Ingliskeelsete maade ühiskond ja kultuur, eksamiküsimused

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Ingliskeelsete maade ühiskond ja kultuur, eksamiküsimused (1)

Keeled - Ingliskeelsete maade ühiskond ja kultuur

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ühiskond - Isegi need väikesed ühiskonnad, millesse laps kõige enne sisse kasvab – perekond ja mänguseltskond, on talle tähtsad vaid üksikvahekordade kaudu

The Queen ’s official title.
Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth , Defender of the Faith .

The Queen’s working day.
Starts after breakfast . Reads the newspapers which are prepared by the Press Secretary, and a report on the previous day’s proceedings in the Parliament and the letters she receives. Also phone calls.
Once a month she attends the Privy Council in order to give Royal Assent to various items of government legislation .
Discusses domestic matters with the Master of the Household.
Towards the end of the day, there is always another pile of official papers and reports waiting to be read or acted upon . The business on constitutional monarchy never ends.

Who is the present heir to the throne? Speak about his education. Who are the 2nd and 3rd in line?
Present heir is Prince Charles, The Prince of Wales . Has been an exchange student in Australia . Graduated from the university of Cambridge with BA (honors).
2nd and 3rd in line are Prince William of Wales and Prince Henry of Wales, respectively.

Make up your list of 5 top British people. Give your motivation .
The Queen, Adele, Elton John, Shakespeare , JK Rowling.

Which 5 places attract visitors in Wales and Scotland ?
Edinburgh, Loch Ness, The Highlands, Snowdonia, Cardiff .

Name 6 islands , 5 rivers, 3 lakes , 3 mountains in UK.
Isle of Man, Isle of Wight, Isle of Lewis , Island of Mull, Island of Arran, Anglesey Island
Severn, Thames , Tweed, Avon, Trent, Dove
Ben Nevis , Snowdon, Ben Macdui

Stonehenge .
Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records. Built on Salisbury Plain , in Wiltshire, England some time between 5,000-4,300 years ago. One of the most famous megaliths in the world, dating from prehistoric times . Stonehenge consists of circles of stone arranged in complex patterns, and their origin is still being explored . Some of the stones come from over 200 miles away in Wales. There is little or no direct evidence revealing the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. It was probably associated with sun-worship and other rites of prehistoric people. It appears to function as a kind of astronomical clock .
Conceivable reports and implications about a secret government conspiracy, which seeks to hide the irrefutable evidence of extraterrestrial origins.

The Roman Conquest.
Julius Caesar’s first raid was 55 BC. In 43 the Emperor Claudius launched a full - scale invasion, army of 40,000 men. Permanent Roman rule was established in south and south- west of the country as a consequence. Forts were built in Wales, but the local tribes were difficult to subdue.
Hadrian ordered to build the Hadrian’s Wall in 121 or 122, a 117km wall from sea to sea, to protect their territory from the Scots.
The Roman rule was more of a colonial control rather than a large-scale settlement. They left very little behind.

The Anglo- Saxon Invasion.
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes came from present-day Northern- Germany and Denmark in 449. A number of tribes from the European mainland invaded and settled in large numbers ; however , they were not always victorious. These Anglo-Saxons soon had the south- east of the country in their control. In the west, their advance was temporarily halted by an army of (Celtic) Britons under the command of the legendary King Arthur .
By the 7th century the Anglo-Saxons were ruling most of Britain.

Scandinavian raids.
In 789 three Viking ships landed on the coast of the kingdom of West Saxon. They were traders and raiders. In the 9th century they conquered and settled the islands around Scotland and some coastal regions of Ireland. Their conquest of England was halted when they were defeated by King Alfred of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. As a result , the settlement was confined mostly to the north and east of the country.

The Norman Conquest.
The successful Norman invasion of England in 1066 brought Britain into the mainstream of western European culture. Unlike the German invasions, the Norman invasion was small-scale.
On 14 October 1066, an invading army from Normandy defeated the English at the Battle of Hastings. The battle was close and extremely bloody. At the end of it, most of the best warriors in England were dead, including their leader , King Harold. On Christmas Day that year , the Norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowned king of England. He is known in popular history as “William the Conqueror” and the date is remembered as the last time that England was successfully invaded.
There was no such thing as a Norman area of settlement. Instead, the Norman soldiers who had invaded were given the ownership of land and of the people living on it. A strict feudal system was imposed .

Magna Carta .
In 1215 King John was forced to sign the document , drawn up by the noblemen of England. It limited his power and extended the rights of his subjects . The Magna Carta is a well-known charter of personal and political liberty . Later , especially in the 17th century, the document was seen as a statement of basic civil rights. Four copies have survived.

The Wars of the Roses .
During the 15th century, the power of the greatest nobles, who had their own private armies, meant that constant challenges to the position of the monarch were possible. These power struggles came to a head in the Wars of the Roses, in which the nobles were divided into two groups, one supporting the house of Lancaster, whose symbol was a red rose , the other the House of York , whose symbol was a white rose.
Three decades of almost continual war ended in 1485, when Henry Tudor (Lancastrian) defeated and killed Richard III (Yorkist) at the Battle of Bosworth Field . Henry Tudor was later crowned King Henry VII of England.

Henry VIII.
1491- 1547 . He is famous for his six wives and his ambitions. He was a natural leader but not really interested in the day-to-day running of government and this encouraged the beginnings of a professional bureaucracy. It was during his reign that the reformation took place . When he chose to divorce his first wife, who had not given him a son, he broke away from the Roman Catholic Church . The Parliament’s Act of Supremacy in 1534 made the kind Head of the Church of England, which became Protestant. King Henry VIII held the title Defender of the Faith, which was given to him by the Pope. His daughter Elizabeth I became one of England’s greatest monarchs.

Elizabeth I.
Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII, was the first of three long-reigning queens in the British history (the other two are Victoria and Elizabeth II). During her long reign she established, by skillful diplomacy, a reasonable degree of internal stability in a firmly Protestant England, allowing the growth of a spirit of patriotism and general confidence . She never married, but used its possibility as a diplomatic tool . She became known as the “Virgin Queen”. Her reign is characterized by intellectual brilliance, flourishing literature and commercial prosperity.

The Civil War.
1642-1651.During the century, Parliament had established its supremacy over the monarchy. Anger grew in the country at the way the Stuart monarchs raised money without getting the agreement of the House of Commons first. In addition , Puritanism had grown in England. Puritans regarded the luxurious lifestyle of the king and his followers immoral. They were also anti-Catholic and suspicious of the apparent sympathy towards Catholicism of the Stuart monarchs.
The conflict between the Parliament and the kings over power increased and led the country into the Civil War during the reign of Charles I. The king believed that the monarch had been appointed by God to rule and to have absolute power, but the elected English Parliament disagreed. The two sides in the war were those of Charles I and the Parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell .
The Civil War resulted in the following:

Charles I was defeated and executed;
Cromwell took up rule of the country, which became a republic – the Commonwealth. Cromwell was its Lord Protector until his death .

After Cromwell’s death the Stuarts returned to the throne. Charles I’s son was called back from exile and crowned Charles II. However, the Parliament was firmly established by this time and no future monarch would ever seriously challenge its power.

Oliver Cromwell.
A civil war broke out in 1642 between royalists and parliamentarians (led by Cromwell). Though a man of very little experience , Cromwell excelled at conducting the war. He established a good army and was an extraordinary motivator who believed a soldier should be trained, well fed and paid regularly. After the Civil War, he established a republic which the called the Commonwealth and started to rule as its Lord Protector”. Between 1653 and 1658 he ruled the UK, with more or less the same powers as a monarch, but as he was 'Lord Protector' of the Commonwealth, he had no crown . By the time Cromwell died, he, his system of government, and the puritan ethics that went with it (theatres and other forms of amusement had been banned) had become so unpopular that the executed king’s son was asked to return and become King Charles II.

The Restoration.
Restoration, in English history, is the reestablishment of the monarchy on the accession (1660) of Charles II after the collapse of the Commonwealth (see under commonwealth) and the Protectorate. The term is often used to refer to the entire period from 1660 to the fall of James II in 1688.

The Whigs and Tories.
Within Parliament, the tensions and disagreements of the Civil War and its aftermath were echoed in the formation of two vaguely opposed, loose collections of allies. One group, the Whigs, were the political “descendants” of the parliamentarians. They supported the Protestant values of hard work and economic efficiency, were sympathetic to dissenters and believed in government by monarchy and aristocracy together. The other group, the Tories, had a greater respect for the idea of the monarchy and the importance of the Anglican Church. This was the beginning of the party system in Britain.
Today , the Liberals are the “descendants” of the Whigs and the Conservatives of the Tories.

The state opening of Parliament.
It is a traditional ceremony which reminds MPs of their special status and of their togetherness. At first the “Black Rod”, a servant of the Queen, is knocking on the door of the House of Commons and demanding that the MPs let the Queen come in and tell them what “her” government is going to do in the coming year. However, the Commons refuses her entry. In the 17th century, Charles I once burst in and tried to arrest some MPs. Ever since then, the monarch has not been allowed to enter the Commons. Instead, the MPs agree to come through to the House of Lords and listen to the monarch there. By tradition , they always come through in pairs, each pair comprising of an MP from two different parties .

The Day in the House of Commons. The Mace. Hansard.
Hansard is the name given to the daily verbatim reports of everything that has been said in the Commons. They are published within 48 hours of the day the cover .
The mace in Parliament is the symbol of royal authority and without it neither House can meet or pass laws . On each day that the House is sitting the mace is carried to the House. It is placed on the table of the House, except when the House is in committee, when it rests on two brackets underneath the table.

The Question Time.
An hour when MPs are allowed to ask questions of the government ministers. The questions and answers, however, are not spontaneous. Questions to ministers have to be submitted two days in advance, so that ministers have time to prepare their answers. In this way, the government can usually avoid major embarrassment. The trick , though, is to ask an unexpected supplementary question relating to the minister’s answer.

Government. Political Parties.
Government has two meanings. In one meaning , it refers to all the politicians who run government departments. There are normally about a hundred members of the government, in that sense .
The other meaning is more limited. It refers only to the most powerful of these politicians, namely the PM and other members of the Cabinet.
Conservative party (right wing ) and Labour Party (left wing), plus Liberal Democratic party ( formed in late 1980s, center or slightly left from center). In addition, smaller nationalist parties such as Plaid Cymru and Scottish National Party.

University Degrees in Britain. Most important universities .

Canterbury Cathedral
Canterbury Cathedral is located in Canterbury, Kent, which has long been the religious center of the country, the seat of the spiritual head of the Church of England for nearly five centuries .
Canterbury Cathedral is a mixture of Gothic types and a World Heritage Site. It is the world center of the Anglican Church.

Bath .
The city of Bath in Dorset dates back to the Roman times, when a thermal spa was built there after the discovery of natural hot springs . Today the city is a popular among tourists. In the Middle Ages the town was a center of the wool industry. It was under King George III in the 18th century that Bath developed into an elegant town. Its neoclassical Palladian buildings co-exist in harmony with its Roman structures.

Lindisfarne.
Lindisfarne is an island off the coast of Northumbria where the Irish monk St Aidan founded a monastery in 635. The island was one of the most important centers for Christianity, influencing the development of other monastic communities. Around the year 700 the monks on the island compiled the “Lindisfarne Gospels”, a book of illustrated Gospel stories that greatly influenced later history-writing. The gospels were kept safe from the Vikings and are now in display in the Library of the British Museum.

Downing Street .
A little by-street running off Whitehall. Since 1732 no. 10 has been the residence of the British Prime Minister. The Cabinet meets there in the Cabinet Room. 11 Downing Street is the official residence of the Chancellor of the Exchequer . The expression “Downing Street” in colloquial use often refers to the government.

The Tower of London.
UNESCO World Heritage Site. Date back to 1066. The tower has had many functions , having served as a royal residence, armory, treasury, mint and, most famously, as a prison for the enemies of the crown. The Tower is home to the English Crown Jewels. There are many ceremonies in the Tower. A small group of people can attend the Ceremony of Keys which has taken place for centuries at 10pm every night . In the course of the show the warders lock the Tower for the night, marching from one gate to another and exchanging the same dialogue at each gate:
Halt! Who goes there!
-The Keys.
Whose Keys?
-Queen Elizabeth’s Keys.
Pass on, Queen Elizabeth’s Keys.

Buckingham Palace .
Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of Her Majesty. It became the permanent home of the monarch in 1837 when Queen Victoria ascended to the throne. In 1993 the Palace was opened to visitors for the first time in order to raise money to repair the damage done by the fire in the Windsor Castle. In August and September people can visit the grand staircase and the state rooms. The Queen’s Gallery is one of the foremost displays in the world.

Houses of Parliament.
The Houses of Parliament is today the more widely used name for the Palace of Westminster , built by Edward the Confessor in the 11th century and rebuilt by William the Conqueror. A fire in 1834 left all but the Westminster Hall in ruins. The present Neo-Gothic structure was built between 1840 and 1860. It is the home of the British parliament.

Westminster Abbey.
Westminster Abbey has been the site of royal coronations since 1066 – when William the Conqueror was crowned the King of England there on Christmas Day – and the final resting place for sovereigns and respected politicians, poets and artists since the 13th century. Around 3,300 people are believed to be buried there, including Charles Dickens, Charles Darwin, George Frederick Handel and others .

Gunpowder Plot .
On 5 November 1605, a group of Catholics planned to blow up the Houses of the Parliament while the king was in there. Before they could achieve this, one of them, Guy Fawkes, was caught in the cellars under Parliament with the gunpowder. He and his fellow conspirators were all brought to trial and then killed. At the time, the failure of the gunpowder plot was celebrated as a victory for British Protestantism over rebel Catholicism. It is celebrated today as the Guy Fawkes’ Night by setting off fireworks and burning home-made Guy Fawkes figures on bonfires.

Easter .
A moveable holiday , which lasts four days in Britain, from Good Friday to Easter Monday. Schools close for two weeks. On Good Friday people traditionally eat small sweet rolls, toasted with butter and containing currants, with a cross on top representing the wooden cross Jesus died on – hence their name – “hot cross buns”. On Easter Sunday Christians celebrate the resurrection of Christ. Most people give each other chocolate eggs of all sizes, which are usually hollow or contain sweets. Families with children often have Easter Egg Hunt, in which everybody must look for eggs hidden in the house or the garden . Easter is first and foremost a spring holiday to celebrate the time of new birth and the reawakening of nature.

Remembrance Day.
Remembrance Day, also known as Poppy Day, is marked on the Sunday nearest to 11 November to commemorate the people killed in the World Wars. Ceremonies and church services are held throughout Britain. The Queen, the Prime Minister and other VIPs attend the annual (televised) service at the Cenotaph in Whitehall. During this week many people wear red paper poppies – flowers for which the area on the borders of Belgium and France is known, as many soldiers died there in WW I. There is also a two- minute silence at 11am on Remembrance Day, which is the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.

History of Irish State.
Ireland was brought under English rule in the 12th century, but it proved difficult to dominate the Irish people – especially since Ireland was largely Catholic. When Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church, Catholic Ireland became even harder to rule, since for them, the most powerful person was the Pope.
After Queen Elizabeth I defeated the Irish army in the battle of Kinsale in 1601, a large number of Protestants came to Ireland, settling down mostly in the northern part of the island. Conflicts between the Protestant settlers and the Irish Catholics arose.
The Act of Union in 1801 made England and Ireland one country with one parliament in London.
During the 19th century, more and more people in Ireland wanted to regain its independence. In 1916 a group of Irish Nationalists, with their leader Patrick Pearse, declared Ireland a free country. This was followed by a battle in which Pearse was killed. In 1918, his men joined a group called Sinn Féin, which became the IRA – the Irish Republican Army. In 1919 and 1920 there were many conflicts between the two sides. In 1921 the northern and southern part separated, the latter became the Irish Free State. In 1949 the southern part declared itself the Republic of Ireland.

Government of Ireland.
The structure of the Government of Ireland is regulated fundamentally by the Constitution of Ireland. The Government is headed by a prime minister.
The Government must consist of between seven and fifteen members. Every member of the Government must be a member of the parliament of Ireland. No more than two members of the Government may be members of the upper house of the parliament. – the Senate. Therefore , all other members of the Government must be members of the National Assembly, the lower house. The Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister for Finance must be members of the National Assembly. The 7 to 15 Members of Government are generally referred to as "The Cabinet".
The Prime Minister is nominated by the National Assembly, the lower house of the Parliament, and appointed by the President . Other members of the Government are nominated by the Prime Minister, approved by the National Assembly, and appointed by the President. Members of the government are often styled "cabinet ministers”.

Symbols and the flag of Ireland.
Shamrock, Celtic Cross, Triple Knot, Irish Harp
Irish flag is a is a vertical tricolor of green (at the hoist), white, and orange.

Provinces and territories of Canada .
The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec , and Saskatchewan.
The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America.

National anthem and flag of Canada.
National anthem is “O Canada”.
The flag of Canada consists of a red field with a white square at its center in the ratio of 1:2:1, in the middle of which is featured a red, 11-pointed maple leaf charged in the center.

Government of Canada.
Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical , but not political. The sovereign appoints a federal viceregal representative—the Governor General of Canada (currently David Johnston)—who is permitted to exercise almost all of the monarch's Royal Prerogative, though there are some duties which must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent by, the king or queen.
The government is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her privy council. The Privy Council consists mostly of former members of parliament, chief justices of the Supreme Court , and other elder statesmen. The day-to-day operation of government is guided only by a sub-group of the Privy Council made up of individuals who hold seats in parliament. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet.
One of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place, which means appointing a prime minister (at present Justin Trudeau) to thereafter head the Cabinet. Per convention , the governor general must appoint as prime minister the person who holds the confidence of the House of Commons; in practice , this is typically the leader of the political party that holds more seats than any other party in that chamber.
The Parliament of Canada is located on Parliament Hill in the national capital of Ottawa . It consists of the Queen (represented by the governor general), the appointed Senate (upper house), and the elected House of Commons (lower house). The governor general summons and appoints each of the (currently) 105 senators on the advice of the prime minister, while the (currently) 338 members of the House of Commons (Members of Parliament) are directly elected by eligible voters in the Canadian populace. The House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament; the Senate and Crown rarely oppose its will. The Senate, thus, just reviews legislation from their viewpoint.

Education in Canada.
11-13 years of comprehensive and secondary education, depending on the region . After high school students can either embark on different educational paths:

Apprenticeship – Vocational & Technical Training (1-4 years)
College diploma 1-4 years
Bachelor’s degree 3-4 years, which can be followed by a 1-3 year Master’s program and an at least 3-year-long Doctorate program.

The French speaking Quebec has a slightly more complex system for pre-work trainings, but the university system is quite similar.

USA – early settlers.
The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes. The first successful English colony , Jamestown , was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia .
New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans. The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony, which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.
The Middle Colonies , consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey , Pennsylvania, and Delaware , were characterized by a large degree of diversity. The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina, with Georgia Colony – the last of the Thirteen Colonies – established in 1733.
Many immigrants arrived as religious refugees.
By the 18th century, the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food. The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain, and attracted a steady flow of immigrants, especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants.
The tobacco and rice plantations imported African slaves for labor from the British colonies in the West Indies, and by the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population. The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers. Those threats were gone by 1765 .

Flag. Great Seal. Motto. Anthem.
The flag of the United States of America consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in upper left corner bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars . The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the US. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The Star -Spangled Banner .
The obverse of the great seal is used as the national coat of arms of the United States. It is officially used on documents such as United States passports, military insignia, embassy placards, and various flags.
In the center of the seal is a bald eagle . The eagle holds a scroll in its beak inscribed with E pluribus Unum , which is Latin for one from many (one nation created from 13 colonies). The eagle grasps an olive branch in its right talon and a bundle of thirteen arrows in its left. The olive branch and arrows are symbols for the power of peace and war.
A shield with thirteen red and white stripes covers the eagle's breast. The red and white stripes of the shield represent the states united under and supporting the blue, which represents the President and Congress .
Above the eagle's head is a cloud surrounding a blue field containing thirteen stars which form a constellation . The constellation denotes that a new State is taking its place among other nations.
The national anthem is called “The Star-Spangled Banner”.
The national motto is “In God we trust ”.

US government. Constitution of the USA.
The federal government is composed of three branches (checks and balances):

Legislative: The Congress, which is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.
Executive: The President is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law ( subject to Congressional override), and appoints the members of the Cabinet (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.
Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.

The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. Since the Constitution came into force in 1789, it has been amended 27 times to meet the changing needs of a nation now profoundly different from the eighteenth-century world in which its creators lived.
In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government. The majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures. Amendments to the United States Constitution are appended to the end of the document.
The Constitution's first three words “We the People” affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. For over two centuries the Constitution has remained in force because its framers wisely separated and balanced governmental powers to safeguard the interests of majority rule and minority rights, of liberty and equality , and of the federal and state governments. The first constitution of its kind, adopted by the people's representatives for an expansive nation, it is interpreted, supplemented, and implemented by a large body of constitutional law, and has influenced the constitutions of other nations.

Education and national tests in the USA.
12 years of primary school and high school (four years). After that the students can go study in a Community College which lasts for two years, or to College which lasts for four years. Students can also go to a university (also referred to as a college), where they can later on continue their studies on a Master’s and Doctorate level.
There are two widely used and nationally administered standardized tests for high school students who wish to attend a college or university. One is the SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test), which attempts to measure aptitudes in verbal and mathematical fields necessary for college work. The other is the ACT (American College Testing program), which attempts to measure skills in English, mathematics, and the social and natural sciences. Both tests are given at specific dates and locations throughout the U.S. by non- profit , non-governmental organizations. The tests are used by universities as standards for comparison , but are not in any way "official”.

Australian symbols.
Australia is composed of 6 states - New South Wales, Queensland , South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and Victoria); and 2 territories - Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory.
There are no official native emblems. However, the Red Kangaroo, the Emu and the Golden Wattle appear on Commonwealth coat of arms.
The national anthem is called „Advance Australia Fair“.
The flag has the „Union Jack“ in the top left-hand corner. The rest is dark blue background with white stars. These stars consist of the southern cross and a large seven-pointed white „federation star“ representing 6 states and the territories.

The Strine.
Strine is a term coined in 1964 and subsequently used to describe a broad accent of Australian English. The term is derived from a shortened phonetic rendition of the pronunciation of the word "Australian" in an exaggerated Broad Australian accent, drawing upon the tendency of this accent to run words together in a form of liaison.

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Society and culture of English-speaking countries, exam questions

tlü tallinna ülikool ingliskeelsete maade ühiskond ja kultuur society and culture of english-speaking countries society and culture of english speaking countries exam questions eksamiküsimused inglise keel english

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Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur konspekt

1. Ancient Britain: the Celtic tribes. 2000 years ago there was an Iron Age Celtic culture throughout the Br Isles. It seems that the Celts, who had been arriving from Europe from the 8th cent BC onward, intermingled with the peoples who were already there. The Celts were extremely talented people, creative and artistic. More than 1 Celtic tribe invaded Br. The descendants of ancient Celts live in Wales, Scotland, Cornwall and Ireland. They lived in primitive society. Druids priests, more powerful than chiefs. Acted like prophets. 2. Stonehenge From prehistoric period. Was built on Salisbury plain between 2500 and 1500 bc. One of the most famous and mysterious archaeological sites in the world. One of the mysteries is how it was built at all with the technology of the time. Another is its purpose. It appears to function as a kind on astronomical clock and we know it was used by the Druids for ceremonies marking the passing of the seasons. It appears in number of novels. T

Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur

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Inglise keelt kõnelevate maade ajaloo eksamiküsimused

History exam *Stonehenge - is a monument located in England. It is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world and is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The surrounding circular, earth bank and ditch, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. *The Celts in Britain and their legacy The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords, horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number of hill forts throughout the region. The society

Inglise keel kõnelevate maade ajalugu

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Britain history.

Britain History Pre-Norman Britain The Iberians brought their metal-working skills and the first real civilization to Britain in the third millennium B.C and were overrun by various Celtic invasions that began in the 8th century. The Celts introduced their tribal organization and an early form of agriculture before they were forced westward by the Roman invasion. Forms of Celtic language are still spoken in Britain. Romans (with Julius Caesar in the head of them) first tried to occupy Britain in 55 B.C., but there was a rebellion in Gaul so they had to leave to fight against it. Next time they came in 43 A.D. and their leader was Emperor Claudius. Romans brought a lot with them. Their brought paved roads, the sites of important cities, the seeds of Christianity, the Roman law, Roman baths, language and advanced civilization. They also built Hadrian's Wall in 122 A.D. Romans occupied Britain for four centuries. The Roman wa

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Suurbritannia üldkokkuvõte

1) General facts The UK: * the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was formed in 1801 * it covers 243,610 sq km * everybody from the UK is called British * the capital city is London * is made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which in turn are divided into counties * the flag is called the Union Jack which is a combination of the flags of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland * the population is about 60,000,000 people, the population density is 242 people/sq km * its coasts are washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, Saint George's Channel, and the Irish Sea. It is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel * the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who is also the Queen and Head of State of fifteen other Commonwealth Realms, such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Jamaica.

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The United Kingdom

The United Kingdom The United Kingdom consists of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland and it is situated in the Atlantic Ocean near the mainland of Europe. The population of the UK is 58.6 million and area is 244,110 sq km. Britain has a temperate humid climate. Its characteristic features are mild winters, warm summer, no temperature extremes, abundant rain all year round and frequent changes of weather. The mild climate is partly due to the warm Gulf Stream and partly to the south westerly winds. Occasional winds from the east in winter may bring cold and dry weather. The distribution of rainfall is influenced by the Atlantic Stream. The mountainous areas of the north and west have more rain than the lowlands of the south and east. Wales is located on a peninsula in central-west Britain. The entire area of Wales is about 20,779 km². Wales borders by England to the east and by sea in the other three directions: the

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Inglise keelt kõnelevate maade ajalugu lühikonspekt

Stonehenge One of the best known ancient wonders of the world, 5000 years old Megalith monument, built by western mediterraneans during 3000-1600 BC Circular structure, large standing stones, aligned with rising sun at teh solstice Attlers and bones were sued to dig pits that hold the stones The Celts in Britain and their legacy 700-200 BC celts invade Britain Gaels or Goehls(Ireland and Scotland),Cymri(Wales) and Brythons(gave name to Brittany) Fierce fighters,superb horsemen.Most of them farmers, lived in thatched houses Good at art, craftmanship, used iron Divided into tribes, ruled by kings, only in face of danger would they choose a single leader Legacy- hill-forts, farms, churches, field system, woodland, pasture, weapons, iron objects, langugae, culture Caesar in Britain The great Roman Emperor Firts came 55 BC to gather information, celts were doing agriculturally well,so romans wanted

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Suurbritannia ühiskond ja kultuur quiz 2 mõisted

Established church The Church of England is the established church, which means that: 1.)the Monarch is the Supreme Governor of the church, 2.)the Church performs a number of official functions, 3.)Church and State are linked. To disestablish Disestablishmentarianism refers to campaigns to sever links between church and state, particularly in relation to the Church of England as an established church. It was initially a movement in the United Kingdom in the 18th century. The established churches in Wales and Ireland could not count on even nominal adherence by a majority of the population of those countries. In Ireland, the predominantly Roman Catholic population campaigned against the position of the established Anglican Church of Ireland - eventually disestablished in Ireland from 1 January 1871. A broad church The Church of England is a broad church, representing a wide spectrum of theological thought and practice The Church of England is a broad church, represent

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Countrystudy Summary

Country Study Mari-Liis Luukas 11c The British Isles Administrative / d'mnstrtv / haldus- Self-governing / self'gvn / isemajandav, iseseisev Legislative assembly/ 'ledsltv 'sembl/ seadusandlik kogu The British Isles is the name of a group of islands washed by the North Sea in the east and the

British history (suurbritannia ajalugu)

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