Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective liberty liberal grammar grammatical possibility possible dark dark honesty honest fun funny energy energetic magic magical optimist optimistic jealousy jealous royalty royal biology biological
NOUN PLURAL Noun type Forming the plural Examples Ends with -s, -x, -ch or -sh Add -es boss - bosses tax - taxes bush - bushes consonant + y Change y to i then Add -es fly - flies try - tries curry - curries most others Add -s cat - cats face - faces day - days Ends with -fe Change f to v then Add -s knife - knives life - lives wife ...
DERIVATION (tuletamine) Verb Noun Adjective Adverb (öeldis) (nimisõna) (omadussõna) (määrsõna) -en -er -en -ly -fy (beauty -or -cal nicely beautify) -ist -able cruelly -ate -ics -less -ize/ ise -ism -al -ion -ed
Nimisõna.The noun. Oma ülesehituselt jagunevad inglise keele nimisõnad kolme liiki: 1) lihtnimisõnad nt: man, bird, apple, steam, love, pigeon, button 2) tuletatud nimisõnad (sisaldavad sufikseid) nt:teatcher, sailor, artist, building, translation, astonishment, friendship, childhood, lazines 3) liitnimisõnad nt: blackbird, newspaper, seaman, income, appletree, ballpoint, keyhole, rainbow, steamboat Tähenduselt on nimisõnad kas üldnimed või pärisnimed: 1) üldnimed (common nouns) nt:boy, tree, forest, people, family, air, cheese 2) pärisnimed (proper names) nt: Jane, Jack, Estonia, the United Kingdom, the Mississippi, New York, the Savoy (hotel), Oxford Street, Westminster Abbey, The Times Üldnimed on kas loendatavad või loendamatud nimisõnad. Loendatavaid nimisõnu (countables/count nouns) võib kasutada koos umbmäärase artikliga a/an, neil on mitmuse vorm ning neid saab ...
Words derivation LÕPUD: Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Prefix & Sufix -ation -ise/-ize -ing -ly dis- -ence -en -ive ir- -ion en- -able im- -ance -ate -y -il -age -fy -ed in-
· child / children · woman / women · man / men · person / people · goose / geese · mouse / mice · barracks / barracks · deer / deer · tooth / teeth · ox / oxen Nouns: hair is; knowledge is; news is; police are; cattle are; government is/are; means is/are; series is/are; species is/are; scissors are. 2. Nouns: Genitive case: After a singular noun. Use's · girl's cat · mum and dad's house · Paul's and Fred's birthdays · children's playground After a plural noun. Use only the apostrophe'. · witness' (s) car · boys' room · my sisters' husband Time expressions: · Yesterday's news. A ten- minute walk --> ten minutes' walk Of form: · Car door / the door of the car · My friend / a friend of mine
marker tunnus (mitmuse, oleviku, lihtmineviku, tingiva kõneviisi, käskiva kõneviisi, kaudse kõneviisi, umbisikulise tegumoe, ma- tegevusnime, oleviku kesksõna, mineviku kesksõna) derivational affix liide, tuletusliide, tuletusafiks (e.g. postwar, anti-American, wiser, greenish) parts of speech sõnaliigid English Estonian Definition Example noun (proper, common, nimisõna, Refers to words which denote classes and categories of book, water, sincerity, Mary, concrete, abstract) substantiiv things in the world, including people, animals, Estonia inanimate things, places, events, qualities, and states. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common
Words 110-106 1. Approve (verb) heaks kiitma 2. Accuse (verb) süüdistama 3. Wrongful (adjective) ülekohtune 4. Innocent (adjective) süütu 5. Get involved (verb) kaasa minema 6. Misbehave (verb) halvasti käituma 7. Civil rights (noun) tsiviilõigused 8. Humiliating alandav 9. Infuriating vihale ajav 10. Emphasized rõhutatud 11. Auxiliary (adjective) aitav 12. Swearword (noun)- needus 13. Columnist (noun) publitsist 14. Publisher (noun) kirjastaja 15. Business manager (noun) ärijuht 16. Office manager (noun) büroojuhataja 17. Persuade (verb) keelitama 18. Express (verb) avaldama 19. Group (verb) rühmitama 20. Censorship (noun) tsensuur 21. Periodicals (noun) perioodikaväljaanded 22. Courage (noun) julgus 23. Common (adjective) üldine 24. Prosperity (noun) heaolu 25. Monotonous (adjective) monotoonne 26. Abroad (adverb) võõrsil 27. Broadcast (verb) levitama 28
Notes: Proto-Germanic » Northwest Germanic » West Germanic » North Sea Germanic » Anglo Frisian » English 2. How to classify words into different word classes? (definition is that enough?, morphology, distribution and function tests); Grammatical categories for nominals, verbs, adjectives. "A set of words like dog, child, cat, man, bird where the individual words are mutually substitutable is known as a word class..." Definitions a) A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. b) A verb expresses an action, process or state. c) An adjective is a describing word which modifies a noun. "Although such definitions will identify many members of a word class, linguists generally agree that they need to be supplemented by formal tests. e.g. sincerity Sincerity can be frightening misery Lee is misery itself. Such miseries are uncommon Distribution:
•He took his boots off. •They called the doctor in. apposition a grammatical construction in which two usually adjacent nouns having the same referent stand in the same syntactical relation to the rest of a sentence (as the poet and Burns in “a biography of the poet Burns”) back-reference In grammatical analysis, the term reference is often used to state a relationship of identity which exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words
English doesn’t have these morphemes either. Affixes can be derivational or inflectional Derivational affix – It may change the meaning in a word by changing the grammatical class of the root. For example: consider (a verb), inconsiderate (adjective), consideration (noun). Inflectional affix – It produces different word forms, not new grammatical classes and although it can change the grammatical shape of the word, the meaning of the word stays the same. For example: consider, considered, considers.
* and - ja informal * also ka, samuti * though kuigi, siiski + clause (alus- * as well ka, lisaks, samuti >öeldis) // informal * as well as ja lisaks ka * in spite of hoolimata, sõltumata + noun OR -ing form * in addition to kõrval, lisaks * despite hoolimata, vaatamata + noun OR -ing form * both ... and mõlemad .. ja ... * in spite of the fact that + clause * not only ... but also mitte ainukt ... ka ... * despite the fact that + clause * besides lisaks, peale(gi) * however , ikkagi, siiski, kuidas tahes, kuidas ka
Nouns are commonly thought of as "naming" words, and specifically as the names of "people, places, or things". Nouns also denote abstract and intangible concepts such as birth, happiness, evolution, technology, management, imagination, revenge, politics, hope, cookery, sport... Determiners are followed by the noun. Determiners are the, a or an. The determiner the is known as the definite article and a is indefinite article. Verbs have traditionally been defined as „action“ words or „doing“ words. Travels, sings, walked, cooked... Adjectives typically describe an attribute of a noun. Cold, large, violent, beautiful... Adverbs are used to modify a verb, and adjective, or another adverb. Slowly, quickly, softly, suddenly, gradually... Prepositions typically come before a noun
fy. Prefixes: be- become, for-forget, with-within, ad-admit, ac-accurse, af-affrax, co-co-operate, de-destroy, dis-dismiss, sub-submarine Suffixes: er- maker, or- actor, eer- mountineer, ier/yer- lawyer, ant- assistant, ent-student, ee- detainee, ist-artist, en-vixen, ess-actress, ine-heroine 9) Coversion A type of dervation where no suffix is used to change the word class. Catch as a verb and catch as a noun, brake-down as a verb and break-down as an adjective. 10) compounds Are formed by joining two or more root morphemes. Compounds are often idiomatic in meaning or at least not entirely transparent. Coffe plus pot equals coffeepot 11) Clipping Clipping ise the wordformation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts- shortening. Three types of clipping: Foreclipping- retain gthe fial part of the word- racoon-coon, telephone- phone
Indefinite Pronouns Table of Contents Some and any....................................................................... 2 No (+ Noun) and none (+ Pronoun) ........................................ 3 Every and each..................................................................... 3 Whole ................................................................................... 4 Both, either and neither ....................................................... 4 Few/a few – a little/little....................................................... 5 A lot of/lots of – much/many................................................ 5
Verb Noun/person Noun/action Steal Thief (thieves) Theft Rob Robber Robbery Burgle Burglar Burglary Mug Mugger Mugging Murder Murderer Murder Kidnap Kidnapper Kidnapping Set fire/commit arson Arsonist Arson Shoplift Shoplifter Shoplifting Vandalize Vandal Vandalism Hijack Hijacker Hijacking Deceive/cheat Fraudster Commit fraud Terrorize Terrorist Terrorism Blackmail Blackmailer Blackmail Joyride (auto 2randamine) Joy rider Joyriding Traffic drugs Drug trafficker Drug trafficking Pick ...
Tüvi Nimisõna NOUN Tegusõna Omadussõna Määrsõna ROOT NOUN (person) VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB Advertise Advertisement Advertiser Advertise Advertised ------------------ (Advertising) Compete Competition Competitor Compete Competitive Competitively Confuse Confusion -------------- Confuse Confused Confusingly
Back clipping- retains the beginning crocodile- croc, doctor- doc, gasoline-gas Ambiclipping- middle part is retained- influenza- flu Clipping means beginning plus beginning, situation comedy- sitcom Blends blends form if you take beginning plus the end- money plus energy=monergy Clipped compounds compounds formed by clipping. Conversion A type of derivation where no suffix is used to change the word class. Catch as a verb and catch as a noun, break-down as a verb and break-down as an adjective. Compounds Are formed by joining two or more root morphemes. Compounds are often idiomatic in meaning or at least not entirely transparent. Coffe plus pot equals coffeepot Solid, hyphenated, and open compounds An open compound means that the words of the compound are written separately (credit card), a hyphenated compound separates the words by hyphen(s) (brother-in-law), a solid compound is formed when the two words
b) root words have just a root (nt, car, post) c)compounds (liitsõnad) have 2 or more stems put together. Stems may be simple(nt, ice-cream, ice and cream are stems) d)compound derivatives -2 stems joined and an affix is added to them both (nt, kind-heart-ed) 8. Affixation Affixes are used to build new words and they have quite an abstract meaning (nt, mad-ness, ness is suffix) Prefix prefix plus stem (nt, verbs: to enrich, disagree; adj: antiwar, uneasy; noun: exwife) There are 25 prefixes that change the word to a different part of speech (nt, to debus to get off the bus) Suffixation stem plus suffix (nt, hood plus child is childhood, friendship, readyness, government). New forming suffixes (-ance, -dom, -ee, -er, -ing, -ness) Adj forming suffixes(suit-able, tempora-ry, beauti-ful, penny-less, famou-s) numeral forming suffixes(four-teen, four-ty, fif-th) Adverb forming suffixes(slow-ly, home-wards)
While the prefixes do not change anything in the pronunciation of shape of the base words, the suffixes have such an effect. They lead either to the deletion of material at the end of the base or to a different stress pattern Adjectival 7 o Relational - to relate the noun the adjective qualifies to the base word of the derived adjective Algebraic, colonial, theoretical o Qualitative - express more specific concepts Grammatical o Some relational adjectives can adopt qualitative meanings. grammatical, which has a relational meaning ‘having to do with grammar’ in the sentence she is a grammatical genius, but which also has a qualitative sense ‘conforming to the
ARTICLES INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN) 1.The indefinite article a/an is only used in front of a singular countable noun mentioned for the first time.The is used when it is mentioned.The is used when it is mentioned a second time, e.g. I bought a jacket and a dress. The jacket was quite cheap 2.Other uses: -to talk about someone's job, e.g. She's an architect. -with numbers and fractions, e.g. a hundred, a million, a third -to mean every with expressions of time, e.g. once a week, five times a year -with What...! exclamations, e.g. What a strange person! ZERO ARTICLE (NO ARTICLE) There is no article:
We do not usually use ,,the" with names like these. Some more examples: Victoria Station Edinburgh Castle London Zoo Westminister Abbey Buckhingham Palace Canterbury Cathedral But we say 'the White House' and 'the Royal Palace' because 'white' and 'royal' are not names like 'Kennedy' and 'Cambridge' Most other names (of laces, buildings etc) have names with the: The + adjective or + noun name etc Hilton Hotel National Theatre The Sahara Desert Atlantic Ocean These places usually have the: Hotels/restaurants/ pubs the Station Hotel, the Bombay Restaurant, the Red Lion(pub) Theatres/cinemas the Palace Theatre, the Odeon Cinema Museums/galleries the British Museum, the Tate Gallery Other buildings the Empire State Building, the Festival Hall, the White House
Police have been searching for a 14 year-old girl who has been missing since Friday. Jenny Brown, a pupil at London Road School, is described as 1.6 metres tall with short blonde hair. She was last seen wearing a blue jacket, a blue and white blouse and dark blue jeans and blue shoes. Anyone who has information should contact the local police on 0800349781. 3. We do not use an indefinite article with plural nouns and uncount nouns: She was wearing blue shoes. (= plural noun) She has short blonde hair. (= uncount noun) Police have been searching for a 14 year-old girl who has been missing since Friday. Jenny Brown, a pupil at London Road School, is described as 1.6 metres tall with short blonde hair. She was last seen wearing a blue jacket, a blue and white blouse and dark blue jeans and blue shoes. Anyone who has information should contact the local police on 0800349781. 4. We use a/an to say what someone is or what job they do: My brother is a doctor.
) So that + could/ would (past references) (Sophia bought a sailing boat so that she could sail around the world.) In case + present tense (present/ future references) (Bring an umbrella in case there is a storm in the afternoon.) NEVER USED WITH WILL/WOULD In case + past tense (past references) (We booked a table for six in case Peter brought his wife with him.) NEVER USED WITH WILL/WOULD For + noun (to talk about the purpose sb has when doing sth) (He came around for a cup of tea.) For + -ing (to express the purpose of sth or its function) (She uses a blender for making juice.) With a view to + -ing eesmärgil, otstarbel, midagi silmas pidades (He wrote a letter of complaint with a view to sending it to the manager.) Negative purpose: In order not to + infinitive (He made a shopping list in order not to forget any of the things he wanted to buy.)
I don't like to be shouted at. (NOT I don't like to be shouted.) This needs to be thought about some more. (NOT This needs to be thought some more.) 6. Don't use a present tense after It's time. It's time you went home. (NOT It's time you go home.) It's time we invited Bill and Sonia. (NOT It's time we invite Bill and Sonia.) 7. Use was/were born to give dates of birth. I was born in 1975. (NOT I am born in 1975.) Shakespeare was born in 1564. 8. Police is a plural noun. The police are looking for him. (NOT The police is looking for him.) I called the police, but they were too busy to come. 9. Don't use the to talk about things in general. Books are expensive. (NOT The books are expensive.) I love music. (NOT I love the music.) 10. Use had better, not have better. I think you'd better see the doctor. (NOT I think you have better see the doctor.) We'd better ask John to help us. 11
Lion (pub) theatres/cinemas =the Palace Theatre, the Odeon Cinema Museums/galleries = the British Museum, the Tate Gallery other buildings = the Empire State Building, the Festival Hall, the White House. Oceans/seas/canals =the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal also: Newspapers = the Washington Post, the Financial Times organisations = the European Community, the BBC (= the British Broadcasting Corporation) Sometimes we leave out the noun: the Hilton (Hotel), the Sahara (Desert) Sometimes the name is only the + noun: the Vatican (in Rome), the Sun (British newspaper) Names with ...of... usually have the. For example: the Bank of England/ the Tower of London/ the Museum of Modern Art the Houses of Parliament/ the Great Wall of China/ the Tropic of Capricorn the Gulf of Mexico/ the University of London (but the London University) C/ Many shops, restaurants, hotels, banks etc. are named after the people who started them
January 22, 1901. Britain's monarch, who had ascended to the throne at the age of 18, was 81 years old. [9] She was buried at Windsor beside Prince Albert, in the Frogmore Royal Mausoleum, which she had built for their final resting place. Above the Mausoleum door are inscribed Victoria's words: 'farewell best beloved, here at last I shall rest with thee, with thee in Christ I shall rise again'. [7] Wordlist · subsequent(adj)- happening or coming after something else · a withdrawal(noun) - the act of moving or taking something away or back · the Electoral Reform- a group formed in 1884 to work for a change in the way British elections are decided, and to persuade Parliament that a system of proportional representation should be used. Through its company, Electoral Reform Services, it helps organizations with elections and ballots. · vigorous(adj)- very active, determined or full of energy
series. The Constitution establishes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The candidate promised to lower taxes, protect the environment, reduce crime, and end unemployment. The prosecutor argued that the defendant, who was at the scene of the crime, who had a strong revenge motive, and who had access to the murder weapon, was guilty of homicide. 6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with non-coordinate adjectives. Coordinate adjectives are adjectives with equal ("co"-ordinate) status in describing the noun; neither adjective is subordinate to the other. You can decide if two adjectives in a row are coordinate by asking the following questions: · Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written in reverse order?
the + comparative, the + comparative is used to say that a change in one thing goes with a change in another The sooner we leave, the sooner we’ll get there. The faster you drive, the better. The more you study, the more you know. So and such a So is followed by adjectives - be + so + adjective: The soup was so hot that I couldn’t eat it. You are so beautiful! 5 Such a(n) is followed by a noun or an adjective plus noun – be+ such + a(n) (+ Adjective) + noun: It was such an awful day! He is such a fool! With singular countable nouns such a(n) is used It was such a slow train that I arrived late for the meeting. With uncountable or plural countable nouns such is used. They were such large tablets that I couldn’t swallow them. It was such poor quality oil that it damaged my car engine. Adjectives ending in –ly
If your father smokes 6. If you are afraid of injections 7. If you have ever been in hospital 3) 1. Are held 2. were held 3. took 4. are sent 5. have taken 6. to arrive 7. have won 8. work out 9. run 10. lift 11. is won 4. 1. To say 2. To learn 3. Reading 4. To travel 5. To open 6. To arrive 7. To read 8. To become 9. To explain 5. to help; to do being ; working doing; going to drink to take; raining talking; reading to post to become to explain 7a NOUN Biography 2. Dream 3. Fitness 4. infection 5. proffesion 6. promise 7. sense ADJECTIVE Biographical Breamy fit infected proffesional promising sensible NOUN Advice Behaviour Imagination Influence mention practice reminder 7B was... mentioned influenced fit practise, practise advised, adviced, proffesional dreamy Behavioen 8) 1. Have you made it up with your friend? 2. Hei s white in the face. I'm afraid he'll faint 3. Our lifestyles have changed over the last fifty years. 4
Pronouns By: Anneli Võikar Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. Types of pronouns Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns Indefinite pronouns Relative pronouns Possesive pronouns Reciprocal pronouns Pronoun case Personal pronouns Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on: number person gender Case
NOMINATIVE (*... *... *...) repetition of sent-e is inverted compared to first one. 2. EXCLAM SENTENCE word or phrase at the partial: (lexical words change places but word order ATORY - contains noun or noun phrase. beginning of several - direct object remains the same. Grammatical word order SENTENCE Function appeal to reader's sentences in succession. of second part is inverted) imagination, strengthen dynamic
To retire retire from a job - pensionile minema To apply for a position - kohale kandideerima Specialise in sth - millelegi spetsialiseeruma Deal with sth - millegagi toime tulema, millegiga tegelema To have experience with/in -milleski/millegagi kogemust omama To be impressed with sb/sth - keegi või miski avaldab muljet, vaimustunud olema To be interested in sth - millestki huvitatud olema To be experienced in sth - olema milleski kogenud To be qualified in noun/-ing - milleski kvalifitseeritud/pädev olema To be suitable for - millegi jaoks sobiv olema To be responsible for sth - Millegi ees vastutav olema Skilled at noun/-ing - milleski hea olema, oskusi omama Good at sth - milleski hea olema To fill in an application - avaldust täitma Run out of money - used up.. have none left Putting (money) by - saving, raha kõrvale panema Take out (a loan) - to obtain, to get Eating into (my savings) - reducing, using Live on - pay living expenses.. elama
, , , . Accusative animate and Genitive: -/ - , , . 1 1B Grammar Week 5 , , ? , , . Prepositional: -/ - , , . , , ? , , . Homework Points (1 point=2%) Task 1. Insert an adjective and a noun in the brackets into Plural: , , (boring), , . . . . ? /10 Task 2. Answer the question using the Accusative and Prepositional Plural forms of the words in the brackets: / ? "" - / o (). " " - / o (), (). " " - / o (). " " - __________ / (), () . " " (`Crime and Punishment') - _____________ ________________ ___________________ / o
Did you have a party in your yester flat day? When were you here? Articles Rules: 1. Rule: When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen". Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'. 2. Rule:Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an
)” * Morpheme: meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. morpheme – the minimal linguistic sign bound morpheme – a morpheme that can only occur if attached to some other phoneme • full • fullness • spoonful • cheerful “Most analysts of contemporary English prefer to distinguish three morphs: a root in full and fullness, a noun-forming affix inspoonful, and an adjective- forming affix in peaceful and cheerful.” 19. Prefixes A letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning. Common prefixes include anti- (against), co- (with), mis- (wrong, bad), and trans- (across). Prefixation (the process of adding a prefix to a word) is a common way of forming new words in English. Examples: anti-, auto-, circum-, co-, ex-, trans-, inter-, dis-. 20. Suffixes
problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -ción, -tad, -dad, or -tud. Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa, ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas. 5. Subject Pronouns nosotros / noh-soh-trohs / yo yoh I we
Didn’t need- не ясно в прошлом Needn’t have+III- прошлое Past hypothetical situations I wish/If only+obj+Past Perf/P.C If → Had+obj+III Should have+III– regret/critisiz. III conditional Present II conditional If+were to+inf– more likely I wish/If only+Past S(stative) /would (dynam) It’s time+Past s (should have) /past c (already) It’s time for smb to+inf Future forms: 1. Be+adj (certain) 2. Be+adj+of+noun/-ing 3. Be about to-ближайшее 4. Be on the point of+V-ing- future 5. Verb+of+ing (auticipate, consider, think) 6. Verb+to inf (aim, expect, hope, plan) 7. Will+inf (belive, expect, hope) Said that: 1. “that”= claim, predict, asy, tell, stress… 2. Obj+inf Advice, ask, invite, persuade, remind… 3. Inf-obj Agree, ask, claim, affer, promise 4. +V-ing Admit, advise, deny, recommend, regret 5. Should+bare inf Advice, agree, insist, recommend Dear Sir or Madam
The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152 Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152 The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153 1 What is Grammar? Here's an old children's rhyme about the eight parts of speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it. Every name is called a noun, Pronoun As field and fountain, street and town. Noun In place of noun the pronoun stands, As he and she can clap their hands. The adjective describes a thing, As magic wand or bridal ring. Adjective Most verbs mean action, something done, Verb
tegevusest · Need, require, want + ing TO · Afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, beg, care, claim, consent, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, struggle, swear, threaten, volunteer, wait, want, wish · Something, somewhere, anyone, nothing... · Too/enough · It + be + adjective/noun · Be + the first/second/next/last/best · Ask, learn, find out, wonder, want to know, decide, explain kui järgneb (who, what, where, how) · Advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage (when passiv) ALGVORM · Pärast modal verbe (can, should, must) BUT: ought to! · Pärast verbe let, make, see, hear, feel BUT: be made, be heard, be seen + to · Can/could + see/hear + ing
Canal; the Baltic Sea; the Pacific Ocean; the Square, Buckingham Palace, Victoria Station, Bering Strait French Boutique etc. · Names of points of the compass: the North etc. * Names of a single island or mountain / hill Great Britain, Ben Nevis etc. · Geographical names, consisting of a countable noun: union, republic, state, sea, ocean, moun- * Names of continents, geographikal areas, tain, stream, channel, gulf, bay, cape and a states, countries, cities, capes, lakes without modifer, either a nõun or an adjective: the Eu- a modifer. Europe, Siberia, Ohio, York, Lon- ropean Union, the Estonian Republic, the Or don, Cape Hom, Erie etc. ange Free, the Bay of Bengal etc.
early languages[1] except Gothic.[2] An example of the resulting vowel alternation is the English plural foot ~ feet (from Germanic */fts/, pl. */ftiz/). ABLAUT In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language. It has significantly influenced modern Indo-European languages. An example of ablaut in English is the strong verb sing, sang, sung and its related noun song. The term ablaut (German for "off-sound") was coined in the early nineteenth century by linguist Jacob Grimm. However, the phenomenon itself was first recorded more than 2000 years earlier by the Sanskrit grammarians and was codified by Pn ini in his Ashtadhyayi, where the terms gun a and vr ddhiwere used to describe the phenomena now known respectively as thefull grade and lengthened grade. In the context of European languages, the phenomenon was first
week now. Ken hasn’t seen his father for a long time. Two meals will be served during the flight. Make sure that you do not disturb other people during the film. I will give you a ring some time during the next week. 3 Prepositions of Time – during & while during while is a preposition and is followed by is a conjunction and is followed by a noun a noun + a verb • We met a lot of interesting people • We met a lot of interesting people while during our holiday. we were on holiday. • Robert suddenly began to feel ill • Robert suddenly began to feel ill while during the exam. he was doing the exam. Prepositions of Time – by & by the time by (+ a certain time) = not later than
Ecology and Environment I Word formation Noun Verb Adjective Eruption Protection Pollution - Penetration Contamination Emission - Depletion - Prediction Reduction Consumption
grammatilist tähendust. Germaani keeled, ladina keel. * Polüsünteetiline – väga palju seotud morfeeme (üle kümne ühes sõnas) ning nende tähendus sisaldab tavaliselt rohkemat kui tavaline muutelõpp või liide. Sõna ja lause vahe ei ole selge. Eskimo e innuiidi keeled, mitmed Põhja-Ameerika põlisrahvaste keeled. Sõnajärje tüpoloogia: Liigitamise aluseks on lausete põhisõnajärg. Maailma keeltes SOV 45% ja SVO 42% Universaalsed tendentsid: VO; PREP (eessõnad); NG (noun, genitive atr); NA (noun adjective) OV; PSP (järelsõnad); GN (genitive atr noun); AN (adjective noun) Eesti keeles SVO, PSP, GN, AN SINISES KIRJAS KIRJUTATUST EI SAA MA ISE MIDAGI ARU. ANDKE TEADA, KUI TEIE SAATE. 14. Kirjasüsteemid. Kirjasüsteem - korrastatud meetod, mille abil keele baasil säilitatakse ja antakse edasi teateid. Kõige sagedamini on kiri visuaalne (harvem taktiilne) märkide või sümbolite kogum, mis on enamasti tuntud tähtedena.
Unit 6: vocabulary School and work (v.) verb (n.) noun (adj.) adjective (adv.) adverb 1. to retire (from) (v.) - to stop working due to age 2. toddler (n.) young child at the age of learning to walk, age 1-2 3. aspiration (n.) strong desire to achieve something 4. exasperated (adj.) extremely annoyed 5. to be fed up with (v.) sick and tired of 6. rarely (adv.) seldom; not often; infrequently 7. to queue (v.) to stand in a line 8. to be ashamed of (v.) to be embarrassed of something
The sun rises in the east. • when referring to general geographical areas: the country(side), the sea, the seaside, the beach, the forest, the west I like to spend my holidays in the countryside. • before some collective nouns referring to a whole group of people: the police, the public, the army, the management, the government The government has raised the teachers’ salaries. • to turn an adjective into a noun to refer to a group of people in general: the poor, the rich, the young, the old, the unemployed, the homeless, the disabled, the British, the Spanish, the Dutch The rich can never understand the poor. • before superlatives and ordinals: the best, the most beautiful, the nicest the second, the fourth, the twenty-first My birthday is on the fourth of July. • when referring to a particular type of something in general:
agglutinating language to a fusional language, the canonical word order is SVO. (subject-verb-object) · In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative) Vocabulary · Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English · The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 2225 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Dialects · The Estonian dialects[15][16] are divided into two groups the northern and
Nateive American tribes exchanged goods. 3 Nende põhilised vaated olid sarnased. Their basic views were similar. 4 Nad austasid kõiki eluvorme. They respected every form of life. 5 Valged asukad liikusid läände. The white settlers moved westward. 6 Tänapäeval elavad paljud põlisameeriklased reservaatides. Today lots of Native Americans live in reservations. 7 kellegisse armuma fall in love with sb 8 kellestki / millestki erinema differ from sb/sth 2 Write the missing forms. Noun Adjective Verb Adverb 1 attraction attractive attract attractively 2 danger dangerous X dangerously 3 difference different differ differently 4 happiness happy X happily 5 movement moving move X 6 natinality national X nationally
Derivation Omadussõna Nimisõna Tegusõna Määrsõna Adjective Noun Verb Adverb Angry- vihane Anger- viha Anger- vihastama Angrily Embarassed- Embarrassment- piinlikus Embarrass- piinlikust Embarrassingly piinlik tundma Amazed- Amazement- hämmastus Amaze- hämmastama üllatunud Disappointed- Disappointment- pettumus Disappoint- pettuma pettunud Sad- kurb sadness- kurbus Sadden- kurvastama
annaabi.ee 
