subjects) It was a great camera, but I can’t afford it. (1 subject) It was a great camera but a bit too expensive. 5. Quotation marks/inverted commas a) Laura said, “You haven’t put up those shelves yet.” b) ‘Sod off,’ he replied. 6. Conditionals (with ‘if’ clause first) If you hate take-offs, you shouldn’t fly. (but) You shouldn’t fly if you hate take-offs. 7. However at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence. a) However, Jim never got the feeling that his mates had completely abandoned him. b) Smallpox is an extremely unpleasant disease which is, however, easy to treat. BUT c) However you look at it, it was a wicked thing to do. 8. Introductory phrases In fact, he didn’t care about the whole thing at all. 9. Tag questions
Conditionals · Type 0 If you boil water, it evaporates. (Loodusseadus) · Type 1 If you study more, you will get better marks. (Kui õpid rohkem, saad paremaid hindeid.) · Type 2 If you studied more, you would get better marks. (Kui õpiksid, saaksid) · Type 3 If you had studied more, you would have got better marks. (Kui oleksid õppinud, oleksid saanud) Mixed conditionals If-Clause Main Clause Type 2 Type 1 If he came back late last night, he won't be (=will not be) on time for work Kui ta jõudis eile õhtul hilja today. tagasi, ei jõua ta täna õigeks ajaks tööle. Type 2 Type 3 If you liked classical music, you would have gone to the concert with her Kui sulle meeldiks klassikaline last night. muusika, oleksid sa temaga eile õhtul kontserdile
1 Basic law, constitutional engineering · The Basic Law (= constitution) drawn up by West German politicians under Allied supervision 48-9 · Key Themes of Constitutional Engineering: Protecting the constitution Preventing abuse of human rights Ensuring stable government Effective leadership but no over-concentration of power · Compare turbulence of German politics 1918-45, and stability since In part about design of constitution, in part about Germans becoming democrats Solutions Concept of the Rechtstaat, a state based on the rule of law ...
in countries where English isn't a native language typically English English or North American English is considered "standard" for teaching purposes Differences between pidgins, creoles and standard language varieties Pidgins and creoles are a simplified version of already existing languages: Lexis drawn from the dominant language (reduplication) Pronunciation: fewer sounds (simplification, conflation) Grammar: few inflections, simple clause structure, assimilation, reduction etc Differences between pidgins, creoles and standard language varieties Pidgins can only be learned as a second language, creoles have native speakers Pidgins and creoles have low social prestige and are not promoted through the education system Pidgins cannot become a standard language because they are often corrupted by improper grammar and additions from other languages, however some creoles can become standardized
. until/till tomorrow.) b) She won't have completed the report until/till 5 o'clock. Future Perfect Continuous (will have been +ing) a) to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. By the end of next month, she will have been teaching for twenty years. Note: After the time expressions by the time, until, before, we use the present simple because they introduce time clauses. The future perfect and the future perfect continuous may come either before or after the time clause. Study the following examples: a) I won't have finished cleaning the house until you come back. b) By the time they reach York, they will have been travelling for four hours. Note: We can use the future simple, future continuous or future perfect to make a prediction about the present or past that is to say what we believe may be happening or have happened. Study the following examples; a) "There's somebody on the phone for you." "That'll be my mother" b) Don't call her now she'll be sleeping
· Richard I- Also known as ''the Lionhearted'' was the eldest son of Henry II. He and Henry held revolts agains Phillip II of France(He was trying to held revolts and stir troubles against them). · Magna Charta 1215- Henry II's younger son John I was not a good king. He spent lots of money in war against Phillip II and lost that war(raising taxes) and got in trouble with the Pope. All that led into the signing of Magna Charta in 1215. Charta contained the clause, that not even the king was above the law and that no free man could be arrested without due process of law and trial by his peers.
There is some difference between an adverb particle and a preposition. While the particle is closely tied to its verb to form idiomatic expressions, the preposition is closely tied to the noun or pronoun it modifies. The following words are used only as particles and never as prepositions – away, back, out, backward, forward, upward, downward preposition vs. conjunction The difference is in the context. A conjunction joins a dependent clause to a sentences. A preposition joins a prepositional phrase to a sentence. Examples: •The families got separated after the war. Here, The families got separated is a sentence and the war is a prepositional phrase being joined to it. Hence, the word after is a preposition in this case. •We went to the bar after we won the game. In this case, we went to the bar is the main sentence and we won the game is a dependent clause. Hence, the word after is a conjunction here. prepositional phrases
Stand-by akreditiiv - Standby -akreditiiv on oma olemuselt garantii. See tähendab, et akreditiivi saaja nõuab raha vaid siis, kui akreditiivi taotleja jätab oma kohustused täitmata, näiteks ei maksa ostja rollis olles kauba eest. Ülekantav akreditiiv - Vahendaja ostab kauba sama akreditiiviga, millega ta selle ostjale edasi müüb. Back-to-back- akreditiiv - Akreditiivi avab pank vahendaja taotlusel tarnija kasuks. Aluseks on pangale ostja poolt vahendaja kasuks avatud akreditiiv. Red clause -akreditiivid - Seda tüüpi akreditiivid võimaldavad müüjal saada enne kõigi tingimuste täitmist osa akreditiivi summast ettemaksena kätte (kauba soetamiseks või tootmiseks, veokulude katteks vms). Uuenevad akreditiivid - Uueneva akreditiivi puhul saab kauba müüja perioodiliselt või mingi sündmuse järel saata akreditiivi summas ja tingimustel teele järgmise kaubasaadetise. Kuna akreditiivi tingimused on iga saadetise puhul täpselt samad, sobib uuenev akreditiiv vaid väga
Play some fun, interactive idiom games Discuss cartoons about idioms or read & discuss some idiom- filled books together To distinguish different kinds of idioms We need to understand different types of idioms and they are categorized as either opaque or transparent. Idioms can be a single word, a phrase or clause, or they can be a complete sentence or expression. Many idioms are metaphorical. The most common type of idiom are polysemes. They are words -- often verbs -- and phrases with multiple, somewhat related meanings. An example is the verb "run;" to "run with a smart idea" or
Pagó un peso por el libro. He paid a dollar for the book. Se vende por libras. It's sold by the pound. Voy por tren. I'm going by train. Voy por Alicia. I'm going for Alice. Voté por Juanita. I voted for Juanita. Fue escrito por Cervantes. It was written by Cervantes. La carta está por escribir. The letter is yet to be written. Estoy por escribirla. I am in favor of writing it. Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows. Bebe leche pero no bebe café. He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee. Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the first clause is understood but not repeated. No bebe café sino leche. He does not drink coffee, but milk. 61. Object Pronouns Subject Direct Indirect Object of Prepositions
us them my his, her your my, his, her, our, their our their mine his, hers yours mine, his, hers, ours, theirs ours theirs Differences between TELL and SAY TELL is always TELL SAY is SAY followed by a immediately personal direct followed by a object or noun clause. someone's name. She said (that) Harry told me she was (that) he was hungry. hungry. He said (that) Harry told Sarah he was feeling (that) he was tired. cold. Reporting special questions Direct Speech Indirect Speech "What did you do Tell me what you had yesterday?" done yesterday. "When will you come Tell me when you would home?" come home.
1.E Parlament Martin Schulz president 751 liikmeid/üles:1.näidata kätte poliitilised suunad ja teha poliit.algatusi rahvaesinduse moraalse jõuga 2.kontrollida EK tegevust 3. kontrollida eelarve üle, va kohustus.väljaminekud 2. E Ülemkogu(Brüssel) Donald Tusk eesistuja,ametiaeg 2,5a ELi liikmesriikide riigipead või valitsusjuhid, E Kom. president, liidu välisasjade ja julgeolekupoliitika kõrge esindaja.Üles:määratleda Euroopa Liidu üldised poliitilised sihid ja prioriteedid. 3. EL Nõukogu(Brüssel) Liikmed:Valitsuse ministrid igast ELi liikmesriigist, vastavalt arutamisele kuuluvale poliitikavaldkonnale.Üles:1. Arutab ja võtab vastu ELi õigusakte koos EP, tuginedes E.Komi ettepanekutele.2.nende õigusaktide vastuvõtmise õiguse delegeerimine komisjonile, millega tagatakse nõukogu enda poolt vastu võetud õigusaktide läbiviimine-rakendamine. 4. COREPER (alaliste esindajate komitee)/koosneb 1.liikmesriikide suursaadikutest(COREPER I) 2.suursaa...
It defines and implements this policy via, among others, the President of the European Council and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, whose roles and status have been recognised by the Treaty of Lisbon. However, the EU may not adopt legislative acts in this field. In addition, the Court of Justice of the EU does not have competence to give judgment in this area; the “flexibility clause” (Article 352 of the TFEU): this clause enables the EU to act beyond the power of action conferred upon it by the Treaties if the objective pursued so requires. However, this clause is framed by a strict procedure and by certain restrictions in terms of its application. THE EXERCISE OF COMPETENCES The exercise of Union competences is subject to three fundamental principles which appear in Article 5 of the Treaty on EU. The definition of EU competences greatly facilitates the proper
5 CARRIER (where applicable) NAME AND ADDRESS CONTACT PERSON DHL Worldwide Express Jorge Santos Rancho Miradores 80-A-201 Fracc Phone: 0099522253206 Mexico City 23459 MEXICO A-4 TIME OF DELIVERY The Seller must perfom his delivery obligations according to clause mentioned in A-3 within 25 days during period from 1st of november 2012 to 25th of november 2012. A-5 INSPECTION OF THE GOODS BY BUYER (ART. 3) Before shipment place of inspection: Av. 5 de Mayo #2, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de Mexico, Distrito Federal, 06059, Mexico A-6 RETENTION OF TITLE (ART. 7) No A-7 PAYMENT CONDITIONS (ART. 5) Irrevocable documentary credit (art. 5.3) Confirmed Credit available: Partial shipments: Transhipment:
.. but. (here he loved her) SSD-s that are based on REDUNDANCY OF ELEMENTS OF SPEECH are: (Here belong devices based on repetition) FRAMING FRAMING means repeating the same word, phrase or sentence at the beginning and at the end of a sentence or passage.In this way the repeated unit is emphasised. NT: the street, so soft and sunny. Here he comes. She smiles and stretches out her hands. ANADIPLOSIS ANADIPLOSIS means repeating a word or phrase at the end of the clause or sentence and at the beginning of the next one. NT: Such was life. Life without hope. NT: Three fishers went sailing out in the West. Out in the West, as the sun went down. ANAPHORA ANAPHORA means repeating a world, phrase or sentence at the beginning of several clauses or sentences in succession (happening one after another). NT: Heroes come and go. Heroes eat and drink. Heroes kiss women and enjoy their lives. NT: Supposing he comes; supposing the darkness lits; supposing it is possible.
nõus prahtijale kaupa laevas vedama või prahtijale kogu laeva või selle osa kasutama CUSTOMARY DESPATH or CUSTOMARY QUICK DESPATCH - tavalise kiirusega laadimine ja lossimine CUSTOME OF THE PORT - sadamakoht DEAD FREIGHT - tasu kasutamata laadruumi eest DECK CARGO - tekilast DELIVERY & RE-DELIVERY – tarne/kordustarne DEMURRAGE DESPATCH / DESPATCH MONEY - tasu kokkuhoitud aja eest DEVIATION CLAUSE - klausel laeva õigusest ettenähtud laevateest kõrvale kalduda DISBURSEMENTS - kulud, väljamaksed laevakulude katteks sadamas DOWN TO HER MARKS - laev on laaditud tema maksimaalse lubatud süviseni, kas vastavalt vajadusele kas talve-, suve- või troopiliste koormusjoontega DRAFT OR DRAUGHT - süvis DRAFT SURVEY – aevale laaditud või lossitud lasti massi arvutamine laeva veeväljasurve muutuste mõõtmise põhjal
210. foreseeable damage ettenähtav kahju 211. intentional tahtlik 212. grossly negligent raskelt hooletu 213. mitigate leevendama 214. avoid vältima 215. economic loss (varaline) majanduslik kahju 216. non-economic loss mittevaraline kahju 217. reduction of the value of property vara väärtuse vähenemine 218. impairment of the quality of life elukvaliteedi halvenemine 219. clause to pre-estimate any loss eelhindama võimalikke kahjusid 220. penalty payment karistusmakse 221. recover damages sisse nõudma kahjutasu 222. penalty punishment which is imposed if sth is not done 223. reason healthy mind that is not mad; sufficient ground of explanation oe of logical defence 224. to reinstate to put back into a former job or position 225. remedy way of repairing harm or damage suffered 226
2. Publitsiteedi printsiip ehk avalikkuse põhimõte - on tehtud väljapoole nähtavaks. Vallas- ja kinnisasjade puhul realiseerub publitsiteedi printsiip kinnistusraamatus. Igaüks saab järele vaadata kellele kuulub see vallas- v kinnisasi. Publitsiteedi printsiip realiseerub läbi valduse. 3. Määratletuse põhimõte - kõik õigusmuudatused asjaõiguses saavad toimuda konkreetsete esemete suhtes. 4. Numerus clause printsiip ( закон закрытого перечня )- seadus ütleb, et meil on piiratud arv asjaõigusi kindla sisuga, uusi asjaõigusi juurde luua ei saa. Ja nende sisu on võimalik muuta ainult sel määral, millises seadus seda võimaldab. § 5. Asjaõigused - numerus clause printsiip
TALTECH Majandusteaduskond Ärikorralduse instituut MEREKONTEINERITE KAUBAVOOD MAAILMAS JA ARENGUTRENDID Referaat Koostaja: Maria Dolgyi Õppejõud: Tarvo Niine Tallinn 2019 SISUKORD SISUKORD............................................................................................................. 2 1.MERELAEVANDUSE AJALUGU............................................................................... 3 1.1Eesti laevandus........................................................................................... 5 1.2Maailma laevandus..................................................................................... 5 2.VAJALIKUD DOKUMENDID MERELOGISTIKAS...................................................
Quoting ("...") What you quote must make a complete coherent sentence when it is combined with your own sentence(s). Your introductory words and quotation must form logical English sentence. "..." American variant `...' - British variant 1. To introduce a quotation with a proceeding phrase we need a comma. The quoted sentence starts with the capital letter (e.g. According to G. B. Shaw, "Economy is the art of making the most of life."). 2. With the proceeding clause (subj. + predic.) we use a comma or a colon (normally a colon) (e.g. The professor said: "Let's consider what Carl Jung has claimed."). 3. With a quoted word or phrase we need quotation marks alone. The quoted word or phrase starts with a lower case letter (e.g. According to Jung, the "something greater" is the unconscious, which he defines as "a natural phenomenon producing symbols that prove to be meaningful.") FGI 1811 Proseminar I
cartridge, cavalry, infantry, colonel, fiasco, bimbo, influence, mafia, graffito, paparazzo, pizza, pasta, macaroni, vermicelli, spaghetti, broccoli, tutti-frutti, tiramisu, asti, Dutch borrowings boom, buoy, caboose, sloop, skipper, smack, yacht, dock, cruise, freight, scow, spool, kink, easel, etch, landscape, isinglass, dollar, brandy, geneves, tattoo, newizer, gherkien, buckwheat, wagon, boor, pumpkin, walnut, boss, cookie, coleslaw, Santa Clause, the Bronx, Harlem, Brooklyn, Coney Island Borrowings from Asian languages wallah, curry, coolie, juggernaut, bungalow, pundit, jungle, bandana, toddy, punch, verandah, Etymological doublets Words that have the same etymological roots but have entered the language differently. One, two or more words derived from one source. E.g. Cattle- chattle, road-raid, guarantee-warranty- guaranty. Folk etymology 1 - commonly held misunderstanding of the original word. Rosmarine-
annaabi.ee 
Sisene Facebook'ga
Sisene Google'ga
Sisene LinkedIn'ga
