Grammar point Made by Nikolai Hodosevich Conditional mood The conditional mood is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs. Conditional verb forms can also have temporal uses, often for expressing "future in the past" tense. Condition sentences are often entered with conjunction IF Real events Structure: Additional clause Present Indefinite Main clause Future Indefinite If I have a lot of money, I will buy a car ,
Conditional sentences tingiv kõneviis Type 0 (the zero conditional, the present condition) Kasutatakse selleks, et väljendada üldist tõde või teaduslikku fakti. Nende lausete puhul on võimalik kasutada sõna 'if' asemel sõna 'when.' If-clause main clause If /When + present simple, present simple If/ When you drop an egg, it breaks. Kui sa pillad muna maha, läheb see katki. If my sister eats too much, she gets fat. (See juhtub alati.) Kui mu õde sööb liiga palju, läheb ta paksuks.
Tingimuslaused: ZERO CONDITIONAL Kui sa teed x, siis juhtub y (ALATI) Conditional sentences: 4 types No condition (facts) = zero conditional Possible conditions = first conditional Improbable conditions = second conditional Impossible conditions = third conditional Kasutamine We use the zero conditional to talk about something that is a general truth or fact (if= every time). ÜLDTÕED JA FAKTID. Sündmused, mis alati viivad samade tulemusteni. If the temperature is below 0° C, water freezes. Moodustamine: If + lihtolevik , + lihtolevik TINGIMUS TULEMUS If you heat water to 100° C, it boils. If you own a car, you have to pay for insurance. Laused võib ka ümber pöörata SEL JUHUL EI
Tingimuslaused Tingimuslaused koosnevad kahest osast: If (tingimus), (tingimus realiseerub) kõrvallause pealause Inglise keeles on kolm tingimuslause tüüpi. 1. tüüp reaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb lihtolevikus, kestvas verb lihtolevikus või lihttulevikus olevikus või täisminevikus (do, is doing, have done) If she phones me, you will answer the phone. I will go there myself. she has to If he isn´t going, keep it. If she has given a promise, 2. tüüp ebareaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb lihtminevikus (did) Would/should+verb Pane tähele! Verb be on kõigis pööretes Could/might+verb were (I/you/he/we/they were) If she phoned me, you should answer the phone. If I were a bird, ...
Conditional Sentence Type 1 It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future Example: If I find her address, I'll send her an invitation. Conditional Sentence Type 2 It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive) Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. Conditional Sentence Type 3 It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle) Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. · You've posted my letters, haven't you? · You won't forget to check my emails, will you?
The Passive Voice Passive voice is used, when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, hovewer, who or what is performing the action. Passiivi kasutatakse siis, kui tegevust teostav isik on teadmata või tema mainimine ei ole oluline, või siis, kui tähelepanu on pööratud sellele, mida tehakse. Passiivi ajavormid moodustatakse abiverbi be pöördelistest vormidest vastavas ajas ja põhiverbi mineviku kesksõnast (III pv-past participle). BE vastav aeg+ Verbi III pv Tegevuse sooritaja näitamiseks kasutatakse eessõna by. Kui aktiivlause aluseks on asesõna (I, you, he, we, you, they, somebody...), siis jäetakse by- fraas ära. Aktiivlause muutmine passiivlauseks: 1. Leiame sihitise ja muudame ta aluseks. 2. Määrame öeldise ajavormi ja asendame ta passiivi vastava ajaga 3. Leiame aluse ja muudame ta eessõna by abil sihitiseks. Example: Jane baked a cake.-active sentence A cake was baked by Jane.-passive senten...
The house has been cleaned since you left. Past perfect: The house had been cleaned before their arrival. Future: The house will be cleaned next week. Future continuous: The house will be being cleaned tomorrow. 11. Conditional sentences: Three types of conditional sentences: 1.) First Conditional Type 1: if + present + future The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. If I have time, I will travel to London Kui mul on aega, reisin ma Londonisse 2.) Second Conditional Type 2: if + past + conditional The second conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal
CONDITIONALS ZERO CONDITIONAL If you don't water flowers, they die. If you have a headache, stop watching TV. If clause: Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE or IMPERATIVE With zero conditional we express a general truth or we give advice. FIRST CONDITIONAL If the weather is nice, we will go for a walk. If you don't apologize, she will never trust you again. If clause: Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE The first conditional refers to the present and future. It expresses a possible condition and its probable result in the future. SECOND CONDITIONAL Jack wants to buy a house but he can't do this because he doesn't have any money. If I had a lo t o f m o ne y,
..................................... 14. Michael: "I am going to read a book this week." Michael.......................................................................................................................................... ............ 15. Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago." Lisa................................................................................................................................................ ............ 4. Put in the correct phrases and form a conditional sentence (type I, II, III). 1. If we meet at 9:30, we ...........................................................plenty of time.(HAVE) 2. I ................................................................ the office if I was/were you.(CALL) 3. The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she .................................. the animals.(FEED) 4. The door will unlock if you ............................ the green button.(PRESS) 5. If Mel ............................................
CONDITIONALS 0 or 1? TYPE 0 ZERO CONDITIONAL In 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple 'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION present: ZERO CONDITIONAL (TYPE 0) 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If you heat ice, it melts. If it rains, you get wet TYPE 0 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If plants don't get they die. enough water, If you mix red and blue, you get purple Make sentences (type 0) Heat water/ boil Mix yellow and red/get orange
Conditionals: 0 and I What is a conditional sentence? • Conditional sentences have at least two clauses: IF clauses and THEN clauses • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow, then I will see a movie. If he spoke Chinese, then he would work as a guide in China. If they had been faster, then they would have won the race. IF Clauses (the condition) • IF clauses present the condition. • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow… If he spoke Chinese… If they had been faster… THEN Clauses (the results) • THEN clauses present the results.
Conditionals Sentences with if are used to express possibilities. 0 Zero conditional If-clause present (past) simple Main clause present (past) simple Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility. The zero conditional is used to talk about sth. that is always true (such as a scientific fact), or that was always true in the past. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if. E.g., If/When you mix blue and red, you get purple. If/When you don't water flowers, they die. (present simple in both parts of the sentence) If/When I asked her to come with us, she always said no. (past simple in both parts of the sentence) 1 First conditional If-clause present simple; Main clause future tense (or: can, must, may, etc., + bare infinitive) Used to talk about the consequences of a possible action (a real or very probable situation in the
First Conditional: A real possibility in the future A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. Formation: if + present simple, + will For example: If she gets good grades, she will go to university. We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs
• to imagine a different reality • An unreal situation • If I were a parent, I would give candy to my kids every day. • If he won the lottery, he would quit his job. • If I had wings, I would fly to Africa. How to use it? • IF + PAST SIMPLE, + WOULD + VERB • If I were a parent, I would give candy to my kids every day. • If he won the lottery, he would quit his job. • If I had wings, I would fly to Africa. • NB! The verb „be“ is always „were“ with this conditional. • If I were you,... • If he were here,... Wou can also turn it around: The result first and then the condition. • WOULD + VERB+ IF +PAST SIMPLE • Note: There is no comma when the „IF“ is between the two clauses. • I would give candy to my kids every day if I were a parent. • He would quit his job if I won the lottery. • I would fly to Africa if I had wings. III CONDITIONAL • a past regret • different outcome that would have happened if a
clause. If i have enough time, i can visit you. Unreal conditions (Type II) These sentences describe what the speaker thinks would possibly happen in an imaginary situation. If I saw a ghost, I would be scared. If I had wings, I could fly. We can give advice with If I were you. If I were you wouldn’t do that NOTE We normally use were instead of was in conditional sentences. I’d go to the cinema, if i weren’t so tired. Ekke Kaha WISHES We use the verb wish when we want to say that we would like something to be different in the present. We use the past simple, as in unreal conditional sentence, to make a wish about present.We can also use could/was able to. I wish i could run really fast.
C. In past Fut. P Fut. P. In past Possibility in the past that didn’t happen: might/could have+III Need Don’t need- настоящее Didn’t need- не ясно в прошлом Needn’t have+III- прошлое Past hypothetical situations I wish/If only+obj+Past Perf/P.C If → Had+obj+III Should have+III– regret/critisiz. III conditional Present II conditional If+were to+inf– more likely I wish/If only+Past S(stative) /would (dynam) It’s time+Past s (should have) /past c (already) It’s time for smb to+inf Future forms: 1. Be+adj (certain) 2. Be+adj+of+noun/-ing 3. Be about to-ближайшее 4. Be on the point of+V-ing- future 5. Verb+of+ing (auticipate, consider, think) 6. Verb+to inf (aim, expect, hope, plan) 7. Will+inf (belive, expect, hope) Said that: 1. “that”= claim, predict, asy, tell, stress… 2
............................................................ 2 B. Unreal Conditionals ......................................................... 3 Linking words used in Conditionals ...................................... 4 Conditionals Conditions deal with imagined situations: some are possible, some are unlikely, some are impossible. A. Real Conditionals Real Conditionals refer to situations that are true, have happened, generally happen or are likely to happen. The First Conditional expresses a possible condition and a probable result: If I have time, I will help you. In the if-clause we use the Present Simple, in the main clause will + the verb. We can also use the Present Continuous or Perfect in the if-clause and a Modal Verb in the main clause. If we are having a party tomorrow, we shouldn’t go out tonight. If you have finished with the computer, you should turn it off. It can also be used in offers and suggestions, or warnings and threats.
tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words always, every ..., action in the present Simple Present A: He speaks. never, normally, N: He does not speak. taking place once, never or often, seldom, Q: Does he speak? several times sometimes, usually if sentences type I facts (If I talk, ...) ...
englisch-hilfen.de LEARNING ENGLISH ONLINE Examples Examples Examples Tense Signal words Use Form affirmative negative interrogative every day something happens repeatedly sometimes how often something happens always I work. I don't work. Do I work? one action follows another often Infinitive He works. He doesn't work. Does he work? Sim...
Present continuous and present simple We use present continuous For actions that we have already arranged to do in the near future, especially when the time has been decided. I’m coming back next Monday. What are you doing tomorrow evening? We use present simple For events that always happen at certain time, or are part of timetable. The supermarket closes at 9 p.m. His plane arrives at four o’clock tomorrow afternoon. After if in conditional sentences (type I). If you leave home at 7.30, you will be on time. Ekke Kaha
· Plans · Promises, threat · Formal language Future simple Will + I · Weather forecast · Conditional sentence · Expecting · Action what definitely happen · Polite (asking) · Waiting progress Future Continuous Will + BE +ing · Describe activity what
tennis this afternoon. Present Perfect Past Perfect I have cleaned I said he had cleaned my room. his room. Past Simple Past Simple or Past I paid 12 for the Perfect video. He said he paid/had paid 12 for the video. Past Past Continuous or Past Continuous Perfect I was driving to He said that he was York. driving/had been driving to York. Future (will) Conditional (would) I will tell you He said that he would tomorrow. tell me the next day. Now then, immediately Today that day Yesterday the day before, the previous day Tomorrow the next/following day This week that week Last week the week before, the previous week Next week the week after, the following week Ago before Here there Come go Bring take Who, where, how, when, what same question word Can, may if, whether Order/tell + sb + (not) to Must had to
o =ROUND(D13;2) ümardab lahtris oleva arvu määratud kohtade arvuni o =SUM(ABOVE) liidab kokku kõik ülevalpool olevad arvud o =AVERAGE(ABOVE) võtab ülemistest arvudest keskmise o =IF(B5>C5;"vähenenud";IF(C5>)B5;"suurenenud";"sama")) TABELITE VORMINDAMINE o Data - Remove Duplicates jätab tabelisse kõik nimed ühekordselt (kui neid 6 jätab alles ühe) o Insert - Pivot Table o Conditional Formatting saad jätta tabelisse aind kindlatesse kriteeriumidesse mahtuvad read 1. New Rule - Format only cells that contain 2. Manage Rules 3. Clear Rules POWERPOINT Uute slaidide tegemine view -> slide master -> insert layout -> insert placeholder -> vali mida soovid Logo slaidide serva view -> slide master -> vali see esimene suur slaid ->
AJAD Simple Present: (olevik. Kui midagi toimub iga päev. every day.) EXAMPLES: I play tennis. She does not play tennis. The train leaves every morning at 8 am. The train does not leave at 9am. She always forgets her purse. (Ta alati unustab oma koti) He never forgets his wallet. Every twelve months, the Earth circles the sun. The sun does not circle the Earth. Past Simple: (midagi on tehtud. Tegusõna tuleb panna minevikku ehk II põhivormi. Seda aega tuleb kasutada siis, kui lause väljendab tegevust, mis minevikus tehti ja ka ära lõpetati!) EXAMPLES: I saw a movie yesterday. (Ma nägin eile filmi. Nägin filmi lõpuni.) I didn't see a movie yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan. (Sõitsin Jaapanini välja, mitte ei jäänud reisi peal kuhugi toppama) Last year, I didn't travel to Japan. She washed her car. (Ta pesi auto ära! Mitte ei pesnud natuke ja jooksis siis tuppa multikaid vaatama, vaid lõpetas töö ära ja siis tegi m...
Equality x == y Equal x != y Not equal Logical AND x & y Integer bitwise AND, boolean logical AND Logical XOR x ^ y Integer bitwise XOR, boolean logical XOR Logical OR x | y Integer bitwise OR, boolean logical OR Conditional AND x && y Evaluates y only if x is true Conditional OR x || y Evaluates y only if x is false Null coalescing X ?? y Evaluates to y if x is null, to x otherwise Conditional x ? y : z Evaluates y if x is true, z if x is false Assignment or x = y Assignment anonymous x op= y Compound assignment; supported operators are function
Exactly. You mean, you can't fool all the people all of the time? Exactly. You mean it's possible to ignore the Green Party, but you can't ignore their policies when a general consensus of people come to support them? Exactly. Once the level of benefit is higher than their take-home pay, why should they do a job? Precisely, but the answer isn't to remove benefits from those who really need them. 5.2 Expressing conditional agreement I'd agree with you if the purpose of hell was to rehabilitate people back into heaven, but hell is usually associated with torture and damnation. I'd certainly agree if you're thinking of the World Cup. 6. I'm afraid I don't agree. 6. DISAGREEING 6.1 Expressing complete disagreement In my opinion, fashion is a complete waste of time, money and resources. I disagree entirely. The world would be a boring place without change.
Present tenses : 1) Present simple regular actions and routines especially with frequency(kordumine ) adverbs(määrsõna) N: Do you go to school by car every day ? I don't often watch TV. 2)Present continuousbe + verb + ing. Actions happening now N; Look! It's snowing. I'm meeting Jane tonight. You're always losing things. 3)keep + ingto describe habitual actions which may be irritating. N: my uncle keeps making silly jokes. Present perfect: 1) Present perfect simple: have/has + past participle. N: I've been here for ten minutes .The phone has rung ten times today. Look at this cheque,'I've won first prize. They have made a new star wars film. I've just got home. How long have you been here ? Have you ever been to Paris? It's the best book I've ever read. It's the first time I have ever been abroad. 2)Present perfect continious : have/has + been + ing. N:I'v...
TYPES OF LETTERS 1) Asking for advice I am writing to ask if you could help me with … I am writing to ask for your advice … Closing line: I would appreciate if you could give me your advice as soon as possible. I look forward to receiving your advice … 2) Giving advice I am writing in reply to your letter asking advice about …. Making suggestions: I would suggest that ..., I would advise you to … If I were you ..., I would do (II conditional - gives you plus points for the construction) Closing line: I would very much like to know if this was helpful.. I hope this will be of help … 3) Letter of complaint Begin: I am writing to complain about …; I am writing to draw your attention ...; I am writing to you in connection with ... (e.g. appalling treatment/service) I enclose a copy of … Replace the item (do not use the word "thing") I feel disappointed with the way I have been treated (gives you plus points for the use of
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + äänud 3 päeva ja vähem, siis kuvatakse arvu järgi tekst KIIRE! KIIRE!";"") CONDITIONAL FORMATTING! PROTSENT SAADUD RISTKORRUTISEGA! vajutades f4 stabiliseerin mingi arvu, sama ka nt £D£29 power(arv;mis astmesse) 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
22 5. Timetables Making travel arrangements · I'd like to find out about ......................... · Do you have any information on ...........? · I'm inquiring about ........................... · I'd like a .................. ticket to .........., please. · Do I have to change? · I'd like to book a ........................................ 23 MODULE 7 Countries, languages. Future forms. Conditional sentences. e.. Countries and languages Complete the following country and nationality sets: Country Nationality Cuba C .......... M .......... Moroccan Argentina A ........... E .......... Egyptian Italy I .......... Hungary H ......
ainult kaks viitmuutuja omistamist. Page 6 Prgogrameerimiskeelte tuubid 3.1 PROGRAMMEERIMISE AJALUGU 1945 avaldas John von Neumann kaks olulist ideed, mis aitasid kaasa programmeerimiskeelte tekkele: arvuti riistvara peab olema lihtne; tarkvara peab juhtima riistvara tööd, võimaldades arvutit kiiremini programmeerida conditional control transfer pani aluse alamprogrammidele koodilõikudele, millele programm saab mistahes sammul juhtimise üle anda, ning programmiteekidele; programmi hargnemise võimaldamiseks peab programmitekst sisaldama tingimuslauseid (näiteks tingimussiirdelauseid või korduslauseid). 1949 loodi programmeerimiskeel Short Code, mille kasutamiseks tuli programmeerijal endal esitada programmitekst nullide ja ühtede jadana. Seda
ainult kaks viitmuutuja omistamist. Page 6 Prgogrameerimiskeelte tuubid 3.1 PROGRAMMEERIMISE AJALUGU 1945 avaldas John von Neumann kaks olulist ideed, mis aitasid kaasa programmeerimiskeelte tekkele: arvuti riistvara peab olema lihtne; tarkvara peab juhtima riistvara tööd, võimaldades arvutit kiiremini programmeerida conditional control transfer pani aluse alamprogrammidele koodilõikudele, millele programm saab mistahes sammul juhtimise üle anda, ning programmiteekidele; programmi hargnemise võimaldamiseks peab programmitekst sisaldama tingimuslauseid (näiteks tingimussiirdelauseid või korduslauseid). 1949 loodi programmeerimiskeel Short Code, mille kasutamiseks tuli programmeerijal endal esitada programmitekst nullide ja ühtede jadana. Seda
3) Carol has lived here for ten years. 4) My father is reading a book now. 5) Mr. Jackson works at school. II Complete the sentences using Tag Questions. ( 5 points ) 1) These apples weren`t very good,........? 2) The boys took a taxi,........? 3) English isn`t very difficult,........? 4) You don`t like watching comedies,........? 5) You`aren`t seventeen,........? 11. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form of the Conditional Mood ( Type I, II, III ) ( 5 points ) 1) If it were Monday, the boys ( have ) two English classes.( II ) 2) If all goes well, I ( be ) back at 5.( I ) 3) If the boys play better than last time, they ( win ) the match.( I ) 4) If I had heard the noise, I ( telephone ) the police.( III ) 5) If you ( follow ) the instructions, it would not have happened.( III ) 12. Look at the answers and complete the questions. ( 5 points ) e.g.When did you get up this morning
ÊTRE (Billet 1) Indicative Present Present perfect Imperfect Pluperfect je suis j'ai été j'étais j'avais été tu es tu as été tu étais tu avais été il est il a été il était il avait été nous sommes nous avons été nous étions nous avions été vous êtes vous avez été vous étiez vous aviez été ils sont ils ont été ils étaient ils avaient été Simple past Past perfect Future Past future je fus j'eus été je serai j'aurai été tu fus tu eus été tu seras tu auras été il fut il eut été il sera il aura été nous fûmes nous eûmes été nous serons nous aurons été vous fûtes vous eûtes été vous serez ...
operatsioon. Kui meil on olemas lisamispositsioonile eelneva elemendi aadress, kulub lisamiseks ainult kaks viitmuutuja omistamist. Page 7 Programmeerimiskeelte tüübid 3.1 PROGRAMMEERIMISE AJALUGU 1945 avaldas John von Neumann kaks olulist ideed, mis aitasid kaasa programmeerimiskeelte tekkele: arvuti riistvara peab olema lihtne; tarkvara peab juhtima riistvara tööd, võimaldades arvutit kiiremini programmeerida conditional control transfer pani aluse alamprogrammidele – koodilõikudele, millele programm saab mistahes sammul juhtimise üle anda, ning programmiteekidele; programmi hargnemise võimaldamiseks peab programmitekst sisaldama tingimuslauseid (näiteks tingimussiirdelauseid või korduslauseid). 1949 loodi programmeerimiskeel Short Code, mille kasutamiseks tuli programmeerijal endal esitada programmitekst nullide ja ühtede jadana. Seda nimetatakse masinakoodiks ehk masinakeeleks
(before) 8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when future is implied. 9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal! 10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor iré a España. When I'm older, I will go to Spain. In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense) 73. Adverbs Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much). Adjective Adverb correcto correctamente correctly fácil fácilmente easily claro claramente clearly
infer the consequent when the antecendent is asserted. If it rains, then I will take my umbrella But it rains Therefore, I will take my umbrella. To recognise the presence of absence of an argument, we need to evaluate the presence of absence of an inferential relationship. However, it is not always possible to agree on the presence or absence of an inferential relationship. It often involves some interpretation. In particular, expository passages, illustrations, explanations and conditional statements might serve or be re-expressed as to serve as arguments. Example: American Indians were called Indians because early European explorers thought they reached India when they actually discovered America. This passage might serve both as an e xplanation for those who already knew/accepted that American Indians were called Indians and as an argument for those who did not know/accept it.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) John B. Watson (1878-1958) Skinner, B.F. Science and human behavior. 1953. NY: Macmillan. I Biheiviorism (behaviorism) õppimine (learning ) S R II Klassikaline tingimine (classical conditioning) Radikaalne biheivioristlik lähenemine J. Watson, I. Pavlov · Tingitud ärritaja - Conditional stimulus (CS) stiimul, mis treeningu alguses ei kutsu esile prognoositavat reaktsiooni · Tingimatu ärritaja - Unconditional stimulus (UCS) stiimul, mis kutsub esile automaatse ja prognoositava reaktsiooni · Tingimatu reaktsioon - Unconditional response (UCR) automaatne ja prognoositav organismi reaktsioon tingimatule ärritajale · Tingitud reaktsioon - Conditioned response (CR) type S conditioning (Skinner)
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) John B. Watson (1878-1958) Skinner, B.F. Science and human behavior. 1953. NY: Macmillan. I Biheiviorism (behaviorism) õppimine (learning ) S R II Klassikaline tingimine (classical conditioning) Radikaalne biheivioristlik lähenemine J. Watson, I. Pavlov · Tingitud ärritaja - Conditional stimulus (CS) stiimul, mis treeningu alguses ei kutsu esile prognoositavat reaktsiooni · Tingimatu ärritaja - Unconditional stimulus (UCS) stiimul, mis kutsub esile automaatse ja prognoositava reaktsiooni · Tingimatu reaktsioon - Unconditional response (UCR) automaatne ja prognoositav organismi reaktsioon tingimatule ärritajale · Tingitud reaktsioon - Conditioned response (CR) type S conditioning (Skinner)
Loogika – sissejuhatus ja põhimõisted Järeldus on 1 lause Klassikalise loogika põhiseadused: samasuse ehk identsuse seadus, vasturääkivusseadus, välistatud kolmanda seadus, Aristoteles (384-322) vb aluse seadus. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 – 1716) Loogika roll Loogika ei suuda üldjuhul öelda meile, millised väited või uskumused vastavad tõele. Tõde tähendab, et me teame, kuidas asjad on. Loogika ei ütle meile seda. Loogika valdamine aitab meil otsustada, kas meie väljakujunenud uskumused ja seisukohad on omavahel kooskõlas. Kooskõlalisus Hulk väiteid või uskumusi on omavahel kooskõlas parajasti siis, kui kõik selle hulga liikmed saavad olla korraga tõesed. Vastasel juhul on see hulk mittekooskõlaline. Sellisel juhul ütleme, et vaatlusaluseid väiteid ei saa korraga jaatada. Näide: Oletame, et keegi usub kõike järgnevat: Igaüks, kes võtab astroloogiat tõsiselt, on hullumeelne. Mari on minu õde ja ükski minu õdedest ei ole ab...
CROIRE (Billet 10) Indicatif Présent Passé composé Imparfait Plus-que-parfait je crois j'ai cru je croyais j'avais cru tu crois tu as cru tu croyais tu avais cru il croit il a cru il croyait il avait cru nous croyons nous avons cru nous croyions nous avions cru vous croyez vous avez cru vous croyiez vous aviez cru ils croient ils ont cru ils croyaient ils avaient cru Passé simple Passé antérieur Futur simple Futur antérieur je crus j'eus cru je croirai j'aurai cru tu crus tu eus cru tu croiras tu auras cru il crut il eut cru il croira il aura cru nous crûmes nous eûmes cru nous croirons nous aurons cru vous crûtes ...
Harjutus 2 45 91 45 933 95 46 82 93 16 79 57 650 54 56 93 333 75 91 45 335 21 55 58 336 96 14 874 322 87 11 95 21 28 24 24 95 91 54 32 85 73 24 65 359 82 82 62 355 49 169 36 355 75 987 32 322 81 545 335 388 30 255 52 369 54 255 66 68 50 78 352 54 90 28 62 87 ...
Loenguplaan · Seos kahe tunnuse vahel kovariatsioon korrelatsioon Harilik lineaarne · Harilik lineaarne regressioonmudel Vähimruutude meetod parameetrite hinnangute leidmiseks regressioonmudel ...
8 Õunad Kg 0,85 9,90 kr 8,42 kr 9 Kohv Pakk 1 42,00 kr 42,00 kr KOKKU Tingimuslik vormindamine. Märgista arvude plokk, kust soovid leida tingimustele vastavaid arve. Vali käsk Home --> Conditional Formatting --> Highlight Cells Rules Vali näiteks tingimus greater than ja trüki väärtus. OK Harjutus 3.2 Nimi Aastapalk Keskmine Keskmine Keskmine tunnipalk Keskmine kuupalk päevapalk minutipalk A 25 600,00 2 133,33 106,67 13,33 0,22
Kognitiivsed protsessid. Areng ja roll õppimisel Nägemine, vaatlemine Tähelepanu Taju Kuulmine, täiskasvanute kõne Meeldejätmine: Mõtlemine: ·töötlemine töömälus mälust ja maailmast ·säilitamine pikaajalises mälus pärit infoga tegutsemine * Tähelepanu, töömälu maht on piiratud * Kognitiivsed protsessid on nii kontrollitud kui automaatsed (nõuavad vähest tähelepanu mahtu, st kulub vähe energiat) ·Tähendust konstrueeritakse ·Tunnetusprotsessid arenevad seda peab õpetamisel arvestama Tähelepanu · Tähelepanu on teadvuse poolt eredalt ja selges vormis haaratud objekt või mõtteahel korraga käepäraste objektide või mõtteahelate hulgast. · Tähelepanu on psüühilise tegevuse suunamine objektile, millel on isiksuse jaoks püsiv või hetkeolukorrast l...
1.Lexicology as a science L. studies the voc of lg as a system. Word-learning, lexis-logos. The task of L is to establish the general features of modern Engl voc. Theoretical L. gives a complete picture of voc. Practical value lies in using and appretiating the lg more conciously. There is diachronic (historical) L that studies origin and development; syncronic studies voc at a given historical period. There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns m...
JKN Sugu Haridus Vanus 1n kesk 55 1. Leia naiste ja meeste arv 2n kõrgem 42 2. Leia meeste ja naiste osatähts 3n kõrgem 46 4. Leia meeste ja naiste kesmine 4n põhi 37 5m kesk 39 Mida saab järeldada? 6m kesk-eri 42 Vastus: Keskmine vanus on ho 7n kesk 41 5. Jaga töötajad hariduse järgi gru 8n kesk 44 6. Kujuta see graafiliselt diagram 9n põhi 48 Kas saab väita, et mida vanem in 10 m põhi 32 Vastus: Ei saa, sest lähteülesa 11 n kesk 48 Kokku: 15 p 12 m kesk-e...
Isiksusepsühho kordamisküsimused I LOENG Gordon Allporti (1937) isiksusedefinitsioon. Mille poolest see erineb individuaalsetest erinevustest lähtuvast definitsioonist? Karakter ja temperament; nende erinevad tähendused isiksusepsühholoogias ja lähedastes valdkondades. Mida tähendab metateooria? Kas metateooria on empiiriliselt kontrollitav? (Jah ja ei: see ei ole ümber lükatav ühe uuringuga, kuid peaks olema faktidega kooskõlas.) Reduktsionism. Miks reduktsionism ei ole teaduse vaenlane? Isomorfsuse küsimus: kas isiksusejoonte ja bioloogiliste süsteemide vahel on üksühene vastavus? Mitte-äärmusliku reduktsionismi näited: Hans Jürgen Eysencki metateooria; Marvin Zuckermani kilpkonna-skeem (ja selle edasiarendus, kus bioloogilisele mõjuteele on lisandunud keskkondlik). Viie-faktori teooria kui hübriidteooria. Eristus baastendentside ja iseloomulike kohanemuste vahel. Sotsiaal-kognitiivsed teooriad. Nende kujunemise eripära (kognitiivse ...
2.Exceli vaade...............................................................................................................................................2 3.Põhilised mõisted.......................................................................................................................................2 4.Töö alustamine ja lõpetamine.................................................................................................................... 2 5.Töökeskkonna elemendid ja nende kohaldamine...................................................................................... 3 6.Menüüde lühiülevaade............................................................................................................................... 4 7.Menüüriba..................................................................................................................................................4 8.Nupuribad.................................
491. preliminary investigation eeluurimine 492. extend ulatub 493. proceeding menetlus 494. sanctioning lubama/karistama 495. carrying out toob välja 496. compulsory guideline kohustuslik juhis 497. persuade veenma 498. express its point of view about the punishment that sholud----- 498. redeem the criminal offender in the eyes of society lunastama süüaluse ühiskonna silmis 499. impose määrama 500. deprivation of liberty vabaduse kaotus 501. conditional discharge tingimisi vabastatud 502. an enforcement official kohtutäitur 503. a probation officer kriminaalhooldusametnik 504. impartial erapooletu 505. commence alustama 506. bring up on behalf kellegi/millegi nimel 507. penal law karistusseadus 508. regarding mis puutub... 509. of sui generis ainus omalaadne (lad k) 510. the aim eesmärk 511. unity ühtsus 512. indivisibility jagamatus 513. a statement avaldus/seisukoht 514. binding siduv 515
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