The syllable consists of - onset, nucleus, coda. (every syllable has a nucleus: vowel, syllabic l, or m, n). Rhyme/rime nucleus + coda; the nucleus and the coda constitute a sub-syllabic unit rhyme. Words rhyme, when their nucleus and coda are identical. (E.g 'cr-o-wn', 'd-o-wn'). The hierarchical structure of the syllable: Onset the beginning of the syllable Nucleus/peak the open part of a syllable, generally a vowel. Coda a consonant sound which ends the syllable. Open syllable - has no coda Closed syllable - has a coda! Texts: [t-e-k-s-t-s]- (Consonant, Vowel, Consonant, Consonant, Consonant, Consonant). Strong syllables - has as its nucleus one of the vowel phonemes but not "schwa" Weak syllables has 4 types of nucleus 1) the vowel ,,schwa" 2) a close front unrounded vowel in the general area of i: and ý 3) a close back unrounded vowel in the general area of u: and 4) a syllabic consonant
Positive Negative Question I did not no differences I spoke. Did I speak? speak. For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, 2nd column). For regular verbs, just add "ed". Exceptions in Spelling when Adding `ed' Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example after a final e only add d love loved final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit admitted or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel travelled final y after a consonant becomes i hurry hurried Use of Simple Past · action in the past taking place once, never or several times Example: He visited his parents every weekend. · actions in the past taking place one after the other Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.
I / you / we / the I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken? y he / she / it He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken? For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add "ed". Exceptions in Spelling when Adding `ed' Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example after a final e only add d love loved final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit admitted or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel travelled final y after a consonant becomes i hurry hurried Use of Present Perfect · puts emphasis on the result Example: She has written five letters. · action that is still going on Example: School has not started yet. · action that stopped recently Example: She has cooked dinner.
vowels Consonants are produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs. Vowels are produced so that the airstream is relatively unobstructed. NB! Any speech sound will always exhibit two components in some form or other: An activity that initiates a flow of air (i.e. initiation, lungs as initiators) An activity that modulates or articulates the air-stream, thus generating a specific type of sound Vowel and Consonant The difference between vowel and consonant is: in the way they are produced (phonetics) in their distribution, i.e. the different contexts and positions in which particular sounds can occur (phonology) NB! Vowels can stand alone they can be produced without consonants before or after them. Consonants require at least a "little bit" of vowel sound. Vowels are classified according to their phonetical quality: how high is the tongue what part of the tongue is involved
Was I speaking? you / we / they You were speaking. You were not speaking. Were you speaking? Exceptions in Spelling Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Example come coming final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed) (but: agree agreeing ) after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit sitting l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) travel travelling final ie becomes y lie lying Use of Past Progressive · puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past Example: He was playing football. · two actions happening at the same time (in the past) Example: While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.
Negative I/he/she/it was not /wasn’t you/we/they were not /weren’t Question Was I/he/she/it? Were you/we/they? 2 The spelling of endings in the Past Simple Regular verbs have -ed in the Past Simple tense. look looked call called 1. If the verb ends in -e, we just add -d. hope hoped save saved 2. When a verb ends in a consonant + -y, the -y changes into -ied. hurry hurried copy copied 3. If a one-syllable verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, we double the consonant. beg begged plan planned We also double the consonant in words of more than one syllable, if the last syllable is stressed. permit permitted prefer preferred In British English l is usually doubled, even if the syllable is unstressed.
Read the rules Comparative(keskvõrre) We add err to one-syllable adjectives We change y to i and add er in two-syllable or longer adjectives We put more or less in front of two-syllable on longer adjectives For adjectives that end in one vowel + one consonant, we double final consonant and add er Superlative(ülivõrre) We add est to one-syllable adjectives We add est to two-syllable adjectives that end in y (-y changes to iest) We put most or least in front on two-syllable or longer adjectives We always put the in front on the superlative 1. Complete the table BASE FORM COPRATIVE SUPERLATIVE POPULAR MORE POPULAR THE MOST POPULAR
The spelling of endings in the Present Simple In the third person singular (he/she/it), a present simple verb ends in -s. I know he knows I work she works 1 After s, sh, ch and x we add -es. I pass it passes I wash she washes I catch he catches I mix he mixes 2 Some verbs ending in o have -es. I go he goes I do she does 3 When a verb ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to -ies. I hurry he hurries I copy she copies 2 Whe do not change y after a vowel. I stay he stays I enjoy he enjoys When to use the Present Simple The Present simple generally refers to: · Facts that are always true Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. · Habits and repeated actions British people drink a lot of tea.
Rhyme is regular sound repetition occurring at the end of poetic lines (rhyming words have similar or identical sound combinations). Full rhyme identical sounds (last stressed vowel and following consonant) tide-side, cold-gold. Incomplete rhyme derived from full rhyme. Vowel rhyme identical vowels and different consonants pen-best. Consonant rhyme identical consonants and different vowels love-live. Compound rhyme made up of 2 or more words united by single stress women=two men. Eye-rhyme contains identical letters while vowels are pronounced differently farm-warm. Internal rhyme occurs within a poetic line. Head rhyme connects the end of a line with the beginning of the next one by similar sound combinations. Couplet rhyme 2 lines are rhythmically linked by the final rhyme: a a. Cross rhyme rhyming combination: a b a b. Frame rhyme - rhyming combination: a b b a. Triple rhyme - rhyming combination: a a a....
research several times. One of the main differences between the researches is that while Munson et al included bisexual men and women, and also Lesbians, Erik.C. Tracy worked solely with the topic of gay men. Both, however, did their research on American English. As to the conclusions: * Yes, listeners can distinguish between LGB and heterosexual men and women. * Listeners rely more on vowels than consonants, and of those, only few. * The /s/ is the most important consonant when making a judgment. (also deriving from this topic, see "gay lisp" there were some excellent articles about that, too, but unfortunately they were about a research done in Belgium). But only if you are male. (Apparently there is a "gay lisp", but no "lesbian lisp", although that would sound much better.) * Higher frequency in men and lower in women's case makes the listeners distinguish them as part of the LGB group. So does more technical or sophisticated way of speech. (From previous
com/watch? v=PsfQESpi-Ec, accessed January 19, 2016. University of Manitoba. 2014. Describing English Vowels. Available at http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/phonetics/articulation/describing-vowels.html, accessed January 19, 2016. Michigan State University. 2003. Phonetics: the physical part of speech, again. Available at https://www.msu.edu/course/lin/401/fs03-s2/phonetics-lecture2.pdf, accessed January 19, 2016. FORTIS CONSONANTS A fortis consonant is a “strong” consonant produced by increased tension in the vocal apparatus. These strong consonants tend to be long, voiceless, aspirated, and high. With fortis consonants, following thumb rules stay true: articulation with more muscular effort and greater breath force, voiceless in all positions, fortis plosives are aspirated in syllable-initial position, vowels are shortened before a fortis consonant. Example: voiceless [bb ] is "lenis", whereas [p] is "fortis"
ɪə - beard, fierce eɪ - paid, pain eə - aired, cairn aɪ - time, nice ᴜə - moored, tour ɔɪ - void, voice əᴜ - houm, load aᴜ - loud, grown, house Triphthongs are sounds consisting of 3 vowels. They form when adding schwa to the 5 closing diphthongs. A stop consonant aka a plosive is a consonant articulation which stops the airflow completely – air can’t escape through the mouth. When the blockage is released a burst of air is released with a sound (plosion). Plosives divide into: Bilabial – the stop is made by two contracting lips Alveolar- the stop is made by the tongue touching the alveolar ridge Velar – the stop is made with the velum aka soft palate Fortis – aspirated consonants
The superlative degree is usually used with the definite article the. Formation of comparatives and superlatives from adjectives and adverbs: Adjectives 1) one-syllable Adjectives • for one-syllable adjectives, add –er to form the comparative and -est to form the superlative: sweet sweeter the sweetest If an adjective ends with a mute –e, it is omitted: late later the latest NOTE! For one-syllable adjectives ending in a vowel + consonant, we double the consonant: big bigger the biggest • with one-syllable adjectives ending in –ed we use more and most pleased more pleased most pleased 2 2) two-syllable Adjectives • with two-syllable adjectives ending in –ly, -y, -w, we also add –er/-est narrow narrower the narrowest NOTE
NOUN PLURAL Noun type Forming the plural Examples Ends with -s, -x, -ch or -sh Add -es boss - bosses tax - taxes bush - bushes consonant + y Change y to i then Add -es fly - flies try - tries curry - curries most others Add -s cat - cats face - faces day - days Ends with -fe Change f to v then Add -s knife - knives life - lives wife ...
Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax: clauses were joined much simpler than nowadays, using and, then etc. Because of case syncretion the word order in a sentence became much more important to be able to tell the difference between words. FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT (GRIMM'S LAW) Grimm's Law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or Rask's rule) is a set of statements named after Jakob Grimm describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic (the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo- European family) in the 1st millennium BC. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives and the stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European
ERSO on väiksesest raadioorkestrist kasvanud Eesti esindusorkestriks, mis on viimastel aastatel oma rahvusvahelist haaret kõvasti laiendanud. ERSO plaadistuste head kvaliteeti on mainitud mitmetes tuntud muusikaajakirjades ning sellega on kaasnenud ka olulised auhinnad. Kõige mainekam auhind on pälvitud 2004. aastal Grammy Sibeliuse kantaatide salvestuse eest. Plaadistatud on ka firmadele Alba Records, BIS, Antes Edition, Ondine, Finladia Records, Consonant Works, Melodija jt. Eesti Riikliku Sümfooniaorkestri esinemispaigad väljaspool Eestit on ka järjest väärikamaks muutunud. 2009. aasta Märtsis anti kuu aja jooksul 18 kontserti Ameerika Ühendriikides. ERSO on käinud mitmetel välisturneedel Rumeenias, Bulgaarias, Kuveidis, Saksamaal, Kanadas, Rootsis, Soomes, Poolas, Sveitsis, Hispaanias, Venemaal ja mujal. Kontserdil esitati Beethoveni kolm teost: avamäng ,,Coriolan", Klaverikontsert nr 5 ja Sümfoonia nr 5
Example: He's in church/college/jail/class. · Is not used with meals. Example: Breakfast was delicious. · Is not used with diseases. Example: She has cancer. · Is not used with time of day. Example: We'll be there around midnight. · Is not used when you are speaking about transport. Example: He comes to work by taxi. A/an Using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word. · a is used before singular countable nouns which begin with a consonant sound. Examples: a boy, a car, a bike, a zoo, a union, a house · an is used before singular countable nouns which begin with a vowel sound. Examples: an elephant, an egg, an apple, an orphan, an army · Is used when referring to an unspecified thing. Exmaple: Mary really wants a dog for Christmas. "When I was at the zoo, I saw an elephant!" · Is used with singular countable nouns when we want to say what sombody/something is or what someone's job is.
Tartu dialect Commonly used the,,na" indirect speech identifier: olevat>olna, kirjutavat>kirjutana de-liiative ending : pudelisse>pudelide Strong i-plural : lehtedest>lehtist Mulgi dialect Instead of E the presence of A : kirjutama>kirjuteme Words don´t start with H :hobune>obene, haukama>aukame Occurance of E-plural : rihmade > rihme, poegadel > poigel The first letter disappears from words beginning with a consonant : trepp>repp, klaas>laas, pliiats>liiats. Võru dialect he-ending in illative declination : hoonesse>huunõhe Presense of H in inessiive declination: metsas>mõtsah Vocalharmony : kõnelema>kõnõlõma NUMBRID Phrases 1 üt miä? - mis? / what? 2 kat kiä? - kes? / who? 3 kolm Kuis? - kuidas? /how?
Similar way of life Different varieties of the same Germanic language The Danes soon converted to Christianity By the end of the 10th c, England was a united kingdom with a Germanic culture throughout Most of Scotland united (at least in name) in a (Celtic) Gaelic kingdom Anglo-Saxon verse No rhyme nor regular number of syllables in a line, rhythm is important. The stressed syllables in a line usually begin with the same consonant alliteration. A line is divided into two half-lines by a pause a caesura, it is a natural place for a stop. Parallelism the repetition of the same idea in a different form. Many nouns and names substituted with metaphors and kennings. sea: salt-streams, sail-road, wave-deeps warriors: the famous-for-prowess, heroes-in-battle, the cased-in- helmets king: ring-prince, folk-leader, folk-chief Anglo-Saxon verse
Wind in warm wan weather .. (S.T.Coleridge) Another function of alliteration lies in connecting words by similarity of sound so that you are made to think of their possible connections: Good-bye, to Flattery's fawning face; To Grandeur with his wise grimace ..(Emerson) There have been attempts to define the expressive value of separate sounds. It has been noted, for instance, that the sounds l, m, n suggest slowness and peacefulness. An exhaustive study of consonants and some consonant clusters has been conducted by Marjorie Boulton who claims the following: B and p suggest quickness, movement, triviality, scorn; M, n, ng provide various effects of humming, singing, music, occasionally sinister L suggests liquids in motion, streams, water, rest, peace, luxury K, g, st, ts, ch suggest harshness, violence, cruelty, discomfort, noise, conflict S, sh hissing, also soft and soothing sounds Z appears in contexts of harshness
Clip-clop, clitter-clatter, obladi oblada fewer initial consonants – more initial consonants • long and strong, by hook or by crook • ähkis ja puhkis Fewer final consonants – more final consonants • odds and ends, safe and sound • õde ja vend, a less obstruent initial consonant – a more obstruent luu ja nahk initial consonant Hierarchy of obstruency glides – liquids – a more obstruent single final consonant – a less obstruent nasals- spirants – stops single final consonant Wear and tear, willy-nilly kith and kin, push and pull 47. Phrasal verbs
o Adults precede non-adults father and son; men, women, and children o Males precede females man and woman, Adam and Eve, brother and sister Short-long principle – monosyllable or polysyllable always comes first o bits and pieces Short monophtong – long vowel/diphtong o Trick or treat, stress and strain Fewer initial consonants – more initial consonants o long and strong, Less obstruent initial consonant – more obstruent initial consonant o Willy nilly, wear and tear Higher vowel – lower vowel o Zig-zag, click-clack, tick-tock, obladi-oblada Fewer final consonants – more final consonants o Odds and ends, safe and sound, More obstruent single final consonant – less obstruent single final consonant o Kith and kin, thick and thin, push and pull 49. Phrasal verbs
Plural of nouns nimisõnade mitmus - s a window windows a student students a key keys, a roof roofs -es sõna lõpulisetele ch, sh, s, ss, x, o A watch- watches, a bush- bushes, a bus buses, a class classes, a fox foxes, a potato potatoes, a tomato- tomatoes, a book books, a key keys, a box boxes, miss misses, wash-washes, mix-mixes, go-goes, do-does. -ies consonant +-y a country countries, a diary- diaries, a boy boys, a dictionary dictionaries, try tries, play-plaies. -ves lõpulistele f, -fe a leaf leaves , a wolf wolves, a knife knives, a life lives Irregular nouns a man men, a woman women, a child children, a person people, a sheep sheep, a tooth feet, a mouse mice, a goose geese Pronouns Personal : Possessive possessive Object
Kui kuuldeaparaat võimendab ka taustamüra, siis sisekõrva implantaadiga lastel on raske püsida teemal. Samas mõlemad parandavad tunduvalt laste kõnetaset. 7 Kasutatud kirjandus Crosson, J. & Geers, A. (2001). Analysis of Narrative Ability in Children with Cochlear Implants. Ear & Hearing, 22(5), 381–394 Ertmer, D. J., Kloiber, D. T., Jung, J., Kirleis, K. C. & Bradford, D. (2012). Consonant Production Accuracy in Young Cochlear Implant Recipients: Developmental Sound Classes and Word Position Effects. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 21(4), 342-353 Kuuldeaparaadid (s.a.). Külastatud aadressil: http://www.vaegkuuljad.ee/vana/index.html? http://www.vaegkuuljad.ee/vana/lehed/kuulmisabi/kuuldeaparaadid.html Kuulmisabivahendid (s.a.) Külastatud aadressil: http://www.eklvl.ee/kuulmispuudest/kuulmisabivahendid/
FONEETIKA EKSAMI KORDAMISKÜSIMUSED 1) Mis on keel, kõne? Keel on häälduslikel üksustel rajanev märgisüsteem, mida kasutatakse suhtlemiseks Keelel on kaks olemisvormi: 1. keel kui süsteem, mis eksisteerib ajus märkide ja reeglite kogumina 2. keel kui protsess, st keel ilmneb kõnetegevuse kaudu Keele esmane avaldumisvorm on suuline kõne Kõne on keele kui märgisüsteemi kasutamine rääkimisel (suuline kõne), kirjutamisel (kirjalik kõne), mõtlemisel(sisekõne) · Kõnevõime on sünnipärane · Kõneoskus ei ole kaasasündinud, vaid omandatakse suhtluses teiste inimestega 2. Millistest etappidest koosneb kõneakt? 1. Mõte 2. Keeleline vorm 3. Närvisignaalid 4. Häälduselundite tegevus 5. Õhuosakeste võnkumine 6. Kõrva tegevus 7. Närvisignaalid 8. Keeleline vorm 9. Mõte Kõneakt · Rääkimise ajal aktiveerub ~ 100 lihast · Kopsudest tulev õhuvool tekitab häälekurdudest allpool ülerõhu; häälekurrud eemalduvad teineteisest ja õhuvool pääseb neelu-, suu- j...
1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, Andrew is always coming late. -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third SPELLING: person. stop – stopping; run – running; begin – •go – goes •kiss – kisses beginning •catch – catches •fix – fixes lie – lying •wash – washes •buzz – buzzes make - making 2. For verbs that end in a consonant + SIGNAL WORDS Y, we remove the Y and add -IES. at the moment •marry – marries •study – now studies at present NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + (tonight; today; this weekend; Y, we just add -S. tomorrow) •play – plays Listen! QUESTIONS and NEGATIVE Look! SENTENCES •You don't speak Arabic.
................................................. 5 Names that take the Definite Article...................................... 6 No article.............................................................................. 7 Countable and uncountable nouns ....................................... 9 General Rules There are two articles in the English language – the Indefinite Article and the Definite Article. The Indefinite Article has two forms – a and an (a precedes words beginning with a consonant sound and an precedes words beginning with a vowel sound). It comes from the Old English word ãn, which meant one. The Definite Article is the. It comes from the Old English word ţis, which meant this. Thus, in most general terms, a and an cannot be used with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns. Countable nouns are names of the things you can count (one elephant, two elephants, three elephants, etc). Uncountable nouns are names of the things you cannot normally count
Assonance Apokoinu Run-on line Rhyme: Gap-sentence link Stanza: Full Framing Heroic couplet Incomplete Anadiplosis Ballad stanza Vowel Tautology Spenserian stanza Consonant Polysyndeton Ottava rima Compound Inversion Sonnet: Eye-rhyme Detachment Italian Internal Antithesis Shakespearean Head r. Chiasmus Blank verse Couplet r. Anaphora Limerick
the comparative, and -st to form the superlative. For example: Comparative Superlative close closer closest large larger largest safe safer safest wide wider widest 4Some adjectives have only one syllable, end with a consonant, and have a single vowel before the consonant. With these adjectives, double the last letter before adding er to form the comparative, and -est to form the superlative. For example: Comparative Superlative big bigger biggest dim dimmer dimmest mad madder maddest
byt' est' hodit' idti shol, shla. horoshij luchij Essentially the same words suppletive in various languages, including non-related ones. The most common words (`good', `to be', `to go', `much', "people", etc). General principle: the more frequently used a word, the more one can "afford" it to be irregular/non-iconic. Suppletion perhaps the most drastic form of irregularity/iconicity), covers mainly the most frequent words Metathesis-Two sounds, at least one of which is a consonant, change places inside a word. When one of the sounds is a vowel,the other is usually /r/. Fyrst/first/frist a typical case of metathesis.Another case in the passage: beorht/briht.Metathesis present in many languages, a universal phenomenon. For Instance, Proto-Indo-European had tworoots *spek- and the metathetical *skep-, both with the basic meaning of "look, observe, examine". The first is behind Latin words that produced such English loans as spectacle, spectator, expect,
english-4u.de/plural_ex6. htm Singular + s parrot – parrots apple – apples girl – girls Words ending with y if a consonant is written before. ----> ies lolly – lollies story – stories strawberry – strawberries but: boy – boys toy - toys bay - bays Words ending with ch, x, s, sh, o ----> es
Swimming = indirect object of the verb gives. When Francisco wore dive fins to class, everyone knew that he was devoted to swimming. Swimming = object of the preposition to. indefinite article In English, the two indefinite articles are a and an. Like other articles, indefinite articles are invariable. You use one or the other, depending on the first letter of the word following the article, for pronunciation reasons. Use a when the next word starts with a consonant, or before words starting in u and eu when they sound like you. Use an when the next word starts with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or with a mute h. The indefinite article is used to refer to something for the first time or to refer to a particular member of a group or class. movement verb position verb possessive determiner In English grammar, a possessive determiner is a type of function word used in front of a noun to express possession or belonging (as in "my phone").
Noun plus gerund (nt, smoking room) Noun plus verb (nt, search light) For example: forget -me not formed a compound out of a sentence. It's a syntactic word building (ehk compression) Derivational compounds are compound derivatives (nt, black heared boy). Compounds may be based on reduplication (nt, hush-hush, murmur). Ironic words (nt, pretty-pretty), ablaut combinations two parts with same consonant sounds but different vowels (nt, chit-chat foolish talking). There is also rhyming combinations (hoity-toity) 10. Conversion is a non affixal formation of words. (zero derivation) . Conversion is using a word of one part of speech as a word of some other part of speech. Words with complex structure are not converted as a rule. (nt, childhood, friendship) Noun becomes a verb (anger, to anger)- that's the basic model of conversion Adj becomes a verb (to thin, to slow, to equal)
liquids in motion, streams, water, rest, peace, luxury, voluptuousness; f and w - and to a lesser extent v, suggest wind and any motion of a light kind; th - tends to be quiet and soothing (). ASSONANCE - it is resemblance or similarity in sound between vowels followed by different consonants in two or more stressed syllables. Assonance differs from RHYME in that RHYME is a similarity of vowel and consonant. "Lake" and "fake" demonstrate RHYME; "lake" and "fate" assonance. Assonance or vocalic alliteration enhances () the rhythmical pattern. It has melodious and emphatic qualities. Normally, assonance does not appear alone: it is accompanied by other means of sound orchestration, i.e. alliteration, rhyme , etc. There have been attempts to relate vowel sounds to the meaning they convey. The sound [i], for example, either alone or in diphthongs, is said to produce the
friendship, hope, education Abstract nouns can have countable and uncountable uses. acronym akronüüm A type of abbreviation where the initial letters of two or RAM: random access memory; more words are combined to produce consonant and NATO: North Atlantic Treaty vowel sequences that can be pronounced as words. Organisation; AIDS 6 Grammatical Terminology active voice aktiiv The terms active voice and passive voice refer to the The thief had stolen all my money. form of a verb
Used natively by only 3-5% of the population of England. RP has a large number of diphthongs and not a particularly close relationship to English orthography. RP is a social accent, rather than regional, and is associated particularly with the upper-middle and upper classes. Some features: · The /i:/ of bee, rather than the // of be, occurs in the final syllable of very, many, etc. · The vowel // in unstressed syllables (in RP) often corresponds to // (in near-RP accents). · The consonant /t/ may be realized as a glottal stop [?]. · Most EngEng accents have lost the original contrast. · Some English accents are ,,rhotic" or ,,r-ful" and others are ,,non-rhotic" or ,,r-less". 3. Estuary English - a dialect of English widely spoken in South East England. IT is commong among young Londoners. Something between RP and Cockney. Some features: · Non-rhotic · They use intrusive / r / · They use the broad / a: / sound
or at other, symmetrically placed stretches of a poem. Rhyming words are often situated at a regular distance from each other. Rhyme is the most obvious regular sound pattern in poetry that helps to structure ideas by linking lines together through similarities in the sounds of correlated words. Rhyming words have either similar or identical sound combinations. Full rhymes--repetition of the last stressed vowel and the following consonant (miss- kiss, mellow-yellow) Incomplete rhymes--require identical vowels, whereas consonants are different (pen- best, balm-path) Consonant rhymes--consist of identical consonants and dissimilar vowels (live-love, crisp-grasp) Compound rhymes--made up of two or more words, united by a single stress, that reproduce the sound form of a correlated word (women-two men, bottom-forget'em). These rhymes evoke a humorous response and add colloquial touch to the text.
the Slavic languages. It is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers and the seventh by total number of speakers. The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English. Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. Almost every consonant has a hard or a soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Stress, which is unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically. though an optional acute accent ( , znak udareniya) may be used to mark stress, such as to distinguish between homographic words, for example
conocer - to know people saber - to know facts conozco conocemos sé sabemos conoces conocéis sabes sabéis conoce conocen sabe saben 19. Formation of Plural Nouns 1. If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa las casas 2. If a singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural: el papel los papeles 3. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the plural: la luz las luces 4. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the plural: el lápiz los lápices 20. Possessive Adjectives Initial Forms Terminal Forms
subsequent solutions pro vided the Germans with information about Russian war production and army activities. [Codebreakers 220.jpg] Pers z solution of an encoded message of Robert Murphy to the State Department dealing with highly secret negotiations with General Weygand in North Africa in 1941 Pers z was an old hand at reading American codes. It had long studied the American superencipherment. The codewords were only of the cucuc and cuccu types (c = consonant, v = vowel); to encipher, the code clerk split them into a single consonant and two cu or uc groups, then replaced these segments with substitutes from the appropriate tables. This superencipherment left the cucuc and cuccu configuration of the codegroup unchanged, and this regularity enabled the Pers z mathematicians to break first into this original system and, in 1940, into a modification of it._ Ironically, changes of superencipherment within a
literature as "consonant decisions," decisions we make to be aligned with a prior decision. Take the pressure off and do something small. Take the pressure off and do something small. Remember our target to log ve sessions of new behaviors? It's the ve sessions that are important, not the duration of those sessions. Rig the game so you can win. Do what's needed to make those rst ve sessions as painless as possible. Five snow akes are all you need to start the snowball effect of consonant decisions. Take the pressure o and put in your ve easy sessions, whether meals or workouts. The rest will take care of itself. In 2008, a 258-pound Phil Libin decided to experiment with laziness. He wanted to lose weight. This is common. As is also common, he wasn't particularly keen on diet or exercise. He'd tried both o and on for years. The intermittent four- to eight-week programs helped him drop pounds--and then his other behaviors helped him gain them back even faster.
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