Phonology. Mid-term 2. Syllable - is a phonological unit consisting of one or more phonemes. In phonetics a syllable is a unit which consists of a centre, that has little or no obstruction to airflow; it is comparatively louder than other sounds. In phonology syllables are the possible combinations of phonemes. The syllable consists of - onset, nucleus, coda. (every syllable has a nucleus: vowel, syllabic l, or m, n). Rhyme/rime nucleus + coda; the nucleus and the coda constitute a sub-syllabic unit rhyme. Words rhyme, when their nucleus and coda are identical. (E.g 'cr-o-wn', 'd-o-wn'). The hierarchical structure of the syllable: Onset the beginning of the syllable Nucleus/peak the open part of a syllable, generally a vowel. Coda a consonant sound which ends the syllable. Open syllable - has no coda Closed syllable - has a coda!
Read the rules Comparative(keskvõrre) We add err to one-syllable adjectives We change y to i and add er in two-syllable or longer adjectives We put more or less in front of two-syllable on longer adjectives For adjectives that end in one vowel + one consonant, we double final consonant and add er Superlative(ülivõrre) We add est to one-syllable adjectives We add est to two-syllable adjectives that end in y (-y changes to iest) We put most or least in front on two-syllable or longer adjectives We always put the in front on the superlative 1. Complete the table BASE FORM COPRATIVE SUPERLATIVE POPULAR MORE POPULAR THE MOST POPULAR worse better thin big ...
Degrees of Comparison Table of Contents Degrees of Comparison ......................................................... 2 Formation of comparatives and superlatives from adjectives and adverbs:......................................................................... 2 Adjectives ................................................................. 2 Adverbs .................................................................... 4 Types of comparisons ........................................................... 4 Degrees of Comparison Degrees of Comparison are used to compare things (living beings, actions, phenomena, etc). We use the comparative degree to compare two things: She’s shorter than me. John works harder than Jim. After a comparative we use than. We use the superlative degree to compare more than two things: Mary is shorter than J...
6. Terza rima written in triplets iambic pentametres: aba bcb cdc. 7. Sonnet 14 iambic pentametres (5 feet), difference (Italian Shakespearean) is a matter of rhyme. 8. Limerick funny poem of 5 anapaestic lines (x x /): a a b b a. 5 kinds of feet in English verse: 1. iambic iambus (1 unstressed and 1 stressed syllable) x / 2. trochaic trochee (the stressed syllable is followed by the unstressed one) /x 3. dactylic dactyl (1 stressed syllable is followed by 2 unstressed) /xx 4. amphibrachic amphibrach (1 stressed syllable between 2 unstressed ones) x / x 5. anapaestic anapaest (2 unstressed syllables followed by 1 stressed) xx/ monometer - 1 foot; dimetre - 2 feet; trimetre - 3 feet; tetrametre - 4 feet; pentametre - 5 feet; hexametre - 6 feet; eptametre -7 feet; octametre - 8 feet.
look looked call called 1. If the verb ends in -e, we just add -d. hope hoped save saved 2. When a verb ends in a consonant + -y, the -y changes into -ied. hurry hurried copy copied 3. If a one-syllable verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, we double the consonant. beg begged plan planned We also double the consonant in words of more than one syllable, if the last syllable is stressed. permit permitted prefer preferred In British English l is usually doubled, even if the syllable is unstressed. travel travelled When to use the Past Simple Past Simple generally refers to: • Completed or finished actions I got up, switched off the radio, and sat down again. • Habits Every day I went to the park. • States
But we keep a double e before -ing. see seeing agree agreeing 2 When a verb ends in -ie, it changes to -ying. die dying lie lying But only -y does not change hurry hurrying 3 If a one-syllable verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, we double the consonant. win winning put putting 5 We also double the consonant in words of more than one syllable, if the last syllable is stressed. permit permitting prefer preferring In British English l is usually doubled, even if the syllable is unstressed. travel travelling When to use the Present Continuous The Present continuous generally refers to: · Actions which are in progress at the moment. These can be temporary: I'm staying in a hotel until I find a flat. They can be actually in progress:
doubled they differ only in length. Diphthongs. Diphthong - is a double vowel sound which includes a glide from one vowel sound to another. In English diphthongs the first vowel sound is more intense than the last vowel sound, in Estonian the other way around. Centring diphthongs end with a central vowel, the glide is towards . Closing diphthongs end with a closed vowel, the glide is towards ý and . English vowels: a vowel is longest in an open syllable and in monosyllabic words (sea, speed) a vowel is next longest in a syllable closed with a voiced consonant and in two-syllable words (seed, speedy) a vowel is shortest in a syllable closed with an unvoiced consonant and in words with more than two syllables (seat; speedily). Stop Consonants (Plosives). A stop (or plosive) - is a consonant articulation which stops the airflow in the vocal tract completely, the air cannot escape through the mouth
Affricate voiced dz d voiceless f s Fricative voiced v z Trill r Approximant l · 5 short, 6 long vowels and 7 diphthongs · Stress is generally on the penultimate syllable · il(l)- = the · For example: l-omm, il-missier RECOGNITION · Very similar to other languages · The article · Written form · Two tenses EXSAMPLES Siculo- Maltese English Arabic bebbuxu babbaluciu snail Maltes Sicilia iebja gebbia cistern
It contains identical letters while vowel sounds are pronounced differently: love - grove, farm - warm, flames - Thames. Eye-rhyme is appreciated by the eye rather than by the ear. Thus, it is a property of the written poem. Internal rhymes occur within a poetic line. Head rhyme is rather uncommon. It connects the end of a line with the beginning of the next one by similar sound combinations. Head rhyme may appear in the form of stringing together lines beginning with the same sound, or syllable, or word. According to the arrangement of rhymes in stanzas, rhymes fall into: 1. couplets - when two lines are rhythmically linked by the final rhyme (marked a a); 2. triple rhymes or triplets (a a a); 3. cross rhymes (a b a b); 4. framing rhymes (a b b a); 5. monorhymes (a a a a ...) 8. LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES (LSD) I. LSD based on the interaction of lexical contextual and meaning 1
Grimm himself already noticed that there were many words that had different consonants from what his law predicted. These exceptions defied linguists for a few decades, but eventually received explanation from Danish linguist Karl Verner in the form of Verner's law. VERNER'S LAW Verner's law, stated by Karl Verner in 1875, describes a historical sound change in the Proto- Germanic language whereby voiceless fricatives *f, *, *s, *h, *h, when immediately following an unstressed syllable in the same word, underwent voicing and became respectively the fricatives[1] *b, *d, *z, *g, *g. Significance: Karl Verner published his discovery in the article "Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautverschiebung" (an exception to the first sound shift) in Kuhn's Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research in 1876, but he had presented his theory already on 1 May, 1875 in a comprehensive personal letter to his friend and mentor, Vilhelm Thomsen.
audience his inner thoughts and feelings · In an aside the actor speaks words that the other characters on stage are not supposed to hear Sonnet · A sonnet (from the Italian fot ,,little song") is a fourteen-line lyric poem with a fixed rhyme pattern and a regular rhythm, or predictable pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables called metre · The basic unit of metre is foot which usually contains one stressed syllable and one or two unstressed syllables · The usual metre of a sonnet is iambic pentameter · The English sonnet (Shakespearean sonnet) differs from the Italian one on its structure · The Italian sonnet has 2 four-line and 2 three-line stanzas, the English sonnet divides into three quatrains, or groups of four lines, and a rhymed couplet, or a pair of lines that usually draws a conclusion or presents a solution to the problems outlined earlier in the poem
From the point of view of their position we distinguish between final rhymes (illustrated above), inner and head rhymes. Inner or internal rhymes occur within a poetic line. Head rhyme is rather uncommon. It connects the end of a line with the beginning of the next one by similar sound combinations. Head rhyme may appear in the form of stringing together lines beginning with the same sound, or syllable, or word. According to the arrangement of rhymes in stanzas, rhymes fall into: 1. couplets - when two lines are rhythmically linked by the final rhyme (marked a a); 2. triple rhymes or triplets (a a a); 3. cross rhymes (a b a b); 4. framing rhymes (a b b a); 5. monorhymes (a a a a ...) The rhyme scheme may assume different patterns, allowing for a delay of the expected rhyme
Ballgames: · volleyball Of- forms: · The Republic of Estonia Meals: · Lunch; dinner Air, sky, earth, moon: · The moon Musical instruments: · The violin; the guitar Academic subjects: · Biology; history Go to------ school, university, sea, bed, work, hospital: · - Nationalities: · Dutch; Spanish 4. Comparison of adjectives: Adjectives with one syllable: clean cleaner cleanest new newer newest cheap cheaper cheapest Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings: Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y dirty dirtier dirtiest easy easier easiest happy happier happiest pretty prettier prettiest
two stresses after the pause. The number of unstressed syllables between the stressed syllables is not significant, varies. Old English poetry: initial rhymes (importantfor remembering! After all, the poetry was mainly oral, only selected poems written down by clerks at the command of noblemen/kings). Alliteration consonants at the beginning of words are repeated. Alliteration applied to stressed syllables. Alliteration bound together the two halves of the line. Therefore, the third stressed syllable (first in the second half) had to alliterate with at least one stressed syllable in the first half of the line. Old forms in general survive more easily in 1. compound words (BRIDEGROOM, WEREWOLF), 2. place names (SCARBOROUGH, CANTERBURY), 3. idiomatic phrases (e.g. OVER HILL AND DALE, HALE AND HEARTY), 4. rarely used archaic words with special meanings (e.g. WROUGHT IRON, where "wrought" is the old Past Participle form of "work")
CITATION FORM The citation form of the lexeme is the form that is employed to refer to the lexeme; it is also the form that is used for the alphabetical listing of lexemes in a conventional dictionary. In English, the citation form of a noun is the singular: e.g., mouse rather than mice. For multi-word lexemes which contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one: e.g., do one's best, perjure oneself. In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen, Spanish ir. In English it usually is the full infinitive (to go) although alphabetized without 'to' (go); the present tense is used for some defective verbs (shall, can, and must have only the one form). In Latin, Ancient Greek, and Modern Greek (which has no infinitive), however, the first person singular present tense is normally used, though occasionally the infinitive may also ...
for long compounds to be reduced to the first elements of the subcompounds they contain, so that Japanese too-kyo dai-gakku `Tokyo University', literally `east-capital big-school' is usually referred to as too-dai literally `east-big' but more idiomatically translated as something like `TU'). German abbreviations/acronyms are often based not on the first letter of the component words, but on the letters for the onset and nucleus of the first syllable of the component words, e.g. Gestapo from GEheimSTAatsPOlizei `secret state police'. The other obvious way in which languages get new words is from other languages. These take two principal forms: A loanword is a word in one language taken from another language (e.g. English chair, table, restaurant, gateau from French; note that the first two feel less foreign than the second two, primarily because they were borrowed much earlier and
g g, sometimes a h qu k ai / all / ay eye z s z, ce, ci th (in northern Spain only) The five vowels in Spanish are all pure vowels: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] Be sure that you do not pronounce a diphthong as we do in English (the extra yuh or wuh sound at the end). Stress: Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If a word ends in a consonant, except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If a word ends in a vowel, or s or n, the stress is on the second-to-last syllable. For words that do no follow these rules, an accent is written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as in el pájaro (bird). Please keep in mind that because Spanish is spoken in many countries, there are several regional dialects and accents so pronunciation rules may not apply to all countries
differently (love-grove, farm-warm). It is a property of the written poem. Internal or inner rhymes occur within a poetic line (I am the daughter of earth and water... Byron) Head rhymes are rather uncommon. It connects the end of a line with the beginning of the next one by similar sound combinations (The sunlight on the garden hardens and grows cold...MacNiece). It may also appear in the form of stringing together lines beginning with the same sound, or syllable, or word (He the strongest of all mortals, he the mightiest among many... Longfellow) According to the arrangement of rhymes in stanzas, rhymes fall into: · Couplets--when two lines are rhythmically linked by the final rhyme (a a) · Cross rhymes--a b a b · Frame rhymes--a b b a · Monorhymes--a a a a a a Blank verse--no rhyme 8. Lexical stylistic devices Lexical stylistic devices are structures in which the meaning becomes primary.
If anybody touched is bones and ashes, he would be cursed. That stopped reburying Three periods in his literary period I Optimistic period II Pessimistic period III Romantic The Optimistic period He wrote poems and sonnets (154), world famous comedies, bright comedies, two tragedies "Romeo and Juliet" and some historical plays. 4 different items. Sonnet A poem of 14 lines, perfected in Italy by Petrarch. Each line has 10 syllables an d the stress is on everu other syllable. Adressed on two people. One was so called The Dark Lady. Other was The Writers Young Friend. Started to wrote them because sonnets abled him to criticise various human vices to express his feelings of love and friendship and his admiration of beauty. The above mentioned themes were very important in the Renaissance period. The ideal woman of those days looked like Elizabeth I. She had golden hair and ... complection, but The Dark Lady was totally different from ideal
EXCEL – Funktsioonid 1 - 11 Sisukord 1 Matemaatilised ja trigonomeetrilised funktsioonid.....................................................................................................2 2 Kuupäeva ja kellaaja funktsioonid...............................................................................................................................2 3 Statistilised funktsioonid..............................................................................................................................................3 4 Tekstifunktsioonid.........................................................................................................................................................3 5 Loogilised funktsioonid....................
or event in terms of such entities as time, place, manner, own ice cream. degree, intensity, reason, frequency. An adjunct can be realised by an adverb phrase, a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase or adverbial clause. affix afiks A syllable or group of syllables which are added to the unworkable un-prefix, -able suffix beginning or end of a word to make a new word. Affixes added to the beginning of a word are prefixes. Affixes added to the end of a word are suffixes. auxiliary abitegusõna Refers to a closed set of verbs (be, do, have) that are He was working over there.
in England) should be called English English. 2. RP - Accent which is normally taught to students who are studying EngEng. Used natively by only 3-5% of the population of England. RP has a large number of diphthongs and not a particularly close relationship to English orthography. RP is a social accent, rather than regional, and is associated particularly with the upper-middle and upper classes. Some features: · The /i:/ of bee, rather than the // of be, occurs in the final syllable of very, many, etc. · The vowel // in unstressed syllables (in RP) often corresponds to // (in near-RP accents). · The consonant /t/ may be realized as a glottal stop [?]. · Most EngEng accents have lost the original contrast. · Some English accents are ,,rhotic" or ,,r-ful" and others are ,,non-rhotic" or ,,r-less". 3. Estuary English - a dialect of English widely spoken in South East England. IT is commong among young Londoners. Something between RP and Cockney.
Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Hendriks, B. & M. van Mulken 2012. Comparing effectiveness of ELF, L1-L2 interaction and receptive multilingualism in Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC). A paper in Berlin 2012. High Level Group on Multilingualism (HLGM). Final report. 2007. Comission of the European Communities. http://ec.europa.eu/languages/documents/doc1664_en.pdf Hilton, N.H. & A. Schüppert & C. Gooskens 2011. Syllable reduction and articulatin rates in Danish, Norwe- gian and Swedish. In Nordic Journal of Linguistics 34(2), 215-237. Hufeisen, B. & N. Marx 2007. How can DaFnE and EuroComGerm contribute to the concept of receptive multilingualim. In J.D. ten Thije & L. Zeevaert (eds.), Receptive multilingualism. Linguistic analyses, lan- guage policies and dialectic concepts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 307321. Härmävaara, Hanna-Ilona 2013 (in press) Kielten samankaltaisuus monikielisen suomalais-virolaisen
spontaneous speech. They showed correlations around 0.80 between their tests and other widely used language tests such as ETS's TOEFL (Bernstein, DeJong, Pisoni, & Townshend, 2000). Cucchiarini et al. (Cucchiarini, Strik, & Boves, 1997a, 1997b) developed a speech recognition based automatic pronunciation scoring system for Dutch by using features such as log likelihood Hidden Markov Model scores, various duration scores, and information on pauses, word stress, syllable structure, and intonation. They also found good agreement (correlations above 0.70) between machine scores and human ratings of pronunciation. Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International, similarly, has been developing an automatic pronunciation scoring system, EduSpeakTM, which measures phone accuracy, speech rate, and duration distributions for non-native speakers who read English texts (Franco et al., 2000). Unlike in Ordinate's test, the texts being read need not be known to
4With adjectives that end in -e, add -r to form the comparative, and -st to form the superlative. For example: Comparative Superlative close closer closest large larger largest safe safer safest wide wider widest 4Some adjectives have only one syllable, end with a consonant, and have a single vowel before the consonant. With these adjectives, double the last letter before adding er to form the comparative, and -est to form the superlative. For example: Comparative Superlative big bigger biggest dim dimmer dimmest
o Old English 31.8 % o French 45 % o Latin 16.7 % o Other Germanic languages 4.2 % o Other languages 2.3 % The core vocabulary is predominantly Germanic (the, I, you, etc.) Only 4 of the top-ranked one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are of foreign origin. o 64 state o 81 use v (Old French) o 93 people (Anglo-Norman, > Old French) o 100 just (> Old French) Core vocabulary and syllable structure: o 93 of the first one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are monosyllabic, and the remaining have two syllables (only, about, other, also, many even people) Core vocabulary – often short (monosyllabic) words of Germanic and Old Norse origin. 3. Native and foreign element. The native vocabulary has 3 strata Indo-European words - names of close relatives, names of natural objects, parts of the body, numerals.
Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /ei/ in the place of Proto-Slavic * and /ou/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/. An interesting morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. is pronounced [nasli], not [nsli]) this is called yakanye (). Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects)
a. The greatest value assumed by a function over a given interval. b. The largest number in a set.— maximum adj. Abbr. max. 1. Having or being the greatest quantity or the highest degree that has been or can be attained: maximum temperature. 2. Of, relating to, or marking up a maximum: a maximum number in a series. [Latin, from neuter of maximus, greatest.] As we see, the entry is for the word maximum. By examining the word entry, we can determine that it contains three syllables, each syllable being separated by the mark • : max • i • mum. The word is followed by a phonetic spelling of the word inside parentheses, (mak' sa - ma m). At the bottom of every page of the dictionary, you will find a pronunciation key that will give you the speech sounds of the symbols. After the pronunciation, you will find a part of speech label. Here are the traditional speech labels found in most dictionaries. WORD LABELS abbr
DORINE Yes, your honour's dear to me; I can't endure to see you made the butt Of all men's ridicule. ORGON Won't you be still? DORINE 'Twould be a sin to let you make this match. ORGON Won't you be still, I say, you impudent viper! DORINE What! you are pious, and you lose your temper? ORGON I'm all wrought up, with your confounded nonsense; Now, once for all, I tell you hold your tongue. DORINE Then mum's the word; I'll take it out in thinking. ORGON Think all you please; but not a syllable To me about it, or . . . you understand! (Turning to his daughter.) As a wise father, I've considered all With due deliberation. DORINE I'll go mad If I can't speak. (She stops the instant he turns his head.) ORGON Though he's no lady's man, Tartuffe is well enough . . . DORINE A pretty phiz! ORGON So that, although you may not care at all For his best qualities . . . DORINE A handsome dowry! (Orgon turns and stands in front of her, with arms folded, eyeing her.)
impertinence. "You cannot be more than twenty, I am sure, therefore you need not conceal your age." "I am not one-and-twenty." When the gentlemen had joined them, and tea was over, the card-tables were placed. Lady Catherine, Sir William, and Mr. and Mrs. Collins sat down to quadrille; and as Miss de Bourgh chose to play at cassino, the two girls had the honour of assisting Mrs. Jenkinson to make up her party. Their table was superlatively stupid. Scarcely a syllable was uttered that did not relate to the game, except when Mrs. Jenkinson expressed her fears of Miss de Bourgh's being too hot or too cold, or having too much or too little light. A great deal more passed at the other table. Lady Catherine was generally speaking--stating the mistakes of the three others, or relating some anecdote of herself. Mr. Collins was employed in agreeing to everything her ladyship said, thanking her for every fish he won, and apologising if he thought he won too many
This book employs certain typographic conventions for simplicity and economy. Plaintext is always set lower case; when it occurs in the running text (as opposed to its occurrence in the diagrams), it is also in italics. Cipher-text or codetext is set in SMALL CAPS in the text, keys in LARGE CAPS. They are distinguished in the diagrams by labels. Cleartext and translations of foreign-language plaintext are in roman within quotation marks. The sound of a letter or syllable or word, as distinguished from its written form, is placed within diagonals, according to the convention widely followed in linguistics; thus /t/ refers to the unvoiced stop normally represented by that letter and not to the graphic symbol t. D. K. 1. One Day of Magic: I AT1:28 on the morning of December 7, 1941, the big ear of the Navy's
My face got drenched as I looked up at his expression. His eyes were wickedly amused. "Will you please allow me to finish?" I bit my lip and clasped my hands together, interlocking my fingers, so I couldn't do anything rash. "I heard you say you were going to Seattle that day, and I was wondering if you wanted a ride." That was unexpected. "What?" I wasn't sure what he was getting at. "Do you want a ride to Seattle?" "With who?" I asked, mystified. "Myself, obviously." He enunciated every syllable, as if he were talking to someone mentally handicapped. I was still stunned. "Why?" "Well, I was planning to go to Seattle in the next few weeks, and, to be honest, I'm not sure if your truck can make it." "My truck works just fine, thank you very much for your concern." I started to walk again, but I was too surprised to maintain the same level of anger. "But can your truck make it there on one tank of gas?" He matched my pace again. "I don't see how that is any of your business
The composer calls his synthetic works “poems”, for example Breaths (1979-1980). These are sound canvases, reflecting nature and the Universe without any direct and planned development, where thought often proceeds through variants. Grünberg feels, like several other contemporary Estonian composers (Peeter Vähi, b. 1955), profound respect for Oriental philosophy and has tried to express it in sound in his poem OM (1987). That sacred Indian and Tibetan syllable expresses the all-embracing oneness with all living or lifeless, with the past, present and future all included. OM may exist as physically very real but extremely abstract at the same time. In Grünberg’s poems the elements of pop and rock music with the standard means of expression may be heard. Due to this the music cannot be considered something totally novel that presents some sublime quality. But, no doubt, Grünberg has enriched the Estonian musical landscape.
;P ulJbijlg lsBN 978-1-8432s-569-7 Illllll]ililil]t llll ||||rl 9 x781843x255697x Conlenls UNI T1 househol d & appl i ances; dw el l i ngs ln Searchof the Perfect My Home is my chores;colours& rooms;home H ome(mul ti pl choi e ce) Castle(pp. 5-19) safety TheCharmingPast:Blarney ...
;P ulJbijlg lsBN 978-1-8432s-569-7 Illllll]ililil]t llll ||||rl 9 x781843x255697x Conlenls UNI T1 househol d & appl i ances; dw el l i ngs ln Searchof the Perfect My Home is my chores;colours& rooms;home H ome(mul ti pl choi e ce) Castle(pp. 5-19) safety TheCharmingPast:Blarney ...
;P ulJbijlg lsBN 978-1-8432s-569-7 Illllll]ililil]t llll ||||rl 9 x781843x255697x Conlenls UNI T1 househol d & appl i ances; dw el l i ngs ln Searchof the Perfect My Home is my chores;colours& rooms;home H ome(mul ti pl choi e ce) Castle(pp. 5-19) safety TheCharmingPast:Blarney ...
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