Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective liberty liberal grammar grammatical possibility possible dark dark honesty honest fun funny energy energetic magic magical optimist optimistic jealousy jealous royalty royal biology biological
NOUN PLURAL Noun type Forming the plural Examples Ends with -s, -x, -ch or -sh Add -es boss - bosses tax - taxes bush - bushes consonant + y Change y to i then Add -es fly - flies try - tries curry - curries most others Add -s cat - cats face - faces day - days Ends with -fe Change f to v then Add -s knife - knives life - lives wife ...
DERIVATION (tuletamine) Verb Noun Adjective Adverb (öeldis) (nimisõna) (omadussõna) (määrsõna) -en -er -en -ly -fy (beauty -or -cal nicely beautify) -ist -able cruelly -ate -ics -less -ize/ ise -ism -al -ion -ed
Nimisõna.The noun. Oma ülesehituselt jagunevad inglise keele nimisõnad kolme liiki: 1) lihtnimisõnad nt: man, bird, apple, steam, love, pigeon, button 2) tuletatud nimisõnad (sisaldavad sufikseid) nt:teatcher, sailor, artist, building, translation, astonishment, friendship, childhood, lazines 3) liitnimisõnad nt: blackbird, newspaper, seaman, income, appletree, ballpoint, keyhole, rainbow, steamboat Tähenduselt on nimisõnad kas üldnimed või pärisnimed: 1) üldnimed (common nouns) nt:boy, tree, forest, people, family, air, cheese 2) pärisnimed (proper names) nt: Jane, Jack, Estonia, the United Kingdom, the Mississippi, New York, the Savoy (hotel), Oxford Street, Westminster Abbey, The Times Üldnimed on kas loendatavad või loendamatud nimisõnad. Loendatavaid nimisõnu (countables/count nouns) võib kasutada koos umbmäärase artikliga a/an, neil on mitmuse vorm ning neid saab ...
Words derivation LÕPUD: Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Prefix & Sufix -ation -ise/-ize -ing -ly dis- -ence -en -ive ir- -ion en- -able im- -ance -ate -y -il -age -fy -ed in- -er -ical un- -ing -ant over- -ness -ent out- -ity -en under- -ition -ous -ment -ful -hood -ible -ship -less -ist ...
· child / children · woman / women · man / men · person / people · goose / geese · mouse / mice · barracks / barracks · deer / deer · tooth / teeth · ox / oxen Nouns: hair is; knowledge is; news is; police are; cattle are; government is/are; means is/are; series is/are; species is/are; scissors are. 2. Nouns: Genitive case: After a singular noun. Use's · girl's cat · mum and dad's house · Paul's and Fred's birthdays · children's playground After a plural noun. Use only the apostrophe'. · witness' (s) car · boys' room · my sisters' husband Time expressions: · Yesterday's news. A ten- minute walk --> ten minutes' walk Of form: · Car door / the door of the car · My friend / a friend of mine
marker tunnus (mitmuse, oleviku, lihtmineviku, tingiva kõneviisi, käskiva kõneviisi, kaudse kõneviisi, umbisikulise tegumoe, ma- tegevusnime, oleviku kesksõna, mineviku kesksõna) derivational affix liide, tuletusliide, tuletusafiks (e.g. postwar, anti-American, wiser, greenish) parts of speech sõnaliigid English Estonian Definition Example noun (proper, common, nimisõna, Refers to words which denote classes and categories of book, water, sincerity, Mary, concrete, abstract) substantiiv things in the world, including people, animals, Estonia inanimate things, places, events, qualities, and states. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common
Words 110-106 1. Approve (verb) heaks kiitma 2. Accuse (verb) süüdistama 3. Wrongful (adjective) ülekohtune 4. Innocent (adjective) süütu 5. Get involved (verb) kaasa minema 6. Misbehave (verb) halvasti käituma 7. Civil rights (noun) tsiviilõigused 8. Humiliating alandav 9. Infuriating vihale ajav 10. Emphasized rõhutatud 11. Auxiliary (adjective) aitav 12. Swearword (noun)- needus 13. Columnist (noun) publitsist 14. Publisher (noun) kirjastaja 15. Business manager (noun) ärijuht 16. Office manager (noun) büroojuhataja 17. Persuade (verb) keelitama 18. Express (verb) avaldama 19. Group (verb) rühmitama 20. Censorship (noun) tsensuur 21. Periodicals (noun) perioodikaväljaanded 22. Courage (noun) julgus 23. Common (adjective) üldine 24. Prosperity (noun) heaolu 25. Monotonous (adjective) monotoonne 26. Abroad (adverb) võõrsil 27. Broadcast (verb) levitama 28. Allo...
Notes: Proto-Germanic » Northwest Germanic » West Germanic » North Sea Germanic » Anglo Frisian » English 2. How to classify words into different word classes? (definition is that enough?, morphology, distribution and function tests); Grammatical categories for nominals, verbs, adjectives. "A set of words like dog, child, cat, man, bird where the individual words are mutually substitutable is known as a word class..." Definitions a) A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. b) A verb expresses an action, process or state. c) An adjective is a describing word which modifies a noun. "Although such definitions will identify many members of a word class, linguists generally agree that they need to be supplemented by formal tests. e.g. sincerity Sincerity can be frightening misery Lee is misery itself. Such miseries are uncommon Distribution:
•He took his boots off. •They called the doctor in. apposition a grammatical construction in which two usually adjacent nouns having the same referent stand in the same syntactical relation to the rest of a sentence (as the poet and Burns in “a biography of the poet Burns”) back-reference In grammatical analysis, the term reference is often used to state a relationship of identity which exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words
Danish, Icelandic and Faroese. West Germanic languages → English, German, Dutch, Frisian, Afrikaans and Flemish. 2. How to classify words into different word classes? 1) One of the most common classification ways goes by the definition of words. Most of the linguists believe though, that this is not an absolute classification. Examples of definitions: Noun is the name of a person, place or a thing. (I love this place). A verb expresses an action, process or a state. (I love this place). An adjective describes a noun. (This place is lovely). 2) Distribution test → Takes the context in which the word occurs in, into consideration. Also the whereabouts of the word in a sentence For example: Kim is an engine driver. → Engine could mean either happy or a
* and - ja informal * also ka, samuti * though kuigi, siiski + clause (alus- * as well ka, lisaks, samuti >öeldis) // informal * as well as ja lisaks ka * in spite of hoolimata, sõltumata + noun OR -ing form * in addition to kõrval, lisaks * despite hoolimata, vaatamata + noun OR -ing form * both ... and mõlemad .. ja ... * in spite of the fact that + clause * not only ... but also mitte ainukt ... ka ... * despite the fact that + clause * besides lisaks, peale(gi) * however , ikkagi, siiski, kuidas tahes, kuidas ka
Nouns are commonly thought of as "naming" words, and specifically as the names of "people, places, or things". Nouns also denote abstract and intangible concepts such as birth, happiness, evolution, technology, management, imagination, revenge, politics, hope, cookery, sport... Determiners are followed by the noun. Determiners are the, a or an. The determiner the is known as the definite article and a is indefinite article. Verbs have traditionally been defined as „action“ words or „doing“ words. Travels, sings, walked, cooked... Adjectives typically describe an attribute of a noun. Cold, large, violent, beautiful... Adverbs are used to modify a verb, and adjective, or another adverb. Slowly, quickly, softly, suddenly, gradually... Prepositions typically come before a noun
fy. Prefixes: be- become, for-forget, with-within, ad-admit, ac-accurse, af-affrax, co-co-operate, de-destroy, dis-dismiss, sub-submarine Suffixes: er- maker, or- actor, eer- mountineer, ier/yer- lawyer, ant- assistant, ent-student, ee- detainee, ist-artist, en-vixen, ess-actress, ine-heroine 9) Coversion A type of dervation where no suffix is used to change the word class. Catch as a verb and catch as a noun, brake-down as a verb and break-down as an adjective. 10) compounds Are formed by joining two or more root morphemes. Compounds are often idiomatic in meaning or at least not entirely transparent. Coffe plus pot equals coffeepot 11) Clipping Clipping ise the wordformation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts- shortening. Three types of clipping: Foreclipping- retain gthe fial part of the word- racoon-coon, telephone- phone
He doesn’t believe in conventional medicine; he has some remedy or other of his own. Any can mean ’practically every’, ‘no particular (one)’: Any book about writing will tell you how to saddle a horse. Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words. No (+ Noun) and none (+ Pronoun) No and none can be used with affirmative verbs to express a negative: I have no cherries in my garden, I had some last year but I have none this year. No + Noun can be the subject of a sentence: No work was done. No letter(s) have arrived. None as the subject is possible but not very usual: Some people had been invited, but none came. We expected some letters, but there were none. None + of, however, is quite usual as the subject: None of of the tourists wanted to climb the mountain. None of of the applicants had proper qualifications. Every and each Every is used with singular countable nouns
Verb Noun/person Noun/action Steal Thief (thieves) Theft Rob Robber Robbery Burgle Burglar Burglary Mug Mugger Mugging Murder Murderer Murder Kidnap Kidnapper Kidnapping Set fire/commit arson Arsonist Arson Shoplift Shoplifter Shoplifting Vandalize Vandal Vandalism Hijack Hijacker Hijacking Deceive/cheat Fraudster Commit fraud Terrorize Terrorist Terrorism Blackmail Blackmailer Blackmail Joyride (auto 2randamine) Joy rider Joyriding Traffic drugs Drug trafficker Drug trafficking Pick ...
Tüvi Nimisõna NOUN Tegusõna Omadussõna Määrsõna ROOT NOUN (person) VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB Advertise Advertisement Advertiser Advertise Advertised ------------------ (Advertising) Compete Competition Competitor Compete Competitive Competitively Confuse Confusion -------------- Confuse Confused Confusingly
Back clipping- retains the beginning crocodile- croc, doctor- doc, gasoline-gas Ambiclipping- middle part is retained- influenza- flu Clipping means beginning plus beginning, situation comedy- sitcom Blends blends form if you take beginning plus the end- money plus energy=monergy Clipped compounds compounds formed by clipping. Conversion A type of derivation where no suffix is used to change the word class. Catch as a verb and catch as a noun, break-down as a verb and break-down as an adjective. Compounds Are formed by joining two or more root morphemes. Compounds are often idiomatic in meaning or at least not entirely transparent. Coffe plus pot equals coffeepot Solid, hyphenated, and open compounds An open compound means that the words of the compound are written separately (credit card), a hyphenated compound separates the words by hyphen(s) (brother-in-law), a solid compound is formed when the two words
b) root words have just a root (nt, car, post) c)compounds (liitsõnad) have 2 or more stems put together. Stems may be simple(nt, ice-cream, ice and cream are stems) d)compound derivatives -2 stems joined and an affix is added to them both (nt, kind-heart-ed) 8. Affixation Affixes are used to build new words and they have quite an abstract meaning (nt, mad-ness, ness is suffix) Prefix prefix plus stem (nt, verbs: to enrich, disagree; adj: antiwar, uneasy; noun: exwife) There are 25 prefixes that change the word to a different part of speech (nt, to debus to get off the bus) Suffixation stem plus suffix (nt, hood plus child is childhood, friendship, readyness, government). New forming suffixes (-ance, -dom, -ee, -er, -ing, -ness) Adj forming suffixes(suit-able, tempora-ry, beauti-ful, penny-less, famou-s) numeral forming suffixes(four-teen, four-ty, fif-th) Adverb forming suffixes(slow-ly, home-wards)
While the prefixes do not change anything in the pronunciation of shape of the base words, the suffixes have such an effect. They lead either to the deletion of material at the end of the base or to a different stress pattern Adjectival 7 o Relational - to relate the noun the adjective qualifies to the base word of the derived adjective Algebraic, colonial, theoretical o Qualitative - express more specific concepts Grammatical o Some relational adjectives can adopt qualitative meanings. grammatical, which has a relational meaning ‘having to do with grammar’ in the sentence she is a grammatical genius, but which also has a qualitative sense ‘conforming to the
ARTICLES INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN) 1.The indefinite article a/an is only used in front of a singular countable noun mentioned for the first time.The is used when it is mentioned.The is used when it is mentioned a second time, e.g. I bought a jacket and a dress. The jacket was quite cheap 2.Other uses: -to talk about someone's job, e.g. She's an architect. -with numbers and fractions, e.g. a hundred, a million, a third -to mean every with expressions of time, e.g. once a week, five times a year -with What...! exclamations, e.g. What a strange person! ZERO ARTICLE (NO ARTICLE) There is no article:
We do not usually use ,,the" with names like these. Some more examples: Victoria Station Edinburgh Castle London Zoo Westminister Abbey Buckhingham Palace Canterbury Cathedral But we say 'the White House' and 'the Royal Palace' because 'white' and 'royal' are not names like 'Kennedy' and 'Cambridge' Most other names (of laces, buildings etc) have names with the: The + adjective or + noun name etc Hilton Hotel National Theatre The Sahara Desert Atlantic Ocean These places usually have the: Hotels/restaurants/ pubs the Station Hotel, the Bombay Restaurant, the Red Lion(pub) Theatres/cinemas the Palace Theatre, the Odeon Cinema Museums/galleries the British Museum, the Tate Gallery Other buildings the Empire State Building, the Festival Hall, the White House
Friday. Jenny Brown, a pupil at London Road School, is described as 1.6 metres tall with short blonde hair. She was last seen wearing a blue jacket, a blue and white blouse and dark blue jeans and blue shoes. Anyone who has information should contact the local police on 0800349781. 4. We use a/an to say what someone is or what job they do: My brother is a doctor. George is a student. 5. We use a/an with a singular noun to say something about all things of that kind: A man needs friends. (= All men need friends) A dog likes to eat meat. (= All dogs like to eat meat) Use of articles: http://www.grammaring.com/the-zero-article NB! Links: Practice present perfect and past simple: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper practice exercise: http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs5.htm theory and exercises: http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/bl_pastorperfect1.htm http://www.usingenglish
) So that + could/ would (past references) (Sophia bought a sailing boat so that she could sail around the world.) In case + present tense (present/ future references) (Bring an umbrella in case there is a storm in the afternoon.) NEVER USED WITH WILL/WOULD In case + past tense (past references) (We booked a table for six in case Peter brought his wife with him.) NEVER USED WITH WILL/WOULD For + noun (to talk about the purpose sb has when doing sth) (He came around for a cup of tea.) For + -ing (to express the purpose of sth or its function) (She uses a blender for making juice.) With a view to + -ing eesmärgil, otstarbel, midagi silmas pidades (He wrote a letter of complaint with a view to sending it to the manager.) Negative purpose: In order not to + infinitive (He made a shopping list in order not to forget any of the things he wanted to buy.)
I don't like to be shouted at. (NOT I don't like to be shouted.) This needs to be thought about some more. (NOT This needs to be thought some more.) 6. Don't use a present tense after It's time. It's time you went home. (NOT It's time you go home.) It's time we invited Bill and Sonia. (NOT It's time we invite Bill and Sonia.) 7. Use was/were born to give dates of birth. I was born in 1975. (NOT I am born in 1975.) Shakespeare was born in 1564. 8. Police is a plural noun. The police are looking for him. (NOT The police is looking for him.) I called the police, but they were too busy to come. 9. Don't use the to talk about things in general. Books are expensive. (NOT The books are expensive.) I love music. (NOT I love the music.) 10. Use had better, not have better. I think you'd better see the doctor. (NOT I think you have better see the doctor.) We'd better ask John to help us. 11
Lion (pub) theatres/cinemas =the Palace Theatre, the Odeon Cinema Museums/galleries = the British Museum, the Tate Gallery other buildings = the Empire State Building, the Festival Hall, the White House. Oceans/seas/canals =the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal also: Newspapers = the Washington Post, the Financial Times organisations = the European Community, the BBC (= the British Broadcasting Corporation) Sometimes we leave out the noun: the Hilton (Hotel), the Sahara (Desert) Sometimes the name is only the + noun: the Vatican (in Rome), the Sun (British newspaper) Names with ...of... usually have the. For example: the Bank of England/ the Tower of London/ the Museum of Modern Art the Houses of Parliament/ the Great Wall of China/ the Tropic of Capricorn the Gulf of Mexico/ the University of London (but the London University) C/ Many shops, restaurants, hotels, banks etc. are named after the people who started them
QUEEN VICTORIA & HER TIME Project Mari Murakas Class 11A 2011 Early life of Queen Victoria Victoria was born in London on 24 May 1819, the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent, and Victoria Maria Louisa of Saxe-Coburg. [1] The Duke of Kent was the fourth son of George III and Victoria Maria Louisa was the sister of King Leopold of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent selected the name Victoria but her uncle, George IV, insisted that she be named Alexandrina after her godfather, Tsar Alexander II of Russia. [2] Victoria's father died when she was eight months old. The Duchess of Kent developed a close relationship with Sir John Conroy, an ambitious I...
12. Don't use a comma to separate the subject from the verb. Incorrect:An eighteen-year old in California, is now considered an adult. Incorrect:The most important attribute of a ball player, is quick reflex actions. 13. Don't put a comma between the two verbs or verb phrases in a compound predicate. Incorrect:We laid out our music and snacks, and began to study. Incorrect:I turned the corner, and ran smack into a patrol car. 14. Don't put a comma between the two nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses in a compound subject or compound object. Incorrect (compound subject):The music teacher from your high school, and the football coach from mine are married. Incorrect (compound object):Jeff told me that the job was still available, and that the manager wanted to interview me. 15. Don't put a comma after the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) clause follows it (except for cases of extreme contrast).
the + comparative, the + comparative is used to say that a change in one thing goes with a change in another The sooner we leave, the sooner we’ll get there. The faster you drive, the better. The more you study, the more you know. So and such a So is followed by adjectives - be + so + adjective: The soup was so hot that I couldn’t eat it. You are so beautiful! 5 Such a(n) is followed by a noun or an adjective plus noun – be+ such + a(n) (+ Adjective) + noun: It was such an awful day! He is such a fool! With singular countable nouns such a(n) is used It was such a slow train that I arrived late for the meeting. With uncountable or plural countable nouns such is used. They were such large tablets that I couldn’t swallow them. It was such poor quality oil that it damaged my car engine. Adjectives ending in –ly
U 15 SB 2) 2C, 4A, 6D, 8B 3) How about i come ... ? School is off Hei s sure to know Due for tomorrow Tie in with sth Get a flight sorte get back to me 4) *Easter * her grandparents' birthday gift * the weather and the currency * Some doorways and doors * Layers and a camer * The view from the topp of Olaf's church tower, the secret passagesunder Swedish defences, the winding streets of old... the parliament buildinf, some museums, and art galleries. * Pancakes together with Hannah's mates * Tartu 5b) 1. Was ... marked- märgiti; is includes on lisatud 2. 2. was built- ehitati- heisatakse 3. 3. was ... mentioned- mainiti 4. Was built- ehitati 5. was created- rajati; wa named- nimetati Revision Sample answers 3) 1. Isi t Oki f I read your diary? 2. Isi t all right if I try your crash helmet? 3. Can I have some milk in my coffee? 4) Sample answers. 1. You might ge...
Pronouns By: Anneli Võikar Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. Types of pronouns Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns Indefinite pronouns Relative pronouns Possesive pronouns Reciprocal pronouns Pronoun case Personal pronouns Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on: number person gender Case
NOMINATIVE (*... *... *...) repetition of sent-e is inverted compared to first one. 2. EXCLAM SENTENCE word or phrase at the partial: (lexical words change places but word order ATORY - contains noun or noun phrase. beginning of several - direct object remains the same. Grammatical word order SENTENCE Function appeal to reader's sentences in succession. of second part is inverted) imagination, strengthen dynamic
Require qualifications - nõuavad kvalifitsiooni, pädevust Have career prospects - on karjääri väljavaateid, võimalusi tulevikuks Offer perks and bonuses - pakuvad eeliseid ja boonuseid Are well-paid - on hästi tasustatud Are poorly-paid - on madalalt tasustatud Need the most training - vajavad kõige rohkem treeningut, väljaõpet, koolitust Is the hardest - on kõige raskem Have flexible hours - on paindlikke tundidega Need a degreee - vajavad kraadi Rewarding - tulutoov, tasuv Dead-end - tupik, kogu aeg sama, muutumatu UNVARIED Secure - kindel, turvaline, kindlustatud Repetitive - korduv, rutiinne Creative - loominguline Stressful - pingeline, närvesööv, stressirohke Personal satisfaction - isiklik rahulolu Opportunity to travel - võimalus reisida Using your initiative - enda initsiatiivi/algatust kasutama Chance to meet a lot of people - võimalus kohtuda paljude inimestega Long-term career prospects - pikaajalised karjäärivõimalused/välj...
, , , . Accusative animate and Genitive: -/ - , , . 1 1B Grammar Week 5 , , ? , , . Prepositional: -/ - , , . , , ? , , . Homework Points (1 point=2%) Task 1. Insert an adjective and a noun in the brackets into Plural: , , (boring), , . . . . ? /10 Task 2. Answer the question using the Accusative and Prepositional Plural forms of the words in the brackets: / ? "" - / o (). " " - / o (), (). " " - / o (). " " - __________ / (), () . " " (`Crime and Punishment') - _____________ ________________ ___________________ / o
Did you have a party in your yester flat day? When were you here? Articles Rules: 1. Rule: When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen". Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'. 2. Rule:Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an
a word) is a common way of forming new words in English. Examples: anti-, auto-, circum-, co-, ex-, trans-, inter-, dis-. 20. Suffixes A letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or root (i.e., a base form), serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending. A derivational suffix (such as the addition of -ly to an adjective to form an adverb) indicates what type of word it is. An inflectional suffix (such as the addition of -s to a noun to form a plural) tells something about the word's grammatical behavior. -able, -al, -ness, -ist, -dom 21. Infixes – An infix is an affix that is inserted inside its base. A word element (a type of affix) that can be inserted within the base form of a word (rather than at its beginning or end) to create a new word or intensify meaning. The process of inserting an infix is called infixation. Examples: abso- bleedin-lutely
If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is ciento uno and 156 would be ciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can use dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as one word (veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers. Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before a noun. 9. Days of the Week Monday lunes loo-nays Tuesday martes mar-tays Wednesday miércoles mee-air-coh-lays Thursday jueves hway-bays Friday viernes bee-air-nays Saturday sábado sah-bah-doh
Active Present Past Future Simple I work II (-ed) Will + I usually Don’t work Didn’t work Will not work Continuous am/is/are + V-ing Was/were + V-ing Will+be+V-ing Продолжитель. Isn’t working now Wasn’t working Won’t be working Perfect Have/has + III Had + III ...
The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152 Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152 The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153 1 What is Grammar? Here's an old children's rhyme about the eight parts of speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it. Every name is called a noun, Pronoun As field and fountain, street and town. Noun In place of noun the pronoun stands, As he and she can clap their hands. The adjective describes a thing, As magic wand or bridal ring. Adjective Most verbs mean action, something done, Verb
-ING · Admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (for activities), imagine, involve, keep (=continue), mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, SUGGEST, stop, tolerant, understand · Dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer · Be busy, it's no use, it's good, it's worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, have a hard/difficult time · Spend, waste, lose · Hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, feel- ainult mingi osa tegevusest · Need, require, want + ing TO · Afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, beg, care, claim, consent, decide, demand...
Canal; the Baltic Sea; the Pacific Ocean; the Square, Buckingham Palace, Victoria Station, Bering Strait French Boutique etc. · Names of points of the compass: the North etc. * Names of a single island or mountain / hill Great Britain, Ben Nevis etc. · Geographical names, consisting of a countable noun: union, republic, state, sea, ocean, moun- * Names of continents, geographikal areas, tain, stream, channel, gulf, bay, cape and a states, countries, cities, capes, lakes without modifer, either a nõun or an adjective: the Eu- a modifer. Europe, Siberia, Ohio, York, Lon- ropean Union, the Estonian Republic, the Or don, Cape Hom, Erie etc. ange Free, the Bay of Bengal etc.
swapped. STRONG NOUNS AND WEAK NOUNS Like adjectives and pronouns, Old English nouns are declined: different endings are attached to the stem of a word, and these endings indicate what case a word belongs to (and therefore, what grammatical function that word is fulfilling in a sentence. Old English nouns are divided into three main groups, strong, weak, and "minor," based on the noun's stem and the endings that each noun takes in different grammatical cases. A useful rule of thumb is that nouns whose stems end with a consonant are strong, while nouns whose stems end with a vowel (except for "u") are weak. STRONG AND WEAK DECLENSIONS OF THE ADJECTIVE What are adjectives? They are words used to describe either nouns or pronouns. Like nouns and pronouns, they are declined according to number, gender, and case; and their number, gender, and case must always agree with the noun or pronoun that they are modifying
week now. Ken hasn’t seen his father for a long time. Two meals will be served during the flight. Make sure that you do not disturb other people during the film. I will give you a ring some time during the next week. 3 Prepositions of Time – during & while during while is a preposition and is followed by is a conjunction and is followed by a noun a noun + a verb • We met a lot of interesting people • We met a lot of interesting people while during our holiday. we were on holiday. • Robert suddenly began to feel ill • Robert suddenly began to feel ill while during the exam. he was doing the exam. Prepositions of Time – by & by the time by (+ a certain time) = not later than
Ecology and Environment I Word formation Noun Verb Adjective Eruption Protection Pollution - Penetration Contamination Emission - Depletion - Prediction Reduction Consumption
1. Keel kui märgisüsteem. Märgi mõiste ja kommunikatiivne situatsioon. Inimkeele olemuslikud omadused. Keel on märgisüsteem, mida inimene kasutab suhtlemiseks ja mõtete väljendamiseks. Keel on mõtlemise tööriist. Keel koosneb üksustest ja üksused märkidest. Märk = vorm + tähendus Märgid on: * sümbol – keeleline sümbol koosneb vormist ja tähendusest. Vormi suhe tähendusse on meelevaldne, nende vahel puudub seos (tav sõna, nt „hobune“) * ikoon – märk, mille tähendus järeldub vormist. Nt liiklusmärgid. * indeks – vorm on suhtes oma referendiga. Põhjusliku seosega märk. Nt mitteverbaalsel suhtlemisel kahvatamine = halb tervis. Kitsamas tähenduses selgub alles kontekstis (see, too, ma, ta jne) Kommunikatiivne situatsioon - Keelel on kommunikatiivne ehk suhtlemise situatsioon. On signaali saatja ja selle vastuvõtja. Signaalil on kood(märgisüsteem), mis liigub mööda kanalit. Inimkeele olemuslikud omadused: * Keelemärgi arbitraarsus e motiveeri...
Unit 6: vocabulary School and work (v.) verb (n.) noun (adj.) adjective (adv.) adverb 1. to retire (from) (v.) - to stop working due to age 2. toddler (n.) young child at the age of learning to walk, age 1-2 3. aspiration (n.) strong desire to achieve something 4. exasperated (adj.) extremely annoyed 5. to be fed up with (v.) sick and tired of 6. rarely (adv.) seldom; not often; infrequently 7. to queue (v.) to stand in a line 8. to be ashamed of (v.) to be embarrassed of something
The sun rises in the east. • when referring to general geographical areas: the country(side), the sea, the seaside, the beach, the forest, the west I like to spend my holidays in the countryside. • before some collective nouns referring to a whole group of people: the police, the public, the army, the management, the government The government has raised the teachers’ salaries. • to turn an adjective into a noun to refer to a group of people in general: the poor, the rich, the young, the old, the unemployed, the homeless, the disabled, the British, the Spanish, the Dutch The rich can never understand the poor. • before superlatives and ordinals: the best, the most beautiful, the nicest the second, the fourth, the twenty-first My birthday is on the fourth of July. • when referring to a particular type of something in general:
agglutinating language to a fusional language, the canonical word order is SVO. (subject-verb-object) · In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative) Vocabulary · Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English · The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 2225 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Dialects · The Estonian dialects[15][16] are divided into two groups the northern and
Nateive American tribes exchanged goods. 3 Nende põhilised vaated olid sarnased. Their basic views were similar. 4 Nad austasid kõiki eluvorme. They respected every form of life. 5 Valged asukad liikusid läände. The white settlers moved westward. 6 Tänapäeval elavad paljud põlisameeriklased reservaatides. Today lots of Native Americans live in reservations. 7 kellegisse armuma fall in love with sb 8 kellestki / millestki erinema differ from sb/sth 2 Write the missing forms. Noun Adjective Verb Adverb 1 attraction attractive attract attractively 2 danger dangerous X dangerously 3 difference different differ differently 4 happiness happy X happily 5 movement moving move X 6 natinality national X nationally
Derivation Omadussõna Nimisõna Tegusõna Määrsõna Adjective Noun Verb Adverb Angry- vihane Anger- viha Anger- vihastama Angrily Embarassed- Embarrassment- piinlikus Embarrass- piinlikust Embarrassingly piinlik tundma Amazed- Amazement- hämmastus Amaze- hämmastama üllatunud Disappointed- Disappointment- pettumus Disappoint- pettuma pettunud Sad- kurb sadness- kurbus Sadden- kurvastama
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