ümberjutustatult. Näiteks: She says that she is a student. Otsene kõne Otsene kõne antakse kaudses kõned edasi sihitislausega, kusjuures toimuvad mõningad muudatused , näiteks muutuvad vastavalt lause mõttele asesõnad ja mõnel juhul ka verbi pöördevormid. Saatelause Otsene kõne Reporting clause Direct speech He says, ,,I like your car." Kaudne Kõne Indirect speech Pealause Sidesõna Sihitislause Main clause Linking word Object clause He says that he likes my car Väitlaused kaudses kõnes Statements in indirect speech Tom says to me he likes my car Joe is saying that Mary is leaving next week You have told me He kas worked there for two years Ann will tell them our friends will arrive at 7 o'clock Kui saatelause verb on minevikus, toimub
Present tenses : 1) Present simple regular actions and routines especially with frequency(kordumine ) adverbs(määrsõna) N: Do you go to school by car every day ? I don't often watch TV. 2)Present continuousbe + verb + ing. Actions happening now N; Look! It's snowing. I'm meeting Jane tonight. You're always losing things. 3)keep + ingto describe habitual actions which may be irritating. N: my uncle keeps making silly jokes. Present perfect: 1) Present perfect simple: have/has + past participle. N: I've been here for ten minutes .The phone has rung ten times today. Look at this cheque,'I've won first prize. They have made a new star wars film. I've just got home. How long have you been here ? Have you ever been to Paris? It's the best book I've ever read. It's the first time I have ever been abroad. 2)Present perfect continious : have/has + been + ing. N:I'v...
· DIRECT · INDIRECT · Am, is, are · Was/were · Shall/will · Should/would · Can · Could · May · Might · Must · Have/has to · Ought to · Had to CHANGES OF ADVERB OF TIME & PLACE · DIRECT · INDIRECT · NOW · THEN · TOMORROW · THE FOLLOWING DAY · NEXT WEEK · THE FOLLOWING WEEK · TONIGHT · THAT NIGHT · TODAY · THAT DAY · YESTERDAY · THE DAY BEFORE · LAST NIGHT · THE NIGHT BEFORE · LAST WEEK · THE WEEK BEFORE · HERE · THERE · THIS · THAT · THESE · THOSE CHANGES OF TENSES · DIRECT · INDIRECT
I bought a new car. new car. Future Simple FutureinthePast He said (that) he would go to the I will go to the cinema. cinema. Present Perfect Past Perfect I've been to France three He said (that) he had been to times. France three times. Read the sentences and turn them in the indirect form. 1. Ralph said, "We have been in the mountains this summer." 2. "We were very happy to spend the weekend at the seaside," said Donald. 3. "We have left the school," said the children. 4. "In 1991 I entered Oxford University," said Henry. Modal Verbs can could I can swim under He said (that) he could water for two minutes. swim under water for two minutes. must had to
Respond to the questions below in detail. 1. What are the 4 levels of negative consequences of bullying specified by the text? General school climate, right of students to learn in a safe environment without fear, lifelong consequences. 2. What is the foremost source of formal bullying research? Scandinavian countries, Great Britain, and Japan. 3. Direct bullying behaviours include (5) teasing, taunting, threatening, hitting, stealing. 4. Indirect bullying is such as spreading rumours and enforcing social isolation. 5. Boys and girls differ in their bullying behaviours in that Boys typically engage in direct bullying methods. but girls are more apt to utilize more subtle indirect strategies. 6. In general terms, bullying can be defined as direct and indirect. 7. The amount of students involved in bullying (as either bullies or victims) is 15 per cent. 8
The primary function of taxation is to raise revenue to finance government expenditure. Different countries have different tax systems. Income taxes in most countries are progressive. Estonia has had so far a flat tax rate which is quite unique in the world. The problem with progressive taxes is that the marginal rate- the tax people pay on any additional income - is always high, which is generally a disincentive to both working and investing. The higher the tax rates, more people are tempted to cheat. Some employers give highly paid employees lots of perquisites such as company cars, free health insurance, and subsidized lunches. Taxation Act in Estonia was passed in 2002. Taxes are divided into direct and indirect taxes. Direct taxes are income taxes, gambling tax, land tax, social tax and heavy goods vehicle tax. The income tax rate in Estonia is 21% and social tax rate is 33%. In 2000 a corporate tax reform took place in Estonia. T...
TAXATION To tax- maksu võtma kelleltki (riigimaksu) Taxation- maksustamine, maksundus Primary fonction of taxation- To collect money to government expenditures. Direct tax- are collected by the government from the income of individuals and businesses. Indirect tax- are levied on the production or sale of goods and services. They are included in the price paid by the final purchase. Business profits are generally taxed twice- After the company pays tax on its profits, the shareholders pay income tax on any dividends recieved from these profits. Progressive tax- people with higher incomes pay a higher rate of tax than people with lower incomes. Proportional- tax that is imposed at a fixed rate. Regressive tax- (direct taxes are usually) people with a lower income pay a proportionally greater part of their income than people with a higher income. Indirect taxes are slightly regressive- peopl...
make one up. P1: General information For example: ,,I am writing to you in response to your advertisement in The Times about a flat to let at Finsbury Park, London." This would be the whole first paragraph and totally acceptable. Usually it is quite well said in the task, which information you have to ask. There are about 6-7 questions. It is essential that you put them in a logical order. Some of the questions (at least 3-4 questions) should be indirect questions. NB! Sentence ,,Could you tell me, when will be the flat available" is NOT an INDIRECT QUESTION, because it is a request. Requests are not good to be used in a formal letter. These questions should be used in one paragraph. It would be good if you could give some extra information about one of the questions, why you have to ask that. The extra information in my example is marked with yellow backround. P2: Q1, Q2 P3: Q3, Q4, Q5 P4: Q6, Q7 For example, the second paragraph:
English download B2 workbook lk 9 harjutus 2 vastused (Use your English 2) 1. Inappropriate 2. Indirect 3. Lonely 4. Unaccompanied 5. Immodest 6. Personal 7. Avoidable 8. Impersonal
dimensional, flat and size depends on distance. He says that perception is a constructive process in which the two-dimensional retinal image is elaborated to a three- dimensional picture in our brain, based on personal knowledge and experience. In other words the processes of perception is essentially affected by our expectations and probability in perceiving the world. Therefore conceptually driven perceptual processing is called a top- down process due to the indirect process that involves making assumptions about the world. 1 05144023 However, another theory of visual perception is called bottom-up/data driven processes Gibson (1979). As the major bottom-up theorist, he argues that perception is a direct process, determined by the information presented to the sensory receptors. In other
Price and place Joosep Lahi 10a Price is the one, which creates THE PRICE sales revenue. Researching consumers' opinions about pricing is important. An organisation's pricing policy will vary according to time and circumstances. Pricing Cost-plus pricing methods. Value-based pricing Psychological pricing Target return pricing The place . 'Place' is concerned with various methods of transporting and storing goods, and then making them available for the customer. The choice of distribution method will depend on a variety of circumstances. Distribution Channel ---- all aspects related to how a Product is `moved' from the manufacturer to the customer. Direct . Indirect. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
Reported Speech (in other words Indirect Speech) If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker's exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say, think or believe. - Example: If this verb is in the present tense (says), it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence. When we are reporting things in the present, future or present perfect we don't change the tense. : direct speech: "I like ice cream" reported speech: She says she likes ice cream - But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense (said), then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech: direct speech: "I like ice cream" reported speech: She said she liked ice cream. ......... · When there are Changing tenses: present changes to past:::: am/is --- was are -...
Direct speech "I speak English." Reported speech (No He says that he speaks backshift) English. Reported speech (Backshift) He said that he spoke English. Questions When transforming questions, check whether you have to change: · pronouns · present tense verbs (3rd person singular) · place and time expressions · tenses (backshift) Also note that you have to: · transform the question into an indirect question · use the interrogative or if / whether With interrogative Direct speech "Why don't you speak English?" Reported speech He asked me why I didn't speak English. Without interrogative Direct speech "Do you speak English?" Reported speech He asked me whether / if I spoke
Should countries encourage tourism? Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. It is the fastest growing industry in this world. But it can be negative as well. So should countries encourage tourism? Tourism has many advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that countries have more money so they can improve its infrastructure which is a benefit for the local people. For example, roads and communication links built. Tourism provides indirect employment in terms of workers who help to produce goods and services in the economy to meet the increasing demands of the population and the tourists. Tourists also take with them, souvenirs which can be produced by people. In spite of the advantages of tourism, there can be many disadvantages too, as there are always two sides of everything. First of all, tourists cause pollution. Increased pollution
An adjective is Predicative funct.: Her suitcase was predicative or is used predicatively when it comes huge. directly after be, seem, look etc. object sihitis, objekt Refers to a clause element that follows the verb, and A dog ate my homework yesterday. includes both direct and indirect objects. Objects Joe gave me (IO) a present (DO). indicate the direct and indirect recipients of actions. Objects are made up of noun phrases. direct object otsesihitis Refers to the noun phrase indicating the entity directly I (S) cut (V) my finger (O). affected by an action. (cf. Indirect object)
The problems the contemporary world faces Over Loorits LE108 Pollution Air pollution produced by industry and motor vehicles. Water pollution caused by chemicals and sewer water dumped into water. Soil pollution caused by chemicals released into underground lakes. Natural resources running out Rainforests are being cut down constantly. There are not enough fresh water in some parts of the world. Fossil fuels are used too much and most of its reserves will be used up by 2050. Endangered species 40 percent of all organisms are endangered All the different species are important for biodiversity Habitat loss and hunting are the most widespread cause of species endangerment . Climate change Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time. The Earth's average surface temperature has risen by 0.76° C since 1850. Most of the warming that ha...
He wants photographs to be taken. Such verbs as "have/let/make/hear/see/watch/feel/ observe" are used in the following passive structure: Active: S + V + O + V (BI) Passive: S + To Be + PP + toInfinitive EX: The gravity makes things drop down. Things are made to drop down by the gravity. Note: The verb following "let" does not bear "to" in the passive sentence. OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE With advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + Indirect Object + Infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice. <1>Active: S + V + O1 + toinfinitive + O2 Passive: S + To Be + PP + toinfinitive + O2 EX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax. The Council was urged to reduce the tax. OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE With advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + Indirect Object + infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice.
INDIA Some facts.. You should know.. § Under constitution, Hindi and English are official languages of the state § Indian communication tends to be indirect and a person's words may only convey a fraction of what is being said. Directness Polite answer is considered rude. (Thus, the Real rest of the answer § message is delivered via tone, body language, past history, and often, by what is not said) § Yes culture, it is essential In Indian Yes to show
Chapter 2 - Cost terms and purposes. Direct costs of a cost object are related to the particular cost object and can be traced to it in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way. Cost tracing is used to describe the assignment of direct costs to a particular cost object. Indirect costs of a cost object are related to the particular cost object but cannot be traced to it in an economically feasible (cost effective) way. Cost allocation is used to describe the assignment of indirect costs to a particular cost object. Cost assignment is a general term that encompasses both tracing direct costs and allocating indirect costs. Factors affecting direct/indirect cost classification: Materiality of the cost in question - the smaller the amount of cost, the more immaterial the cost is, the less likely that it is economically feasible to trace the cost to a particular cost object. Available information-gathering technology. Design of operations.
Word order: positive sentences subjects verb(s) object I speak English. I can speak English. Negative sentences subject verbs Indirect object Direct object place time I will not you the story at Tomorro tell school w. Subordinate Clauses conjunction subject verb(s) Indirec Direct place time t object object
Tallinn University Natural and exact sciences Molecular Biochemistry and Ecology Maria Gnidenko Capillary electrophoresis Essay Supervisor: Kert Martma Tallinn 2015 Table of contents Acronyms and symbols used Introduction History and development Physical basis and principle of separation Elektrophoresis Electroosmotic flow Separation process Electrodispersion Various methods of separation Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) ...
many people do not know where this idea came from, and why money is valuable. As I know thousand years ago, money was not used. People who wanted to exchange something found that it was sometimes difficult to find someone who had exactly what they wanted and who at the same time wanted exactly what they had to exchange. In order to make exchanges easier, the circle of exchanges widened from two parties to three or more. A had what B wanted; B had what C wanted; C had what A wanted. In this way, indirect exchanges began to develop. Eventually, the most marketable or saleable of these goods acquired the function of money, a medium of exchange. Many goods have served as money. Money is an important social institution. A complex society simply could not function without some kind of common medium of exchange. Money also allows people to specialize in what they do best and thus increase their efficiency in ways that benefit both themselves and others. People no longer have to produce
Causes: *The main cause of animal extinction, without doubt,is human demand, either for animal resources directly, or for the natural resources of the animals' habitats. *In addition to that, there are other indirect causes caused by human activities. *Habitat loss: Is considered to be the main cause for animal extinction. Humans are clearing our forests for wood and timber. The foodchain is disturbed and animals will die. *Wildlife trade: Poaching and wildlife trade are another common threat to animals. International wildlife trade has also been linked to drugs trade. The most common anilmal trade is pet trade, such as orangutangs. Animals are also killed for fur(tigers, leopards, cheetahs)
instead of Õ Eg: sõber>söber, kõik>keik, sõnad>sanad, jõulu>jõulu, lõhki >luhki The vowels O, E and Ä will change if they are in front of H, to either U or I eg: kohad>kuhad, mehe>mihe, teha>tiha pähe>piha. Has a singing intonation that is belived to come from the swedes Northeastern coastal dialect Absense of the letter Õ Impersonal da-infinitiive Plural is i-plural: puhaste kätega>puhti käsiga Tartu dialect Commonly used the,,na" indirect speech identifier: olevat>olna, kirjutavat>kirjutana de-liiative ending : pudelisse>pudelide Strong i-plural : lehtedest>lehtist Mulgi dialect Instead of E the presence of A : kirjutama>kirjuteme Words don´t start with H :hobune>obene, haukama>aukame Occurance of E-plural : rihmade > rihme, poegadel > poigel The first letter disappears from words beginning with a consonant : trepp>repp, klaas>laas, pliiats>liiats. Võru dialect
creating the impression of a the same level. From 1997 to 2007 Stansted saw stylised swan in flight. The base of each truss structure is rapid expansion of passenger numbers on the back of the boom in a "utility pillar", which provides low cost air travel, peaking at indirect up lighting illumination 24 million passengers in the 12 and is the location for air- months to October 2007, but conditioning, water, passenger numbers declined for the telecommunications and electrical subsequent five years to 2012. outlets. Passenger totals in 2013 recorded an increase of 2.2% fell to 17.8 million Some Pictures
S Supply Предложение Pakkumine SAS, Aggregate supply, short Совокупное предложение, Lühiajaline pakkumine ASSR run краткосрочное SR Short Run Краткосрочно Lühiajaliselt T Tax Налог Maksud Td Direct tax Прямой налог Otsesed maksud Tid Indirect tax Косвенный налог Kaudsed maksud TC Total cost Общие затраты Kogukulu TFC Total fix cost Общие постоянные Kogu püsikulu затраты TP Total product Общий продукт Kogutoodang TR Total revenue Общий доход Kogutulu
He disappeared after the party. Tip: Always ask “what” or “whom” and if the question is appropriate, then it’s a transitive verb. Monotransitive verb → Has a subject and a single direct object (noun phrase). → Bite, buy, break, eat For example: Yesterday I bought a cat. The chef ate his own watermelon soup. Ditransitive verb → Has a direct object and an indirect object. → The indirect object gets or benefits from the direct object. For example: My neighbour gave me a cake. (I got the cake). They stole him a car. (He got the car). Complex transitive verb → Has two objects following. (Two noun phrases). → Or has one object and an adjective phrase following.
How do you say "kapp" in English? It means find the word in a dictionary What's this called in English? We say cupboard. How do you spell "married"? I'm sorry. I don't know. Can you repeat that, please? It's spelt M-A-double R-I-E-D. How do you pronounce this word? Yes, of course. M-A-double R-I-E-D. 12 MODULE 3 Asking and answering questions. Direct questions and indirect questions. 1. Asking and answering questions How to ask and answer direct questions where a short Yes or No answer is expected: Are you cold? Yes I am./No. I'm not Are you waiting for someone? Are you coming on Friday? We usually make questions by changing the word order: we put the first auxiliary verb before the subject: You are Are you? In present simple questions we use do/does: Do you live near here
passage through the Galaxy. Cosmic rays provide one of our few direct samples of matterfrom outside the solar system. The magnetic fields of the Galaxy, the solar system, and the Earth have scrambled the flight paths of these particles so much that we can no longer point back to their sources in the Galaxy. If you made a map of the sky with cosmic ray intensities, it would be completely uniform. So we have to determine where cosmic rays come from by indirect means. One of the indirect observations we can make is the "composition" of GCRs. This can tell us a lot about the GCR sources and the cosmic rays' trip through the Galaxy. The "composition" of cosmic rays describes what fraction of cosmic rays are protons, what fraction are helium nuclei, etc. All of the natural elementsin the periodic table are present in cosmic rays, in roughly the same proportion as they occur in the solar system. But detailed differences provide a "fingerprint" of the cosmic ray's source
Otsinguviis FALSE otsitakse täpset väärtust. HLOOKUP horisontaalne vastavustabel CHOOSE (indeks;väärtused) indeksile vastav väärtus MATCH(otsinguväärtus;lahtrivahemik;otsinguviis) otsitava väärtuse asukoht vahemikus (otsinguviis 0 on täpne otsing) INDEX(lahtrivahemik;indeks) indeksiga määratud reas oleva lahtri väärtus Viitamine: ADDRESS lahtri aadress tekstina ROW, COLUMN lahtri rea ja veeru järjenumber INDIRECT kahekordne viitamine lahtrile Loogikafunktsioonid IF(tingimus;valem1;valem2) valem valitakse sõltuvalt tingimuse täidetusest AND, OR, NOT keerulisemate tingimuste kirjapanekuks IFERROR(valem;veaväärtus) valemi väärtus või veaväärtus IFNA(valem;veaväärtus) valemi väärtus või #N/A korral veaväärtus Infofunktsioonid TYPE(lahter) lahtri sisu tüüp ISBLANK(lahter) tõene, kui lahter on tühi ISNUMBER(lahter) tõene, kui lahtris on arvväärtus
Otsinguviis FALSE – otsitakse täpset väärtust. HLOOKUP – horisontaalne vastavustabel CHOOSE – (indeks;väärtused) – indeksile vastav väärtus MATCH(otsinguväärtus;lahtrivahemik;otsinguviis) - otsitava väärtuse asukoht vahemikus (otsinguviis 0 on täpne otsing) INDEX(lahtrivahemik;indeks) – indeksiga määratud reas oleva lahtri väärtus Viitamine: ADDRESS – lahtri aadress tekstina ROW, COLUMN – lahtri rea ja veeru järjenumber INDIRECT – kahekordne viitamine lahtrile Loogikafunktsioonid IF(tingimus;valem1;valem2) – valem valitakse sõltuvalt tingimuse täidetusest AND, OR, NOT keerulisemate tingimuste kirjapanekuks IFERROR(valem;veaväärtus) – valemi väärtus või veaväärtus IFNA(valem;veaväärtus) – valemi väärtus või #N/A korral veaväärtus Infofunktsioonid TYPE(lahter) – lahtri sisu tüüp ISBLANK(lahter) – tõene, kui lahter on tühi ISNUMBER(lahter) – tõene, kui lahtris on arvväärtus
FORMAL LETTER 120 (+/-10%) words I It is a formal letter. Do not use any contracted forms (don’t, can’t, I’m etc.)! II * Dear Mr. Smith / Dear Ms. Smith (No first name!!!) * Kui teame nime, siis lõpp – Yours sincerely ja ülesandes antud nimi * Kui nime pole öeldud, siis – Dear Sir or Madam * Kui nime ei tea, siis lõpus Yours faithfully ja ülesandes antud nimi Do not use your own name!!! Te olete kas Jürid või Marid, Urved või Urmased jne. Enamasti Mart Mets või Mari Mets TYPES OF LETTERS 1) Asking for advice I am writing to ask if you could help me with … I am writing to ask for your advice … Closing line: I would appreciate if you could give me your advice as soon as possible. I look forward to receiving your advice … 2) Giving advice I am writing in reply to your letter asking advice about …. Making suggestions: I would suggest that ..., I would advise you to … ...
Otsinguviis FALSE otsitakse täpset väärtust. HLOOKUP horisontaalne vastavustabel CHOOSE (indeks;väärtused) indeksile vastav väärtus MATCH(otsinguväärtus;lahtrivahemik;otsinguviis) - otsitava väärtuse asukoht vahemikus (otsinguviis 0 on täpne otsing) INDEX(lahtrivahemik;indeks) indeksiga määratud reas oleva lahtri väärtus Viitamine: ADDRESS lahtri aadress tekstina ROW, COLUMN lahtri rea ja veeru järjenumber INDIRECT kahekordne viitamine lahtrile Loogikafunktsioonid IF(tingimus;valem1;valem2) valem valitakse sõltuvalt tingimuse täidetusest AND, OR, NOT keerulisemate tingimuste kirjapanekuks IFERROR(valem;veaväärtus) valemi väärtus või veaväärtus IFNA(valem;veaväärtus) valemi väärtus või #N/A korral veaväärtus Infofunktsioonid TYPE(lahter) lahtri sisu tüüp ISBLANK(lahter) tõene, kui lahter on tühi ISNUMBER(lahter) tõene, kui lahtris on arvväärtus
(a) `The historic present' (b) with verbs of communication (c) Referring to the future (d) fictional narratives Meanings of the past tense with reference to past time: The past tense combines 2 features of meaning: - the event/state takes place in the past and there is a gap between its completion and the present moment - the event/state took place at a definite time (a) Event past (b) Habitual past (c) State past Meanings of the past tense with reference to present and future time: (a) Indirect speech (b) The attitudinal past (c) The hypothetical past Constructions for expressing future time: - will/shall + infinitive - be going to + infinitive - the present progressive - the simple present - will/shall + the progressive infinitive - be about to - be + to infinitive Vendler's classification of verbs and semifactives: States - static situations, inherently temporally unbounded (atelic): desire, want, love, hate, know, believe
Darcy and she did not believe at first that Darcy could be generous and even friendly and kind. The ending is really beautiful and I like it. Darcy proposes Elizabeth again and this time she accepts. They have a double wedding with joy and love. A major theme is the importance of environment and upbringing on the development of young people's character and morality. Social standing and wealth are not necessarily advantages. Pride and Prejudice, employs the narrative technique of free indirect speech. Austen invites the reader to follow events from Elizabeth's viewpoint, sharing her prejudices and misapprehensions and being surprised along with her when events prove these to be mistaken. In my oppinion, the book was really good and I liked it a lot. Though the language was quite difficult to understand sometimes, but I liked the style she has written the novel. I like the way she talks about the characters so prolixly and they were somehow still jolly
Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example: "I'm going to the cinema". He said he was going to the cinema. Basic tense chart The tenses generally move backwards in this way (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): present simple past simple I'm a teacher. He said he was a teacher past continuous. present continuous He said he was having lunch with his I'm having lunch with my parents. parents. p...
14. salajased dokumendid privileged / confidential documents 15. tunnistajate ütlused witness statements 16. kohtusse kutsuma summon 17. kohtukutse summons, subpoena 18. küsitlus kohtus examination 19. ristküsitlus kohtus cross-examination 20. asitõendid real evidence, physical evidence 21. kaudsed tõendid circumstantial evidence, indirect evidence 22. lubatavad tõendid admissible evidence 23. lubamatud tõendid inadmissible evidence 24. võistlev menetlus adversary / adversarial procedure 25. uuriv menetlus inquisitorial/inquisitional procedure 26. kahjustavaid tõendeid ümber lükkama rebut damaging evidence 27. kohtuvaidlused litigation 28. kohtukulud court costs, costs of an action 29
OSI mudel Aastal 1984 defineeris ISO standardi või reeglite kogumi võrguseadmete tootjatele, mis võimaldaks nende toodetel erinevates keskkondades suhelda.See standard on tuntud nime all OSI (OpenSystemsInterconnect) mudel ja koosneb see seitsmest kihist.Iga kiht teostab kitsalt määratletud funktsiooni või ülesannet, mis on vajalikud võrguühenduse erinevates etappides. Alates kõige alumisest kihist ning liikudes ülespoole on kihid järgmised:füüsiline (Physical), andmelüli (Data link), võrk (Network), transport (Transport), seanss (Session), esitus (Presentation) ja rakendus (Application).Iga kiht suhtleb omakorda endast allpool või üleval oleva kihiga.Võrguühendus saab alguse rakenduse kihist ja läbib teekonna kuni füüsilise kihini, kust kantakse info edasi vastuvõtvasse arvutisse. Kus toimub kihtide OST kihtide läbimine vastupidises suunas ehk alumiselt kihilt kuni rakenduskihini. ● iga kiht käsitleb iga temast kõrgemal olev...
sõjapidamiskunstist Esimene oluline raamat militaarsest strateegiast 2000 a tagasi hiina ohvitserilt Sun Tzu (Sun Zi) "Sõjapidamisekunst" 18-19.saj Preisimaa väejuhi Carl von Clausewitzi strateegiateooriad, mis kaalukad tänaseni Prantsuse kindral ja militaarteoreetik Andre Beufre (1902-1973). Militaarstrateegia klassikaline teos "Modern Strategy for Peace and War" 1963 Briti ohvitser ja militaarteoreetik sir Basil H. Liddel-Hart "Strategy: The Indirect Approach" 10 militaarstrateegia reeglit: 1. Formuleeri eesmärk ja keskendu sellele 2. Säilita hea võitlusvaim 3. Tegutse ründavalt 4. Püüdle ootamatusele, üllata 5. Tegutse fokusseeritult 6. Ole kindel, et sinu rahvas on kaitstud 7. Kasuta oma sõjajõude säästlikult 8. Taotle head koordineeritust 9. Adapteeru, ole paindlik 10. Püüdle lihtsuse poole "Ülim tegu sõjas on vaenlase alistamine ilma võitluseta." Sun Tzu ..
palm oil production. Sustainable palm oil is an approach to oil palm agriculture that aims to produce palm oil without causing deforestation or harming people. RSPO is currently the largest sustainability-focused organisation within the palm oil sector, however its standards do not ban deforestation or destruction of peatlands for the development of oil palm plantations. Unlike many of the things we consume, which can have indirect ecological consequences, palm oil’s effects are direct. To stop the destruction we need to slow demand, in large part by making consumers aware of the clear link between the seemingly innocuous products we purchase and the environmental disaster they’re causing. As a consumer you have the right to say no and go the ohter way, more ethical, sustainable and healthful way. Cited materials: 1. http://www.saynotopalmoil.com/Whats_the_issue.php 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil
1) Ressursid ehk tootmistegurid (Resources) on kõik need vahendid, mida kasutatakse hüviste valmistamiseks: maa, kapital ja töö. 2) Majandustegevus kättesaadavate ressursside kasutamist inimvajaduste rahuldamiseks tarvilike hüviste tootmiseks nim.maj.teg 3) Kapital (Capital)- varasema tööga majandustegevuse käigus loodud hüvised, et toota uusi hüviseid (hooned ehitised masinad, seadmed, tööriistad jne) 4) Investeering (Investment)- uue kapitali tootmis- ja akumuleerimisprotsess 5) Ceteris paribus- korraga võib muutuda vaid üks nõudlust-pakkumist mõjutavaist tegureist ning teised antud vaatlusalust süsteemi mõjutavad tegurid peavad olema konstantsed. 6) Positivislik majandusteadus (positive economics)- käsitleb asju nii nagu nad on. tegeleb sellega, mis on olemas, kuidas majandus toimib, pöörab tähelepanu protsessidele, mille eesmärgiks on analüüsida majandusnähtuste omavahelisi seoseid. 7) Normatiivne majandusteadu...
järjestusviis, mis viimati tuli sellest peab esimesena lahti Debtors võlgnikud saama Debtors payment (settlement) period Finance lease finantseeritud üür võlgnike makseperiood Financial statements arveldusaruanne Fixed assets kasutusomand, põhikapital Indirect costs kaudsed kulud Fixed cost kindle kulutus Insolvency maksujõuetus Flexible budget jooksev eelarve Intangible assets mittemateriaalsed väärtused Fungible assets asendatavad varad Interim dividend üleminekuboonus Internal rate of return seesmine protsent G
LOODUSKAITSE MÕISTED Looduskaitsebioloogia (conservation biology) – teadusharu, mis uurib elurikkust ja seda ohustavaid tegureid ning on aluseks praktilisele looduskaitsetööle. Biofiilia (biophilia) – eelsoodumus armastada kõike elusat ja toetada elurikkust. Elurikkus ehk bioloogiline mitmekesisus (biodiversity) – kogu elusa looduse mitmekesisus. Kõigi elusorganismide mitmekesisus eri organisatsioonitasemetel: liigisiseselt (geneetiline mitmekesisus) ja liikidevaheliselt (liikide mitmekesisus), aga ka koosluste ja ökosüsteemide tasemel (koosluste mitmekesisus). Liik: 1.Liigi morfoloogiline definitsioon – ühte tüüpi kuuluvate, teistest morfoloogiliselt, füsioloogiliselt, biokeemiliselt või muude oluliste tunnuste poolest erinevate elusolendite rühm. 2.Liigi bioloogiline definitsioon – elusolendite rühm, kes võivad looduses omavahel ristuda ning saada sigimisvõimelisi järglasi. Biosüstemaatika (biosystematics) – teadus, mis tegeleb eluslo...
entrepreneurship. The "National Income and Expenditure Accounts" divide incomes into five categories: - Wages, salaries, and supplementary labour income - Corporate profits - Interest and miscellaneous investment income - Farmers' income - Income from non-farm unincorporated businesses These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost. Two adjustments must be made to get GDP: - Indirect taxes minus subsidies are added to get from factor cost to market prices. - Depreciation (or capital consumption) is added to get from net domestic product to gross domestic product. Components of GDP by Expenditure GDP (Y) is a sum · Consumption (C), · Investment (I), · Government Spending (G) and · Net Exports (X - M). Y = C + I + G + (X - M) C (consumption) is normally the largest GDP component in the economy, consisting of
shut down the air conditioner or your stereo, all the electric devices are still working and if you want to move again, then just push the clutch and car starts immediately. However the automatic start-stop system at the moment is available only for 6-speed manual gearboxes. (http://www.themotorreport.com.au) Internal marketing environment Competitors Mini has a lot of competitors in the car market. Both direct and indirect competitors have an enormous part on Mini's success. Because Mini is a premium car brand; that means Mini's direct competitors are other premium car brands and indirect competitors are volume car brands. For example Audi as premium car brand and Ford as volume car brand. Substitutes for Mini are public transport, bicycles and motorcycles. Also one type of competitors would be new entrants. Costumers Most of the drivers will look for the premium cars first when they are buying a car, because
latter refers to any of that class ("I want to buy a beagle, and any old beagle will do.") whereas the former (see beagle sentence) refers to all members of that class. gerund Every gerund, without exception, ends in ing. Gerunds are not, however, all that easy to identify. The problem is that all present participles also end in ing. What is the difference? Gerunds function as nouns. Thus, gerunds will be subjects, subject complements, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. Present participles, on the other hand, complete progressive verbs or act as modifiers. Read these examples of gerunds: Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his passion. Swimming = subject of the verb has been. Francisco's first love is swimming. Swimming = subject complement of the verb is. Francisco enjoys swimming more than spending time with his girlfriend Diana. Swimming = direct object of the verb enjoys.
pork el cerdo table la mesa rice el arroz tablecloth el mantel 24 roast el asado teapot la tetera roll el panecillo tube el tubo 35. Gustar Gustar plus a noun means to like something. Literally, it means to please and takes an indirect object, so the construction of the sentence will be different than that of English. The verb will only be conjugated in the third person singular or plural because it is agreeing with the noun or infinitive that follows it, not the subject. Me gusta(n) I like Nos gusta(n) we like Te gusta(n) you like Os gusta(n) you like
another- a wider or more general meaning. A rose is a hyponym but a flower is a hypernym. 20) Meronym Semantic realtion used in linguistic. Meronymy means a part of a whole. Tree/forest, finger/hand 21) syntagmatic relation Complete lingustic unit- relation between complex object and their parts, or between the prts of these objects and other parts. First of all- immediant dominance: X'', X'. Second linear precedence: subject < verb. Third: sentence functions: subject, object, indirect object.... . fourth government relations: head, odifies, complement. Fifth: binding relations i saw John, when he came in. 22) collocations Sequence of words or terms which co-occur ore often than words be expected by chance. There are 14 types of collcations. Types of collocations 1) adjective and noun bright/harsh 2) quantifier and noun a beam/ray of light 3) verb and noun cast light 4) noun and verb light glows 5) noun and noun a light source
authorities in each member country, as well as individuals and businesses. The authorities in each member country are responsible for implementing EU legislation in national law and enforcing it correctly, and they must guarantee citizens’ rights under these laws. EU legislation and case-law EU legislation takes the form of: Treaties establishing the European Union and governing the way it works EU regulations, directives and decisions - with a direct or indirect effect on EU member states. EU case-law is made up of judgments from the European Union's Court of Justice, which interpret EU legislation. Overall it is clear that the European Union strives to embody and promote ideals of democracy, through both its principles of equality and its recognition of each individual Member State. However, it is not possible to state without significant qualification that it has achieved this objective
1.Sissejuhatus majandusmajandusse ja makroökonoomikasse Sissetulekute meetod SKP = W + rt + r + Π + D + Ti W- töötasu koos sots.maksuga (wages) Rt- on renditulud (rental income), r-on netointressitulud (net interest income), Π- on kasum (profit), D -on amortisatsioon (põhivara kulum, depreciation), Ti-on kaudsed netomaksud (indirect taxes). Tarbimise meetod e kulutuste meetod SKP = C + I + G + X – M C( consumption)-eratarbimiskulutused e majapidamiste kulutused I(investments)- eraettevõtete investeeringud (inv põhivarasse s.o. masinad,seadmed,ehitised ja kaubavarudesse) G(goverment expenditures)-avaliku sektori lõpptarbimiskulutused X-M (exports-imports)-netoeksport SPP(sissemajanduse puhasprodukt)=SKP-D RKP(rahvuslik koguprodukt)= SKP + Yf Yf – esmane netosissetulek välismaalt (net factor income from abroad) GNDI - kasutada olev kogurahvatulu (GNDI – gross national disposable income) GNDI = RKP + TRf TRf – net...
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