Finland judicial system Roadmap Finnish judicial system General courts Administrative courts Special courts Lay judges in Finland The Finnish judicial system consist of: ● Courts ● Prosecution service ● Enforcement authorities ● Prison and probation service ● Bar Association General courts 1.District Courts 2.Courts of Appeal 3.Supreme Court District court ( Finnish: käräjäoikeus) 27 district courts Criminal cases, civil cases and petitionary matters Chief Judge and District Judges Courts of Appeal 5 courts Chief Justice and Senior Justices Appointed by the president The Supreme Court Helsinki
as well as the displaced, throughout sustaining their survival throughout the humanitarian aid program that the organization is conducting. SAA is part of the Coalition for a Democratic Syria, a coalition of Syrian American organizations which includes six organizations which are United for a Free Syria, Syrian Expatriates Organization, the Syrian Emergency Task Force, Christian Syrians for Democracy and Association of free Syrians. 4. Judicial system and its functionality The Syrian legal system is based partly on French law and partly on Syrian statutes. Investigating magistrates determine whether a case should be sent to trial. Minor infringements are handled by peace courts, more serious cases go to courts of first instance. There are civil and criminal appeals courts, the highest being the Court of Cassation. Separate state security courts have jurisdiction over activities affecting the security of the government
has materially violated a procedural right that may involve an incorrect judicial decision. In the supreme court there are 19 supreme judges. Courts of appeal The decisions of county, city and administrative courts are reviewed by courts of appeal in the second instance by way of appeal proceedings on the basis of an appeal, appeal against a ruling or a protest. In courts of appeal matters are reviewed collegially, that means the adjudication of an appeal is conducted by a judicial panel comprising three judges. Administrative chambers which review administrative matters by way of appeal proceedings have been formed with the Tallinn Court of Appeal and Tartu Court of Appeal. Administrative courts Administrative courts hear administrative matters as courts of first instance. The authority of an administrative court, the procedure for having recourse to the court and the administrative procedure has been set out in the Code of Administrative Procedure
She favors loosening of church strictures and modernizing of the church, and she objects to Opus Dei's attitude toward women. She is murdered by Silas while acting as a sentry for the Priory of Sion. Marie Chauvel - Sophie's grandmother and Saunière's wife. A kind and smart woman, Mary Chauvel is part of the Priory's plan to keep the secret. She is a descendent of Jesus and Mary Magdalene. Jerome Collet - An agent with the French Judicial Police. In some ways the classic bumbling police officer, Collet commits numerous errors during the pursuit of Sophie and Langdon. His missteps contrast with Fache's efficiency. He believes in Sophie's innocence, however, and proves himself to Fache in the end. Simon Edwards - The executive services officer of Biggin Hill Airport south of London. Edwards is accustomed to fulfilling the every desire of the very rich, as the airport serves the private business community.
Lot of duties Elected by National Assembly of People's Power For five years The National Assembly of People's Power Legislative parliament of the Republic of Cuba Supreme body of State power 614, 31 Council ministers For 5 years Twice a year Recent 20 january 2008 The Supreme Court of Cuba Highest judicial branch of government controlls provincial courts Thank you for listening!
enlghteners were sure that ideas can change the world.That is where the new grasp came from,that it is important to spread new ideas,but understanding new ideas needs knowleadge and education. Enlighteners were writers,who tried to educate bigger group of people with their piece of work(books).The ideas of the Enlightenment were spread through the writings of many Philosophes, through different intellectual gatherings, and through travelling.Some of their ideas dealt with Judicial and majority ideas. They did not agree with the system of rulement,and that is the first thing how they helped and teached to make society better and maintain sucessfully.These main ideas came from England but they also reached to Europa countries,but through France.Clergymen were against these ideas and they tried to stop the spread of new ideas,but they were not sucessful.Baccaria was against unjust punishments and such of that manner. This idea related to the Declaration as the framers
member of the League of Nations and, in the Imperial Conference of 1926, Canada assumed full control of its own through the Balfour Declaration. In 1927, Canada appointed its first ambassador to a foreign country, the United States. In 1931, the Statute of Westminster gave the Balfour Declaration constitutional force, confirming that no act of the UK's parliament would thereafter extend to Canada without its consent. Canadian citizenship was first distinguished from British in 1947; judicial appeals to the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended in 1949. The power to amend Canada's constitution remained with the British parliament, although subject to the Statute of Westminster, until it was "patriated" to Canadian control by the Canada Act 1982.
Capital punishment Capital punishment is the killing of a person by judicial process as a punishment for an great offence. It has been used in almost every part of the globe. There is an international organisation called Amnesty International who are fighting for human rights. Thanks for them there are many countries who abolished it. But is it right or should capital punishment exist? Firstly I belive capital punishment should exist because if you gonna take somebody's life it is only fair when you pay for this with your own life
1991. 5. Friedman, L. American Law. London 1984. 6. Friedman, L. A History of American Law. A Touchstone Book. N.Y. 1985. 7. Gates, J.B., Johnson, Ch.A. The American Courts. Texas 1991. 8. Ginter, J. Eesti Vabariigi õiguskaitsesüsteem.I. Trt. 1996, lk 70-77; 77-84. 9. Glendon, M.A. jt. Comparative Legal Traditions. 1994. (ALLIKAS TEADUSKONNA TEABEKESKUSES, sobib ka 1985.a. väljaanne), pp 438-jj 10. Major, W.T. Basic English Law. London 1990. 11. Neubauer, D.W. Judicial Process: Law, Courts and Politics in the United States. California 1991. 12. Zander, M. The Law-Making Process. London 1995. 13. Zweigert, K., Kötz, H. An introduction to Comparative Law. Oxford 1998, pp 63-180- 237; 238-275. (ALLIKAS TEADUSKONNA TEABEKESKUSES) 14. Wasby, S.L. The Supreme Court in federal Judicial System. Chicago 1989. 15. , . . Moa 1989. 2 III SEMINAR 22
The Queen is regarded as national symbol and also as a symbol of the unity of the Commonwealth. The British monarch must be Protestant. The House of Commons consists of 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament. Its main purpose is to make laws by passing Acts of Parliament, as well as to discuss current political issues. The House of Lords consists of around 740 non-elected members. Its main legislative function is to examine and revise bills from the Commons. The judicial role of the House of Lords as the highest appeal court in the UK has ended. The Supreme Court of the UK assumed jurisdiction on points of law for all civil and criminal cases.
northwest, Zimbabwe and Botswana in the north, and Mozambique and Swaziland in the northeast. Eleven languages are spoken in South Africa : english, xhosa, zulu, afrikaans, venda, swazi, ndebele, tswana, tsonga,sepedi and soutj. There are black people, white people and different Asians living in South Africa. South Africa was a British colony and Indians were used there as slaves. South Africa has three capitals: an administrative capital Pretoria, a legislative capital Cape Town and a judicial capital Bloemfontein. South Africa's total area is 1,219,912 sq km and its population is 43,997,828. Economy Its agriculture is corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; beef, poultry, mutton and wool. Most industries are mining, automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs, commercial ship repair. South Africa's natural resources are gold, coal, iron ore, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, salt and many others.
It took several years but eventually he prevailed. The Aztec capital was razed to the ground and replaced by Mexico City. Mexico City quickly became the political/military center for most of Spain's possessions in North and Central America - what they were to call New Spain. The conquistadores brought great wealth to the throne but they also posed potential political risks as they grew stronger. The Spanish monarchy sought to neutralize those risks. A royal judicial body, the audencia, reporting directly to the Spanish crown was created in Mexico City in 1527. .In 1535 Antonio de Mendoza was named the first viceroy of New Spain. The viceroy was the king's representative and as such controlled the bureaucracy (but not the audencia). Military figures in New Spain had important ties to political figures in Madrid and their relationship to the viceroy flucuated. The Catholic Church hierarchy was largely independent of the viceroy as well
Constitution põhiseadus applicable rakendatav inapplicable rakendamatu application taotlus to submit / hand in an application avaldust sisse andma 2 Citizenship Act kodakondsusseadus Law on citizenship kodakondsusseadus Alien (foreigner) võõra-, välismaalane Alien's office välisministeerium Non-citizen mittekodanik Penalty; punishment - karistus Fine trahv Enforceable täideviidav Law making process - Seadusloome prostesse System of courts; judicial system- kohtusüsteem 2 3 instance / 3- level court system kolmetasandiline kohtusüsteem 2 Administrative courts halduskohtud (level 1) County court maakohus (level 1) Trial court esimese astme kohtud (arutavad kohtuasju) Circuit court ringkonnakohus (2 level) Supreme court riigikohus (3 level) Judge kohtunik 1 ja 2 levelil Justice kohtunik 3 levelil Chief justice - riigikohtu esimees Commit a crime kuritegu tegema Police ARE alati mitmuses
a member of the Riigikogu or member of a rural municipality or city council; a member of a political party; EXAMS AND The notary public Judicial training To solve two cases Sworn advocate’s TRAININGS TO contest (written The judge’s To pass an assistant exam BE PASSED test and oral exam) examination interview Be sworn Candidate service advocate’s
The oldest part of Parliament the walls were built in 1097 it was extensively rebuilt during the 14th century today the hall is often used for important State occasions THE MAIN FUNCTIONS TODAY To examine proposals for new laws provide, by voting for taxation the means of carrying on the work of government scrutinise government policy and administration debate the major issues of the day VISITING PARLIAMENT You can attend debates watch judicial hearings and committees take a tour of Parliament climb Big Ben tour Parliament during the Summer Opening Thank you for watching! If you want to know more, visit: http://www.parliament.uk/index.cfm
of South Africa II flag The second flag was designed in 31 May 1928, because the Dutch founded South Africa and compromise was found with english to make this flag. III flag The new flag was chosen for Nelson Mandela to become president. It was made 31 May 2004. The flags design was made by Frederick Brownell. Politics South Africa has three capital cities: Cape Town, the largest of the three, is the legislative capital; Pretoria is the administrative capital; and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital. South Africa has a bicameral(kahekojaline) parliament: the National Council of Provinces (the upper house) has 90 members, while the National Assembly (the lower house) has 400 members. Members of the lower house are elected on a population basis by proportional representation Province Capital Area (km²) Population (2007) Eastern Cape Bhisho 169,580 6,527,747 Free State Bloemfontein 129,480 2,773,059
Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Cape town - legislative capital - famous for its seaport - destination for tourism Bloemfontein - judicial capital - famous for its airport - private hospitals, educational institutions Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level
advokaatide juhedaja - instructing solicitors for prosecution and defence alaealiste kohus - Juvenile court armuandmine - Mercy edasikaebamine - Appeal haldusõigus - Administrative law/ public law juriidilisele kaitsele - Judicial protection kaitse - Defence kaitsja - Councel for the defence kannatav pool - Injured party karistama - Punish karistust andma/täide viima - Meting out punishment karm karistus a harsh sentence kautsjon - Bail kirjalik laim - Libel kirjutatud seadus/parlamendi aktidel põhinev seadus - Statute law/statutory law kohtu asja võitma win a case kohtuametnik - Court officer kohtuistung - Trila kohtulikule arutamisele minema go on treial kohtunik - Judge kohtuotsus - Verdict
The prime minister also has the right to appoint other minister. he prime minister has the right to appoint a maximum of 3 such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is 15. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament; it directs and co- ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. Highest judicial power: Supreme Court. The court system is divided into three levels: courts of first instance (county and city courts and administrative courts), courts of appeal (circuit courts) and the Supreme Court which also functions as a constitutional court. Estonia has a multi-party system with numerous parties, in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments. There are 11 political parties in Estonia right now
TOPICS For the PRELIM Year 1 Put down 10-12 relevant terms and retell about: 1. Prescriptive and descriptive law Prescriptive law – prescribe how people ought to behave Descriptive law – describes the way people or natural phenomena behave Break the law – do something illegal Penalty – punishment Government – system by which a state or community is controlled Law – the system of rules System of courts – all judicial institutions Enforce – to make people obey the law Authority – a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity /the moral or legal right or ability to control Prescribe – to tell someone what they must have or do, or to make a rule of something Impose The word law can have several meanings, it can be divided into prescriptive and descriptive law. Descriptive law – describes the way people or natural phenomena behave, e. g. law of gravity
8. konkurentsi soodustama promote competition 9. õiglust maksma panema implement justice 10. suurenev kuritegevuse tase rising crime rate 11. võimude lahusus separation of powers 12. õigusriik state based on the rule of law 13. seadusandlik võim legislative power 14. täidesaatev võim executive power 15. kohtuvõim judicial power 16. seadusandlik kogu, organ legislature, legislative body 17. kohtunikkond, kohtuharu judiciary 18. kohtus õigust mõistma administer justice in courts 19. õigusallikad sources of law 20. parlamendiseadused acts of Parliament 21. seadusega kooskõlas in accordance / compliance with law 22. põhiseadusliku järelevalve kohus court of constitutional review 23
7. The main natrural resources in the United States of America are: oil shale, gold, coal, copper, iron, silver. 8. The agricultural products are: wheat, corn, soybeans, milk. The main industries in USA are textile, chemical, mechanical and electronics. 9. The legislative branch enacts legislation, confirms or rejects presidential appointments, and has the authority to declare war.The executive branch carries out and enforces laws.The judicial branch interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases, and decides if laws violate the Constitution. 10. The first Americans lived in teepees and hunted buffalos. There were many different tribes and their food, clothing, homes and art varied according to the climate and landscape around them. In West the tribes were hunters and in Southwest the tribes grew corn. American Indians today prefer to be called Native
12. nõrgemat osapoolt kaitsma – to protect weaker party 13. õiglust maksma panama – to implement justice 14. kohtus õigust mõistma – to administer justice in court 15. õiglus, ebaõiglus (2) – justice, injustice 16. õiglane, ebaõiglane (2) – just, unjust 17. võimude lahusus – separation of powers 18. seadusandlik võim – legislative power 19. täidesaatev võim – executive power 20. kohtuvõim – judicial power 21. õigusriik – (state based on) the rule of law 22. praktilistest kaalutlustest juhinduma – to be guided by practical considerations 23. seadust parandama, parandus – to amend a law, amendment 24. katse argimõistust rakendada – an attempt to implement common sense 25. to what extent – millisel määral 26. precise - täpne 27. whereas – samas kui 28. in this respect – selles suhtes 29
The federal judiciary consists of the U.S. Supreme Court, whose justices are appointed for life by the President and confirmed by the Senate, and various "lower" or "inferior courts," among which are the courts of appeals and district courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal court system. Separate from, but not entirely independent of, this federal court system are the individual court systems of each state, each dealing with its own laws and having its own judicial rules and procedures. The U.S. district courts are the "trial courts" where cases are filed and decided. Industry, Economy USA has the leading industrial power in the world. It is highly diversified and technologically advanced. The main industries are petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, and mining. Before the 1980s the main industry in America was manufacturing, but then
Canada A Mari Usque Ad Mare Official language(s) English, French Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, Cree, Recognised regional languages Dëne Sliné, Gwich'in, Inuvialuktun, Slavey, Tlch Yatiì Languages in Canada North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean spanning over 9.9 million square kilometers, Canada is the world's second largest country by total area its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world. Some facts The land that is now Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples beginning in the late 15th century, British and French France ceded ...
cannot be assessed in the abstract. Whether it is reasonable for an accused to remain in detention must be examined in each case according to its special features. Continued detention can be justified in a given case only if there are specific indications of a genuine requirement of public interest which, notwithstanding the presumption of innocence, outweighs the rule of respect for individual liberty laid down in Article 5 of the Convention. It falls in the first place to the national judicial authorities to ensure that, in a given case, the pre- trial detention of an accused person does not exceed a reasonable time. To this end they must, paying due regard to the principle of the presumption of innocence, examine all the facts arguing for or against the existence of the above-mentioned requirement of public interest justifying a departure from the rule in Article 5, and must set them out in their decisions on the applications for release
ability to participate in making decisions that affect them civil war (kodusõda) - (armed) conflict between politicalfactions or religions within same county industrialization (industrialiseerimine) - a large-scale introduction of manufacturing occupation (okupatsioon) - permanent trade, profession, empouement, bussiness or means of livelihood or possession of real property or use of a thing court ruling (kohtumäärtus) - a decision made by court precendent (pretsedent) - judicial decision that serves as an authority for deciding a later (similar) case equity (õiglus) - system of jurisprudence founded on principals of natural justice and fair conduct to appeal (edasi kaebama) - application or proceeding for review by higher court to change precious decision to solve a dispute (konflikti lahendama) - finding a solution to a conflict to force someone (kedagi sundima) - making someone act in some way against their own will
The USA's coastline is made up of beaches, cliffs, mangroves, and urban and developed areas, which make America very versatile country. Political division United States of America distributes into 50 states. The government power is limited by a dual system of government (federal government and individual state government). The federal government of the United States is the central United States governmental body. The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive and judicial. Through a system of separation powers, all three branches have some authority over the others and are equal. Federal government was given the powers and responsibilities to deal, that face the problems of a whole nation (foreign affairs, trade, control of the army and navy etc.). In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution. State governments have the power over the laws that aren't granted to the national government.
It features 13 horizontal red and white stripes (for the first colonies which formed the U.S.A.) and 50 stars on the blue background. Red means courage, blue justice and white innocence. There is a star for every state of the USA. The official language of the USA is English; Spanish is also widely spoken. The currency of the USA is the United States Dollar. The government of the USA is composed of three coordinate branches: the executive, legislative and the judicial. All the three branches are equal. The executive power is vested in the president, who holds office for a term of four year. At the moment George W. Bush is the president. The president is elected together with a vice-president and will take his place when the president dies or resigns in office. The president of the USA lives in the White House (at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue) Washington, D.C. while he holds office.
These provisions shall likewise apply to monopolies delegated by the State to others. Due to the fact, that Member State A adopted the Law Act, that terminates person right of ownership, the losses caused to the owner because of adopting the Act, including the value of the property, should be reimbursed by the State. Disputes about costs should be settled by the national court. . 2. How company can claim/ invoke EU l a w ? Please explain available judicial procedure(s) and possible remedies for violation of EU law. 2.1. Company must claim/appeal for national court and use the procedure of preliminary ruling – a procedure that enable national court to refer queries to the court of Justice on the interpretation or validity of the EU law. Any national court to which a dispute in which the application of a rule of European law raises
462. general üldine 463. optional valikuline 464. exclusive erandlik 465. by agreement kokkuleppeline 466. value of a civil matter tsiviilasja hind 467. state fee riigilõiv 468. pay security (bail) maksma kautsjonit 469. procedural assistance menetlusabi 470. procedural expences menetluskulud 471. commence algama 472. bring an action esitama hagi 473. seizure of a property vara arestimine 474. establishment of a judicial mortgage on property seadma varale kohtulikku hüpoteeki 475. provisional legal protection esialgne õiguskaitse 476. simplified proceeding lihtmenetlus 477. negotiable instruments and collaterals dokumendimenetlus ja tagatis 478. default judgment tagaseljaotsus 479. witness statement tunnistaja ütlused 480. sworn affidavit of a party vande all antud tunnistus 481. documentary evidence dokumentaalsed asitõendid 482
4.International Courts European and international courts There are many courts that operate at international level, and it is not always easy to distinguish their jurisdiction. The aim of this summary is to present the European courts and to distinguish between those which are part of the European Union and those which belong to other international organisations. COURTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION The Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) refers to the whole judicial system of the EU. It is composed of three courts: the Court of Justice; the General Court; the Specialised Courts. Court of Justice The Court of Justice has jurisdiction in actions brought by Member States or European institutions. It may also have jurisdiction of last resort in judgments delivered by the General Court. In this case, it rules on the questions of law only and not on the facts of the case. General Court
In December 2002, Estonia took part in EU accessing negotiation with nine other countries. The Accession Treaty was signed on 16 April, 2003 with May 1, 2004 the formal entry date. EU enlargement meant the unification of twenty-five countries after over half a century of political division and the "Cold War" which followed WW II. 15.Government Estonia has parliamentary democracy with three branches of power: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative power is in the hands of parliament, or, as we call it in Estonia: the Riigikogu (or State Assembly). The parliament consists of 101 seats and members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The Government of Estonia or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister, nominated by the president and approved by the parliament. The government consists of 12 ministers, including the prime minister himself. The
Apples, which are my favorite fruit, are the main ingredient in this recipe. Professor Benson, grinning from ear to ear, announced that the exam would be tomorrow. Tom, the captain of the team, was injured in the game. It is up to you, Jane, to finish. She was, however, too tired to make the trip. Two hundred dollars, I think, is sufficient. 5. Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses written in a series. The Constitution establishes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The candidate promised to lower taxes, protect the environment, reduce crime, and end unemployment. The prosecutor argued that the defendant, who was at the scene of the crime, who had a strong revenge motive, and who had access to the murder weapon, was guilty of homicide. 6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the
emphasised that this paper focuses barriers and does not give the full picture of the conditions for district heating, which also includes many possibilities. barriers IN WELL-developed Dh countries In many countries with well-developed district-heating industry, such as Sweden, much DH competence resides in municipally owned energy companies. They have system knowledge, which could be applicable in other countries. District-heating companies owned by Swedish municipalities must, for judicial reasons, limit their business abroad to sales of services, and to a very limited extent goods. For municipal district heating companies, domestic judicial restrictions are the first barriers to overcome before operations in other countries can commence. Only certain components for production and distribution of district heating are manufactured in a single country, which calls for international cooperation. The Swedish Government provides
(CJEC)). With the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, the court changed to its current name. Its mission is to ensure that "the law is observed" "in the interpretation and application" of the Treaties. The Court reviews the legality of the acts of the institutions of the EU; ensures that the Member States comply with obligations under the Treaties; and interpretates EU law at the request of the national courts and tribunals. The Court constitutes the judicial authority of the European Union and, in cooperation with the courts and tribunals of the Member States, it ensures the uniform application and interpretation of European Union law. The Court of Justice of the European Union consists of two major courts: The European Court of Justice (created in 1952), the highest court in the EU legal system; The General Court (created in 1988; formerly the Court of First Instance);
and in the1990s in the Gulf War and now they are fighting in Iraq. 14. Government Constitution The United States Constitution is the supreme legal document in the American system, and serves as a social contract for the people of the United States, regulating their affairs through government chosen by and populated by the people. All laws and procedures of both state and federal governments are subject to review, and any law ruled by the judicial branch to be in violation of the Constitution is overturned. The Constitution is a living document as it can be amended by a variety of methods, all of which require the approval of an overwhelming majority of the states. The Constitution has been amended 27 times, the last time in 1992. Government The government of the USA is composed of three coordinate branches: the executive, legislative and the judicial. All the three branches are equal. The executive power is vested in the president,
Basically, logic which is shown in this particular principle stands for universal re-solving issues and problems of the Union – may I say “locally”. Union should not interrupt or being “too much involved” in public life of the Member States by wasting existing resources on problems that might and should be solved “locally” (without EU’s agencies and commissions) (Article 276 TFEU). 2. How company can claim/invoke EU law? Please explain available judicial procedure(s) and possible remedy(s) for violation of EU law. (25 points) Regarding all facts and history of the European Court, every case might be unique and cause an “awake” to the European law. So far, there were many of those examples, which made EU law much more effective and reliable (as an example a case of “Italy v Commission 2003”, the chocolate issue). Every single act or confrontation of company, State or just a regular citizen
*U9 291. bar association advokatuur 292. attorney advokaat 293. vested tagastud 294. council of attorneys advokaatide nõukogu 295. the most progressive ones kõige uuenduslikum 296. independent corporation sõltumatu korporatsioon 297. to graduate from lõpetama (ülikooli) 298. holding a position ametit pidama 7 299. to acquire omandama 300. practical knowledge of judicial management praktilised teadmised juriidilisest tegevusest 301. an assistant to abi 302. general meeting üldkoosolek 303. structural organs struktuuriorganid 304. auditing commission revisionikomisjon 305. the provisional government ajutine valitsus 306. judicial institutions juriidilised institutsioonid 307. determined fikseeritud 308. investigators uurijad 309. nominated määratud 310. legal supervision seaduslik järelvaataja 311
bats, insects, snails and slugs) that evolved independently from other regions of Portugal. In Madeira, for example, it is possible to observe more than 250 species of land gastropods. V. The Government of Portugal GOVERNMENT Portugal has been a democratic republic since the ratification of the Constitution of 1976, with Lisbon, the nation's largest city, as its capital. The constitution grants the division, or separation, of powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The four main institutions as described in this constitution are the President of the Republic, the Parliament, known as the Assembleia da República (English: Assembly of the Republic), the Government, headed by a Prime Minister, and the courts. The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has a supervisory non-executive role: the current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The Parliament is a chamber composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term
are higher than average. 5. Those terms (Melting Pot, Mosaic, Salad Bowl and Pot of Stew) are used because America has become a "nation of nations", which means that you either can distinguish separate ethnic groups clearly or you cannot as they have combined and changed over the years so much. 6. The three branches of government are: - The Congress The Legislative Branch - The President The Executive Branch - The Supreme Court The Judicial Branch 7. The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments made to the Constitution in 1791. 8. The Departments can be compared to: - The Congress can be compared to the Parliament - The President can be compared to the Government Functions of the State Department: it is responsible for international relations (security, economics) 9. The President is elected indirectly by the people through state electors (winner is the
Parliament, presided over by the Speaker, are elected for 4year term. The Governemt wields executive power. It issues orders and regulations, submits bills to the Parliament for passage into law and foreign treaties for ratification, drafts the state budget for submission to the Parliament and effects it after adoption. There are 12 ministries but there may be up to 15 ministers. The President nominates a candidate for the post of Prime Minister. The present Prime Minister Andrus Ansip. Judicial power is vested in a 3tier court system, the highest body of which being the Supreme Court, presided over the Chief Justice. The Chancellor of Justice examines all the new laws, regulations and other legal acts to ensure their compliance with the Constitution and existing laws. The present Chancellor of Justice is Allar Jõks. The President of the Republic is the Head of State and Supreme Commander of National Defence forces
probably one of the tallest buildings in the world at the time. The spire has been struck by lightning many times. The fire of 1820 destroyed the church but it was later restored in the same Gothic style. Since then the height of the spire has been 124 metres. Since the spring of 2003 people have been able to climb the tower to enjoy the view of Tallinn. Town Hall and Town Hall Square The Town Hall, the centre of administration and judicial power, was definitely the most important public building in the Middle Ages. The Tallinn Town Hall was first recorded in 1322, but there must have been some kind of a hall in the last quarter of the 13th century already. The present Town Hall was built in 1401-1404, but was renovated in the 17th century. The last renovation took place in the 1970s when it got its original appearance. The weather-vane was put on the spire in 1530.
them are captured and sent back,but many others get through. Political system The USA is a federal union of 50 states. The basic law is the constitution, adopted in 1787, which prescribes the structure of national government and lists its rights and fields of authority. Each state has its government and all of them have the dual character of both Federal and State government. The political system of the USA is divided into three branches: judicial, legislative and executive. Each branch holds a certain degree of power over the others, and all take part in the governmental process. The constitution of the USA. Although the American system of government is based on Great Britain's, it differs in having a written constitution, that is the bases of all government and law. The constitution of the US was adopted after the War of Independence on the 17th of September 1787. It lists the set of rules, law regulations, which provide the practical
Over times the country has had several different names and political systems. They have been an empire ruled by a czar, a communist nation, and a democratic federation. Nowadays the country's official name is the Russian Federation ("Basic facts about,"). The head of the executive branch in Russia is the president who works with the prime minister. The legislative branch is the Bicameral Federal Assembly which consists of the Federation Council and State Duma. The Judicial branch consists of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and the Superior Court of Arbitration ( M c C l e n a g h a n , 2 0 0 3 ) . R u s s i a has over 142 million people. Their major language is Russian and the major religions are Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism. The capital of Russia is Moscow ("Basic facts about,"). The History of Russia
The wall was fortified by 27 towers, 18 of which have survived. In Tower Square you can admire several of them. The strongest are the cannon towers Fat Margaret and Kiek in the Kök (Peep into the Kitchen). Many towers in the Town wall have been restored as fine restaurants, cafés and intimate concert calls. Two-thirds of the old wall have survived, making it one of the most special medieval sights in Tallinn. The Tallinn Town Hall The Town Hall, the centre of administration and judicial power, was definitely the most important public building in the Middle Ages. The Tallinn Town Hall was first recorded in 1322, but there must have been some kind of a hall in the last quarter of the 13th century already, as Tallinn got its urban rights in 1248. The present Town Hall was built in 1401-1404, but was renovated in the 17th century. The last renovation took place in the 1970s when it got its original appearance. The weather vane was put on the spire in 1530
overall economic and fiscal processes. The economy began to recover in 2010 with a big boost from exports, especially to Germany, and achieved growth of approximately 1.4% in 2011. At the end of 2011 the government turned to the IMF and the EU to obtain a new loan for foreign currency debt and bond obligatins in 2012 and beyond. Whether negotiations result in a loan depend on Hungary meeting EU and IMF requirements for ensuring the independence of monetary, judicial, and data privacy institutions. The EU also launched an Excessive Deficit Procedure and requested that the government outline measures to sustainably reduce the budget deficit to under 3% of GDP. Unemployment remained high, at more than 11% in 2011. Ongoing economic weakness in Western Europe is likely to further constrain growth in 2012 (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, ISSN 15538133). 3 Economic Indicators Comparison 3.1 Real GDP growth rate
mitte alustada kriminaalmenetlust kuni õiguseni lõpetada kriminaalmenetlus üksnes kohtu sanktsiooniga (Saksamaal). Samas peetakse oluliseks prokuröri diskretsioonipädevuse kaasnähtuseks seadust selgitavaid juhiseid, mille tähtsust õiguse ühetaolise kohaldamise jaoks ei saa alahinnata. 9 CDL-AD(2010)040. Report on European Standards as Regards the Independence of the Judicial System: Part II – The Prosecution Service. Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 85th plenary session (Venice, 17–18 December 2010), p. 11–13 (edaspidi European Standards). 10 Vt nt „Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors“. Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990. Arvutivõrgus: http://www2.ohchr.org/ english/law/pdf/prosecutors
"unwritten constitution"; however, all the elements of an uncodified constitution are typically written down in a variety of official documents, though not codified in a single document. The legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments; in the separation of powers model, they are often contrasted with the executive and judicial branches of government. Laws enacted by legislatures are known as legislation. Legislatures observe and steer governing actions and usually have exclusive authority to amend the budget or budgets involved in the process. The members of a legislature are called legislators; in a democracy, legislators are almost always elected. The executive is the organ that exercises authority in and holds responsibility for the governance of a state. The executive executes and enforces law.
Society and culture of english-sspeaking countries Introduction 1. The countries of the world where the English language is spoken. 2. Approximate number of mother tongue speakers of English approximately 350-400 million native speakers. Which place does English occupy in the world by its number of speakers?After which language? English occupies second place by its number of speakers after Mandarin Chinese. 3. What is the difference between English as a Second Language, English as a Foreign Language and English for Specific Purposes? Give examples of situations where they are used. English as a Second Language (ESL or TESL) is a traditional term for the use or study of the English language by non-native speakers in an English-speaking environment. That environment may be a country in which English is the mother tongue (e.g., Australia, the U.S.) or one in which English has an established role (e.g., India, Nigeria) English as a...
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