PRONOUNS Object form Possessive Subject form Possessive Reflexive Pronouns Osastav asesõna Omastav Nimetav asesõna Omastav Enesekohased asesõnad Keda? Asesõna + nimisõna Kes? Nimisõna + verb+asesõna Mida? Kelle? Mis? Kelle? (ennast, ise) Kellele? Mille? Mille? I mina Me mind My minu Mine minu Myself I am a girl. You love me. My friend. This book is min...
Pronouns By: Anneli Võikar Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. Types of pronouns Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns Indefinite pronouns Relative pronouns Possesive pronouns Reciprocal pronouns Pronoun case Personal pronouns Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on: number person gender Case
Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow narrow narrower narrowest Irregular forms of comparison: Bad Worse The worst Good Better The best Fur Further The furthest Far Farther The farthest Little Less The least Much More The most Many More The most 5. Pronouns: Subjective personal pronouns: A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they." You are surely the strangest child I have ever met. Objective personal pronouns: An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them."
•He took his boots off. •They called the doctor in. apposition a grammatical construction in which two usually adjacent nouns having the same referent stand in the same syntactical relation to the rest of a sentence (as the poet and Burns in “a biography of the poet Burns”) back-reference In grammatical analysis, the term reference is often used to state a relationship of identity which exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however
be, have) and modal (can, must, will). Lexical and auxiliary verbs indicate contrasts of tense, person and number. adjective omadussõna, Describes the qualities, features or states attributed to a a nice room, a happy girl, the blue adjektiiv noun or pronoun. sky 2 Grammatical Terminology adverb määrsõna, adverb Indicates the time, place, manner, degree, frequency, beautifully, angrily, now, yesterday, duration, viewpoint, etc. of an event, action or process. never
Questions : "tag" questions You speak English, don't you? A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag". We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English. The basic structure is: + - Positive statement, negative tag? Snow is white, isn't it? - + Negative statement, positive tag? You don't like me, do you? Look at these examples with positive statements: positive statement [+] negative tag [-] notes: subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary not ...
case ending. Another analysis is that nouns in English do not inflect for case, because the ‘s is not lexical but it’s a phrasal suffix. 4. Pronouns Pronoun is a word that can replace a noun or a noun phrase. For example: The girl in a yellow skirt was laughing loudly. → She was laughing loudly. 4.1 Pronoun subclasses Personal pronouns – Subject pronouns are used when the person or thing is the subject I, you, he, we, you, they Object pronouns are used when the person or thing is the object. Me, you he, us, you them
Indefinite Pronouns Table of Contents Some and any....................................................................... 2 No (+ Noun) and none (+ Pronoun) ........................................ 3 Every and each..................................................................... 3 Whole ................................................................................... 4 Both, either and neither ....................................................... 4 Few/a few – a little/little....................................................... 5 A lot of/lots of – much/many................................................ 5 Some, any + -body / -one, + -thing, + -where ........................ 6 Some and any Some and any mean a certain number or amount. They are used with or instead of plural or uncountable nouns. Some is a possible plural form of a/an and one: Have a ...
We can use sentential or phrasal analogues to present the different meanings. 1) possessive genitive: the boy's car 2) partitive genitive: the man's head, the baby's eyes 3) subjective genitive: the boy's application 4) objective genitive: the thief's arrest 5) genitive of origin: the student's letter 6) local or locative genitive: the butcher's (shop) 7) genitive of measure: an hour's walk, ten days' absence 8) descriptive or classifying genitive: a man's voice 4. Pronouns: pronoun subclasses!; categories of case, number, person, gender (be ready to discuss these grammatical categories). A varied class of closed-class words with nominal function. Semantically, a pronoun may be a `pro-form'. Syntactically, most pronouns function like noun phrases. Some pronouns have morphological characteristics that nouns do not have (`case', person, gender, number). Pronoun subclasses: central: personal, reflexive, possessive reciprocal: each other, one another
Clauses of results Such a/an + omadussõna + ainsuses loendatav nimisõna Such + omadussõna + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus Such a lot of + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus So + omadussõna/määrsõna So much/little + loendamatu nimisõna So many/few + mitmus Clauses of reasons The reason for + nimisõna/-ing vorm The reason why + clause (he verb) Because of/on account of/due to + nimisõna Because of/on account of/due to the fact that + clause (he verb) Now (that) + clause (they verb) Clauses of results In order to/so as to + infinitive (formal) So that + can/will (present or future reference) So that + could/would (past reference) In case + present tense (present or future reference) In case + past tense (past reference) For + nimisõna (kui tahame väljendada tegevuse eesmärki) For + -ing vorm (kui tahame väljendada millegi funktsiooni) Prevent + noun/pronoun + (from) + -ing vorm Avoid + -ing vorm Clauses of contrast Although/even though/though + cl...
5 Indicating the features of the charater's voice e.g ,,What do you feel now?" ,,Hatred," she said, her voice trembling with pleasure. 6 Inherent connotations may become different in the context, that is positive words may become negative and vice versa. e.g ,,What attracts me to him is his unique dishonesty. Honest people are so boring." Oscar Wilde Expressive features of separate parts of speech 1 Nouns are based on the unusual use of the number, case, and pronoun substitions. In other words, on a transfer of nouns from one lexico-semantic group to another. This is found in personification. Observing parts in which objects, animals are endowed (given) with human feelings, actions, the ability to think or speech. In this case, the noun that is personified, changes its usual connections with other words. e.g The wind laughed his evil laugh and ran away. Another case of transfer is zoonymic metaphors, that is names of animals, fantastic beings
This means that the writer knows more about the subject than the reader. You may be asked to give information, evaluate something, or make suggestions and recommendations. MAKE YOUR REPORT CLEAR AND SIMPLE. What style should I use? A report is based on facts and/ or data. Think carefully about the best way to present the facts. Be clear and avoid unnecessary detail. Give essential information and recommendations. A report is a formal piece of writing and it is impersonal (avoid using the pronoun " I "). Say what you have to say in as few words as possible. How should I structure a report? Every report, like an essay, should have the following parts: A. INTRODUCTION- state what you are going to write about. If the report is based on a survey, state when and by whom the survey was carried out. phrases to use The aim of this report is to ..... This report will examine/ consider/ compare.... This report is intended to .....
5 visited / the / did / when / you / any / Disney / amusement / characters / you / park / meet Did you meet any Disney characters when you visited the amusement park? 6 watch / because / a / I'm excited / the underwater world / we're / to / film / about / going I'm excited because we're going to watch a film about the underwater world. 7 to / path / the / we / lost / a / back / narrow / led / road / were / but / us We were lost but a narrow bath led us back to the road. 4 Use the correct pronoun. 1 John put on his coat and ran out of the house. 2 This is your pencil. Mine is the one over there. 3 Lucy and her twin brother always do their homework together. 4 Do you need a hand with this bag? - No, thanks. I can carry it myself. 5 Don't take this towel! It's mine. Mum said yours is in the bathroom. 6 Where are the chilrden? - They are playing with their toys upstairs. 7 Be careful with the knife! Don't cut yourself! 8 What a strange car! It's not our neighbours'
A useful rule of thumb is that nouns whose stems end with a consonant are strong, while nouns whose stems end with a vowel (except for "u") are weak. STRONG AND WEAK DECLENSIONS OF THE ADJECTIVE What are adjectives? They are words used to describe either nouns or pronouns. Like nouns and pronouns, they are declined according to number, gender, and case; and their number, gender, and case must always agree with the noun or pronoun that they are modifying. In addition, adjective are also declined in either of two ways: strong or weak. This is governed by certain factors. You can tell when to use the strong or weak declension: An adjective would be declined weak if: 1.It was always declined weak (like most ordinal numbers, and all comparative adjectives) 2.It was preceded by the definitive article ("se/so/æt" and all its declined forms), either
children assume…) At least 2 linking words per paragraph (separate them from the rest of the sentence by commas!) that show the connection between paragraphs. Make references to other sources (Police officials believe that…) Give examples, not personal thoughts (expressive intake of alcohol can damage liver) if you use statistics, be sure of the source! Avoid clichéd introductions, make it more original (hook) Consistent personal pronoun use (if you use “we” or “you”, do it throughout the essay) Punctuation (NB! When joining 2 simple sentences, use “;”, NO COMMA BEFORE “THAT” Paragraph 1: introduction Hook (question, interesting observation, unique scenario, quote and surprising statistics) to capture the reader’s interest. Connecting information Clear thesis statement (the points/point of view that you will discuss/explain in length in the later paragraphs)
nuestras 13 vuestros / your vuestro / vuestra vuestro / vuestra vuestros / vuestras vuestras your/their su sus suyo / suya suyos / suyas Remember that vuestro forms are only used in Spain (just as the vosotros subject pronoun & verb conjugations are only used in Spain). Because su and sus can have so many meanings, de + a pronoun may be used following the noun: de Ud., de él, de ella, de Uds., de ellos and de ellas. los libros de ellos their books The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must be preceded by the definite article, except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English "of mine, of yours," etc. el libro mío my book Qué haces, hijo mío
CITATION FORM The citation form of the lexeme is the form that is employed to refer to the lexeme; it is also the form that is used for the alphabetical listing of lexemes in a conventional dictionary. In English, the citation form of a noun is the singular: e.g., mouse rather than mice. For multi-word lexemes which contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one: e.g., do one's best, perjure oneself. In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen, Spanish ir. In English it usually is the full infinitive (to go) although alphabetized without 'to' (go); the present tense is used for some defective verbs (shall, can, and must have only the one form). In Latin, Ancient Greek, and Modern Greek (which has no infinitive), however, the first person singular present tense is normally used, though occasionally the infinitive may also ...
The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152 Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152 The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153 1 What is Grammar? Here's an old children's rhyme about the eight parts of speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it. Every name is called a noun, Pronoun As field and fountain, street and town. Noun In place of noun the pronoun stands, As he and she can clap their hands. The adjective describes a thing, As magic wand or bridal ring. Adjective Most verbs mean action, something done, Verb To read and write, to jump and run.
do it) 4. Extension of 3rd person ending ,,s" to 1st and 2nd person forms ,,I/You wants" (used by the working class) 5. Regularisation of ,,be" ,,Me/You/They was" 6. Regularisation of some irregular verbs draw/drawed/have drawed; go/went/have went 7. Optional ,,-ly" ending on adverbs ,,He writes real quick." 8. Unmarked plurality on amounts of measurement after numerals 10 pound, 20 year 9. Different forms of the relative pronoun ,,The man what lives there."/ ,,The man as lives there." 10. Regularisation of reflexive pronouns myself; herself; hisself; theirselves 11. Distinction between main and auxiliary verb ,,do" ,,You done it, did you?" 2) The spread of English. The Inner / Outer / Expanding Circle THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH · 16-18th century the spread took place. · By the beginning of the 19th century English had spread to virtually every part of the world.
(NOT We all have to live in the society.) Rousseau said that society makes people evil. (NOT Rousseau said that the society makes people evil.) 93. Use a toinfinitive after want. I want to go home. (NOT I want go home.) The children want to stay up late. (NOT The children want stay up late.) 94. Use make, not do, with mistake. I have made a mistake. (NOT I have done a mistake.) You can't speak a language without making mistakes. (NOT ... without doing mistakes.) 95. Don't repeat a relative pronoun with another pronoun. There's the man that I work for. (NOT There's the man that I work for him.) She saw a doctor who sent her to hospital. (NOT She saw a doctor who he sent her to hospital.) 96. After a superlative, use in with a place expression. Which is the biggest city in the world? (NOT Which is the biggest city of the world?) This is the best restaurant in the city. (NOT This is the best restaurant of the city.) . 97. You explain and suggest something to somebody.
nam e (Catalan pronunciation: [ i is] , locally [ i vis ] ). The nam e Spanish in is Ibiza [i i a] . In British English, the nam e is usually pronoun c e d in an approxim ation of the Spanish while American in English the pronunciation is mor e anglicized The island is wellknown for its sum m e r club parties which attract large numb er s of tourists, but the island and the Spani Tourist Office have be e n working to sh e d the prevailing "s e x and alcoh ol" imag e in order to pro m ot e mor e family oriente Noted clubs include
· drop off - decline gradually The hill dropped off near the river · drop off(2) - fall asleep While doing his homework, he dropped off. · drop off(3) - stop and give something to someone Would you drop this off at the post office? · drop out - cease to participate After two laps, the runner dropped out. Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun and pronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separated from the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaning they cannot take a direct object. · Separable add up (meaning: to add) Correct: She added up the total on her calculator. Correct: She added it up on her calculator. · Inseparable get around (meaning: to evade) Correct: She always gets around the rules.
Mex. In 1914, the term was also used for “Texan of Mexican background”, replacing the earlier term Texican (1863). Later, during the Spanish missions in Texas, the Spanish and Mexican cuisines blended in Texas and, over time, became known as Tex-Mex. Today, the term refers not only to the cuisine but sometimes also to the music of Mexican-American people. y’all –The term came to use by 1879 as the U.S. dialect abbreviation of you all (“see you”), used as a plural second-person pronoun. It is commonly believed to have originated in the Southern United States, in association with African-American Vernacular English. However the term probably goes back to the Scots-Irish phrase “ye aw,” when Scots-Irish immigrants had settled in th U.S in the late 18th century. you bet – The term in the meaning of "be assured"came into use by 1857. An American phrase bet your bottom dollar was first cited in the La Crosse Independent Republican, September 1856.
2. We may have comparison a part of which the word becomes. 3. Words "hope", "wish", etc. may affect a word in the context. 4. Repetition of a word. 5. Complementary words. 6. Character's voice (e.g. "Hatred", she said, her voice trembling with pleasure." "pleasure" turns "hatred" into positive). 4. STYLISTIC MORPHOLOGY NOUNS: the expressive features of nouns are based on non-typical use of the number, the case, and pronoun substitution. On a transposition of nouns this is observed in personification, in which objects, natural phenomenon and animals are attributed with human feelings or speech (e.g. "The Wind laughed his evil laugh." "wind" is combined with typically human aspects). Another case of transposition is zoonymic metaphor. Names of animals, birds, fantastic beings when applied to people become emotionally coloured and often offensive: donkey, duck, mule, snake, wolf, angel, devil, etc
universities after the university teams had had their games. Results showed that the Mondays following football victories ranked significantly higher in students apparel with insignia than Mondays following losses. With this study, cross-cultural factors should be considered, since in other cultures, such as in Finland, those university teams and competitions do not exist. Another similar study, involving 173 participants, hypothesized that the pronoun of `'we'' would be used more often after the teams' victory. Experimenters called participants and used campus survey as a cover story. After answering questions, the participants were given feedback, whether good or bad, and this became the IV + the loss or win of the team. Then a critical question about the teams win or loss was asked. The DV was the use of `'we'' pronoun when describing the team's win or loss. Results showed that `'we'' was used
INGLISE KEELE GRAMMATIKA Present Simple Lihtoleviku moodustamine Jaatav vorm Eitav vorm Küsiv vorm I make I do not make Do I make? He/she/it speaks He/she/it does not speak Does he/she/it speak? We/you/they go We/you/they do not go Do we/you/they go? NB! ERANDID! · Verbidele, mis lõpevad ss, h, ch, tch, x või oga, lisatakse ainsuse kolmdandas pöördes es. he does he goes he misses he watches he mixes · Verbid, mis lõpevad yga, mille ees on konsonant, muudavad y iks enne es lisamist. fly he flies carry he carries Võrdle: say he says Lihtolevik väljendab: · Antud momendil toimuvat tegevust, mis ei väljenda kest...
context and here we speak of AC and what we mean is that positively charged words become negative and vice versa (e.g. "What attracts me to him is his singular dishonesty (becomes positive). Honest (becomes negative) people are so boring."). STYLISTIC MORPHOLOGY Expressive features of separate part of speech: NOUNS: The expressive features of nouns are based on non-typical use of the number, the case, and pronoun substitution (e.g. "man" is `he', "woman" is `she' it is normal). On a transposition of nouns from one semantic group to another this is observed in personification, in which objects, natural phenomenon and animals are attributed with human feelings, thoughts, or speech. Here the noun changes its usual connection with pronouns and also its lexical combinability (e.g. "The Wind laughed his evil laugh and ran away." "wind" is combined with typically human aspects).
require just one article, yet this article may be used with each of the adjectives (a pleasant, a kind) it makes the following adjectives more empathic. · The article in the singular or concrete nouns may be absent, it may be done for expressive purposes: to convey the idea of utmost generalization (wife, child, house, dog--isn't it too much?) Nouns: In case of nouns, the expressive features are based on the nontypical use of the forms of number, case and pronoun substitutionin transposition of nouns from one lexicosematic group to another. · Personification: inanimate objects are endowed with human feelings, thoughts, parts of the body, etc. Here, the noun changes its usual connections with pronouns and its lexical combinability. (The Wind laughed his evil laugh and ran away) · Zoonymic metaphor: names of animals or birds and fantastic creatures are used
funktsioon suuremas tervikus, mille liige ta on. Süntaktilised seosed Ühildumine Tasandiseosed: alistavad ja rinnastavad Sõnaliigid kordamiseks LÜHEND NIMI NIMI NÄIDE (ee) (ingl) N substantiiv e noun auto, kõikuvus nimisõna PRON pronoomen e asesõna pronoun tema, mina, see NUM numeraal e arvsõna numeral üks, kolmteist Q kvantor e määrasõna quantifier keegi, igaüks DET artikkel determiner ingl a, the A adjektiiv e adjective ilus, kaval omadussõna
Ühildumine: Agenti ja patsienti aitab eristada ühildumine verbile lisandub marker, mis märgib, kumb osaline sihitislikus lauses on alus ja kumb on sihtis. Tasandiseosed: alistavad ja rinnastavad Sõnaliigid PEAD EKSAMIL TEADMA LÜHEND NIMI NIMI NÄIDE (ee) (ingl) N substantiiv e nimisõna noun auto, kõikuvus PRON pronoomen e asesõna pronoun tema, mina, see NUM numeraal e arvsõna numeral üks, kolmteist Q kvantor e määrasõna quantifier keegi, igaüks DET artikkel determiner ingl a, the A adjektiiv e omadussõna adjective ilus, kaval ADV adverb e määrsõna adverb nüüd, kiiresti V verb e tegusõna verb ütelda, teha
thing," and so we lose the unwanted implication that there is at most one table in the universe; (10) will now imply only that there is at most one table of the contextually indicated sort, which is fine. The appeal to restricted quantification differs from the ellipsis hypothesis, in that it does not require that explicit conceptual material be clandestinely mentioned in (10). The quantifier restriction is more like a silent demonstra- tive pronoun: "At most one table of that sort," where the context fixes the reference of "that." So we seem to have solved the table problem on Russell's behalf. But there are more aggravated problem cases. Consider (11): (11) If a bishop meets another bishop, the bishop blesses the other bishop. (Heim 1990) For further examples, see Reimer (1992), Stanley and Szabó (2000), Ludlow and Segal (2004) and Lepore (2004).
of the symbols. After the pronunciation, you will find a part of speech label. Here are the traditional speech labels found in most dictionaries. WORD LABELS abbr. abbreviation n. Noun adj. adjective pl. plurial adv. adverb prep. preposition ant. .. antonym pron. pronoun arch. archaic sing. singular conj. conjunction syn. synonym interj. interjection tr. transitive intr. intransitive v. Verb mod. modifier Following the pronunciation entry for the word maximum, an n. and the plural forms (identified by the abbreviation pl.) pl.-mums, or - ma appear
I 5sto readthrouqhthe corrected i;., ...,-.-.- Answer Key(See overprtnted answers) afterrelative pronouns whenthe 1 we do not usepronouns relattvepronoun and the subiect are the same short arnountof time eachdaY we can say'of many' but not'many of' without a pronoun 3 together 5 wedo notuseboffithe nounandthepronoun preposrtion between the verb and the 6 we do notpur a obiect arttcle 7 'insrze'isa setphrase and doesnotneedthedefinite
I 5sto readthrouqhthe corrected i;., ...,-.-.- Answer Key(See overprtnted answers) afterrelative pronouns whenthe 1 we do not usepronouns relattvepronoun and the subiect are the same short arnountof time eachdaY we can say'of many' but not'many of' without a pronoun 3 together 5 wedo notuseboffithe nounandthepronoun preposrtion between the verb and the 6 we do notpur a obiect arttcle 7 'insrze'isa setphrase and doesnotneedthedefinite
I 5sto readthrouqhthe corrected i;., ...,-.-.- Answer Key(See overprtnted answers) afterrelative pronouns whenthe 1 we do not usepronouns relattvepronoun and the subiect are the same short arnountof time eachdaY we can say'of many' but not'many of' without a pronoun 3 together 5 wedo notuseboffithe nounandthepronoun preposrtion between the verb and the 6 we do notpur a obiect arttcle 7 'insrze'isa setphrase and doesnotneedthedefinite
I 5sto readthrouqhthe corrected i;., ...,-.-.- Answer Key(See overprtnted answers) afterrelative pronouns whenthe 1 we do not usepronouns relattvepronoun and the subiect are the same short arnountof time eachdaY we can say'of many' but not'many of' without a pronoun 3 together 5 wedo notuseboffithe nounandthepronoun preposrtion between the verb and the 6 we do notpur a obiect arttcle 7 'insrze'isa setphrase and doesnotneedthedefinite
We're number one!" Note that the call is not "They're number one" or even "Our team is number one." The pro- noun is we, designed to imply the closest possible identity with the team. Note also that nothing similar occurs in the case of failure. No television viewer will ever hear the chant, "We're in last place! We're in last place!" Home- team defeats are the times for distancing oneself. Here we is not nearly as preferred as the insulating pronoun they. To prove the point, I once did a small experiment in which students at Arizona State University were phoned and asked to describe the outcome of a football game their school team had played a few weeks earlier (Cialdini et ai., 1976). Some of the students were asked the outcome of a certain game their team had lost; the other students were asked the outcome of a differ- ent game-one their team had won. My fellow researcher, Avril Thorne, and I sim-
SEMANTILINE KOLMNURK: TEEMA 1!! 1 1. LOOGIKA PÕHIREEGLID. SEMANTILINE KOLMNURK Loogika määratlemisest Sõna loogika näib olevat kujunenud kreeka väljendist logik¾ tšcnh, mis tähendab mõtlemise või arutlemise kunsti. Kui püüda mõista, mis on loogika, siis üks võimalus on lähtuda selle sõna kasutamisviisidest tavakeeles. Eesti keelt kõneldes saab sõna loogika Kasutada erinevates tähendustes: • sündmuste, asjade või süsteemide loogika, s.o sisemine korrapära, mis võimaldab sündmustest, asjadest või süsteemidest aru saada, selleks võib olla ka millegi tööpõhimõte; • mõtlemise loogika, s.o mõtlemises esinev korrapära, mis võimaldab teha järeldusi, sh selliseid, mida varem ei teata; • teksti või jutu loogika (loogilisus), see iseloomustab lisaks mõtlemise loogikale (mida kõne väljendab) ka seda, kui süsteemselt kõnelejal õnnestub oma mõtteid väljendada; • loogika kui teadus (õpetus, filosoofia vms), mis uurib keeles väljenduva mõtlemise kõige...
1 1. LOOGIKA PÕHIREEGLID. SEMANTILINE KOLMNURK Loogika määratlemisest Sõna loogika näib olevat kujunenud kreeka väljendist logik¾ tscnh, mis tähendab mõtlemise või arutlemise kunsti. Kui püüda mõista, mis on loogika, siis üks võimalus on lähtuda selle sõna kasutamisviisidest tavakeeles. Eesti keelt kõneldes saab sõna loogika Kasutada erinevates tähendustes: · sündmuste, asjade või süsteemide loogika, s.o sisemine korrapära, mis võimaldab sündmustest, asjadest või süsteemidest aru saada, selleks võib olla ka millegi tööpõhimõte; · mõtlemise loogika, s.o mõtlemises esinev korrapära, mis võimaldab teha järeldusi, sh selliseid, mida varem ei teata; · teksti või jutu loogika (loogilisus), see iseloomustab lisaks mõtlemise loogikale (mida kõne väljendab) ka seda, kui süsteemselt kõnelejal õnnestub oma ...
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