in verbs. Available at http://www.multibriefs.com/briefs/exclusive/struggling_with_the_past_tense_2.htm#.Vp15sPmLQ dU, accessed January 19, 2016 The English Language Club. 2014. Diphthongs. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=d1HZPx8DuDw, accessed January 19, 2016. Oxford Dictionaries. Available at http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/diphthong, accessed January 19, 2016. FRONT/BACK VOWELS Vowels may be classified as either rounded or unrounded, as either lax or tense, and as either long or short. A vibration is felt in the oral cavity when a vowel is articulated. If this vibration is felt toward the front of the cavity, say in the area of the alveolar ridge, the vowel is described as a front vowel. If the vibration is felt toward the back of the cavity, say in the area of the velum, the vowel is described as a back vowel
dark/l/. NB! The sounds we produce and hear are continuous: we move our organs of speech continuously and produce a continuous signal still it is possible to divide speech into units, which is called segmentation. The sounds of languages can be produced by: pushing air out of the lungs through the vocal tract (pulmonic, egressive) sucking the air into the mouth (ingressive) NB! Without air we cannot produce sound. There are two classes of sounds: consonants vowels Consonants are produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs. Vowels are produced so that the airstream is relatively unobstructed. NB! Any speech sound will always exhibit two components in some form or other: An activity that initiates a flow of air (i.e. initiation, lungs as initiators) An activity that modulates or articulates the air-stream, thus generating a specific type of sound Vowel and Consonant
before the alveolar ridge. Dental sounds are produced by the tongue touching the front teeth. Bilabial sounds are produced by the contact of both lips. Labiodental sounds are produced by lip-to-teeth contact. Distribution is the act of looking sounds in different contexts and positions they can occur in. Any speech sounds must always have air flow and some kind of blockage or modification to the air flow. There are 2 kinds of sounds in English: Vowels that are produced do that the airstream is not obstructed – they can stand alone meaning that they can be produced without consonants before or after them Consonants that are produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that the air flow is obstructed – consonants require some vowels around them To classify vowels, fixate: The height of the tongue – close, close-mid, open-mid, open
The articles have a nine year gap, and the newer, written 2015 also mentions Munson et al's research several times. One of the main differences between the researches is that while Munson et al included bisexual men and women, and also Lesbians, Erik.C. Tracy worked solely with the topic of gay men. Both, however, did their research on American English. As to the conclusions: * Yes, listeners can distinguish between LGB and heterosexual men and women. * Listeners rely more on vowels than consonants, and of those, only few. * The /s/ is the most important consonant when making a judgment. (also deriving from this topic, see "gay lisp" there were some excellent articles about that, too, but unfortunately they were about a research done in Belgium). But only if you are male. (Apparently there is a "gay lisp", but no "lesbian lisp", although that would sound much better.) * Higher frequency in men and lower in women's case makes the listeners distinguish them as part
theNeogrammarian dogma that the sound laws were without exceptions ("die Ausnahmslosigkeit der Lautgesetze"). BREAKING IN OLD ENGLISH Vowel breaking is a sound change whereby a single vowel changes to become a diphthong in specific environments. The resulting sound preserves the original vowel, which is either preceded or followed by a glide. This process is manifested in a variety of Germanic languages and is characteristic of Old English. Certain front vowels, /æ/ /e/ and /i/, in their short and long variants, were diphthongized when immediately followed by a velar /x/ or a cluster containing a velarized consonant and /l/ or /r/, as its first element. I-UMLAUT In linguistics, umlaut (from German "sound alteration") is a sound change in which a vowel is pronounced more like a following vowel or semivowel. (ö ü). Umlaut is a form of assimilation, the process by which one speech sound is altered to make it more like another adjacent sound
Rhyme is regular sound repetition occurring at the end of poetic lines (rhyming words have similar or identical sound combinations). Full rhyme identical sounds (last stressed vowel and following consonant) tide-side, cold-gold. Incomplete rhyme derived from full rhyme. Vowel rhyme identical vowels and different consonants pen-best. Consonant rhyme identical consonants and different vowels love-live. Compound rhyme made up of 2 or more words united by single stress women=two men. Eye-rhyme contains identical letters while vowels are pronounced differently farm-warm. Internal rhyme occurs within a poetic line. Head rhyme connects the end of a line with the beginning of the next one by similar sound combinations. Couplet rhyme 2 lines are rhythmically linked by the final rhyme: a a. Cross rhyme rhyming combination: a b a b.
Open syllable - has no coda Closed syllable - has a coda! Texts: [t-e-k-s-t-s]- (Consonant, Vowel, Consonant, Consonant, Consonant, Consonant). Strong syllables - has as its nucleus one of the vowel phonemes but not "schwa" Weak syllables has 4 types of nucleus 1) the vowel ,,schwa" 2) a close front unrounded vowel in the general area of i: and ý 3) a close back unrounded vowel in the general area of u: and 4) a syllabic consonant Close front vowels occur in word-final weak syllables (as in happy), weak initial syllables (as in react) and in unstressed personal pronouns (be, the), when preceding a vowel. NB. i: or ý, as in ,,easy, busy", is transcribed as i Close back vowels occur in unstressed syllables, when not preceding a consonant (you, to, into, do) and in unstressed syllables in all positions (through, who). NB. u: or , as in ,,food to eat", is transcibed as u
language of the native speakers (as opposed to Latin as a lingua franca) · Need for general literacy · Renaissance- Need for terminology and new (scientific, philosophical, etc) vocabulary in the vernacular The Great Vowel Shift was a major change in the pronunciation of the English language that took place in the south of England between 1450 and 1750. First studied by Otto Jespersen, who coined the term. The phonetic values of the long vowels form the main difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English, and the Great Vowel Shift is one of the historical events marking the separation of Middle and Modern English. Originally, these vowels had "continental" values Great Vowel Shift in short (a very simplified account!): Long vowels turned into diphthongs or other long vowels and diphtongs into long vowels. /i:/ into /ai/ /u:/ into /au/ /o:/ into /ou/ /a:/ into /ei/ /e:/ into /i:/ /au/ into /o:/ etc
· [au]-[a] · Intrusive r · Double negation · Tag questions 6) Welsh English (peculiarities of pronounciation, grammar, vocabulary) Pronounciation: Differences between WEng and RP: · Last, dance, etc. often have /æ/ rather than /a:/ · Unstressed orthographic a tends to be /æ/ rather than · Unstressed orthographic o tents to be rather than · There is no contrast between · There is, in many varieties, an additional contrast between and between · The vowels do not occur in many varieties in WEng · Educated WEng is not rhotic · Tendency to lengthen intervocalic consonants before unstressed syllables (butter, money) Non-systemic pronounciation differences · For some speakers, /g/ is absent in the words language and longer. · For some speakers // occurs in the words comb and tooth. Grammar: · Generalisation of word forms (I likes, they sees) · Non-standard use of ,,never" (I never did it)
Stress which is meant to single out certain words as emotionally important, to point out their hidden or specific meaning is called emphatic or emphasis : I told you he is ´un ´well. (=drunk) Emphatic stress may be signalled graphically by italics, exclamation marks, dots, dashes. It is used to express one's attitude to the interlocutor or the utterance such as admiration, surprise, distrust, contempt. Accompanying means of emphasis can be the prolongation of vowels and consonants. Vowels are generally prolonged when positive emotions are expressed: I'm so glad. It's fantastic. Consonant sounds tend to become longer to expresses negative feelings:lousy, phony, monstrous. The chief means of making one's speech emotional is intonation and pausation. Logical pauses divide the utterance into meaningful parts (corresponding) to sense-groups, often marked in the text by punctuation, e.g I didn't know him then, / but I do now. //
Middle English (1100-1500) In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy invaded England. The new conquerors brought with them a kind of French and there was a period where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800) Towards the end of Middle English the change in pronunciation started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world and many new words and phrases entered the language. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published. Late Modern English (1800-Present) The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words because the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words;
voiceless ts t Affricate voiced dz d voiceless f s Fricative voiced v z Trill r Approximant l · 5 short, 6 long vowels and 7 diphthongs · Stress is generally on the penultimate syllable · il(l)- = the · For example: l-omm, il-missier RECOGNITION · Very similar to other languages · The article · Written form · Two tenses EXSAMPLES Siculo- Maltese English Arabic bebbuxu babbaluciu snail
NAVAJO LANGUAGE Merilin Reisenbuk What is Navajo Language? Navajo is an Athabaskan (is a large group of indigenous peoples of North America) language spoken in the southwest United States by the Navajo people. It is geographically and linguistically one of the Southern Athabaskan languages. Orthography and pronunciation Consonants Vowels. Navajo has four basic vowel qualities: a, e, i and o. Each of these may occur either short or long. Tones. Navajo has two tones, low and high. - high, as in áá and éé - low, as in aa and ee Grammar The key element in Navajo is the verb. Every verb must have at least one prefix. Many concepts expressed using nouns in other languages appear as verbs in Navajo. There are two main types of nouns in Navajo:
It is usual that in the non-stressed end syllables I changes to E : nimi>nime, ei tohi>ei tohe In comparative the A-stem exists : kõvem>kõvam, parem>param A characteristic feature is the strong form of Inessive:jalas> jalgas, rannas>randas. insular dialect The absence the Õ-vocal, instead Ö is used, but in addition to Ö can also E, A, O and U be used instead of Õ Eg: sõber>söber, kõik>keik, sõnad>sanad, jõulu>jõulu, lõhki >luhki The vowels O, E and Ä will change if they are in front of H, to either U or I eg: kohad>kuhad, mehe>mihe, teha>tiha pähe>piha. Has a singing intonation that is belived to come from the swedes Northeastern coastal dialect Absense of the letter Õ Impersonal da-infinitiive Plural is i-plural: puhaste kätega>puhti käsiga Tartu dialect Commonly used the,,na" indirect speech identifier: olevat>olna, kirjutavat>kirjutana de-liiative ending : pudelisse>pudelide
of food in Olympia. I like Italian food very much. Sometimes, I go to an Italian restaurant in Seattle. The restaurant is called "Luigi's". Italian food is great! Here are the rules for when to use "A, An or The": · a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants She has a dog. I work in a factory. · an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u) Can I have an apple? She is an English teacher. · the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know) The car over there is fast. The teacher is very good, isn't he? · The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the". I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms. I ate in a Chinese restaurant
Stress: · Logical stress--singles out words that are primary in the given context (I didn't mean you, I meant everybody) · Emphatic Stress--stress that singles out words as emotionally important or points out their hidden or specific meaning. (I told you, he is unwell--meaning drunk or high). Emphatic stress is suggested graphically by the Italics, exclamation marks, dots and dashes. · Accompanying means of emphasis can be the prolongation of vowels. Vowels are prolonged to express positive emotions (glad). Consonants are prolonged to express negative feelings (lousy, monotonous) Pauses: · Logical pauses divide the utterance into meaningful parts--sense groups--and are marked by punctuation. (I didn't know him then, but I do now.) · Emotional pauses are introduced to draw attention to the words or phrases that follow, and thus, emphasize this word or phrase. (She is so gentle, so / gently
strengthen the speaker's disbelief. Such pauses may be marked in a text and may be introduced by a speaker. STRESS: We can speak about logical stress it singles out words that are primary in the context. Stress that is used to single out words that are emotionally important or to point out their hidden or specific meaning is called emphatic. Emphatic stress may be signaled graphically by the Italics, dots, exclamation marks, etc. Accompany means of emphasis may be prolongation of vowels and consonants. Vowels are usually prolonged to express positive feelings. Consonants become longer to express negative emotions. ORCHESTRATION: Both oral and written speech may possess orchestration the choice of words with respect to acoustic properties of sounds, their sequence, and repetition. Due to their acoustic features sounds may create certain feelings, ideas or images. This is called euphony (from Greek "pleasant to the ear"). 7. PHONETIC STYLISTIC DEVICES
*Declaration of independence 24th February 1918 *War of independence 1918-1920 during the Russian Civil War, resulted in a victory for Estonia *Deportation 1949 *Estonia becomes independent 20th August 1991 *Joining EU 1st May 2004 Language: Estonian language, belongs to the Balti-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languages, closely realted to Finnish and rather remotely to Hungarian; Latin alphabet with 32 letters , 5 of which occur only in foreign words, the phenomes include 9 vowels and 18 consonants; words are borrowed from Latin, Greek, English etc.; since 1995 the 14th of March is celebrated as the Mother Tongue Day, in 2000 UNESCO declared 21 February World Mother Tongue Day; the first estonian calendar was published in 1731, radio broadcasts started in 1924, book was published in 1535 Population: In the 13th cen. The population numbered between 100000 and 200000, but this figure changed as a result of wars, epidemics, migration and famine during the centuries
STRESS: We can speak about logical stress it singles out words that are primary in the context (e.g. "I didn't mean you, I mean everybody."). Stress that is used to single out words that are emotionally important or to point out their hidden or specific meaning is called emphatic (e.g. "I told you he is unwell."). Emphatic stress may be signaled graphically by the Italics, dots, exclamation marks, etc. Accompany means of emphasis may be prolongation of vowels and consonants. Vowels are usually prolonged to express positive feelings (e.g. "I am so glaaaaaad."). Consonants become longer to express negative emotions (e.g. "Mmmmmonstrous idea"). ORCHESTRATION: Both oral and written speech may possess orchestration the choice of words with respect to acoustic properties of sounds, their sequence, and repetition. Due to their acoustic features sounds may create certain feelings, ideas or images
language is called castellano instead of español. 2. Pronunciation Spanish Letter English Sound a ah e ay i ee o oh u oo ll y b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 v vowels ñ ny (as in canyon) r almost like a d when in between 2 vowels rr r with a roll of the tongue d almost like a th when in between 2 vowels 3 j hard h g g, sometimes a h qu k
Move around the room Don't rock backwards and forwards Move towards the audience Don't stand rooted to the spot Move your eyes around the audience Don't leave your hands by your sides Moving is normal Don't avoid eye contact Voice, intonation and pronunciation Stressing a point It is vital/essential/imperative that we ... We must ... Stretching vowels These figures are extreeeemely useful. We are waaaay ahead of the competition. Using adverbs extremely really entirely very completely quite totally Repeating words Communication is vital. Without communication, nothing is achieved. With little communication, little is achieved. Stressing auxiliaries We can't and won't be able to accept the offer. Finance is the key. Targets have been reached over the last year.
clearly noticeable than was once the case. (Wells 1997) - `the sudden emergence of a new type of English' results from irresponsible disregard for the facts. 3. Commonly cited salient features of Estuary English · l-vocalization, milk miwk · glottalling, using a glottal stop · happY-tensing; happy, coffee, valley · yod coalescence; Tuesday, tune, attitude, duke, reduce · diphthong shift, FACE, PRICE and GOAT vowels (wotshor nime?) (Wells 1997) perhaps to a phonemic split (wholly holy) (Wells 1994) The features that Wells excludes from EE's phonetic make-up that are typical of Cockney are: · h-dropping, so that Cockney hand on heart becomes ('and on 'eart). · th-fronting, using labiodental fricatives instead of dental fricatives This turns I think into /a fink/ and mother into /move/ (Wells 1997) However, Coggle (1993) claims that TH fronting in word-medial and word-final
Noun plus gerund (nt, smoking room) Noun plus verb (nt, search light) For example: forget -me not formed a compound out of a sentence. It's a syntactic word building (ehk compression) Derivational compounds are compound derivatives (nt, black heared boy). Compounds may be based on reduplication (nt, hush-hush, murmur). Ironic words (nt, pretty-pretty), ablaut combinations two parts with same consonant sounds but different vowels (nt, chit-chat foolish talking). There is also rhyming combinations (hoity-toity) 10. Conversion is a non affixal formation of words. (zero derivation) . Conversion is using a word of one part of speech as a word of some other part of speech. Words with complex structure are not converted as a rule. (nt, childhood, friendship) Noun becomes a verb (anger, to anger)- that's the basic model of conversion Adj becomes a verb (to thin, to slow, to equal) Prep becomes a verb (to out, to down)
Tallinn English College Topic Estonia Tallinn 2008 1. Introduction Estonia is a small country about the size of Switzerland, or New Hampshire and Massachussetts combined. Estonia is named after the people called "Ests" who lived in the region in the 1 st century AD. The Republic of Estonia is one of the three countries commonly known as the "Baltic States". The other Baltic States are Latvia and Lithuania. 2. Geographical position Estonia is situated in northeastern Europe. Estonia is bounded on the north by the Gulf of Finland, on the east by Russia, on the south by Latvia and on the west by the Baltic Sea. In the north it borders on Finland. The coastline of the Baltic Sea in Estonia is characterized by numerous gulfs and bays, the biggest of them being the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Pärnu. Bays include the Narva Bay, Matsalu Bay, Kolga Bay, Kunda Bay, Tallinn Bay etc....
moodustatakse vastu hambavalli tagaserva ja kõlab pehmemalt. Ning jällegi: osi keeli rakendab seesuguseid eristusvõimalusi ka fonoloogilisel tasandil (nt poola kirjakeele sz , , cz või horvaadi c , dz ). Ühe keele hääldusvõtete ülekandmine teises keeltes olevatele analooghäälikutele põhjustab tõsiseid vigu. Võõrkeeleõppes nõuab see tähelepanu. 3.1. Vokaalide klassifikatsioon Täishäälikud ehk vokaalid (lad vocales, ingl vowels, vn ) moodustatakse avatud kõnetraktiga (avasui). Valdavalt on nad helilised ning nende kõlavärv (see, mille järgi nad ära tunneme) oleneb suuõõne kui peamise resonaatori kujust. 3.1.1 Moodustuspõhimõtted eesti täishäälikute näitel Keele liikudes ette või taha, üles või alla muutub suuõõne esi- ja tagaosa ruumisuhe ning vastavalt tulevad tämbris rohkem esile "heledamad" või "tumedamad" ülemtoonide kimbud. Võimalusi lisab
In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today. [5] 3) Early Modern English (1500-1800) Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a 5 common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing
a boy a photograph a bus a refrigerator a flower a comb a slide a girl a swing a key a van 21 m ar H am Gr elp 4 Use a or an before singular nouns. Use an before words beginning with vowels (a, e, i, o, u). For example, say: an axe an igloo an egg an orange an envelope an umbrella an ice cream an uncle 4 But some words don't follow this rule. For example, use a (not an) before these words that begin with u: a uniform a university 4 Use a before words beginning with the other
The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English. Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. Almost every consonant has a hard or a soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Stress, which is unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically. though an optional acute accent ( , znak udareniya) may be used to mark stress, such as to distinguish between homographic words, for example (zamók, meaning a lock) and (zámok, meaning a castle), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( ). It arose in the beginning of the 18th century
Consequently, in Babel, the repeated b, or beth, the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, became the repeated SH, or SHIN, the next-to-last letter, in SHESHACH. Similarly, the /, or lamed, became the hard CH, or KAPH. The kaph of Kashdim reciprocally became the LAMED of LEB KAMAI. In this determination, the Hebrew letters sin and shin, which differ only by where a dot is placed, are regarded as the same letter. The only letters in Hebrew are consonants and two silent letters, aleph and ayin; vowels are represented by dots or lines, usually below the letters. What is a final i in the English LEB KAMAI is a letter YOD in Hebrew, whose atbash reciprocal is mem. The word "atbash," incidentally, derives from the very procedure it denotes, since it is composed of aleph, taw, beth, and shin—the first, last, second, and next-to-last letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Both SHESHACH and LEB KAMAI have considerably embarrassed biblical commentators
In this way, cleverness may be gained, but wisdom is lost, and so are joy, love, creativity, and aliveness. They are concealed in the still gap between the perception and the interpretation. Of course we have to use words and thoughts. They have their own beauty – but do we need to become imprisoned in them? Words reduce reality to something the human mind can grasp, which isn’t very much. Language consists of five basic sounds produced by the vocal cords. They are the vowels a, e, i, o, u. The other sounds are consonants produced by air pressure: s, f, g, and so forth. Do you believe some combination of such basic sounds could ever explain who you are, or the ultimate purpose of the universe, or even what a tree or stone is in its depth? THE ILLUSORY SELF The word “I” embodies the greatest error and the deepest truth, depending on how it is used. In conventional usage, it is not only one of the most
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