Vajad kellegagi rääkida?
Küsi julgelt abi LasteAbi
Logi sisse

Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted (0)

1 Hindamata
Punktid
ühiskond - Isegi need väikesed ühiskonnad, millesse laps kõige enne sisse kasvab – perekond ja mänguseltskond, on talle tähtsad vaid üksikvahekordade kaudu
Established   church  The Church of England  is the established church, which means  that:
1.)the  Monarch is the Supreme Governor of the church,
2.)the Church performs a number of official   functions ,
3.)Church and State are  linked .
To disestablish Disestablishmentarianism refers to campaigns to sever  links   between  church
and state, particularly in relation to the Church of England as an established church.
It was initially a  movement  in the United Kingdom in the  18th   century . The established churches
in  Wales  and  Ireland   could  not  count  on  even   nominal  adherence by a  majority  of the population
of those countries. In Ireland, the predominantly Roman  Catholic  population campaigned against
the  position  of the established Anglican Church of Ireland - eventually disestablished in Ireland
from 1 January  1871.
broad  church The Church of England is a broad church, representing a  wide  spectrum of
theological  thought  and practice
The Church of England is a broad church, representing a wide spectrum of theological
thought   and   practice.    Within    the   Church   "High   Church"   and   "Low   Church"   wings   can   be
identified. The  former  are also  known  as Anglo-Catholic and the  latter  as Evangelical theologies
and  practices .
Anglican   church(es)  The Anglican   Communion is   an   international    association    of
independent   churches   consisting   of   the Church   of   England and   national   and
regional Anglican churches in  full  communion with it. Full participation in the sacramental life
of each church is  available  to all communicant Anglicans.
The  Kirk  = the Church of  Scotland  is Presbyterian in its structure, governed by a system
of  local , regional and national 'courts' or councils. 'Presbyterian'  government  refers to the  sharing
of  authority  in the church by an equal number of 'elders' (elected from the  membership  of the
church) and ministers.
Evangelical = low church The Low Church movement can  trace  its  roots   back  to the  early
18th century but is primarily associated with the opposition to the Anglo-Catholic movement of
the  later   19th  century. Low Church placed great  emphasis  on preaching, personal piety and the
authority of scripture and  gave  much less  importance  to the  orders  of priesthood and episcopacy.
Anglo-Catholic = high church  High Church is the older of the two  terms  and was  first
applied in the  late  17th century to those individuals who were opposed to the  Puritan  wing of the
Church of England. It is first and foremost associated with the Anglo-Catholic movement of the
later 19th century (from 1833 onwards). High Churchmen placed great emphasis on liturgy and
the sacraments, especially the weekly or  daily   celebration  of the Eucharist as well as on the three
orders of ministry (deacon,  priest  and bishop).
Archbishop  In Christianity,   an archbishop is   a bishop of    higher     rank    or   office.
Like popes, patriarchs, metropolitans, cardinal bishops, diocesan bishops, and suffragan bishops,
archbishops   are   in   the    highest    of   the   three    traditional  orders of   bishops, priests,   also
called presbyters,   and deacons.  An   archbishop   may  be    granted    the   title,   or ordained as    chief
pastor of a metropolitan see or another  episcopal see to which the title of archbishop is attached.
Bishop is an ordained or consecrated  member  of the  Christian  clergy who is generally entrusted
with   a   position   of   authority   and   oversight.   Some Protestant churches    including
the Lutheran and Methodist churches have bishops serving  similar  functions as well, though not
always    understood    to   be   within apostolic   succession in   the    same    way.   One   who   has   been
ordained deacon, priest, and then bishop is understood to  hold  the fullness of the (ministerial)
priesthood,    given   responsibility  by   Christ   to  govern,    teach    and  sanctify  the  Body  of  Christ,
members  of the Faithful. Priests, deacons and lay ministers cooperate and  assist  their bishop(s) in
shepherding a  flock .
Vicar/   priest  is   a   representative,    deputy   or   substitute;    anyone     acting    "in   the    person    of"
or  agent  for   a    superior    ( compare    " vicarious "   in   the    sense    of   "at   second    hand ").
Linguistically, vicar is cognate with the  English prefix  " vice ", similarly   meaning "deputy". 
Minister  In Christianity,   a minister is    someone    who   is   authorized   by   a church,   or    other
religious  organization, to  perform  functions  such  as teaching of beliefs;  leading   services  such
as weddings, baptisms or funerals; or otherwise providing  spiritual  guidance to the community.
The    term    is   taken   from Latin minister ("servant",   "attendant"),   which   itself   was   derived
from  minus  ("less").[1]
In Catholic churches, the  concept  of a priesthood is emphasised. In Protestant churches, the title
usually  refers to a member of the ordained clergy who leads a congregation or participates in a
role  in a parachurch ministry; such a person may also be called a presbyter, pastor,  preacher ,
bishop, chaplain or elder.
Nonconformists In English church history, a nonconformist was a Protestant  Christian  who
did not "conform" to the governance and usages of the established Church of England. 
Free Churches  A "free church" is a Christian denomination or independent church that is
intrinsically separate from government (as opposed to a theocracy, or an "established" or state
church). They operate under the  guidelines  of  complete  separation of church and state. A free
church does not  define  government  policy , and a free church does not  accept  church theology or
policy definitions from the government. A free church also does not  seek  or receive government
endorsements or funding to  carry  out its  work .
Maintained  schools  funded by the stateSchools maintained by the local education authority
(LEA, or, in  Northern  Ireland, by Education Authority). Some of those schools are voluntary
schools 
(also   known   as religious   schools or  faith    schools)   where the    land    and   buildings   are
owned  by a  charity , often a religious  organisation  such as a church, but the school is at  least
partly  funded by the local education authority. In all state schools,  students  must  follow  the
National  Curriculum
.
Independent schools  independent fee-charging schools.  Schools that are independent of
local   or   central   government    control ;   private   schools   •   financed   by   fees   and    endowments   
financially independent
Public schools = now a somewhat archaic term for the oldest, most exclusive and  expensive
of   the    boys '   independent   secondary   boarding   schools   (some   are   now   at   least   partly   co-
educational). 
The National Curriculum  was introduced into England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a
nationwide  curriculum for  primary  and secondary state schools  following  the Education  Reform
Act   (1988).   Notwithstanding   its   name,   it   does   not    apply    to independent
schools.Academies and free schools may also set their own curricula, though many  choose  to
follow the National Curriculum.
The  purpose  of the National Curriculum was to standardise the content taught  across  schools to
enable     assessment ,   which   in    turn    enabled   the    compilation    of league   tables detailing   the
assessment statistics for each school.  These  league tables, together with the  provision  to  parents
of some  degree  of  choice  in assignment of the school for their  child  (also legislated in the same
act) were intended to  encourage  a 'free  market ' by allowing parents to choose schools  based  on
their measured  ability  to teach the National Curriculum.
Whilst only certain  subjects  were  included  at first, in subsequent  years  the curriculum grew to  fill
the  entire  teaching time of most state schools.
The requirement for state schools to teach Religious Education predates the National Curriculum
as this was introduced in the Education Act (1944).
Key stages 1.)Pre-school education – Starting at the age of 3 or 4 at a  nursery  school or in the
nursery  class  at a primary school
 2.)Primary education – England and Wales: from age 5 to age 11 – Scotland: from age 5 to age
12 – Northern Ireland: from age 4 to age 11
 3.)Secondary education: up to age 16 
4.)  Further  education (FE) – education and training that  takes   place  after the schoolleaving age of
16 (vocational, academic,  socialphysical  and recreational courses) 
5.)Higher education (HE) – education and training that takes place at  universities , colleges and
institutes offering  studies  at degree level
Core    subjects  The   Curriculum  for   Excellence   –   3  core   subjects:   health   and   well-being,
literacy  and numeracy. – Schools are free to: • introduce  projects  that use  skills  and  knowledge
from more  than  one  subject , leading to joined-up  learning  • teach about people and  places  from
their local area • ask pupils  about  areas  they’re interested in studying
Foundation subjects computing, physical education, citizenship
GCSE  The General   Certificate   of   Secondary   Education (GCSE)   is   an   academically
rigorous,   internationally   (by  Commonwealth    countries with   education   systems   similar   or
identical to the UK education system) recognised qualification awarded in a specified subject,
generally   taken   in   a   number   of   subjects   by   pupils   in secondary
education in England and Wales over two years (three years in certain schools). It was introduced
in the UK in 1988 to replace  O-level and CSE examinations.
One of the main  changes  to  previous  educational qualifications in the United Kingdom was to
allow  pupils to complete coursework  during  their two years of  study , which was marked by their
teachers and contributed to their  final  examination  gradeThere  has been a  move  recently from
doing coursework and modular examinations for  part  of the  course  when pupils would take
exams   throughout  the course to an end of  year   exam  after the two years of study (a ' linear '
series). The exams are being revised to make  them  more difficult such as testing skills from a
whole  text in English instead of part of a text. Coursework has now been replaced by Controlled
Assessments in certain subjects, in which the  student  completes a number of assessed pieces of
work which will ultimately count towards their final examination grade in the specified subject.
The Controlled Assessment  component  of the qualification is usually  done  under exam-style
conditions . After  major  GCSE reforms, coursework/controlled assessment generally have  little  to
no influence  on the final grade as opposed to the past.
The  Sixth  form Curriculum 2000 = new post-16 (Sixth Form) curriculum in England, Wales
and Northern Ireland introduced in September 2000 – Aim: to make all A-level programmes
broader, offering  greater  flexibility whilst maintaining depth – Includes A levels, vocational A
levels and a key skills qualification – A Level = AS ( Advanced  Subsidiary) level + A2 – AS level
can be either a free-standing qualification, or the first  half  of the full A level, taken in the first
year. – A2  not a separate qualification, but the second half of the A level,  designed  to deepen the
knowledge gained in the first year
AS levels AS level can be either a free-standing qualification, or the first half of the full A
level, taken in the first year. – A2  not a separate qualification, but the second half of the A level,
designed to deepen the knowledge gained in the first year • about 80 AS and A level subjects
available
A levels Introduced in 1951 as a two-year course; the main route into higher education • 1987 
AS levels introduced to give students more choice – 2 AS = 1 A level • Curriculum 2000 = new
post-16   (Sixth   Form)   curriculum   in   England,   Wales   and   Northern   Ireland   introduced   in
September 2000 – Aim: to make all A-level programmes broader, offering greater flexibility
whilst maintaining depth – Includes A levels, vocational A levels and a key skills qualification
Further education First three years of secondary education (S1-S3) are describd as a "broad
general education“ • At the  beginning  of fourth year, students  begin  studying for the National 4
and 5 qualifications. – The N4 does not  involve   formal  exams at the end of the course - these
courses rely on  continuous  assessment. – The National 5 is the more academically advanced of
the qualifications and students have formal exams. • S5 and S6: Higher and Advanced Higher
education courses –  five  levels:  accessintermediate  1, intermediate 2, higher and advanced
higher – assessed internally and by  external  assessment from the SQA (=  Scottish  Qualifications
Authority)
Higher education Universities are the main providers of higher education in the UK. They
vary   greatly  in the kind of courses they teach and in the way they organise their work, but they
are  all self-governing and independent and  award  degrees. An institution  is granted  university
status  by a  royal  charter  granted by the  Privy   Council . Read Privy Council:  Guide  to its origins,
powers and members on the BBC  website  to  find  out what the Privy Council is, what it does and
who   can   be   its   member.  165   higher   education    institutions    including   universities,   university
colleges, specialist  higher education institutions and other higher education colleges
UCAS  The Universities   and   Colleges   Admissions    Service  (UCAS)   is   a   UK-based
organisation  whose  main role is to operate the  application   process  for  British  universities. It
operates as an independent charity, funded by fees charged to applicants and to universities,  plus
advertising    income,   and   was    formed    in   1992    through    the   merger   of   the   former   university
admissions system UCCA and the former polytechnics admissions system PCAS.
Clearing  is a way of matching universities needing students to students needing a university,
and in  2016  it opened on Tuesday 5 July. If you didn’t receive an  offer  from any of the five
universities you applied to, or find on  results  day that you didn’t get the grades you needed to
reach your Firm  or Insurance  choices, UCAS Clearing is your second chance  of getting a place at
university.
Clearing is also available for students who  already  have their results and are not  holding  an offer
at a UK University – if you apply to university for  2016  entry after 30 June 2016 you are
automatically entered into clearing. 
Gap year In the professional or  career  world, a gap year is a year  before   going  to college or
university and after  finishing  high school or  taking  a year off before going into graduate school
after completing a bachelor as an undergraduate. It is also known as a sabbatical year. During
this time students may  engage  in advanced academic courses,  extra -academic courses and non-
academic courses, such as yearlong pre-college  math  courses,  language  studies, learning a trade,
art studies, volunteer work, travel , internships, sports  and more.
Gap years are sometimes urged as a way for students to become independent and learn a great
deal of responsibility  prior  to engaging in university life.[1]
Oxbridge  is a portmanteau (blend word) of the University of  Oxford  and the University of
Cambridge in the United Kingdom. The term is used to  refer  to them collectively in  contrast  to
other British universities and more broadly to  describe  characteristics reminiscent of them, often
with implications of superior social or intellectual status.[1]
Civic universities - Red  brick  university (or redbrick university) is a term originally
used to refer to six civic universities  founded  in the major industrial cities of Great  Britain  in the
19th century. The term is now used more broadly to refer to British universities founded in the
late 19th and early 20th  centuries  in major cities.[1] All of the six  original  redbrick institutions, or
their    predecessor    institutes,   gained   university   status   before World   War   I and   were   initially
established as civic  science  or engineering colleges.[2][3][4][5][6][7]
Plate- glass    universities   =   campus   universities  The   term plate   glass
university
 (or plateglass university or plate-glass university) refers to a group of universities
established  or expanded  in the  United  Kingdom during  the  mid-twentieth  century.   In 1963,
the Robbins    Report  on   higher  education   recommended   a   major   expansion   of   the   British
university   system,   which   was   realised   through   the    establishment    of    nine     completely    new
universities and the conversion of the ten existing Colleges of Advanced  Technology  into full
universities. Keele University was established in 1949 but has a similar history and is usually
considered  part of this group as well.  While  the Robbins Report was  responsible  for the broader
policy   that   governed   the   early    development    of   these   institutions  Lord    Robbins was   not
responsible for most of the  individual  institutions as many applications for reclassification had
already been accepted by the University Grants  Committee  in the later 1950s/early 1960s.
New universities = post-1992 universities  The term new universities has been used
informally to refer to  several   different  waves of new universities created or renamed as such in
the   United   Kingdom.   Currently,   the   term   is   synonymous   with   post-1992   universities   and
sometimes modern universities, referring to any of the former polytechnics, central institutions or
colleges of higher education that were given university status by John Major's government in
1992 (through the Further and Higher Education Act 1992) – as well as colleges that have been
granted university status  since  then. Though  referred  to as new or modern, some were founded
without  university status as Polytechnics in the early to mid 19th century, an example of which is
Royal London Polytechnic Institution which was established in 1838.
Freshers'   fair,  Student   orientation or new   student   orientation (often   encapsulated   into
an Orientation weekFrosh Week Welcome  Week[1] or Freshers' Week) is a  period  of time at
the beginning of the academic year at a university or other tertiary institution during which a
variety of  events  are  held  to orient and welcome new students. The name of the period varies by
country .
Although  usually  described  as a week, the  length  of this period varies widely from university to
university and country to country, ranging from about three  days  to a month or even more (e.g.
four  or five weeks, depending on  program , at Chalmers). The length of the week is often  affected
by each university's tradition as well as financial and physical  constraints . During this period,
students   participate   in   a   wide   range   of   social    activities ,   including    live    music   and   other
performances, sports challenges, stunts, and  open -air markets .
Vice-chancellor The Chancellor of the High  Court  is the head of the Chancery  Division  of
the High Court of Justice of England and Wales
The    Russell    Group  is   a   self-selected   association   of   twenty-four public research
universities  situated  in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in London and was
established in 1994 to  represent  its members' interests, principally to government and  parliament ;
nineteen smaller British research universities formed the 1994 Group in response, which has
since   dissolved.   In   2010,   Russell   Group   members    received    approximately   two-thirds   of   all
university research  grant  and contract income in the United Kingdom.[1] The group is widely
perceived  as representing the  best  universities in the country.[2]
Parliamentary  democracy  The UK is a parliamentary democracy: government is voted
into  power  by the people, to act in the interests of the people. Every  adult  has the right to  vote  -
known as ' universal  suffrage'. 
Constitutional monarchy The UK is also a constitutional monarchy - the head of state is
the monarch (currently  Queen  Elizabeth II), who remains politically  impartial  and with limited
powers.
The  single  most  important   fact  in  understanding  the  nature  of the British  political  system is its
fundamental  continuity. Britain has not had a  revolution  of the kind experienced by so many
other countries and Britain has not been invaded or occupied for almost  1,000 years.
Westminster  model  The  Palace  of Westminster, also known as the  Houses  of Parliament,
home to the UK Parliament = British Parliament = Westminster Parliament. Three constituent
parts • The Queen-in-Parliament (or  King -in-Parliament) – The House of Commons – The House
of  Lords  – The Monarch • The  evolution  of the Westminster model of Parliament –  transfer  of
authority from the  Crown  to Parliament – transfer of authority from the House of Lords to the
House of Commons – the development of a system of responsible government – the gradual
broadening of the right to vote into universal adult suffrage.
Uncodified constitution is a type of constitution where the fundamental  rules  often take the
form   of customs,  usage , precedent and   a   variety   of statutes and  legal    instruments.[1] An
understanding   of   the   constitution   is   obtained   through   reading    commentary    by   the  judiciary ,
government committees or legal experts. In such a constitutional system, all these  elements  may
be   (or   may   not   be)   recognized   by courts, legislators and   the bureaucracy as   binding    upon
government   and   limiting   its   powers.  Such   a   framework    is   sometimes   imprecisely  called   an
"unwritten constitution";  however , all the elements of an uncodified constitution are  typically
written down in a variety of official documents, though not codified in a single  document .
The  legislature   is a deliberative  assembly  with the authority to make  laws  for a political
entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments; in the
separation of powers model, they are often contrasted with the  executive  and  judicial  branches of
government.
Laws enacted by legislatures are known as  legislation . Legislatures observe and  steer  governing
actions  and usually have exclusive authority to  amend  the  budget  or budgets involved in the
process.
The members of a legislature are called legislators; in a democracy, legislators are almost always
elected.
The   executive  is   the   organ   that    exercises  authority in   and   holds responsibility for   the
governance of a state. The executive executes and enforces law.
In political   systems based   on   the   principle   of separation   of   powers, authority is   distributed
among    several   branches   (executive, legislative, judicial)   —   an   attempt   to    prevent    the
concentration  of power in the  hands  of a small group of people. In such a system, the executive
does not  pass  laws (the role of the legislature) or interpret them (the role of the judiciary).
Instead,   the   executive   enforces  the   law  as   written   by  the   legislature   and   interpreted   by  the
judiciary. The executive can be the source of certain  types  of law, such as a decree or executive
order . Executive bureaucracies are  commonly  the source of regulations.
The judiciary of the United Kingdom are the separate judiciaries of the three legal systems
in England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. However, the judges of the Supreme Court
of   the   United   Kingdom,   the  Special    Immigration   Appeals   Commission,  Employment
Tribunals , Employment   Appeal    Tribunal  and   the UK   tribunals   system do   have   a United
Kingdom-wide jurisdiction.
Queen-in-Parliament (or,   during   the    reign    of   a    male    monarch, King-in-Parliament),
sometimes referred to as the Crown-in-Parliament or, more fully, in the United Kingdom, as
the King/Queen in Parliament under God,[1][2][3] is a technical term of constitutional law in
the Commonwealth realms that refers to the Crown in its legislative role, acting with the  advice
and   consent of   the   parliament   (including,   if   the   parliament   is bicameral,    both    the  lower
house and  upper    house).  Bills   passed    by   the   houses   are    sent    to   the   sovereign,   or governor-
general, lieutenant-governor, or governor as her representative, for Royal Assent, which,  once
granted,    makes    the    bill    into   law;   these   primary    acts    of   legislation   are   known   as acts   of
parliament
. An act may also provide for secondary legislation, which can be made by the Crown,
subject to the  simple   approval , or the  lack of disapproval, of parliament.
To reign  Reign is a word that has traditionally been used to refer to time or period during
which a king or  emperor  occupied the throne. When used as time period or duration, reign
becomes a  noun . However, it is also used as a  verb  to  express  domination or control or even
influence of one or the other kind as in  violence  reigns,  poverty  reigns, etc. History books make
good  use of reign to refer to the time periods during which a  particular  king or queen remained
on the throne of a territory. For example, during the reign of Queen Victoria, reign of King
Phillip
, and so on. However, the word reign is also used to reflect the supremacy of a king or
queen   in  royal    rule   or  authority  as  in King   Edward  reigned.  Reign   is  also  used  to  indicate
something that is predominant or prevalent as in the reign of terror or panic  reigned.
To rule Rule is a word that is primarily used to refer to a set of regulations or guidelines that
are put in place within a place or aspect of life. For example, there are codes of conduct in
different places like hospitals, churches, libraries, schools, offices, etc. that is referred to as rules.
However, rule is also used to reflect the authority or supremacy of a person like a king or queen.
In this sense, rule becomes a synonym of govern and reminds one of governance. If one tries to
differentiate between rule and reign, he  finds  that a king rules during his reign.
Rule of law is a  phrase  that reflects the fact that no one is bigger than law in the place. If a
country is ruled by a dictator, it simply means that the dictator is bigger than all the laws of the
country.
Reign vs. Rule • Reign is used more for the time period during which a king or queen rules a
territory (reign of Queen Victoria). In this sense, it is a  noun .
When reign is used as a verb, it reflects the authority or supremacy of the king or the emperor
(King Edward reigned). This is where reign becomes a synonym of rule.
• Rule is a guideline or  code  of conduct to be followed in a place or situation, but it is also used
to reflect the authority or domination of a person as in rule of the dictator or king.
• Thus, one should reign when  talking  about the duration or time period during which a king sat
on the throne of a place.
The royal prerogative A series of  historic  powers officially held by the Queen that have, in
reality , been passed to politicians. • They enable  decisions  to be taken without the backing of, or
consultation with, Parliament.
Privy Counsellor/Councillor  Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, usually
known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United
Kingdom.   Its   membership   mainly   comprises senior   politicians,   who   are    present    or   former
members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords.
The Privy Council formally advises the sovereign on the  exercise  of the Royal Prerogative, and
corporately (as Queen-in-Council) it  issues  executive instruments known as Orders in Council,
which   among   other   powers  enact Acts   of  Parliament.  The   Council   also   holds  the   delegated
authority to  issue  Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The
Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special
status to  incorporated  bodies, and city or borough status to local authorities. Otherwise, the Privy
Council's powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.
Rt  Hon=Right   Honourable  The  Right   Honourable (The  Rt  Hon. or Rt   Hon.)   is  an
honorific style traditionally   applied   to   certain   persons   and   to   certain   collective   bodies   in
the United   Kingdom,  CanadaAustralia , New    Zealand ,   some   other Commonwealth   realms,
the Anglophone   Caribbean, Mauritius and    occasionally    elsewhere.   "Right"   in   this    context    is
an  adverb  meaning "to a great extent or degree".
Hon=Honourable
Lords Spiritual The Lords Spiritual of the United Kingdom, also called Spiritual Peers, are
the 26 bishops of the established Church of England who  serve  in the House of Lords  along  with
the Lords Temporal. The Church of Scotland, which is Presbyterian, and the Anglican churches
in Wales and Northern Ireland, which are no longer established churches, are not represented by
spiritual peers.
Lords Temporal In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Lords Temporal are secular
members of the House of Lords. The term is used to differentiate these members—who are
either life peers or hereditary peers, although the hereditary right to sit in the House of Lords was
abolished for all but ninety-two peers in 1999—from the Lords Spiritual, who sit in the House as
a consequence of being bishops in the Church of England.
Hereditary peers Hereditary peers form part of the peerage in the United Kingdom. There
are over  eight   hundred  peers who hold titles that may be inherited.[1] Formerly, most of them
were entitled to sit in the House of Lords, but since the House of Lords Act 1999 was passed,
only ninety-two are permitted to do so,  unless  they are also a life  peer .[2] Peers are called to the
House of Lords with a writ of summons.
Life peers  In the United Kingdom, life peers are appointed members of the peerage whose
titles  cannot  be inherited, in contrast to hereditary peers. In modern  times , life peerages, always
created at the rank of baron, are created under the Life Peerages Act 1958 and entitle the holders
to seats in the House of Lords, presuming they meet qualifications such as age and citizenship.
The legitimate  children  of a life peer enjoy the rank and style of children of hereditary peers,
being entitled to style themselves with the prefix "The Honourable," although they cannot inherit
the peerage itself.
Lord Speaker The Lord Speaker is the speaker of the House of Lords in the Parliament of
the United Kingdom. The office is analogous to the Speaker of the House of Commons: the Lord
Speaker   is  elected  by the members  of  the   House  of  Lords and   is   expected    to  be  politically
impartial.
Crossbenchers  crossbencher is   an   independent   or    minor     party    member   of   some
legislatures, such as the British House of Lords and in the Parliament of Australia. They take
their   name   from   the   crossbenches,   between   and   perpendicular   to   the   government
and opposition benches, where crossbenchers sit in the  chamber .
MP Member of Parliament (MP) is the representative of the voters to a parliament. In many
countries with bicameral parliaments, this  category  includes specifically members of the lower
house, as upper houses often have a different title.
The   Speaker  The   Speaker   of   the   House   of   Commons   chairs   debates   in   the   Commons
chamber. The  holder  of this office is an MP who has been elected to be Speaker by other
Members of Parliament. During debates they  keep order and  call  MPs to speak .
The Speaker is the chief officer and highest authority of the House of Commons and must  remain
politically
 
impartial
 
at
 
all
 
times.
The Speaker also represents the Commons to the monarch, the Lords and other authorities and
chairs   the   House   of   Commons   Commission.   The    current    Speaker   is   John   Bercow,   MP  for
Buckingham .
Frontbenchers  In   many parliaments and   other   similar   assemblies,   seating   is   typically
arranged   in    banks    or   rows,   with   each political   party or caucus grouped   together.
The spokespeople for each group will often sit at the  front  of their group, and are then known as
being   on   the frontbench (or front   bench)   and   are   described   as   frontbenchers.  Those   sitting
behind  them are known as backbenchers. Independent and minority  parties  sit to the side, and are
referred to as crossbenchers.
Backbenchers  In Westminster   parliamentary   systems,   a backbencher is   a Member   of
Parliament (MP)   or   a   legislator   who   holds   no governmental   office and   is   not
a frontbench spokesperson in the Opposition, being instead simply a member of the "rank and
file".
The   Official   Opposition  The frontbench   of   Her   Majesty's    Loyal    Opposition in
the Parliament of the United Kingdom  consists  of the  Shadow  Cabinet and other official shadow
ministers of the political party currently serving as the Official Opposition. Her Majesty's Loyal
Opposition is currently the  Labour  Party, and the  Leader of the Opposition is Jeremy Corbyn.
The   Leader   of   the   Opposition  The Leader   of   Her   Majesty's   Most   Loyal
Opposition
 (more commonly known as the Leader of the Opposition) is the politician who
leads   the official   opposition in   the   United   Kingdom.   The   Leader   of   the   Opposition
by convention leads the largest party not within the government: where one party wins outright
this is the party leader of the second largest political party in the House of Commons. The
current Leader of the Opposition is Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the Labour Party, who was elected
to the  leadership of the Labour Party on 12 September 2015.[2]
The State Opening of Parliament The State Opening of Parliament is an event which
formally  marks  the beginning of a session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It includes
speech  from the throne known as the Queen's Speech (or King's Speech). The State Opening
is an elaborate ceremony showcasing British history, culture and contemporary  politics  to large
crowds and television  viewers.
Queen’s   Speech  speech   from   the   throne (or throne   speech)   is   an   event   in
certain monarchies in which the reigning sovereign, or a representative thereof, reads a prepared
speech   to   the   members   of parliament when   a   session   is   opened,   outlining   the   government's
agenda for the session. The speech is prepared by the ministers of the crown in cabinet. The
event is often held annually, although in some places it may  occur  more or less frequently,
whenever a new session of parliament is opened. Many republics have adopted a similar practice
in which the head of state, often a  president , addresses the legislature; for example, in the United
States , the president makes an annual State of the Union address.
To summon/ prorogue/  dissolve  Parliament In the UK, the proclamation to summon a
new Parliament specifies the  date  on which the new Parliament will meet. The appointed day is
chosen on the advice of the  Prime  Minister when he (or she)  goes  to see the Queen to ask that
Parliament be dissolved. Recent  custom  had been for Parliament to meet on the  Wednesday
following the election. 
While   a   parliament   is  prorogued,   between   two   legislative   sessions,   the   legislature   is    still
constituted – i.e. no general election takes place and all Members of Parliament thus retain their
seats. In many legislatures, prorogation  causes  all orders of the body – bills, motions, etc. – to be
expunged.Prorogations  should  thus  not  be   confused  with  recesses,  adjournments,  or   holiday
breaks from legislation, after which bills can  resume  exactly where they  left  off. In the United
Kingdom,   however,   the   practice   of   terminating   all   bills   upon   prorogation   has    slightly
altered; public bills may be carried over from one legislative session to the next.
The Parliament of the United Kingdom is dissolved 25  working  daysbefore a polling day as
determined  by the  Fixed -term Parliaments Act 2011. This period was formerly 17 days, and the
new   25-day   period,   operative   for   the   first   time   in   the   General   Election   of   2015   (7   May),
represents the  longest  United Kingdom election period without a Parliament since 1924.
Members of Parliament cease to be so, as soon as it is dissolved, and, although they and their
staff    continue    to   be   paid    until    polling   day,   they   may   not   enter   the Palace   of   Westminster.
Parliament is usually prorogued or adjourned before it is dissolved. Parliament may continue to
sit for a  wash -up period of a few days after the Prime Minister has announced the date when
Parliament will be dissolved, to finish some last  items  of Parliamentary business.
Session • A Parliament lasts five years and runs from one general election to the next. – The
fixed-term Parliament was introduced in 2011. • A session of Parliament runs from the State
Opening of Parliament (until 2011 in November, from 2012 in May) through to the prorogation
next   year.   –   Prorogation   is   the   formal   name   given   to   the   period   between   the   end   of   a
parliamentary session and the State Opening of Parliament. •  Recess : A period of time when
Parliament does not sit
Recess A period of time when Parliament does not sit
Question Time  is an   opportunity  for MPs and Members of the  House of Lords to  ask
government ministers  questions . In the House of Commons it takes place for an  hour  Monday to
Thursday after prayers. In the House of Lords it lasts for half an hour. The Prime Minister
answers questions from MPs in the Commons for half an hour every Wednesday from 12pm. In
2011 PMQs was 50 years old and to celebrate the occasion The Guardian ran an  interesting
article about it. You can watch PMQs on the Parliament website.
Whips whip is an official in a political party whose primary purpose is to ensure discipline in
a legislature. Whips are the party's "enforcers", who typically offer inducements and threaten
party members to ensure that they participate according to the official party policy. A whip's role
is also to ensure that the elected representatives of their party are in attendance when important
votes are taken. The usage comes from the  hunting  term "whipping in", i.e. preventing hounds
from wandering away  from the  pack .
A  three-line   whip  In   the   UK   a   three-line whip is   an instruction given   to   Members   of
Parliament   by   the leaders of theirparty  telling  them   they   must votein   the   way   that
the party wantsthem to on a particular subject.
Withdrawal of the whip It means that the person who has had the whip  withdrawn  has the
ties that links them to a political party severed. They are effectively an independent MP after that
point. 
Unwhipped vote  A free vote - or unwhipped vote - in Parliament is one in which MPs or
members of the Lords are not put under pressure to vote a certain way by their party leaders.
Free   votes have   traditionally   been    allowed  on ethical   issues   that   are    seen    as   a    matter    of
conscience.  Hansard-  Hansard is   the   traditional   name   of   the   transcripts   of   Parliamentary
Debates   in   Britain   and   many   Commonwealth   countries.   It   is   named   after  Thomas    Curson
Hansard (1776–1833), a London  printer  and  publisher , who was the first official  printer  to the
parliament at Westminster.
General   committees  The   main   role   of   General   Committees   is   to    consider    proposed
legislation in detail. This committee system allows faster  processing  of Bills and is  unique  to the
House of Commons; the Lords meet as a whole House in this  function . The committees reflect
the political makeup of the House. The government always has a majority
Committees on Bills
A Public or Private Bill Committee is appointed for each Bill that goes through Parliament.
Depending on its  complexity , the  consideration of a Bill can take a few minutes to a few months.
The Lords meet as a whole House in this function (in the debating chamber) or as a  Grand
Committee   away   from   the   chamber.   Proceedings   in   a   Grand   Committees   are   the   same   as
Committees   of   the   whole   House   with   an   important   exception:   motions   must   be   passed
unanimously, so a dissenting  voice  from one Member could block an amendment  to a Bill.
Naming Public Bill Committees
Each Public Bill Committee is named after the Bill it considers. For example, a committee
considering a Bill titled the Climate Bill would be called the Climate Bill Committee.
How they work
Each committee is assigned a chairman and debate Bills as they would do in the Commons
chamber, with broadly the same rules of debate applying. Public Bill Committees, unlike the
Standing   Committees   they  replace,   have   the   power   to   take   written   and    oral    evidence   from
officials and experts  outside  of Parliament. This is intended to give Committee members more
information on which to make their decisions.
The minimum number of Members in a committee is 16 and the  maximum  is about 50. The
proportion  of Members in a Public Bill Committee mirrors the political parties' strengths in the
Commons, so there is always a government majority.
Reports
Public Bill Committees examine each Bill line by line. Once a committee has  finished   looking  at
a Bill, it reports its conclusions and any amendments made to the Commons, where Members
debate the Bill further.
The Bill is  printed   again  with the amendments made by the Public Bill Committee; this is
publicly available in printed and online formats.
Although the Lords do not meet in Public Bill Committees, they have a report stage to allow
further consideration of Bills.
Other General Committees
Additional General Committees  exist  to debate  matters  in  specific  areas, such as the Scottish
Grand   Committee,   the    Welsh    Grand   Committee,   the   Northern   Ireland   Grand   Committee;
committees on Delegated Legislation and European documents.
Select    committees  work   in   both   Houses.   The   House   of   Commons   Select   Committees
examine the work of government departments while the House of Lords Committees concentrate
on four main areas:  Europe , science, economics, and the UK constitution. The results of the
inquiries of the Select Committees are public and many  require  a response from the government.
Act of Parliament Most Acts of Parliament (= laws) start their life as Government Bills -
proposals  made by the Government and introduced by a Government Minister.  Quite  often such
proposals for introducing a new law or amending and existing one, before reaching Parliament,
have  gone  through one or both of the following stages:

The  Green Paper

The White Paper.
Bill  bill can start in either House, but in order for it to become an Act of Parliament both
Houses have to  agree  on every detail. Only after that has  happened  can the bill go to the final
stage in the process: Royal Assent.
Government bill  is a formal  proposal  for a new law, or a  change  in the law, that is put
forward  by the Government for consideration by Parliament. The Queen's Speech normally lists
the   Bills   that   the   Government are   intending   to   put   forward   during   the   parliamentary
year. Government Bills are normally Public Bills.
Private member’s bill Some laws are proposed not by the Government but by individual
members   of   the   House   of   Commons   or   the   House   of   Lords.   Such   bills   are   called Private
Members' Bills
 and very few of them actually end up as Acts of Parliament. You can  listen  to
the Private Members' Bills podcast on the Parliament website or read a simple  introduction  into
the issue on the  Channel  4 website.
White   Paper  is   an   authoritative   report   or   guide   that   informs   readers   concisely  about   a
complex  issue and  presents  the issuing body's  philosophy  on the matter. It is meant to help
readers    understand    an   issue,   solve   a   problem,   or   make   a    decision .  The   initial   British   term
concerning a type of government-issued document has proliferated—taking a somewhat new
meaning in business. In business, a white paper is closer to a form of  marketing  presentation, a
tool  meant to persuade customers and  partners  and promote a product or viewpoint.[1][2][3] White
papers may be considered grey  literature .
Green Paper  In the European Union, the United Kingdom, Commonwealth, Hong  Kong  and
the United States,[1] a green paper is a tentative government report and consultation document of
policy proposals for debate and discussion. A green paper represents the best that the government
can propose on the given issue, but, remaining uncommitted, it is  able  without loss of  face  to
leave its final decision open until it has been able to consider the public reaction to it. [2] Green
papers may  result  in the  production of a white paper. They may be considered as grey literature.
The First reading is when a bill is introduced to a legislature. Typically, in the United States,
the title of the bill is read and immediately assigned to a committee. The bill is then considered
by   committee   between   the   first   and   second   readings.   In   the United   States   Senateand
most British-influenced legislatures,   the   committee   consideration   occurs   between   second   and
third readings. In Israel, the committee consideration occurs between first and second readings
and (for private member bills) between preliminary and first readings.
The Second reading is the stage of the legislative process where a draft of a bill is read a
second time.
  In most Westminster systems, a vote is taken on the general outlines of the bill
before being sent to committee.
The   Third   reading  is   the   stage   of   a legislative   process in   which   a   bill   is   read   with
all amendments and given final approval by a legislative body. In legislatures whose procedures
are based on those of the Westminster system, the third reading occurs after the bill has been
amended by committee and considered for amendment at report stage.
The Committee stage  The committee considers each  clause  of the bill, and may make
amendments to it. Significant amendments may be made at committee stage. In some  cases ,
whole groups of  clauses  are inserted or removed. However, almost all the amendments which are
agreed to in committee will have been tabled by the Government to  correct  deficiencies in the
bill, to enact changes to policy made since the bill was introduced (or, in some cases, to  import
material  which was not  ready  when the bill was presented), or to reflect concessions made as a
result of earlier debate.
The Report stage known formally as "consideration", takes place on the  Floor  of the House,
and is a further opportunity to amend the bill. Unlike committee stage, the House need not
consider every clause of the bill, only those to which amendments have been tabled.
Royal  Assent  bill can   start   in   either   House,   but   in   order   for   it   to   become   an  Act   of
Parliament both Houses have to agree on every detail. Only after that has happened can the bill
go to the final stage in the process: Royal Assent.
Division Members of both Houses  register  their vote for or against issues by physically going
into two different areas ('division lobbies') either side of their debating  chambers . This is known
as 'dividing the House' and a vote is called a 'division'.

Document Outline

  • Committees on Bills
  • Naming Public Bill Committees
  • How they work
  • Reports
  • Other General Committees
Vasakule Paremale
Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #1 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #2 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #3 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #4 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #5 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #6 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #7 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #8 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #9 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #10 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #11 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #12 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #13 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #14 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #15 Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted #16
Punktid 50 punkti Autor soovib selle materjali allalaadimise eest saada 50 punkti.
Leheküljed ~ 16 lehte Lehekülgede arv dokumendis
Aeg2016-12-04 Kuupäev, millal dokument üles laeti
Allalaadimisi 3 laadimist Kokku alla laetud
Kommentaarid 0 arvamust Teiste kasutajate poolt lisatud kommentaarid
Autor Diana Ostrat Õppematerjali autor
Kasuks nii quiz nr 2 läbimisel kui eksamiks kordamisel. Türki aine! Mitte selle teisega segi ajada.

Sarnased õppematerjalid

Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur konspekt
14
doc

Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur konspekt

1. Ancient Britain: the Celtic tribes. 2000 years ago there was an Iron Age Celtic culture throughout the Br Isles. It seems that the Celts, who had been arriving from Europe from the 8th cent BC onward, intermingled with the peoples who were already there. The Celts were extremely talented people, creative and artistic. More than 1 Celtic tribe invaded Br. The descendants of ancient Celts live in Wales, Scotland, Cornwall and Ireland. They lived in primitive society. Druids ­ priests, more powerful than chiefs. Acted like prophets. 2. Stonehenge From prehistoric period. Was built on Salisbury plain between 2500 and 1500 bc. One of the most famous and mysterious archaeological sites in the world. One of the mysteries is how it was built at all with the technology of the time. Another is its purpose. It appears to function as a kind on astronomical clock and we know it was used by the Druids for ceremonies marking the passing of the seasons. It appears in number of novels. T

Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur
British Parliament
6
docx

British Parliament

British Parliament Structure and Functioning of the British Parliament today Britain is a parliamentary monarchy . The British Parliament is a bicameral parliament , that is to say that it is made up of two chambers, or two "Houses"; above the two Houses, but in an essentially formal role , there is the Sovereign - king or queen - also known as "the crown." Role of the Sovereign The British monarch has all authority, but no power. The Sovereign appoints the Prime Minister, and every year opens the sessions of parliament, in a historical and ritual ceremony called the State Opening of Parliament . Historically, this ceremony used to take place in the Autumn; but since 2012, it has been brought forward to May. This is the only regular time when the members of both Houses come together. During the ceremony, the Sovereign reads out the government's intended programme. The "Queen 's Speech" is a summary of the programme "his" or "her" government intends to implement in the next twelve

Inglise keel
Ingliskeelsete maade ühiskond ja kultuur-eksamiküsimused
26
docx

Ingliskeelsete maade ühiskond ja kultuur, eksamiküsimused

1. The Queen’s official title. Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. 2. The Queen’s working day. Starts after breakfast. Reads the newspapers which are prepared by the Press Secretary, and a report on the previous day’s proceedings in the Parliament and the letters she receives. Also phone calls. Once a month she attends the Privy Council in order to give Royal Assent to various items of government legislation. Discusses domestic matters with the Master of the Household. Towards the end of the day, there is always another pile of official papers and reports waiting to be read or acted upon. The business on constitutional monarchy never ends. 3. Who is the present heir to the throne? Speak about his education. Who are the 2nd and 3rd in line? Pre

Ingliskeelsete maade ühiskond ja kultuur
The UK
5
doc

The UK

THE U.K Different Parts The United Kingdom is a short way of saying the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The UK is the political name for those countries which share a parliament in London. All of them were at one time independent kingdoms with their own monarch. Now they are all part of the same kingdom and share the same monarch. The UK consists of Northern Ireland, Scotland, England and Wales. The peoples of these countries are British subjects; they hold British passports and therefore their nationality is British. The british Isles is the geographical name for all the islands off the west coast of Europe. These islands also include The Republic of Ireland, which is politically independent of the Britsh government. Many people refer to the inhabitants of the British isles as 'the English', but England is only one of the countries. The other countries are Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Great britan

Inglise keel
English Parliament and Elections
4
doc

English Parliament and Elections

Describe the British Parliament Works in a large building called the Palace of Westminster aka The Houses of Parliament. There are offices, committee rooms, restaurants, bars, libraries and even some places of residence. Two large rooms: The House of Lords meet in one and the House of Commons in the other. The British Parliament is divided into two houses, but the House of Commons is obviously more important and only they are considered to be the MPs. In the House of Commons there are just two rows of benches facing each other. On the left sit the members of the governing party and on the right sit the opposition. The Speaker sits between them and controls the action. The arrangement of the benches encourages confrontation between the government and the opposition. There is no place for somebody who isn't neither in the opposition nor in the government side. Usually peeps like this sit in the opposition furthest from the Speaker. || There are no tables for the MPs. They also have no ob

Inglise keel
The United Kingdom
8
doc

The United Kingdom

The United Kingdom The United Kingdom consists of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland and it is situated in the Atlantic Ocean near the mainland of Europe. The population of the UK is 58.6 million and area is 244,110 sq km. Britain has a temperate humid climate. Its characteristic features are mild winters, warm summer, no temperature extremes, abundant rain all year round and frequent changes of weather. The mild climate is partly due to the warm Gulf Stream and partly to the south westerly winds. Occasional winds from the east in winter may bring cold and dry weather. The distribution of rainfall is influenced by the Atlantic Stream. The mountainous areas of the north and west have more rain than the lowlands of the south and east. Wales is located on a peninsula in central-west Britain. The entire area of Wales is about 20,779 km². Wales borders by England to the east and by sea in the other three directions: the

Inglise keel
Scotland
7
rtf

Scotland

Tugevad vihmasajud annavad loodusele lopsaka ja rohelise välimuse. Enamus metsi koosneb okasmetsadest,kus domineerib mänd. Leivinud on lihaloomade- ja lambakasvatus. Põllumaal kasvatatakse nisu, kartuleid, köögi- ja puuvilju. Sotimaa rannik on väga liigesttud,piirkonnas on palju järvi ehk loch-e- kõik see on põhjustatud minevikus toimunud liustike liikumise ja sulamise poolt. Suurim loom on punahirv.Sotimaa ühines 1707.a. Walesi ja Inglismaaga,moodustades Suurbritannia kuningriigi. 1991.a. moodustas oma parlamendi, luues rahvale võimalused ise oma elukorraldust kontrollida.Sotimaalt on leitud ohtrasti keldi ristiga kaunistatud kujusid ja raidkive.

Uurimistöö
Inglise keelt kõnelevate maade ajaloo eksamiküsimused
28
doc

Inglise keelt kõnelevate maade ajaloo eksamiküsimused

History exam *Stonehenge - is a monument located in England. It is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world and is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The surrounding circular, earth bank and ditch, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. *The Celts in Britain and their legacy ­ The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords, horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number of hill forts throughout the region. The society

Inglise keel kõnelevate maade ajalugu




Meedia

Kommentaarid (0)

Kommentaarid sellele materjalile puuduvad. Ole esimene ja kommenteeri



Sellel veebilehel kasutatakse küpsiseid. Kasutamist jätkates nõustute küpsiste ja veebilehe üldtingimustega Nõustun