The president power is fairly limited. His functions are mainly ceremonial. He represents the country abroad. The executive power is exerted by the government which runs the state. The head of the government is the prime minister. The legislative power belongs to the parliament which is the law-making body. The laws must be promulgated by the president. The government consists of ministers. The number of which is about of dozen. Every ministry is headed by a minister. The Estonian judiciary is completely independent, it is governed by the chief justice of the supreme court. The minister of interior is marko pomerants, -||- of finance is Jürgen Ligi, -||- of justice is Rein Lang, -||- of Social Affairs is Anno Pevkur, -||- of Culture is Laine jänes, -||- of Foreign Affairs is Urmas Paet.
The British constitution has envolved over many centuries and unlike many other nations, the UK has no single constitutional documents. But Britain does, however, have certain important constitutional documents, including Magna Carta, Bill of Rights and Reform Act. It is formed partly by statue law, partly by common law and partly by conventions. Fundamental law doesn´t exist in the United Kingdom. There can be distinguish three separate organs: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Parliament, the law-making body, consists of three elements: the Monarchy, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. They meet together only on occasions of ceremonial significance, such as the state opening of Parliament. The Monarch's principle function is to carry out certain ceremonial duties. The Queen is regarded as national symbol and also as a symbol of the unity of the Commonwealth. The British monarch must be Protestant.
have the rights to form factions. The Executive. The Executive of Estonia consists of the body of the Prime Minister and cabinet of ministers. The highest Executive of Estonia is the Prime Minister of the country. The majority of ministers are the head of a ministry. (Ministers for Education, Justice, Defence, Enviroment, Culture,Economic Affairs, Agriculture, Finance, Internal Affairs, Social Affairs, Transportion and Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Affairs.) The Judiciary. The 1992 constitution established a court system consisting of three levels of courts: county, city and administrative courts at the first level, circuit courts and the second level and the Supreme Court at the highest level. There are 2 city courts, 14 county courts and 4 administrative courts in Estonia. The Supreme Court has 17 judges. The Chief Justice of the Supreme court is nominated by the president and confirmed by the Riigikogu. Justices are appointed for life.
Canberra(capital of Australia) Australia's politics The federal government is separated into three branches: The legislature: the bicameral Parliament, comprising the Queen (represented by the Governor-General), the Senate, and the House of Representatives; The executive: the Federal Executive Council, in practice the Governor-General as advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Council. Australia's day Australia Day, 26 January, is the anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet of 11 convict ships from Great Britain in 1788 On Australia Day Australians come together as a nation to celebrate what's great about Australia and being Australian. Sources http://australia.gov
some other provisions) protected by `eternity clause' · Separation of powers: Weimar problems Over-concentration of power Confused dual executive (Chancellor vs. President) Solutions Judiciary, with Constitutional Court at its apex, reviewing constitutionality of laws Legislature - the Bundestag and Bundesrat passing laws Executive (Chancellor and government): proposing and implementing laws · Single executive: President downgraded to ceremonial role Federalism: distribution of responsibilities between central and regional government Bundesrat Bundestag
Continental law has resulted from governments trying to govern every legal aspect of the citizen’s lives. Primary sources of law are sets of codes for example civil codes and penal codes. The courts must apply the legal codes when making a decision. Legislators codified legal systems because case law had often produced corrupt and biased judgments. They wanted to show that legal rights of their citizens originated in the state. Because of that it was necessary to separate legislature and judiciary so that state could make laws not courts. Continental system is also known as codified legal system. It is developed in continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in Asia. In those countries governments have produced a set of codes to govern every legal aspect of citizen’s life. Legislators (a member of a group of people who together have the power to make laws) codified legal systems because case law had often produced corrupt and biased judgments.
citizen's life. Legislators find it more important to speculate human behaviour rather than previous cases. Many countries have looked to the example of France when codifying their laws. Revolutionary France wanted to break with case law, which often produced corrupt and biased judgments. Lawmakers in nations want to show that their citizens' legal rights originate in the state and not in local customs and state makes laws not court. To separate the roles of the legislature and judiciary, it was necessary to make laws clean and comprehensive. Biased - unfairly showing favoritism towards something or someone Judiciary - a person or thing associated with a court of law or judges ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Civil law Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country. Main categories of English civil law are: contracts
It is instead wholly owned by the U.S. government; thus admission to the gallery is free. The gallery's west wing features the nation's collection of American and European art through the 19th century. The east wing, designed by architect I. M. Pei, features works of modern art. The Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery are often confused with the National Gallery of Art when they are in fact entirely separate institutions. The National Building Museum, located near Judiciary Square, was chartered by Congress and hosts temporary and traveling exhibits. 4.There are many private art museums in the District of Columbia, which house major collections and exhibits open to the public such as: the National Museum of Women in the Arts; the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the largest private museum in Washington; and The Phillips Collection in Dupont Circle, the first museum of modern art in the United States. Other private museums in Washington include the Newseum, the
the House of Representatives. The Constitution grants numerous powers to Congress. These include the powers to levy and collect taxes, provide for common defense, also declare war etc. Congressional oversight is intended to prevent waste and fraud, protect civil liberties and individual rights, ensure executive compliance with the law, gather information for making laws and educating the public, and evaluate executive performance. The legislative branch has 435 voting members. The judiciary is all the courts - Federal courts, Supreme Court, Circuit Courts of Appeal and District Courts. The federal judiciary consists of the U.S. Supreme Court, whose justices are appointed for life by the President and confirmed by the Senate, and various "lower" or "inferior courts," among which are the courts of appeals and district courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal court system. Separate from, but not entirely independent of, this federal
10. suurenev kuritegevuse tase rising crime rate 11. võimude lahusus separation of powers 12. õigusriik state based on the rule of law 13. seadusandlik võim legislative power 14. täidesaatev võim executive power 15. kohtuvõim judicial power 16. seadusandlik kogu, organ legislature, legislative body 17. kohtunikkond, kohtuharu judiciary 18. kohtus õigust mõistma administer justice in courts 19. õigusallikad sources of law 20. parlamendiseadused acts of Parliament 21. seadusega kooskõlas in accordance / compliance with law 22. põhiseadusliku järelevalve kohus court of constitutional review 23. kehtetuks tunnistama declare invalid / void 24. seadusi vastu võtma pass / adopt laws 25
It also means minority rights. The American democratic government was established in March 1789 in the Constitution of the United States. In this system, rights and powers are divided between the individual states and the central, or Federal government. To prevent any political party from becoming too powerful, the powers of the Federal Government are divided. The Federal government has 3 branches - the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. The power of each branch is carefully balanced by the powers of each of the others. The Congress writes the laws. The President carries out the laws and policies of the Government. Since the late nineteenth century, baseball has been regarded as the national sport; football, basketball, and ice hockey are the country's three other leading professional team sports. College football and basketball also attract large audiences. Football is now
create policy, administer government agencies, command the armed forces, negotiate and ratify treaties, and declare a state of emergency · The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the prime minister (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors, divisional officers, and urban-council members in large cities) · Cameroon's legal system is largely based on French civil law with common law influences · The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the court of appeal, and the supreme court. Politics and Government · Human rights organisations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, homosexuals, and political activists · The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year. Laws are passed on a majority vote.
House of Commons – the development of a system of responsible government – the gradual broadening of the right to vote into universal adult suffrage. Uncodified constitution is a type of constitution where the fundamental rules often take the form of customs, usage, precedent and a variety of statutes and legal instruments.[1] An understanding of the constitution is obtained through reading commentary by the judiciary, government committees or legal experts. In such a constitutional system, all these elements may be (or may not be) recognized by courts, legislators and the bureaucracy as binding upon government and limiting its powers. Such a framework is sometimes imprecisely called an "unwritten constitution"; however, all the elements of an uncodified constitution are typically written down in a variety of official documents, though not codified in a single document.
To overturn to cancel (a legal decision) A litigant a person who is fighting a legal case Personal injury case accident or event related to bodily harm. Court reform Courts have been reformed because as time goes on, different situations gain different meanings and thus new way to solve a problem are needed. 1990 to the Present The restitution of Estonia's independence has been a long process of political and legal steps, of which one of the most significant with respect to the judiciary has been the Declaration of Sovereignty on 16 November 1988. According to the declaration, the sovereignty of "the Estonian SSR" meant that the highest authority within its territory was the states own legislative, governmental and judicial institutions. On 30 March 1990, the Supreme Council of the Estonian SSR, acting at that time as the de facto representative of the people, stated its will to restore Estonian independence and declared the
during graduation ceremonies in the history of the college. In fall she enrolled in Yale University Law School. Family life and law career, First Lady of Arkansas In Yale Law School she served on the Board of Editors of Yale Law Review and Social Action, interned with children's advocate Marian Wright Edelman, and met Bill Clinton. After graduation, Hillary advised the Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge and joined the impeachment inquiry staff advising the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives. After completing those responsibilities, she ''followed her heart to Arkansas'', where Bill had begun his political career. They married in 1975. She joined the faculty of the University of Arkansas Law School in 1975 and the Rose Law Firm in 1976. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter appointed her to the board of the Legal Services Corporation, and Bill Clinton became governor of Arkansas. Their daughter, Chelsea, was born in 1980.
every four years). The government or the executive branch is formed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and a total of 14 ministers. The government is appointed by the president after approval by the parliament. The legislative power lies with the unicameral parliament, the Riigikogu or State Assembly, which consists of 101 seats. Members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The supreme judiciary court is the National Court or Riigikohus, with 19 justices whose chairman is appointed by the parliament for life on nomination by the president. Internet voting has been used in local elections in Estonia. The lawmakers in Estonia have authorized internet voting for parliamentary elections as well. The current president is Toomas-Hendrik Ilves. Before him there have been three presidents in Estonia Arnold Rüütel, Lennart Meri and Konstantin Päts. Currency and taxes
Explain in English: 1. suspension – stopping or postponing smth 2. implement justice – to enforce justice 3. administer justice – to execute justice 4. separation of powers – insulation of the functions of the branches of power 5. legislative power – statutory power 6. legislature – parliament 7. legislation – the whole set of laws 8. legislators - lawmakers 9. judicial power – the power exercised by the court of law 10. judiciary – forensic/ all judges 11. executive power – administrative power Civil Procedure 1. tsiviil-, kriminaalmenetlus – civil procedure, criminal procedure 2. kohtuprotsess (toimingud kohtus) – trial, court proceedings, hearing a case 3. riigi nimel – in the name of the state 4. kriminaalsüüdistust algatama – to bring a criminal action 5. hagi algatama, kohtusse kaebama – to sue, to bring an action against smb 6. süüdistaja - prosecutor 7
Islamic law in cases involving personal status. The Druze and non- Muslim communities have their own religious courts. A Supreme Constitutional Court investigates and rules on petitions submitted by the president or one-fourth of the members of the People's Assembly challenging the constitutionality of laws or legislative decrees. This court has no jurisdiction to hear appeals for cases from the civil or criminal courts. The constitution provides for an independent judiciary. The regular court system is independent; however, the state security courts are not completely independent from the executive. There are no jury trials. The regular courts respect constitutional provisions safeguarding due process. The Supreme State Security Court tries political and national security cases. The Economic Security Court tries cases involving financial crimes. Both courts operate under the state of emergency rules overriding constitutional defendants' rights. Courts
The British Constitution is an unwritten constitution, not being contained in a single legal document. England and Wales have no criminal or civil code. It is case law there. It contains two main principles the rule of law (nobody can escape from the law) and the supremacy of Parliament (in theory the Parliament can do whatever it wishes). Since the age of absolute monarchy there has been a gradual decline in the Sovereign's power and, while formally still the head of the executive and the judiciary, commander-in-chief of all the armed forces, and temporal governor of the Church of England, nowadays monarchs reign but they do not rule. Parliament is the supreme legislative authority. There is usually a one-party government. It consists of three separate elements: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the elected House of Commons. After passing through the House of Commons, all bills are debated in the House of Lords, and after that, signed by the Queen. As a
They describe themselves as centrists. It is created by Vladimir Putin and supports him in the Duma and the Federation Council. The main opposition party is the Communist Party of the Russian Federation led. There are three other parties that have seats in the State Duma. They are the ultra-nationalist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, the fake opposition party A Just Russia, and the nationalist People's Union ( " T h e russian government," ) The Russian Judiciary system consists of the Constitutional courts, the Supreme Court, and the Superior Court of Arbitration. The Constitutional Court is a court of limited subject matter jurisdiction. The court has power to rule on violations of constitutional rights, to examine appeals from various bodies, and to participate in impeachment of the President. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges whose term is life. They are
the 28 members as a single body are subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament. The first Barroso Commission took office in late 2004 and its successor, under the same President, took office in 2010. The usual procedural languages of the Commission are English, French and German. The Court of Justice of the European Union The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the institution of the European Union that encompasses the whole judiciary. Seated in Luxembourg, it consists of two major courts and a number of specialised courts. The institution was originally established in 1952 as the Court of Justice of the European Coal and Steel Communities (as of 1958 the Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC)). With the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, the court changed to its current name. Its mission is to ensure that "the law is observed" "in the interpretation and application" of the Treaties
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