Grammar point Made by Nikolai Hodosevich Conditional mood The conditional mood is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs. Conditional verb forms can also have temporal uses, often for expressing "future in the past" tense. Condition sentences are often entered with conjunction IF Real events Structure: Additional clause Present Indefinite Main clause Future Indefinite If I have a lot of money, I will buy a car , Almost unreal events *In additional and main clauses usually use Subjunctive I and II
Conditional sentences tingiv kõneviis Type 0 (the zero conditional, the present condition) Kasutatakse selleks, et väljendada üldist tõde või teaduslikku fakti. Nende lausete puhul on võimalik kasutada sõna 'if' asemel sõna 'when.' If-clause main clause If /When + present simple, present simple If/ When you drop an egg, it breaks. Kui sa pillad muna maha, läheb see katki. If my sister eats too much, she gets fat. (See juhtub alati.) Kui mu õde sööb liiga palju, läheb ta paksuks.
Tingimuslaused: ZERO CONDITIONAL Kui sa teed x, siis juhtub y (ALATI) Conditional sentences: 4 types No condition (facts) = zero conditional Possible conditions = first conditional Improbable conditions = second conditional Impossible conditions = third conditional Kasutamine We use the zero conditional to talk about something that is a general truth or fact (if= every time). ÜLDTÕED JA FAKTID. Sündmused, mis alati viivad samade tulemusteni. If the temperature is below 0° C, water freezes. Moodustamine: If + lihtolevik , + lihtolevik TINGIMUS TULEMUS If you heat water to 100° C, it boils. If you own a car, you have to pay for insurance. Laused võib ka ümber pöörata SEL JUHUL EI
Tingimuslaused Tingimuslaused koosnevad kahest osast: If (tingimus), (tingimus realiseerub) kõrvallause pealause Inglise keeles on kolm tingimuslause tüüpi. 1. tüüp reaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb lihtolevikus, kestvas verb lihtolevikus või lihttulevikus olevikus või täisminevikus (do, is doing, have done) If she phones me, you will answer the phone. I will go there myself. she has to If he isn´t going, keep it. If she has given a promise, 2. tüüp ebareaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb lihtminevikus (did) Would/should+verb Pane tähele! Verb be on kõigis pööretes Could/might+verb were (I/you/he/we/they were) If she phoned me, you should answer the phone. If I were a bird, ...
Conditional Sentence Type 1 It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future Example: If I find her address, I'll send her an invitation. Conditional Sentence Type 2 It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive) Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. Conditional Sentence Type 3 It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle) Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. · You've posted my letters, haven't you? · You won't forget to check my emails, will you? · You're sad that I'm going, aren't you? · You aren't going to cry when I leave, are you?
be+ I pv) Future Perfect will have + III pv will have been + III pv (I shall have been + III pv) Future Perfect in the Past would have + III pv would have been + III pv ( I should have been + III pv) Conditional Sentens (tingimuslaused) Tingimuslaused koosnevad kahest osast: If (tingimus), (tingimus realiseerub) kõrvallause pealause. Type 1 reaalne tingimus olvikus või tulevikus. Tingimus (if), Tulemus Verb lihtolevikus, kestvas olevikus või Verb lihtolvikus või lihttulevikus täisminevikus (do, is, doing, have done) If she phones me, you will answer the phone. If he isn´t going, I will go there myself.
The house has been cleaned since you left. Past perfect: The house had been cleaned before their arrival. Future: The house will be cleaned next week. Future continuous: The house will be being cleaned tomorrow. 11. Conditional sentences: Three types of conditional sentences: 1.) First Conditional Type 1: if + present + future The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. If I have time, I will travel to London Kui mul on aega, reisin ma Londonisse 2.) Second Conditional Type 2: if + past + conditional
CONDITIONALS ZERO CONDITIONAL If you don't water flowers, they die. If you have a headache, stop watching TV. If clause: Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE or IMPERATIVE With zero conditional we express a general truth or we give advice. FIRST CONDITIONAL If the weather is nice, we will go for a walk. If you don't apologize, she will never trust you again. If clause: Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE The first conditional refers to the present and future. It expresses a possible condition and its probable result in the future. SECOND CONDITIONAL Jack wants to buy a house but he can't do this because he doesn't have any money. If I had a lo t o f m o ne y,
.................................... 14. Michael: "I am going to read a book this week." Michael.......................................................................................................................................... ............ 15. Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago." Lisa................................................................................................................................................ ............ 4. Put in the correct phrases and form a conditional sentence (type I, II, III). 1. If we meet at 9:30, we ...........................................................plenty of time.(HAVE) 2. I ................................................................ the office if I was/were you.(CALL) 3. The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she .................................. the animals.(FEED) 4. The door will unlock if you ............................ the green button.(PRESS) 5. If Mel ............................................
CONDITIONALS 0 or 1? TYPE 0 ZERO CONDITIONAL In 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple 'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION present: ZERO CONDITIONAL (TYPE 0) 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If you heat ice, it melts. If it rains, you get wet TYPE 0 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If plants don't get they die. enough water, If you mix red and blue, you get purple Make sentences (type 0) Heat water/ boil Mix yellow and red/get orange
Conditionals: 0 and I What is a conditional sentence? • Conditional sentences have at least two clauses: IF clauses and THEN clauses • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow, then I will see a movie. If he spoke Chinese, then he would work as a guide in China. If they had been faster, then they would have won the race. IF Clauses (the condition) • IF clauses present the condition. • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow… If he spoke Chinese… If they had been faster… THEN Clauses (the results) • THEN clauses present the results.
Conditionals Sentences with if are used to express possibilities. 0 Zero conditional If-clause present (past) simple Main clause present (past) simple Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility. The zero conditional is used to talk about sth. that is always true (such as a scientific fact), or that was always true in the past. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if. E.g., If/When you mix blue and red, you get purple. If/When you don't water flowers, they die. (present simple in both parts of the sentence) If/When I asked her to come with us, she always said no. (past simple in both parts of the sentence) 1 First conditional If-clause present simple; Main clause future tense (or: can, must, may, etc., + bare infinitive) Used to talk about the consequences of a possible action (a real or very probable situation in the
First Conditional: A real possibility in the future A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. Formation: if + present simple, + will For example: If she gets good grades, she will go to university. We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs
• to imagine a different reality • An unreal situation • If I were a parent, I would give candy to my kids every day. • If he won the lottery, he would quit his job. • If I had wings, I would fly to Africa. How to use it? • IF + PAST SIMPLE, + WOULD + VERB • If I were a parent, I would give candy to my kids every day. • If he won the lottery, he would quit his job. • If I had wings, I would fly to Africa. • NB! The verb „be“ is always „were“ with this conditional. • If I were you,... • If he were here,... Wou can also turn it around: The result first and then the condition. • WOULD + VERB+ IF +PAST SIMPLE • Note: There is no comma when the „IF“ is between the two clauses. • I would give candy to my kids every day if I were a parent. • He would quit his job if I won the lottery. • I would fly to Africa if I had wings. III CONDITIONAL • a past regret • different outcome that would have happened if a
clause. If i have enough time, i can visit you. Unreal conditions (Type II) These sentences describe what the speaker thinks would possibly happen in an imaginary situation. If I saw a ghost, I would be scared. If I had wings, I could fly. We can give advice with If I were you. If I were you wouldn’t do that NOTE We normally use were instead of was in conditional sentences. I’d go to the cinema, if i weren’t so tired. Ekke Kaha WISHES We use the verb wish when we want to say that we would like something to be different in the present. We use the past simple, as in unreal conditional sentence, to make a wish about present.We can also use could/was able to. I wish i could run really fast.
C. In past Fut. P Fut. P. In past Possibility in the past that didn’t happen: might/could have+III Need Don’t need- настоящее Didn’t need- не ясно в прошлом Needn’t have+III- прошлое Past hypothetical situations I wish/If only+obj+Past Perf/P.C If → Had+obj+III Should have+III– regret/critisiz. III conditional Present II conditional If+were to+inf– more likely I wish/If only+Past S(stative) /would (dynam) It’s time+Past s (should have) /past c (already) It’s time for smb to+inf Future forms: 1. Be+adj (certain) 2. Be+adj+of+noun/-ing 3. Be about to-ближайшее 4. Be on the point of+V-ing- future 5. Verb+of+ing (auticipate, consider, think) 6. Verb+to inf (aim, expect, hope, plan) 7. Will+inf (belive, expect, hope) Said that: 1. “that”= claim, predict, asy, tell, stress… 2
............................................................ 2 B. Unreal Conditionals ......................................................... 3 Linking words used in Conditionals ...................................... 4 Conditionals Conditions deal with imagined situations: some are possible, some are unlikely, some are impossible. A. Real Conditionals Real Conditionals refer to situations that are true, have happened, generally happen or are likely to happen. The First Conditional expresses a possible condition and a probable result: If I have time, I will help you. In the if-clause we use the Present Simple, in the main clause will + the verb. We can also use the Present Continuous or Perfect in the if-clause and a Modal Verb in the main clause. If we are having a party tomorrow, we shouldn’t go out tonight. If you have finished with the computer, you should turn it off. It can also be used in offers and suggestions, or warnings and threats.
N: He will not have been speaking. couple of hours, all Q: Will he have been speaking? before a certain time in the day long future putting emphasis on the course of an action Conditional I Simple A: He would speak. if sentences type II action that might take N: He would not speak. (If I were you, I Q: Would he speak? place would go home.) Conditional I Progressive A: He would be speaking.
going. going. working? I would work. I wouldn't work. Would I work? sth. that might happen He would work. He wouldn't work. Would he work? Conditional would + Infinitive Simple main clause in type II of the if I would go. I wouldn't go. Would I work? clauses He would go. He wouldn't go. Would he work? englisch-hilfen
Present continuous and present simple We use present continuous For actions that we have already arranged to do in the near future, especially when the time has been decided. I’m coming back next Monday. What are you doing tomorrow evening? We use present simple For events that always happen at certain time, or are part of timetable. The supermarket closes at 9 p.m. His plane arrives at four o’clock tomorrow afternoon. After if in conditional sentences (type I). If you leave home at 7.30, you will be on time. Ekke Kaha
· Plans · Promises, threat · Formal language Future simple Will + I · Weather forecast · Conditional sentence · Expecting · Action what definitely happen · Polite (asking) · Waiting progress Future Continuous Will + BE +ing · Describe activity what
tennis this afternoon. Present Perfect Past Perfect I have cleaned I said he had cleaned my room. his room. Past Simple Past Simple or Past I paid 12 for the Perfect video. He said he paid/had paid 12 for the video. Past Past Continuous or Past Continuous Perfect I was driving to He said that he was York. driving/had been driving to York. Future (will) Conditional (would) I will tell you He said that he would tomorrow. tell me the next day. Now then, immediately Today that day Yesterday the day before, the previous day Tomorrow the next/following day This week that week Last week the week before, the previous week Next week the week after, the following week Ago before Here there Come go Bring take Who, where, how, when, what same question word Can, may if, whether Order/tell + sb + (not) to Must had to
o =ROUND(D13;2) ümardab lahtris oleva arvu määratud kohtade arvuni o =SUM(ABOVE) liidab kokku kõik ülevalpool olevad arvud o =AVERAGE(ABOVE) võtab ülemistest arvudest keskmise o =IF(B5>C5;"vähenenud";IF(C5>)B5;"suurenenud";"sama")) TABELITE VORMINDAMINE o Data - Remove Duplicates jätab tabelisse kõik nimed ühekordselt (kui neid 6 jätab alles ühe) o Insert - Pivot Table o Conditional Formatting saad jätta tabelisse aind kindlatesse kriteeriumidesse mahtuvad read 1. New Rule - Format only cells that contain 2. Manage Rules 3. Clear Rules POWERPOINT Uute slaidide tegemine view -> slide master -> insert layout -> insert placeholder -> vali mida soovid Logo slaidide serva view -> slide master -> vali see esimene suur slaid ->
) Past Continuous: (Kui tehti midagi minevikus ja tegevust ei lõpetatud) Was, (he, she it)were + olevik+ing EXAMPLES: I was studying when she called. (Ma õppisin, kuid ei lõpetanud õppimist, sest ta kutsus mind ja ma pidin õppimise pooleli jätma) While I was studying, she called. I was carefully picking up the snake when it bit me. ( Ma olin ettevaatlikult just ussi üles võtmas, kui ta mind hammustas. See tähendab, et ma ei saanudki ussi üles võtta) Conditional Sentence Type 1 (Kasutad siis, kui esitad tingimuslause (kui-lause) olevikus) If + olevik, will + tegusõna NB! will ei käi kunagi koos IF'iga!!!) Examples: IF you don't hurry up, you will be late for school. (KUI sa kiiremini ei tea, jääd sa kooli hiljaks) IF you eat so much candy, your teeth will hurt (KUI sa sööd nii palju komme, su hakbad hakkavad valutama) IF I find her address, I'll send her an invitation (Kui ma leian ta aadressi, saadan ma talle kutse)
Equality x == y Equal x != y Not equal Logical AND x & y Integer bitwise AND, boolean logical AND Logical XOR x ^ y Integer bitwise XOR, boolean logical XOR Logical OR x | y Integer bitwise OR, boolean logical OR Conditional AND x && y Evaluates y only if x is true Conditional OR x || y Evaluates y only if x is false Null coalescing X ?? y Evaluates to y if x is null, to x otherwise Conditional x ? y : z Evaluates y if x is true, z if x is false Assignment or x = y Assignment anonymous x op= y Compound assignment; supported operators are function
Exactly. You mean, you can't fool all the people all of the time? Exactly. You mean it's possible to ignore the Green Party, but you can't ignore their policies when a general consensus of people come to support them? Exactly. Once the level of benefit is higher than their take-home pay, why should they do a job? Precisely, but the answer isn't to remove benefits from those who really need them. 5.2 Expressing conditional agreement I'd agree with you if the purpose of hell was to rehabilitate people back into heaven, but hell is usually associated with torture and damnation. I'd certainly agree if you're thinking of the World Cup. 6. I'm afraid I don't agree. 6. DISAGREEING 6.1 Expressing complete disagreement In my opinion, fashion is a complete waste of time, money and resources. I disagree entirely. The world would be a boring place without change
class finishes. 5)Future continuous: will/may/might + be + ing N: I'll be lying on a beach this time tomorrow. In 50 years' ,ppl will be living on the moon. 6) Future perfect: will/may/might + have + past participle / will/may/might+have been + ing N: I will have finished my homework by 6o'clock. By the time our plane arrives,we will have ben waiting for exactly five hours. Indirect questions : (could you tell me; I wonder (whether); I would like to know) Conditional sentences : I If `' I põhivorm'', will + I pv. N: If I study hard, I will get a good mark. II If II pv I (did + I pv eitav lause), would + I pv. N: If I studied hard, I would get a good mark( kui ma õpiks, ma saaks) III If had + IIIpv,would+ have + IIIpv N: If I had studied hard, I would have got a good mark. (oleksin, oleksin saanud) N: I would help If I could, but I'm afraid I can't. If he had missed it he would have been late..
TYPES OF LETTERS 1) Asking for advice I am writing to ask if you could help me with … I am writing to ask for your advice … Closing line: I would appreciate if you could give me your advice as soon as possible. I look forward to receiving your advice … 2) Giving advice I am writing in reply to your letter asking advice about …. Making suggestions: I would suggest that ..., I would advise you to … If I were you ..., I would do (II conditional - gives you plus points for the construction) Closing line: I would very much like to know if this was helpful.. I hope this will be of help … 3) Letter of complaint Begin: I am writing to complain about …; I am writing to draw your attention ...; I am writing to you in connection with ... (e.g. appalling treatment/service) I enclose a copy of … Replace the item (do not use the word "thing") I feel disappointed with the way I have been treated (gives you plus points for the use of
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + äänud 3 päeva ja vähem, siis kuvatakse arvu järgi tekst KIIRE! KIIRE!";"") CONDITIONAL FORMATTING! PROTSENT SAADUD RISTKORRUTISEGA! vajutades f4 stabiliseerin mingi arvu, sama ka nt £D£29 power(arv;mis astmesse) 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
22 5. Timetables Making travel arrangements · I'd like to find out about ......................... · Do you have any information on ...........? · I'm inquiring about ........................... · I'd like a .................. ticket to .........., please. · Do I have to change? · I'd like to book a ........................................ 23 MODULE 7 Countries, languages. Future forms. Conditional sentences. e.. Countries and languages Complete the following country and nationality sets: Country Nationality Cuba C .......... M .......... Moroccan Argentina A ........... E .......... Egyptian Italy I .......... Hungary H .....
ainult kaks viitmuutuja omistamist. Page 6 Prgogrameerimiskeelte tuubid 3.1 PROGRAMMEERIMISE AJALUGU 1945 avaldas John von Neumann kaks olulist ideed, mis aitasid kaasa programmeerimiskeelte tekkele: arvuti riistvara peab olema lihtne; tarkvara peab juhtima riistvara tööd, võimaldades arvutit kiiremini programmeerida conditional control transfer pani aluse alamprogrammidele koodilõikudele, millele programm saab mistahes sammul juhtimise üle anda, ning programmiteekidele; programmi hargnemise võimaldamiseks peab programmitekst sisaldama tingimuslauseid (näiteks tingimussiirdelauseid või korduslauseid). 1949 loodi programmeerimiskeel Short Code, mille kasutamiseks tuli programmeerijal endal esitada programmitekst nullide ja ühtede jadana. Seda
ainult kaks viitmuutuja omistamist. Page 6 Prgogrameerimiskeelte tuubid 3.1 PROGRAMMEERIMISE AJALUGU 1945 avaldas John von Neumann kaks olulist ideed, mis aitasid kaasa programmeerimiskeelte tekkele: arvuti riistvara peab olema lihtne; tarkvara peab juhtima riistvara tööd, võimaldades arvutit kiiremini programmeerida conditional control transfer pani aluse alamprogrammidele koodilõikudele, millele programm saab mistahes sammul juhtimise üle anda, ning programmiteekidele; programmi hargnemise võimaldamiseks peab programmitekst sisaldama tingimuslauseid (näiteks tingimussiirdelauseid või korduslauseid). 1949 loodi programmeerimiskeel Short Code, mille kasutamiseks tuli programmeerijal endal esitada programmitekst nullide ja ühtede jadana. Seda
3) Carol has lived here for ten years. 4) My father is reading a book now. 5) Mr. Jackson works at school. II Complete the sentences using Tag Questions. ( 5 points ) 1) These apples weren`t very good,........? 2) The boys took a taxi,........? 3) English isn`t very difficult,........? 4) You don`t like watching comedies,........? 5) You`aren`t seventeen,........? 11. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form of the Conditional Mood ( Type I, II, III ) ( 5 points ) 1) If it were Monday, the boys ( have ) two English classes.( II ) 2) If all goes well, I ( be ) back at 5.( I ) 3) If the boys play better than last time, they ( win ) the match.( I ) 4) If I had heard the noise, I ( telephone ) the police.( III ) 5) If you ( follow ) the instructions, it would not have happened.( III ) 12. Look at the answers and complete the questions. ( 5 points ) e.g.When did you get up this morning
qu'il soit qu'il ait été qu'il fût qu'il eût été que nous soyons que nous ayons été que que nous que vous soyez que vous ayez été nous fussions eussions été qu'ils soient qu'ils aient été que vous fussiez que vous qu'ils fussent eussiez été qu'ils eussent été Conditional Present First past Second past je serais j'aurais été j'eusse été tu serais tu aurais été tu eusses été il serait il aurait été il eût été nous serions nous aurions été nous eussions été vous seriez vous auriez été vous eussiez été ils seraient ils auraient été ils eussent été Imperative Participle Present Past Present Past
operatsioon. Kui meil on olemas lisamispositsioonile eelneva elemendi aadress, kulub lisamiseks ainult kaks viitmuutuja omistamist. Page 7 Programmeerimiskeelte tüübid 3.1 PROGRAMMEERIMISE AJALUGU 1945 avaldas John von Neumann kaks olulist ideed, mis aitasid kaasa programmeerimiskeelte tekkele: arvuti riistvara peab olema lihtne; tarkvara peab juhtima riistvara tööd, võimaldades arvutit kiiremini programmeerida conditional control transfer pani aluse alamprogrammidele – koodilõikudele, millele programm saab mistahes sammul juhtimise üle anda, ning programmiteekidele; programmi hargnemise võimaldamiseks peab programmitekst sisaldama tingimuslauseid (näiteks tingimussiirdelauseid või korduslauseid). 1949 loodi programmeerimiskeel Short Code, mille kasutamiseks tuli programmeerijal endal esitada programmitekst nullide ja ühtede jadana. Seda nimetatakse masinakoodiks ehk masinakeeleks
(before) 8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when future is implied. 9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal! 10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor iré a España. When I'm older, I will go to Spain. In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense) 73. Adverbs Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much). Adjective Adverb correcto correctamente correctly fácil fácilmente easily claro claramente clearly
● The protest started at 3pm. The main place was crowded… (Report about something) Expository passages where we develop an opening sentence (without attempting to prove it). ● There are two types of elephants: the African elephant and the Asian elephant. African elephant has large ears and both females and males have tusks. The Asian elephant has smaller ears and only males develop tusks. Conditional statements of the form “if...then…”. ● If it rains, then I will take my umbrella. Conditional itself is not an argument. Conditionals are formed by an Antecendent (‘it rains’) and a Consequent (‘I will take my umbrella’). The antecendent is a sufficient condition for the consequent while the consequent is a necessary condition for the antecendent. A (antecendent) then B (consequent). If A happens, B has to happen! Umbrella is necessary for the rain
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) John B. Watson (1878-1958) Skinner, B.F. Science and human behavior. 1953. NY: Macmillan. I Biheiviorism (behaviorism) õppimine (learning ) S R II Klassikaline tingimine (classical conditioning) Radikaalne biheivioristlik lähenemine J. Watson, I. Pavlov · Tingitud ärritaja - Conditional stimulus (CS) stiimul, mis treeningu alguses ei kutsu esile prognoositavat reaktsiooni · Tingimatu ärritaja - Unconditional stimulus (UCS) stiimul, mis kutsub esile automaatse ja prognoositava reaktsiooni · Tingimatu reaktsioon - Unconditional response (UCR) automaatne ja prognoositav organismi reaktsioon tingimatule ärritajale · Tingitud reaktsioon - Conditioned response (CR) type S conditioning (Skinner)
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) John B. Watson (1878-1958) Skinner, B.F. Science and human behavior. 1953. NY: Macmillan. I Biheiviorism (behaviorism) õppimine (learning ) S R II Klassikaline tingimine (classical conditioning) Radikaalne biheivioristlik lähenemine J. Watson, I. Pavlov · Tingitud ärritaja - Conditional stimulus (CS) stiimul, mis treeningu alguses ei kutsu esile prognoositavat reaktsiooni · Tingimatu ärritaja - Unconditional stimulus (UCS) stiimul, mis kutsub esile automaatse ja prognoositava reaktsiooni · Tingimatu reaktsioon - Unconditional response (UCR) automaatne ja prognoositav organismi reaktsioon tingimatule ärritajale · Tingitud reaktsioon - Conditioned response (CR) type S conditioning (Skinner)
Sidesõna ’ja’ või ’ning’ kasutamine ei tähenda tingimata konjunktsiooni, vahel peame vaatama lihtlausena: Jüri ja Mari on üliõpilased. Jüri ja Mari on sõbrad. (Jüri on sõber ja Mari on sõber – nad pole ilmtingimata omavahel sõbrad) Jüri ja Mari vestlevad. 3. Disjunktsioon v (WEDGE) A v B sidesõna ’või’ 4. Implikatsioon (ing k material conditional) – järeldusseos A B või A B (A implitseerib Bd) ’kui …, siis …’ 5. Ekvivalents (ing k material biconditional) A B või A B ’parajasti siis’ Tehete prioriteet määratakse sulgudega, va eituse puhul, mis tehakse alati esimesena. T – true, F – false 1) eitus – muudab tõese vääraks ja väära tõeseks; eitus nõuab, et tõe väärtus peab muutuma eitus unaarne teha, rakendub millelegi ühele; teised binaarne, seob kahte lauset
que vous vous que vous vous que vous vous que nous nous assoyiez soyez assis assissiez fussions assis qu'ils s'assoient qu'ils se soient qu'ils s'assissent que vous vous assis fussiez assis qu'ils se fussent assis Conditional Present First past Second past je m'assoirais je me serais assis je me fusse assis tu t'assoirais tu te serais assis tu te fusses assis il s'assoirait il se serait assis il se fût assis nous nous nous nous serions nous nous fussions assoirions assis assis vous vous vous vous seriez vous vous fussiez assoiriez assis assis
75 7 Vorst Kg 0.62 5.45 8 Õunad Kg 0.85 0.95 9 Kohv Pakk 1 4.99 KOKKU Tingimuslik vormindamine. Märgista arvude plokk, kust soovid leida tingimustele vastavaid arve. Vali käsk Laadid-Tingumuavorming/ Format-Conditional Formatting. Vali näiteks tingimus greater than ja trüki väärtus. Nupuga Tingimusvorming saab määrata, kuidas sellele tingimusele vastavad väärtused vormindada OK Harjutus 3.2 Nimi Aastapalk, Keskmine Keskmine Keskmine kuupalk, päevapalk, tunnipalk, A 25600 B 35400 C 123500 D 89000
y = ax { +b+u Näiteks 2-16 aastase poisslapse keskmine pikkus sentimeetrites E PIKKUS VANUS = 80, 4 + 6 VANUS deterministlik juhuslik See on tinglik keskväärtus (conditional mean): keskväärtus sõltub vanusest. komponent ehk komponent tinglik keskväärtus Ühe konkreetse poisi pikkus PIKKUS = 80, 4 + 6 VANUS + u Regressioonanalüüs uurib suuruste vahelist sõltuvust ja võimalusi
8 Õunad Kg 0,85 9,90 kr 8,42 kr 9 Kohv Pakk 1 42,00 kr 42,00 kr KOKKU Tingimuslik vormindamine. Märgista arvude plokk, kust soovid leida tingimustele vastavaid arve. Vali käsk Home --> Conditional Formatting --> Highlight Cells Rules Vali näiteks tingimus greater than ja trüki väärtus. OK Harjutus 3.2 Nimi Aastapalk Keskmine Keskmine Keskmine tunnipalk Keskmine kuupalk päevapalk minutipalk A 25 600,00 2 133,33 106,67 13,33 0,22
implitsiitne mälu), teine osa otsene ja teadvusele kättesaadav (nn eksplitsiitne mälu). · Pikaajalises mälus eristatakse omakorda semantilist mälu, sisaldab üldisi teadmisi (fakte ja üldistatud teadmisi) maailma kohta, protseduurilist mälu (kuidas midagi tehakse, protseduurid) ning episoodilist mälu, mis sisaldab isiklikke mälestusi enda kogetud aja ja ruumiga seotud elusündmustest. Tingimuslikke teadmisi (conditional knowleedge) (st teadmisi, millal ja miks midagi kasutada) grupeeritakse teiste osade alla, kuid õppimise kontekstis omandavad need erilist tähtsust Protseduuriline mälu · Info sellest, kuidas midagi teha mingi eesmärgi saavutamiseks. Lihtsad stiimul- reaktsioon ühendused. Areneb tegevust korrates, ei pea olema mõtestatult (jalgrattaga sõitmine, suusatamine, lugemine, kirjutamine, joonistamine). · Koolieelses eas ja hiljem
(nt, pre preplain, preview; less waterless; hood brotherhood). Some morphemes have diff sounds(nt, please, pleasure, pleasant). They are variants of the same morpheme or allomorph. Types: segmentable those we can divide into morphemes (nt, hero- ic; happy ness). Non- segmentable- cannot divide any further (nt, luck, hand, smile). Types of morphemic segmantability: a)complete segm occurs in words with transparent structure (läbinähtav), (nt, south- ern; mis-manage) b)conditional segm characterizes words whose division is doubtful for semantic resons(nt, recieve, decieve). They are called pseudomorphemes (with no meaning). c)defective- typical of words that have a morpheme which never occur in other words. Unique 1 morpheme (nt, pocket, it seems unsegmentable, however we have in Engl locket (medaljon)). (nt, pion _eer, that's a unique morph) 6
8. Märgi tingimuslikku tooted, mille lõpphind Kokku 7p eebi ostuhinna näitajad veergu C (Ostuhind 1) käsklusega Paste cial-Values (Kleebi teisiti -Väärtused) vuta välja kasum. vuta välja kauba omahind. vuta välja käibemaks. eia kauba lõpphind. aitse toote lõpphind ülekirjutamise eest. eia lõpphinna keskmine. ärgi tingimuslikku vormingut kasutades (Conditional Formatting) need ed, mille lõpphind on keskmisest kõrgem. u 7p Kontoritarkvara Kood Sagedus Vastused Vastused 1 Word 1 46 2 3 Excel 2 59 2 4 PowerPoint 3 48 3 2 Access 4 35 6 4
ekstravertsus, või tema 1. ja 2. uuringus osaletud nädala keskmine? Miks? (Selline küsimus mõnevõrra kohendatud sõnastuses võib tulla ka eksamile. Sellest põhimõttest on oluline aru saada.) Mischel jt (2002): Mida tähendab “käitumissignatuur” (behavioral signature)? Millest tuleneb Mischeli ja kaasautorite meelest inimese mulje oma käitumise kooskõlalisusest (st et ta erinevates situatsioonides käitub ühtmoodi)? Milliseid eeliseid näevad Mischel jt käitumise tingimuslikul (conditional, “if-then”) käsitlusel võrreldes isiksusejoonte teooriaga? Märksõnad loengust Trait eesti keeles: (isiksuse/iseloomu)joon, (isiksuse)omadus, seadumus 8 1. Empiirilised, kontseptuaalsed, kausaalsed taksonoomiad Isiksuseomaduste hierarhia tasandid 1 Spetsiifilised käitumisaktid 2. 2 Harjumuspärased v korduma kippuvad käitumisviisid 3. 3 Isiksuseomadused (traits) – sarnaste harjumuste kogumid 4. 4 “Superfaktorid”: isiksuseomaduste kogumid (Eysenck, Zuckerman)
Valine viide moodustub faili/tabeli nimest, lahtrist, lahtripiirkonnast voi nimest, millele viidatakse. = [fail]tabel! $lahtriaadresstuup Kaugviide moodustub sobitatava dokumendi nimest ja lahtrist voi lahtripiirkonnast, millele viidatakse. =sobitus|dokument! lahter. 32. Tingimuslik formaat Kui eesmark on lihtsam, ei pruugi alati hakata defineerima oma numbri vormingut. Varvide muutmiseks ja mingi teksti valja toomiseks Sobib ka Format/Conditional formatting. Kui tingimused on tapsustatud, vajutada nupule Format ning kehtestada sobiv muudatus, milliseks peab muutuma tingimusele vastav lahtri sisu. N: Kui sooviks on muuta negatiivsed vaartused punaseks, vahemikus 0-100 olevad siniseks ning ule selle olevad roheliseks, tuleks selekteerida lahtrid, mille ulatuses soovitakse tingimust rakendada ning valida Format/Conditional formatting Iga jargneva tingimuse kehtestamiseks vajutada nupule ADD. 33
491. preliminary investigation eeluurimine 492. extend ulatub 493. proceeding menetlus 494. sanctioning lubama/karistama 495. carrying out toob välja 496. compulsory guideline kohustuslik juhis 497. persuade veenma 498. express its point of view about the punishment that sholud----- 498. redeem the criminal offender in the eyes of society lunastama süüaluse ühiskonna silmis 499. impose määrama 500. deprivation of liberty vabaduse kaotus 501. conditional discharge tingimisi vabastatud 502. an enforcement official kohtutäitur 503. a probation officer kriminaalhooldusametnik 504. impartial erapooletu 505. commence alustama 506. bring up on behalf kellegi/millegi nimel 507. penal law karistusseadus 508. regarding mis puutub... 509. of sui generis ainus omalaadne (lad k) 510. the aim eesmärk 511. unity ühtsus 512. indivisibility jagamatus 513. a statement avaldus/seisukoht 514. binding siduv 515
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