Neti Habakuk Margit Mölder Forming: infinitive+ ing (I+ing) USING: 1) In some fixed expressions (As well as I+ing.., It is no good I+ing.., It is no use I+ing.., can not bear I+ing.., can not help I+ing.., worth I+ing..) 2) After prepositions (before I+ing.., of I+ing.., for I+ing.., by I+ing.., at I+ing..) 3) After verbs (enjoy, admit, consider, can`t stand/ help/ bear, deny, avoid, mind, suggest, understand) 4) With from and to with some verbs (He prevented her from leaving. Look forward to I+ing.., Get used to I+ing..) Forming: to+ verb I (to+v) USING: 1) After some adjectives (happy to+v.., wrong to+v..) 2) To express purpose (She went to Spain to meet her friend.) 3) After some nouns ( decision to+v.., time to+v.., wish to+v..) 4) After some main verbs ( appear, agree, ask, begin, choose, decide, expect, happen, help, hope, learn, like, love, mean, offer, prepare, promise,...
The gerund form -ing The gerund form -ing is used: After some main verbs. (admit, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prefer, put off, recommend, resent, risk, suggest, understand) I do not recommend going to that restaurant. After an adjective, verb or noun followed by a preposition. She is really good at swimming. He apologised to arriving late. I quite like the thought of working in a travel agency. In some fixed expressions I can not bear listening to people who complain. I can not help feeling that he is cheating us. That book is not worth reading. The infinitive with to The infinitive with to is used: After some main verbs (afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, bear, begin, care, choose, consen...
What should I do? He can’t dance. You mustn’t tell lies! • Modal auxiliary verbs don’t usually have past forms. Other expressions are used instead: I had to work hard at school. The prisoner was able to/managed to escape by climbing onto the roof of the prison. (NOT *could escape) (=ability / performance on one occasion) In some cases could can be used with a past meaning: I could swim when I was six. (=general ability) • They have no infinitives and no –ing forms. Other expressions are used instead. I’d love to be able to ski. I hate having to get up early. • They are followed by an infinitive without -to. The exception is ought to. You must go. I’ll help you. You ought to see a doctor. • They can be used with perfect infinitives to talk about the past. You should have told me that you can’t swim. You might have drowned. 2
Gerunds (to) and infinitives (-ing) 7.1 Verbs followed by the gerund form ing. I considered buying a flat in Monte Carlo, but they were too expensive. Here are some common verbs which are followed by the gerund: Admit, appreciate (hindama), avoid, can´t help, can´t stand, consider, delay (viivitama), deny, detest (jälestama), dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine (ette kujutama), involve (sisaldama), mention (mainima), mind, miss, postpone (edasi lükkama), practise, put off, recall, resent, risk, suggest, understand 7.2 Verbs and phrases followed by the infinitive without ´to´ You must answer all the questions. Here are some common verbs/phrases which are followed by the infinitive without to: Can, could, may, might, must, need, must, need, had better, would rather 7.3 Verbs followed by an object + the infinitive without ´to´ She made me do it. ( sundima ) Here are some ...
[would + VERB] I knew you would help him. [was/were + going to + VERB] I knew you were going to go to the party. I told you he was going to come to the party. I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner. Active= I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. Passive= I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM. 17. Gerunds See on nimisõna, mis on tuletatud teguseõnast ning lõppu käib -ing. Reading helps you learn English. He enjoys not working. 18. Infinitives See on tegusõna to vorm. Näiteks: sõnast learn tekib to learn 19. Phrasal Verb See on tegusõna + eessõna või määrsõna, mis loob esimesest lausest teise tähenduse, kasutades sama tegusõna. I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. He ran away when he was 15. 20. Negative question Negatiivsed küsimused sisaldavad enamasti emotsioone ning kõlavad teatud situatsioonides ebaviisakalt. Didn't she like the film? Yes, she did. Aren't they reading now? Yes, they are
(NOT This is the best restaurant of the city.) . 97. You explain and suggest something to somebody. Please explain to me what you want. (NOT Please explain me what you want.) Can you suggest a good restaurant to us? (NOT Can you suggest us a good restaurant?) 98. Work is an uncountable noun. I'm looking for work. (NOT I'm looking for a work.) My brother has found a new job. (NOT My brother has found a new work.) 99. Be careful of the word order in negative infinitives. It's important not to work too hard. (NOT It's important to not work too hard.) I asked her not to make so much noise. 100. Possessives replace articles. We stayed in John's house at the weekend. (NOT We stayed in the John's house at the weekend.) She's been studying Britain's foreign policy since 1980. (NOT She's been studying the Britain's foreign policy since 1980.)
D. the passive auxiliary BE + the ed participle of a MV: was written These four basic constructions also enter into combination with each other. CD: is being written ABD: may have been written ABCD: may have been being written The more complex the VP pattern is, the less commonly it occurs. Nonfinite verb phrases As modals have no nonfinite forms, they cannot occur in nonfinite verb phrases. infinitives participles simple to examine examining B to have examined having examined C to be examining [being] examining D to be examined [being] examined complex BC to have been examining having been examining BD to have been examined having been examined
understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability. To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional tense. -ía -íamos -ías -íais -ía -ían 79. Infinitives followed by Prepositions The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English. Verb + a + another infinitive Verb + de + another infinitive acostumbrarse to become used to acabar to have just aprender to learn to acordarse to remember
AnswerKey(5eeoverprinted answers) a n s w e ras n da s kt h e mt o e x p l a i n thephrases 21 Explainthe task Read the sentencesaloud Present AnswerKey(Seeoverprintedanswers) infinitives Refer 5s to the Grammar nresent/oerfect thesameassth 1 exactly ReferenceSectionfor further detail 5s completethe 2 feelenvrousbecauseyou donothavesth task CheckSs'answers
AnswerKey(5eeoverprinted answers) a n s w e ras n da s kt h e mt o e x p l a i n thephrases 21 Explainthe task Read the sentencesaloud Present AnswerKey(Seeoverprintedanswers) infinitives Refer 5s to the Grammar nresent/oerfect thesameassth 1 exactly ReferenceSectionfor further detail 5s completethe 2 feelenvrousbecauseyou donothavesth task CheckSs'answers
AnswerKey(5eeoverprinted answers) a n s w e ras n da s kt h e mt o e x p l a i n thephrases 21 Explainthe task Read the sentencesaloud Present AnswerKey(Seeoverprintedanswers) infinitives Refer 5s to the Grammar nresent/oerfect thesameassth 1 exactly ReferenceSectionfor further detail 5s completethe 2 feelenvrousbecauseyou donothavesth task CheckSs'answers
AnswerKey(5eeoverprinted answers) a n s w e ras n da s kt h e mt o e x p l a i n thephrases 21 Explainthe task Read the sentencesaloud Present AnswerKey(Seeoverprintedanswers) infinitives Refer 5s to the Grammar nresent/oerfect thesameassth 1 exactly ReferenceSectionfor further detail 5s completethe 2 feelenvrousbecauseyou donothavesth task CheckSs'answers
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