By tradition, the latter informs the Sovereign, who is head of state, about important affairs of state and government business, and asks the sovereign for his or her opinion. With over 60 years of experience, the current Queen Elizabeth II has acquired great experience in managing affairs of state, and an unparalleled experience of international relations, and now acts as an experienced adviser, well liked by her Prime Ministers, of all political persuasions . The House of Lords This is the "Upper House" of the British Parliament . It consists of about 750 members (a variable number ) most of whom are Life Peers (i.e. not hereditary lords), or people who have been ennobled for services rendered to the nation. These Life Peers are mostly former members of the House of Commons, or former senior officials, judges, or former business leaders or trade union leaders: each government and opposition party has the right, each year, to propose new Life peers .
UK Parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the highest legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories. It alone has parliamentary sovereignty over all other political bodies. At its head is the Queen Elizabeth II. The parliament has an upper house, the House of Lords, and a lower house, the House of Commons. The House of Lords plays an important role in checking and challenging the decisions and actions of the government through questions and debates. A House of Commons evolved at some point in England during the 14th century, becoming the House of Commons of Great Britain after the political union with Scotland in 1707. How laws are made Most new laws passed by Parliament result from proposals made by the government. Proposals aim to shape society or address particular problems.
But Britain does, however, have certain important constitutional documents, including Magna Carta, Bill of Rights and Reform Act. It is formed partly by statue law, partly by common law and partly by conventions. Fundamental law doesn´t exist in the United Kingdom. There can be distinguish three separate organs: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Parliament, the law-making body, consists of three elements: the Monarchy, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. They meet together only on occasions of ceremonial significance, such as the state opening of Parliament. The Monarch's principle function is to carry out certain ceremonial duties. The Queen is regarded as national symbol and also as a symbol of the unity of the Commonwealth. The British monarch must be Protestant. The House of Commons consists of 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament. Its main purpose
The House of Commons Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords. It consists of 650 elected members called Members of Parliament. The House of Commons was originally far less powerful than the House of Lords, but today its legislative powers greatly exceed those of the Lords. The full, formal style and title of the House of Commons is The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Role The House of Commons main purpose is to make laws by passing Acts of
100 staircases over 3 kilometres (two miles) ofcorridors located next to the River Thames in London TOWERS Includes several towers: Victoria Tower - a square tower at the south-western end of the Palace St. Stephen's Tower a.k.a Central Tower - lies over the middle of the Palace Clock Tower a.k.a Big Ben at the north- eastern end of the Palace VICTORIA TOWER ST. STEPHEN'S TOWER CLOCK TOWER DIFFERENT PARTS The Royal Apartments the House of Lords the House of Commons Westminster Hall HOUSE OF COMMONS CHAMBER Was opened in 1950 after the Victorian chamber had been destroyed in 1941 located at the northern end members of Parliament hold most of their debates there at one end of the Chamber is the Speaker's Chair HOUSE OF LORDS CHAMBER Located in the southern part the benches in the Chamber, as well as other furnishings, are coloured red the Lords Chamber, like the Commons, has benches on either side and galleries above
fundamental continuity. Britain has not had a revolution of the kind experienced by so many other countries and Britain has not been invaded or occupied for almost 1,000 years. Westminster model The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament, home to the UK Parliament = British Parliament = Westminster Parliament. Three constituent parts • The Queen-in-Parliament (or King-in-Parliament) – The House of Commons – The House of Lords – The Monarch • The evolution of the Westminster model of Parliament – transfer of authority from the Crown to Parliament – transfer of authority from the House of Lords to the House of Commons – the development of a system of responsible government – the gradual broadening of the right to vote into universal adult suffrage. Uncodified constitution is a type of constitution where the fundamental rules often take the
million people. The UK flag is called the Union Flag. It is sometimes referred as the Union Jack. It is the flag of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The flag is actually three flags in one. It is made up from the England flag, the Scotland flag and the patron saint of the Ireland's flag. Parlament is the most important authority in Britain. Parlament is made up of two chambers the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Lords is made up of people who have inherited family titles and those who have been given titles because of their outstanding work in one filed or another. There are 675 members of the Lords. The main job of the House of Lords is to ´double check` new laws to make sure they are fair and will work. Many people think that the House of Lords should be abolished. The House of Commons have 659 members who have been elected by the British public. The members are called MPs (Members of Parlament)
The Houses of Parliament The Houses of Parliament also known as The Palace of Westminister or Westminister Palace was built in 11th century by man called Charles Barry .It is located on the north back of the River Thames. In 1834 most of it burned, so in 1840 The Palace of Westminister was rebuilt. It is the meeting place of the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom - the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Houses of Parliament is composed of 1100 rooms, 100 staircases and three miles of corridors. Parliament takes breaks during Christmas, Easter and over the summer. The Palace of Westminster features three main towers The Central Tower, The Victoria Tower and The Clock Tower, also known as Big Ben. The Central Tower stands over the middle of the building, immediately above the Central Lobby. This tower is proof that after
tabloid journalism. Over the years, however, these fears proved to be unfounded. 33. The places of interest in London: 9 The Houses of Parliament - The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament or Westminster Palace, is the meeting place of the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom--the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames[note 1] in the heart of the London borough of the City of Westminster, close to the historic Westminster Abbey and the government buildings of Whitehall and Downing Street. The name may refer to either of two structures: the Old Palace, a medieval building complex most of which was destroyed in 1834, and its replacement New Palace that
burgesses from every borough. Many nobles didn't support Simon de Montfort, a civil war broke out. De Montfort was defeated and killed. In 1295 Henry III's son Edward I brought together the ,,represantive institution", ,,Model Parliament", the 1st to include nobles, clergy & commoners. It was a mixture of ,,gentry" knights & wealthy freemen from the shires & merchants from the towns. He divided Parliament into 2 parts the nobles formed the House of Lords, the other part was called the House of Commons (middle class). Edward I became king at the age of 35. He was a fine warrior & won the respect of his subjects. He was very tall & strong and his nickname ,,Longshanks" referred to his long legs. He was married twice. From his 1st marriage (Eleanor of Castili) he had 15 children, his 2nd wife (Margaret of France) bore him 3 children. He had helped his father, Henry III, to govern since he was 12, and he had also been a crusader. He
HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT Houses of Parliament also known as the Palace of Westminster is one of the most attractive buildings in London. It stands on the site where Edward the Confessor had the original palace built in the first half of the eleventh century . In 1547 the royal residence was moved to Whitehall Palace, but the Lords continued to meet at Westminster, while the commons met in St. Stephen's Chapel. Ever since these early times, the Palace of Westminster has been home to the English Parliament. In 1834 there was a huge fire that destroyed much of the old palace. All that remained was the chapel crypt, The Jewel Tower and Westminster Hall. It was Lord Melbourne, the Prime Minister, who saved the great hall by arranging for the fire
back to England.Augustine became 1st Archbishop of Conterbury.With Christianity came Latin learning. Venerable Bede wrote in Latin 1st history of England. Normans broke the power of the Anglo-Saxons. Medival period Social order:1)The King-the most powerful person-owned land,led the army,made laws,demanded money through taxes,had absolute power2)Aristocracy:Barons,Lords-got lands from the King3)Middle classes:Knights,Merchants,Yeomen- freefarmers-owned land,protected Lords,had to got to war4)Villeins or Serfs-didn`t own land,products went to Lord,had to do any job that the Lord asked them to do5)Slaves- had to work hard System of government:King-ruled throughly the system of patronage,he gave hands and privileges to people who were loyal to him when he needed it. The Domesday Book was the record of the great survey of England, executed for 'William the Conqueror'. The survey was similar to a census by a government of today. Magna Carta is an English legal charter
Describe the British Parliament Works in a large building called the Palace of Westminster aka The Houses of Parliament. There are offices, committee rooms, restaurants, bars, libraries and even some places of residence. Two large rooms: The House of Lords meet in one and the House of Commons in the other. The British Parliament is divided into two houses, but the House of Commons is obviously more important and only they are considered to be the MPs. In the House of Commons there are just two rows of benches facing each other. On the left sit the members of the governing party and on the right sit the opposition. The Speaker sits between them and controls the action. The arrangement of the benches encourages
1.The leg of norm-when william 1 died normandy went to his oldest son robert,feudalism-land was given to lords who suported The domesday book-the first national census,11h 2.Anglo sax 410-793 wrom the jutes came from juteland,angles from south of denma, saxons from germ; deff-the new anglo saxon invaders were not organised centrally as the romans had been;days of the week 3.The celtic peop 500bc-43ad the cealts(fr) the brit(eng)the graels(irel) 4.Roman britain ad 43-410 britains helped the cauls fight against julius ceasar 5
Three facts about the history of parliament It was in the medieval period that Parliament began its gradual evolution into the democratic body which it is today. The word 'parliament', which comes from the French word parler (to speak), was first used in England in the thirteenth century to describe an assembly of nobles called together by the king. It was divided into two houses during the reign of Henry VII: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The class system o After the norman invasion, a strict feudal system was imposed: norman soliders who had inavaded were given the ownership of land and of the people living on it o Nobles, or barons, were responsible directly to the king, lesser lords, were directly responsible to a abaron. Under them were the peasants who had strict duties and obligations and were forbidden to travel without permission.(anglo-saxons)
can do whatever it wishes). Since the age of absolute monarchy there has been a gradual decline in the Sovereign's power and, while formally still the head of the executive and the judiciary, commander-in-chief of all the armed forces, and temporal governor of the Church of England, nowadays monarchs reign but they do not rule. Parliament is the supreme legislative authority. There is usually a one-party government. It consists of three separate elements: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the elected House of Commons. After passing through the House of Commons, all bills are debated in the House of Lords, and after that, signed by the Queen. As a result the bills then become laws. There are 650 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons. Leaders of the Government and the Opposition sit in the front row and their supporters sit behind them. The House is presided over by the Speaker. He/she is elected by the MPs.
BRITISH POLITICS Helen Laine 12 A POLITICAL SYSTEM Democracy Constitutional monarchy Head of the state – Elizabeth II Actual power – Prime Minister Executive power - Her Majesty’s Government Legislative power – Parliament House of Commons and House of Lords Multi-party system MAIN PARTIES Two largest - the Conservative Party and the Labour Party Before labourers - The Liberal party Third largest – the Liberal Democrats Current: Conservative, Liberal Democrats ... Some other parties in UK: Democratic Unionist Party Scottish National Party Palace of Westminster UK Independence Party Green Party of England and Wales
Elizabeth I When Elizabeth was a young girl, the times in Englad were quite confusing and the fight over the throne of England was in the highest point. Of course a major problem was the religion. Elizabeth was a protestant but Mary, the queen of England believed truly in the catholic church. Mary unfortunately died and Elizabeth became the next queen of England. There remained some lords and members of the council who were not loyal to Elizabeth. Many of them wanted to see her dead, but she managed to be alive. The throne was still in endangered by Mary Stuart but the queen moved fast and let Mary killed. Elizabeth was living a hard life because she had to stand for the people of England and make many important decisions. She had good mind for being a queen and she was able to improve the position of England in the world despite the fact that she sacrificed her life for it.
Houses of Parliament Harrod's Nelson's column tower bridge NIMI .... Houses of Parliament The Houses of Parliament, otherwise known as The Palace of Westminster, stands on the site where Edward the Confessor had the original palace built in the first half of the 11th century. In 1547 the royal residence was moved to Whitehall Palace, but the Lords continued to meet at Westminster, while the commons met in St. Stephen's Chapel. Ever since these early times, the Palace of Westminster has been home to the English Parliament. Harrod's One of the world's most famous department stores, established in 1849 as a humble grocery store employing two assistants. Today, it offers everything from food to fashion, furniture to sportswear plus 20 instore restaurants serving every kind of cuisine imaginable from pizza to sushi
The leader of the winning party becomes Prime Minister. As leaders of their political parties and leaders of the country, Prime Ministers are powerful and important people. They are powerful because they have the majority support in Parliamenr and th ey can choose their own ministers and government.The PM chooses a committee of minister s called the Cabinet. This is made up of a selection of senior MPs from the House of Commons and some members of the House of Lords. Each member of the Cabinet is a minister responsible for a government department: for example, the Secretary of State for Education and Science is responsible for all the schools, universities and teachers in Britain. The Cabinet of ministers runs the country. The Cabinet meets at the Prime Minister's house - la Downing Street. The Cabinet works as a team and all ministers must accept the decisions of the 'group'. The team of ministers must
Starts off with the local parish church Runs: Priest Deanery (many parishes) Runs: Dean Archdeaconry (many deaneries) Runs: Archdeacon Diocese (many archdeaconries) Runs: Bishop Province (many dioceses) Runs: Archbishop Primacy The Church of England Run: Archbishop of Cantebury Church of England Today Facts The General Synod is the national assembly of the Church of England 26 Bishops in the House of Lords Commonly used book is the ,,Book of Common Prayer" (first volume in 1549) The Church of England allows for the ordination of gay priests as long as they are celibate. Church of England today !Must know! The Archbishop of Cantebury is Rowan Williams ,,primus inter pares" (first among equals) The Archbishop of York is John Sentamu ( since 2005) References http://www.statistics.gov.uk/focuson/religion/ http://www.woodlands-junior
wars supporting Sicily. That upset the nobles. 1258 the nobles took over the government and elected a council which was called the Parliament. 1265 Henry was able to take back his full royal authority. After his death his son Edward I took the throne. He brought together the first real parliament the House of Commons. In 1275 he commanded each shire and town to send two representatives to his parliament. Dealing with the Celts William I had allowed his lords to win lands by conquering. By the beginning of 12th century most of Wales was held by them. The only Welsh who were free of English rule lived around Snowdon. They were led by Llewelyn who tried to become free of the English. Edward was determined to defeat him and bring the whole Wales under his control. In 1282 Llewelyn was captured and killed. In 1284 Edward united west of Wales with England. He made his son Edward II the Prince Of Wales
How has Margaret Thatcher affected Britain Margaret Thatcher is former British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the conservative party from 1975 to 1990. She is the first and only woman to hold either post. Since her resignation, Thatcher has remained active in the politics of the United Kingdom, as well as the world. She was raised to the House of Lords by the conferment of a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher. Margaret Thatcher has affected Britain in many ways. Thatcher was committed to reducing the power of the trades unions. Several unions launched strikes in response to legislation introduced to curb their power, but these actions eventually collapsed, and gradually Thatcher's reforms reduced the power and influence of the unions. Also, though an early backer of decriminalization of male homosexuality, Thatcher, at the 1987
Suurbritannia Suurbritannia on kaasaegses põlvkondade vaheldumise etapis. See tähendab, et nii suremus kui sündimus on väiksed. Sündimus on 649 % , suremus 612 % , loomulik iive 1.7 % . Vanemaealised on ülekaalus, kõige rohkem on 40- 44 aastaseid. Eluiga on suhteliselt pikk 79 aastat. Rahvastiku tihedus on umbes 250 inimest/ km². Suuremad keskused on: London - 7,8 miljonit elanikku; Kesk-Inglismaa (Leeds, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool) - 7,5 miljonit elanikku; Birmingham 2,6 miljonit elanikku; Lõuna-Sotimaa (Glasgow, Edinburgh) - 1 miljon elanikku; Cardiff - 0,3 miljonit elanikku. Rahvaarv on hetkel 60'944'000. Rahvaarvu kasv on 0.3 %. Aastal 2015 on rahvaarv 62'175'000, aastal 2025 63'819'000. Meeste keskmine eluiga on 76 aastat ning naistel 81 aastat. 0- 4 aastaseid on 3'825'527, 5- 9 aastaseid 3'858'032, 10-14 aastaseid 3'642'710, 60- 64 aastaseid 3'099'913, 65-69 aastaseid 2'675'249....
features peers and bishops in traditional robes and a royal procession involving the State Coach . · The Yeomen of the Guard are responsible for searching the cellars of the Houses of parliament before the Queen arrives. · A duty undertaken ever since the infamous Gunpowder Plot of 1605 when Guy Fawkes tried to blow up Parliament. The televised ceremony that follows takes place in the House of Lords. · The proceedings begin with Black Rod (the Queen's Messenger) calling 250 members of the House of Commons to the Houses og Lords. · The door is initially slammed in his face before being re-opened. · This reminds people that the Commons can exclude everyone but the Sovereign's messengers. Lord Mayor's Show · This annual event has been taking over the streets of London for nearly 800 years now.
· Anglo-Norman (Norman French) · The Norman nobility · The language of the state, the court and law · Middle English · 90% of the population · Latin · The language of the Church · Trilingual culture: folklore in Anglo-Saxon, romances in French, religious writings in Latin. Language and social class · French-speaking Normans · The lords and the barons · English-speaking Saxons · The peasants · Cow, pig, sheep the living animals · Anglo-Saxon origin · Beef, pork, mutton the animal you eat · French origin · Implication: only the Normans ate meat Feudalism · William's power consolidated by a combination of feudal practices from the continent and old Saxon customs · Wanted to keep his followers from getting too powerful · Gave the nobles land
1 Basic law, constitutional engineering · The Basic Law (= constitution) drawn up by West German politicians under Allied supervision 48-9 · Key Themes of Constitutional Engineering: Protecting the constitution Preventing abuse of human rights Ensuring stable government Effective leadership but no over-concentration of power · Compare turbulence of German politics 1918-45, and stability since In part about design of constitution, in part about Germans becoming democrats Solutions Concept of the Rechtstaat, a state based on the rule of law ...
Aadliseisus kujunes paralleelselt feodaalsuhetega. Feodaalne läänipüramiid koosnes peamiselt aadlikest. Aadel jaotus kaheks osaks: kõrgaadel ja alamaadel Kõrgaadlid olid suurfeodaalid: kuningas, hertsogid, parunid ja krahvid Alamaadlid olid põhiliselt rüütlid Pildi lisamiseks kl õpsake Pildi lisamiseks klõpsake ikooni ikooni Aadlite nimetused erinevates riikides Inglismaa lords ja gentry Hispaania grand ja hidalgo Saksamaa Herr ja Ritter Prantsusmaa baron ja chevalier Aadlilinnused Euroopa keskaegse kultuuri silmatorkavaim väline ilming oli aadlilinnus Rajamine sai hoo 9. sajandil Frangi riigi kuningavõimu nõrgenedes Linnus ehitati mäetipule, ümbritseti vallikraaviga ja varustati toiduvaraga. Vaenused aadlike omavahelised sõjad Turniir
Isles. Ireland is noted for its pastures and the world's best dairy products. 6 4) British Institutions The British Constitution is an unwritten constitution. It is based on statutes and important law, case law, customs and conventions. It contains two main principles the rule of law and the supremacy of Parliament. Parliament is the supreme legislative authority and consists of three separate element: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. There are 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) each member representing one of the 650 geographical areas (constituencies). The House is presided over by the Speaker. The main function of the House of Commons is to legislate. The House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellor. It is made up of Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal, the latter comprise all hereditary and life peers.
The Bayeux Tapestry is a 50 cm by 70 m long embroidered cloth which depicts the events of the invasion itself. Importance of the Norman Conquest: 1) Norman influence to Anglo Saxon culture 2) New buildings and fortification of England 3) French influences to the English language. French as the language of the ruling classes for nearly 300 years. 4) Adoption of the European feudalism. King the most powerful man in the country; Barons and lords king's closest advisors and friends, members of aristrocracy, had absolute power in their territories; Knights, merchants and yeoman the middle classes, could own small pieces of land; Villens and serfs did not own land and worked for the aristocracy slaves no land, owned by the lords and used as they wished. 5) 1086 Domesday Book to improve taxation 6) Reforms the legal system : The Common Law 7) 1215 a first government is assigned 8
It's celebrated then, because that's the day WWI was ended with a treaty. 4. Which powers does the Queen of the UK have? The Queen has to sign all the bills for them to pass. She is the one who opens the Parliament every fall for the next session. She is however more of a representative than an actual decision maker these days. 5. What is the British Parliament made up of? What are their roles? It's made of 3 parts: the monarch, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Lords can ask the House of Commons to rewrite parts of the bill. The bill needs the Queen's signature to pass. The House of Commons writes the bills. 6. What do you know about the Wars of the Roses? It was a war between two families, one had a red rose as their symbol and the other had a white rose as their symbol. The war was about who should be on the throne, the red rose won and thereafter the red rose has been the symbol of England. 7
powerful is the Monarch, what is the 'two-party system', advantages and disadvantages, your own views, etc The Queen is the official Head of State. Britain has a constitutional monarchy where the Queen only rules symbolically; in reality, power belongs to Parliament. The Queen has the final say on whether a bill becomes law. Parliament represents the peopleParliament is made up of three parts: The Queen, The house of lords and the house of commons. The House of Lords is made up of people who have inherited family titles and those who have been given titles because of their outstanding work.(675)( they 'double check'new laws, to make sure they are fair and will work. The House of Commons has 659 members who have been elected by local residents to represent an area of the country in Parliament. 27. (most important place for discussing policies and making laws
It differed from other armies in the series of civil wars referred to as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in that it was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country (including in Scotland and Ireland), rather than being tied to a single area or garrison. Its soldiers became full-time professionals, rather than part-time militia. To establish a professional officer corps, the army's leaders were prohibited from having seats in either the House of Lords or House of Commons. This was to encourage their separation from the political or religious factions among the Parliamentarians. partly from among veteran soldiers who already had deeply-held Puritan religious convictions, and partly from conscripts who brought with them many commonly-held beliefs
from 1455 to 1487 between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The name Wars of the Roses is based on the badges used by the two sides, the red rose for the Lancastrians and the white rose for the Yorkists. Major causes of the conflict include: 1) both houses were direct descendents of king Edward III; 2) the ruling Lancastrian king, Henry VI, surrounded himself with unpopular nobles; 3) the civil unrest of much of the population; 4) the availability of many powerful lords with their own private armies; and 5) the untimely episodes of mental illness by king Henry VI. The Wars of the Roses ended with the killing of Richard (the House of York) by Henry VII. Henry VII married Elizabeth of York. He merged the rival symbols together into a red and white Tudor Rose. Completion of the Domesday Book It is a written record of a survey of England ordered by William the Conqueror in 1086. William was an attempting to register the landed wealth of the country in a
All land was divided into manors. Most manors contained a village. A baron was tenant-in-chief and had several manors. He passed on part of his military obligations to his tenants, who held manors from him. The tenants of each manor performed specific regular services for their lord. Under them were the peasants, tied by a strict system of mutual duties and obligations to the local lord, and forbidden to travel without his permission. The peasants were English speaking Saxons. The lords and the barons were French-speaking Normans. There were two basic principles to feudalism: every man had a lord, and every lord had land. The king was connected through this `chain' of people to the lowest man in the country. On the other hand, each lord had responsibilities to his vassals. He had to give them land and protection. William faced serious resistance in his early years as king. The people of northern England, helped by Danish force, revolted in 1069
Literature of the 14th century The highpoint of medieval literature, the best writer of late medieval lived then. William Langland 1332-1376 the last important poet of alliterative verse. His masterpiece "The Vision of Piers Ploughman" how important working hard is, the labour of peasants is the base of the welfare of the people. A passionate protest against social injustice. A time when peasants were slowly rising against their feudal lords. Descriptions of different social classes. Religious mysticism. Two great principles: 1) all men are equal before God; 2) honest labour is dignified. It is a dream allegory. A young maiden named Youth, Greed is an old witch. The greatest writer of this period and the whole of medieval times Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400): · The father of English poetry · The creator of English versification · The first poet to use various metres
them. They have given people hope and dreams and aspirations to become better, stronger and braver. The need for a hero has always existed but the definition and the purposes of a hero have changed. Centuries ago a hero was reckoned to be someone with super human courage, abnormal powers or with abilities to use magic items. A hero used to be somebody who fought magical creatures of evil and conniving kings or lords. A past hero usually saved the world from being ruled by evil forces (Eragon) or a clan from being destroyed (Beowulf killed Grendel and his mother to help the village). A hero like that was respected by the elderly people and always glorified by his family (in case they were still alive at the end of the story). It used to take a long journey and a fascinating victory to be recognized as a hero but nowadays it has become much easier
leave their lord’s service or his land without permission. 45 William kept the Anglo-Saxon system of sheriffs, and used these as a balance to local nobles. He kept a fifth of the farmland to himself. As a result, England, unlike France, had only one powerful family (Look at the map). Most of the Norman nobles had land on both sides of the English Channel, in England and in Normandy. A very small number of Saxon lords kept their lands. All the others lost everything. Many of them fled to lowland Scotland. After each English rebellion there was more land to give away. Over 4,000 English landlords were replaced by 200 Norman ones. By 1086, only two of the greater landlords and only two bishops were English. In 1086, William’s officials surveyed much of England to record the ownership, size and value of each manor. Their records formed the Domesday Book which
At first they spoke various dialects, but gradually the dialect of the Angles of Mercia became predominant. The Anglo-Saxon migration gave the larger part of Britain its new name, England, ,,The land of the Angles". The British Celts were slowly pushed westwards. Finally most were driven into the mountains in the far west, which the Saxons called ,,Wales". Some were driven into Cornwall, where they later accepted the rule of Saxon lords and northward to Strathclyde. Further north lived the Picts and Scots. Some Celts crossed the sea & settled in the north-west of France called Brittany after the Celtic tribes of Britons. The Celts who stayed behind became mostly slaves. Hardly anything is left of the Celtic language or culture in England, except for some names of some rivers (Thames, Avon, Severn) and two large cities London & Leeds. The new conquerors were warlike and illiterate. Disliked towns, preferred to live in small
ja 14. sajandi kohta on leitud mitu inimest kelle perekonnanimi on Hood, samuti ka eesnimi Robin (Robert) oli üsna tavaline, mistõttu tõelise Robin Hoodi leidmine on erakordselt raske. Tolleaegsed kohtutoimikud näitavad ka, et nimi Robinhood oli muutunud lindprii epiteediks ja oli vähemalt kaheksa inimest (enne 1300. aastat), kes selle nime võtsidvõi kellele see anti.( 3: 217) Tony Molyneux-Smith esitas väga huvitava teooria 1998. aastal oma raamatus “Robin Hood and the Lords of Wellow”, mis oletab, et Robin Hood ei olnud üksainus inimene vaid pseudonüüm, mis võtsid endale Sir Robert Foliot’ järglased, kes valitsesid Wellow’d Sherwoodi metsa kuni 14. sajandi lõpuni. Film, ilukirjandusteos ja ajalooline käsitlus Robin Hoodi kohta ei ühti. Filmis ja raamatus käsitletakse Robin Hoodi erinevalt. Kokku läheb ainult tegevuse aeg ( ~1199. aasta). Ajalooliselt aga ei ole tõestatud, et tegelik mees nimega
history. Benedictine monks first came to this site in the middle of the tenth century, establishing a tradition of daily worship which continues to this day. The Abbey has been the coronation church since 1066 and is the final resting place of seventeen monarchs. THE PALACE OF WESTMINISTER AND BIG BEN: The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament or Westminster Palace, is the seat of the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom--the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the heart of the London borough of the City of Westminster, close to the historic Westminster Abbey and the government buildings of Whitehall and Downing Street. The name may refer to either of two structures: the Old Palace, a mediaeval building complex most of which was destroyed in 1834, and its replacement New Palace that stands today; it has retained the style and status of a royal
MÕISTED Absolutism- valitsemisvorm, mille korral riigijuhile kuulub piiramatu võim. Valgustatud absolutism- valitsemisvorm, kus valitseja surub peale, ta ei huvitu rahva arvamusest (louis) Parlamentaarne monarhia- on parlamentarismi vorm, kus riigipeaks on monarh, kellele kuulub vaid esindusfunktsioon ja ta ei oma poliitilist võimu. Merkatilism- õpetus, mille kohaselt riigi heaolu sõltus suurest kulla ja hõbedavarudest ja import peab olema väiksem kui eksport Hugenot- protestant Prantsusmaalt, usuvabaduse säilitaja Püssirohuvandenõu- Guy Fawkes paigutas parlamendihoone keldrisse püssirohutünnid, et parlament koos kuningaga õhku lasta House of Lords- ülemkoda, istusid osalt pöritavatel, osalt ametiseisundiga kaasnevatel kohtadel kõrgaadlikud ja valimulikud House of Commons- alamkoda, liikmed valiti House of Parliament- on Westminster'i paleee, kus parlament koos käib Long Parliament- Charles I 1640 aastal kutsus kokku parlamendi, parlame...
A number of major sports originated in Britain including football, rugby, cricket, tennis and golf. The most popular sport of course is football. The country does not compete as a nation in any major football tournaments. Instead, the home nations compete individually as England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 11. Government As part of the United Kingdom, Britain has constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a queen and a parliament that has two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Supreme power is vested in parliament, which sits for five years unless dissolved sooner. The House of Lords was stripped of most of its powers in 1911, and now its main function is to revise legislation. In Nov. 1999 hundreds of hereditary peers were expelled in an effort to make the body more democratic. The executive power of the Crown is exercised by the cabinet, headed by the prime minister. 12. Conclusion
Some scholars extend the beginning of the period--as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians--back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832. Calls for reform had been mooted long before 1832, but perennially without success. The Act which finally succeeded was proposed by the Whigs led by the Prime Minister Lord Grey. It met with significant opposition from the Tories, especially in the House of Lords. Nevertheless, as a result of public pressure, the bill was eventually passed. The Act granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and took away seats from the "rotten boroughs"--those with very small populations. The Act also increased the number of individuals entitled to vote, increasing the size of electorate by 5080%, and allowing a total of one out of six adult males to vote, in a population of some 14 million.
westminster-abbey.org/home ) 960 When was the last royal wedding held in Westminster Abbey? Whose was it? 29 April 2011 Prince William and MissCatherine Middleton How many monarchs have been buried in Westminster Abbey? 17 Destination 2: The Houses of Parliament What is the other name for the Houses of Parliament? Palace of Westminster How many Houses are located in the Houses of Parliament? What are they called both in English and Estonian? House of Commons riigikogu and House of Lords suurbritannia parlament There is the Clock Tower generally known as "Big Ben" at one side of the huge building. What is the name of the other tower in the south-western corner of the building? Victoria Tower What is the diameter of the clock's dial? 7m Why is the Clock Tower called Big Ben? Why not Who can visit the Clock Tower climbing its 334 limestone stairs? Only UK residents Destination 3: London Eye
Gerald Durrell · Gerald Durrell(19121990)was a British novelist and poet.His life in Greece and Egypt provided inspiration for most of his writing. His major work is the inventive tetralogy,The Alexandria Quartet:Justine (1957), Balthazar (1958), Montolive (1958), and Glea (1960). His Collected Poems appeared in 1980. William Golding · William Golding (19111993) was an English novelist. He achieved fame with his allegorical debut novel Lords of Flies (1954).He has written novels like The Spire (1964) and the trilogy :The ends of the Earth (1991).He received the Nobel Prize in literature. Joseph Conrad · Joseph Conrad (18571924) was a British novelist and short-story writer. His eventful years as a ship's officer in Asian, African, and Latin American waters gave an exotic angle to many of his novels. He was a central figure in the development of literary modernism. His major
a law that declared that Parliament has to meet every three years. In 1641 Ireland rebelled against Protestants in Ullster. 1642 Charles attempted to arrest 5 Mps and was banned by the mayor of London from London. Charlie went to Nottingham and raised an amy there. This is considered the beginning of the Civil War. Cavaliers were supporters of the king. Most of them were rom the House of Lords, some Mps, controlled the North and the West. The Roundheads sided with the Parliament, their leader was Oliver Cromwell. Puritans and the Parliament. They controlled London, East Anglia and the Southeast. By 1645 Charles ran out of money and his army deserted. He was defeated at the battle of Naseby, captured and imprisoned. It took them four years to decide what to do with them. They decided to behead him in 1649.
There are about 1.1 million objects in the museum. The main museum galleries are free admission. The central part of London is the City. There are many famous historical buildings in the City. The Houses of Parliament are one of them. It was constructed from 1840 until 1888. From 1875 the parliament meetings take place there. There are 1100 rooms, and 3.2 km of corridors. The Houses of Parliament consists of two parts the house of the lords and the house of the commons. The clock tower Big Ben is a part of the houses of parliament. Big Ben is one of London's best-known landmarks, and looks most spectacular at night when the clock faces are illuminated. You even know when parliament is in session, because a light shines above the clock face. The name Big Ben actually refers not to the clock-tower itself, but to the thirteen ton bell in it. The four dials of the clock are 23 feet square, the minute hand is 14 feet long and the
THE TUDOR DYNASTY THE TUDOR DYNASTY The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was a European royal house of Welsh origin that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including the Lordship of Ireland, later the Kingdom of Ireland. Its first monarch was Henry VII. Henry VII THE TUDOR DYNASTY The Tudors extended their power beyond modern England, achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 and successfully asserting English authority over the Kingdom of Ireland. They also maintained the traditional claims to the Kingdom of France, but none of them tried to make substance of it, though Henry VIII fought wars with France to try to reclaim that title. After him, his daughter Mary I lost the claim on France forever with the Fall of Calais. ...
willful stubbornness. Barely eighteen, she refused any further influence from her domineering mother and ruled in her own stead. Popular respect for the Crown was at a low point at her coronation, but the modest and straightforward young Queen won the hearts of her subjects. She wished to be informed of political matters, although she had no direct input in policy decisions. The Reform Act of 1832 had set the standard of legislative authority residing in the House of Lords, with executive authority resting within a cabinet formed of members of the House of Commons; the monarch was essentially removed from the loop. She respected and worked well with Lord Melbourne (Prime Minister in the early years of her reign) and England grew both socially and economically. On Feb 10th, 1840, only three years after taking the throne, Victoria took her first vow and married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
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