7. Verb: The principal forms of the verbs: Verbil on 4 põhivormi: Regular verb Irregular verb 1. the base form Talk Speak üldoleviku tüvivorm 2. the past form/ -ed form Talked Spoke üldmineviku vorm 3. the past participle (-ed Talked Spoken participle) mineviku kesksõna 4. the present participle (- Talking Speaking ing participle) oleviku kesksõna The tenses: Expressing the future: Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Present Base Have / has + to be + base+ ing has/ have been +s + pariticiple base+ -ing He drinks tea at ...
Gerunds (to) and infinitives (-ing) 7.1 Verbs followed by the gerund form ing. I considered buying a flat in Monte Carlo, but they were too expensive. Here are some common verbs which are followed by the gerund: Admit, appreciate (hindama), avoid, can´t help, can´t stand, consider, delay (viivitama), deny, detest (jälestama), dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine (ette kujutama), involve (sisaldama), mention (mainima), mind, miss, postpone (edasi lükkama), practise, put off, recall, resent, risk, suggest, understand 7.2 Verbs and phrases followed by the infinitive without ´to´ You must answer all the questions.
I heard her play in Milan. WATCH OUT! In passive sentences make, hear, help are followed by an infinitive with to. He was made to report to the police. Let can not be used in the passive form. Instead, allowed must be used. My parents let me stay out late. I am allowed to stay out late by my parents. After modal verbs You must leave now. After would rather/had better You would better come in now. Verbs followed by a gerund or to-infinitive with a difference in meaning · Can`t bear/ stand, hate, like, love, prefer When these verbs are used with the infinitive, they refer to more specific situations. When they are used with the gerund, they refer to more general situations. The difference in meaning is very slight. I prefer to work on a computer than to write by hand. I can not bear listening to her complaining all the time. · Remember, forget, regret, stop, try
Perfect Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive passive is earlier than that of the main active verb. <1>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O) Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S2 + V2 + (O) EX: People say that he was jealous of her. It is said that he was jealous of her. <2>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O) Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to have + PP + (O) EX: People say that he was jealous of her. He is said to have been jealous of her. OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE With advise/insist/propose/recommend /suggest + Gerund + Object Active: S + V + Ving + O Passive: S + V + that + S + should be + PP EX: He recommended using bulletproof glass. He recommended that bulletproof glass should be used. OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE Active: S + V + O + Ving Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + O EX: I remembered my father taking me to the zoo.
watch, feel, notice, help...) In passive sentences make, hear, help are followed by an infinitive with to! Let > allowed in passive sentence My parents let me stay out late. I am allowed to stay out late by my parents. 2) After modal verbs (can, could, may, must, shall, should, will, would) 3) After would rather/had better (You'd better come in now.) 1) Can't bear/stand, like, hate, love, prefere Used with infinitive more specifical situation with gerund more general situation 2) Remember, forget + ing an action that happened before the moment of remembering/forgetting + infinitive an action after the moment of remembering/forgetting 3) Regret + ing means be sorry about the action in the past + infinitive means be sorry about the present action 4) Stop + ing to stop something you do + infinitive with to means stop in order to do something 5) Try
•An airedale is sometimes a rather skittish animal. •The golden retriever is a marvelous pet for children. •Irish setters are not the highly intelligent animals they used to be. The difference between the generic indefinite pronoun and the normal indefinite pronoun is that the latter refers to any of that class ("I want to buy a beagle, and any old beagle will do.") whereas the former (see beagle sentence) refers to all members of that class. gerund Every gerund, without exception, ends in ing. Gerunds are not, however, all that easy to identify. The problem is that all present participles also end in ing. What is the difference? Gerunds function as nouns. Thus, gerunds will be subjects, subject complements, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. Present participles, on the other hand, complete progressive verbs or act as modifiers. Read these examples of gerunds: Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his passion
fülogeneetiline- inimese arenguloo kohane füül- superkeelkond, eestikeelseks vasteks hõimkond genealoogiline e. geneetiline klassifikatsioon- põhineb sugulussuhteil. Omavahel seotakse need keeled, mida arvatakse põlvnevat ühisest algkeelest. Maailma keeli rühmitatakse keelkondadeks eelkõige suguluse alusel. generatiivne transformatsioonigrammatika- selles eraldati teineteisest lause abstraktne süvastruktuur ja konkreetne pindstruktuur. Selle loojaks oli Noam Chomsky. gerund(ium) e teonimi, kujutab verbitüvega väljendatavat tegevust kui niisugust ja lauseliikmetena sobivad kas aluseks ja sihitiseks või määruseks. grafeem e. kirjamärk grammatika- see mõiste on lingvistikas mitmeti tõlgendatav. Tähendusteks on näiteks ,,keele ehituse süsteemipärane esitus", ,,(grammatika)õpik e. reeglite kogu" ja ,,keele süsteem" homonüüm- väliskujult sarnased sõnad, mille tähendus on täiesti erinev hüperonüüm e. ülemmõiste hüponüüm e alammõiste
parts and also from the order (nt, life-boat, boat-life). The majority of compounds are nouns and adjectives. Adj: noun plus adj (nt, skin-deep) Noun plus numeral (nt, 7-day-vocation) Adj plus adj (nt, light blue dress) Noun plus participle 2 (nt, man-made) Nouns:noun plus noun (nt, ash-tray) Noun plus adj (nt, black board) 2 Noun plus gerund (nt, smoking room) Noun plus verb (nt, search light) For example: forget -me not formed a compound out of a sentence. It's a syntactic word building (ehk compression) Derivational compounds are compound derivatives (nt, black heared boy). Compounds may be based on reduplication (nt, hush-hush, murmur). Ironic words (nt, pretty-pretty), ablaut combinations two parts with same consonant sounds but different vowels (nt, chit-chat foolish talking). There is also
· ,,i" and ,,schwa" have merged · Epenthesis (sound, which is not there really, is inserted to the word) · In the north [e] and [ä] have no distinction Grammar: · Unmarked plurality concerning measure and time · Three dimensional demonstrative system · Nominalisation - givin a word or phrase a noun-like status · Distinction between singular and plural ,,you" / ,,youse" · Hot news perfect tense is expressed by preposition ,,after" + -ing (gerund form) · Present tense instead of Pr.Perfect or Pr.Perf. Cont · ,,It- clefting" constructures (it's very ill that he looked) · Continuous forms with stative verbs (I'm seeing it very well) · Past simple is used instead of Past perfect (If he saw him, he wouldn't have done it) · Distinction between habitual and non-habitual actions or states (I do bit drunk vs. I am drunk) · Word ,,let" can be used in second person ( Let you stay here) · ,,Yes" and ,,no" are used less frequently
Coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or a phrase. Short commonplace words have the most meanings (and also the most collocations with them) – set, make, take etc 37. Homonyms Each of two or more words having the same spelling or pronunciation, but different origin and meaning. Accidental similarity. o Band – ribbon/group of musicians Grammatical homonyms o Past tense and past participle, present participle, gerund, verbal noun Lexico-grammatical homonyms o Coincide of words representing different word classes. Love – noun/verb o Same word class, but different use Found – past tense and participle of find, to found Full homonyms – all forms coincide Partial homonyms – some forms coincide 38. Homophones One or more words that are identical in sound but have a different spelling and meaning.
vosotros (as) you os you os to you vosotros (as) you Ustedes you los, las you les to you Ustedes you ellos (as) they los them les to them ellos (as) them 1. An object pronoun generally precedes the conjugated verb, except if is used in an affirmative command, with an infinitive or gerund. Then it is attached to the verb as one word. Déme Ud. el libro. Give me the book. 2. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct. If both pronouns begin with the letter l, then the first one is changed to se. 3. When one or two object pronouns follow and are attached to the verb form, an accent mark must be added to retain the original stress of the word. 4
initial positions in finite verb phrases (e.g. She [is reading]VP a book now). Finite verbs Present Simple: I type I speak Present Continuous: I am typing I am speaking Past Simple: I typed I spoke Present Perfect: I have typed I have spoken Non-finite verbs Present Participle: Typing speed Speaking engagement Perfect Participle: Having typed Having spoken Past Participle: Typed letters Spoken commentary Gerund: Typing can be difficult. Do you find speaking stressful? Infinitive: To type is a real skill. They want you to speak. Be, do, have main verbs or auxiliary verbs: A feature [±AUX] distinguishes main verbs from auxiliary verbs There is no random usage of either [+AUX] or [AUX] element of this syntactic class in English dialects but their properties tend to cluster in the sense of exhibiting all or none of the properties. BE HAVE DO
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