Clauses of results Such a/an + omadussõna + ainsuses loendatav nimisõna Such + omadussõna + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus Such a lot of + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus So + omadussõna/määrsõna So much/little + loendamatu nimisõna So many/few + mitmus Clauses of reasons The reason for + nimisõna/-ing vorm The reason why + clause (he verb) Because of/on account of/due to + nimisõna Because of/on account of/due to the fact that + clause (he verb) Now (that) + clause (they verb) Clauses of results In order to/so as to + infinitive (formal) So that + can/will (present or future reference) So that + could/would (past reference) In case + present tense (present or future reference) In case + past tense (past reference) For + nimisõna (kui tahame väljendada tegevuse eesmärki) For + -ing vorm (kui tahame väljendada millegi funktsiooni) Prevent + noun/pronoun + (from) + -ing vorm Avoid + -ing vorm Clauses of contrast Although/even though/though + clause
idea we have mentioned before, we can use: *yet alles, ent, siiski, ometi, veel * neither...nor * still endiselt, ikka ometi, siiski, veel(gi), ikka veel * neither/ nor * on the other hand teisest küljest * not ... either CLAUSES OF RESULT JOINING IDEAS * as a result To add more information, we can use: * therefore järelikult, seepärast, sellepärast, seetõttu * furthermore lisaks, veel enam, tagatipuks * consequently järelikult * moreover enamgi veel, pealegi, veel enam * as a consequence - tulemusena
Clauses of Purpose To, in order to/so as to, so that/ in order that, in case, for, with a view To- infinitive (I called mu brother to tell him the good news.) In order to + infinitive et (midagi teha) (I went to the bank in order to apply for a loan.) so as to + infinitive et (She attended a catering course so as to become a chef.) So that + can/ will (present/ future references) (Tommy has moved to the countryside so that he can have more relaxed life.) So that + could/ would (past references) (Sophia bought a sailing boat so that she could sail around the world.) In case + present tense (present/ future references) (Bring an umbrella in case there is a storm in the afternoon.) NEVER USED WITH WILL/WOULD In case + past tense (past references) (We booked a table for six in case Peter brought his wife with him.) NEVER USED WITH ...
Conditionals: 0 and I What is a conditional sentence? • Conditional sentences have at least two clauses: IF clauses and THEN clauses • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow, then I will see a movie. If he spoke Chinese, then he would work as a guide in China. If they had been faster, then they would have won the race. IF Clauses (the condition) • IF clauses present the condition. • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow… If he spoke Chinese… If they had been faster… THEN Clauses (the results) • THEN clauses present the results. • Examples: … then I will see a movie. …. then he would work as a guide in China. … then they would have won the race. IF and THEN Clauses • The word “then” is optional, but the clause is still the result of the condition. So it is a “THEN” clause, without the word “then.”
Extended Rules for Using Commas Comma Use 1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave. The student explained her question, yet the instructor still didn't seem to understand. Yesterday was her brother's birthday, so she took him out to dinner. 2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. a. Common starter words for introductory clauses that should be followed by a comma include after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while. While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door. Because her alarm clock was broken, she was late for class. If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor. When the snow stops falling, we'll shovel the driveway.
(proper nouns, common nouns), abstract vs concrete nouns, one class or more?; grammatical categories: number, gender, case. Identifying nouns: meaning, function, form The noun phrase (NP): The NP consists of the head, which is typically a noun, and other elements which (either obligatory or optional) determine the head and (optionally) modify the head or complement another element in the phrase. The NP typically functions as the subject, object or complement of clauses and as complement of prepositional phrases. Peter likes the girl (determiner: def. article + head) the small girl (det + premodifier: adjective + head) the small girl in a black skirt (det + prem + head + postmodifier: prepositional phrase) the small girl wearing a black skirt (det + prem + head + postmodifier: non-finite clause) the small girl who is wearing a black skirt (det+prem+head + postmodifier: relative clause)
conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs. Conditional verb forms can also have temporal uses, often for expressing "future in the past" tense. Condition sentences are often entered with conjunction IF Real events Structure: Additional clause Present Indefinite Main clause Future Indefinite If I have a lot of money, I will buy a car , Almost unreal events *In additional and main clauses usually use Subjunctive I and II *When you translate into Russian these sentences, you should use conjunction * This type of unreal conditional sentence use, when speaker wants to underline small probability of condition realization Almost unreal events Structure: Additional clause Past Simple Main clause would/should/could/might + V1 If it were possible, I would do it , Absolutely unreal events
• IF + PAST SIMPLE, + WOULD + VERB • If I were a parent, I would give candy to my kids every day. • If he won the lottery, he would quit his job. • If I had wings, I would fly to Africa. • NB! The verb „be“ is always „were“ with this conditional. • If I were you,... • If he were here,... Wou can also turn it around: The result first and then the condition. • WOULD + VERB+ IF +PAST SIMPLE • Note: There is no comma when the „IF“ is between the two clauses. • I would give candy to my kids every day if I were a parent. • He would quit his job if I won the lottery. • I would fly to Africa if I had wings. III CONDITIONAL • a past regret • different outcome that would have happened if a specific condition had been met. • If I had remembered to call my friend last night, she wouldn’t have sent me an angry text message. • If I had bought that car, I would have had an accident.
Home assignment 3 : Margus Martsepp 121843IAPM Experimenting with predicate provers. Advanced Course of Applied Logics ( ITV0081 ) Part A : Warmers Task 1 What is the most general unifier of the following atoms: p(X,f(Y),Z) p(T,T,g(cat)) p(f(dog),S,g(W)) solution: = { X/T, S/T, T/f[Y], Z/g(cat), W/cat, dog/Y } Task 2 List all the binary resolvants of the following two clauses: p(X,f(Y),Z) | p(T,T,g(cat)) | r(X,T) | ~s(Z,T) ~p(f(dog),S,g(W)) | s(big,rat) | ~s(small,hamster) solution sourse: 1st option (1.4-2.2) = { Z/big, T/rat } p(X,f(Y),big) | p(rat,rat,g(cat)) | r(X,rat) ~p(f(dog),S,g(W)) | ~s(small,hamster) 2nd option (1.1-2.1) = { X/f(dog), S/f(Y), Z/g(W) } p(T,T,g(cat)) | r(f(dog),T) | ~s(g(W),T) s(big,rat) | ~s(small,hamster) 3rd option (1.2-2.1) = { T/f(dog), S/f(dog), W/cat } p(X,f(Y),Z) | r(X,f(dog)) | ~s(Z,f(dog)) s(big,rat) | ~s(small,hamster)
By eleven o'clock, Brody was back in his office. Can we get this finished by tomorrow? `from...to/till/until' and `between...and' for the beginning and end of a period of time The building is closed from April to May. She worked from four o'clock till ten o'clock. Can you take the test between now and June? `before' and `after' I saw him before the match. She left the house after ten o'clock. `Since', `till', `until', `after', and `before' can also be conjunctions with time clauses. I've been wearing glasses since I was three. You use the adverb `ago' with the past simple to say how long before the time of speaking something happened. You always put `ago' after the period of time. We saw him about a month ago. John's wife died five years ago. We do not use `ago' with the present perfect tense. We cannot say `We have gone to Spain two years ago'. `before' and `after' I saw him before the match. She left the house after ten o'clock.
Future simple Will + I 1) decisions at the moment of speaking 2) predictions based on what we know or believe Be going to future am is > going to I are 1) decisions made before the moment of speaking 2) predictions based on what we can hear or see Present smiple time clauses - ajamruslause expressing future i will call u as soon as i reach home
which indicate the degree of the adjective. The three forms are positive, comparative, superlative. For example: heavy, heavier, heaviest. 6.2 The structure of the adjective phrase → Adjective phrase is a phrase whose head is an adjective. For example: Very happy.Tremenously long. But adjective phrase can also consist of premodifiers, postmodifiers and complements which can be adverbs, prepositional phrases, verb phrases and noun clauses. For example: Very happy indeed Very → premodifier Happy → Head (adjective) Indeed → Postmodifier Fond of dogs → Dogs (complement) 6.3 Functions of an adjective phrase → Premodifiers in noun phrases. For example: My former friend. Subject complement. For example: This puppy is cute. Object complement. For example: She painted her room bright pink. Postmodifier in a noun phrase. For example: The people responsible. 6
Kakao Varshavskaja Polina 11A Tutvustus Harilikku kakaopuute oad kasutavad,et toota: Harilik kakaopuu Peamised tunnused: 8 m kõrgune 40 cm pikkused lehed noored lehed on punased viljad on kollased või puunakad Ajalugu Alustasid Kesk-Ameerikas kasvatada vähemalt 2000 aastat ja kasutatud 1000 aastat eKr. Kasvatamine Kakaopuu kasvab looduses Kesk- ja Lõuna- Ameerikas,põhiliselt Brasiilias,Lääne-Aafrikas ja Kagu-Aasias Kasvugeograafia Tootjad Kõige suurem kakao tootja on Côte d'Ivoire (Elevandiluurannik ehk Vandlirannik) Import Kõik toodet tulevad Kesk-Ameerikast ning Afrikast Eksport Kõige suuremad ekspordijad saadavad oma toodangu Euroopasse ning Põhja- Ameerikasse Toime suurendab kuseeritust vähendab allergiat aitab kaasa seedimisele hõlbustab hingamist ergutab südant See on huuvitav Kasutat...
single words (at, by) or in pairs (out of, next to). postposition tagasõna, postpositsioon adposition kaassõna, suhtesõna, adpositsioon conjunction, connector sidesõna, Refers to items used to mark logical relationships Mary felt ill and could not go to konjunktsioon between words, phrases, clauses and sentences. There school. are two types of conjunctions: coordinating and He failed the exam (main) although subordinating. Coordinating conjunctions he worked hard. (subordinate) (coordinators; and, but, or) join linguistic units with equal grammatical status
He won't work. Will he work? will - future you decide to do sth. will + Infinitive spontaneously at the time of I'll go. I won't go. Will I go? speaking, you haven't made a main clause in type I of the if clauses He'll go. He won't go. Will he go? I'm going to I'm not going to Am I going to work. work. work? when you have already decided to
What is more, Nevertheless, Due to In addition, On the contrary, Owing to not only .... but also on the one hand For this reason, another point is that on the other hand, whereas Expressing effect / result relative clauses while *so who where but while so....that that ,which In contrast, such a...that whose to whom Neither...nor Therefore when what Thus why Consequently,
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake. USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction Examples: · The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. · The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year. · John Smith will be the next President. · John Smith is going to be the next President. · The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards. · The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards. No Future in Time Clauses Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used. Examples: · When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct · When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct Future Continuous FORM Future Continuous with "Will" [will be + present participle] Examples:
d. Which two factors govern vocative texts? 1) writer-reader relationship 2) understandable language e. Are texts ever only vocative (or other text type)? Explain. - A really small percentage of texts are purely only vocative (or other text types). They tend to be a mixture of different types. 5. Aesthetic function e. a. What are some of the aspects that help create the aesthetic effect? -The rhythm, balance and contrasts of sentences, clauses and words also play their part. The sound-effects consist of onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, intonation and stress. b. How do you understand the conflict between ‘truth’ and ‘beauty’? - c. Why are descriptive verbs (‘kirjeldav tegusõna’) usually easy to translate? - Descriptive verbs of movement and action, since they describe a manner, are rich in sound effect. d. Explain the importance of the metaphor in this context.
a) She will have finished the report by tomorrow. (NOT:... until/till tomorrow.) b) She won't have completed the report until/till 5 o'clock. Future Perfect Continuous (will have been +ing) a) to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. By the end of next month, she will have been teaching for twenty years. Note: After the time expressions by the time, until, before, we use the present simple because they introduce time clauses. The future perfect and the future perfect continuous may come either before or after the time clause. Study the following examples: a) I won't have finished cleaning the house until you come back. b) By the time they reach York, they will have been travelling for four hours. Note: We can use the future simple, future continuous or future perfect to make a prediction about the present or past that is to say what we believe may be happening or have happened. Study the following examples;
antecedent) within the same clause. In English, the reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, thyself, himself (in some dialects, "his self"), herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves (in some dialects, "their selves"). "I see myself" or "She sees herself" Relative pronouns: A relative pronoun "relates" a subordinate clause to the rest of the sentence. It may be found in adjective and noun clauses. A relative pronoun is found only in sentences with more than one clause. In modern English there are five relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, and whose. He who laughs last laughs best. (Adjective clause) I cannot believe that he said it. (Noun clause) 6. Adjectives and adverbs, word forming: Adverbs formed from adjectives ending -ly: 1.) omadussõna lõpul olev -y, mille ees on konsonant, muutub i-ks: · easy / easily · funny / funnily 2
) - redundancy in words. 5. APOKOINU (grammatical using 5. ANTICLIMAX CONSTRUCTION double subject or - creates comic, satiric effect arranging sent-e so - is blend of 2 clauses into 1 predicate in a sent-e. that the aroused expectations are disappointed. omitting the connecting w-d Lexical saying the same thing by rephrasing ("who"/"that") it.) 6. SUSPENSE
LUMPSUM FREIGHT - raha, mis makstakse saatjale laeva (või osa) prahtimise eest kuni kindlaksmääratud piirini, olenemata lasti kogusest / lumpsum - kogumaksumus MEAN DRAFT MORE OR LESS CHARTERER'S OPTION MORE OR LESS OWNER'S OPTION ONCE ON DEMURRAGE ALWAYS ON DEMURRAGE PROMPT SHIP – kiire laev, saadetis peab jõudma al. 30 päeva jooksul alates lepingu kuupäevast REACHABLE ON ARRIVAL or ALWAYS ACCESSIBLE - alati ligipääsetav REVERSIBLE LAYTIME – tasaarvelduskaipäevad seisuajal RIDER CLAUSES – sõitja klauslid ROUND VOYAGE - ringreis SAFE BERTH – ohutu kai SAFE PORT – ohutu sadam SS OR SUBSTITUTE – asenduslaev STARBOARD - paremparras STATEMENT OF FACTS – faktide aruanne, põhjalik aruanne laeva tegevustest sadamas viibimise ajal STOWAGE FACTOR - lastipaigutustegur SUPERCARGO - isik, kes töötab laeva pardal laeval veetava lasti omaniku poolt SURVEYOR – inspektro/ülevaataja TAKING INWARD PILOT – sissesõiduloots TOTAL COMMISSION – kogu vahendustasu
If you need a ticket, I can get you one. If you don’t study harder, you won’t pass the exam. The if-clause usually comes first, but it can come after the main clause. If I hear any news, I’ll phone you. / I’ll phone you if I hear any news. The Zero Conditional expresses conditions that are always true and have automatic or habitual results: If you heat ice, it melts. The Present Simple is used in both clauses. 2 B. Unreal Conditionals Unreal Conditionals refer to situations that are untrue or imagined, have not happened or are only remotely likely to happen. The Second Conditional expresses a hypothetical condition and its probable result: If I had time, I would help you. (=but I don’t have time, so I cannot do it) In the if-clause we use the Past Simple, in the main clause would + the verb.
INGLISE KEELE KORDAMINE TIME CLAUSES Present Simple · Permanent states, facts (Tom works..) · Repeated and habitual actions, routines (She usually goes..) · Laws of nature and general truths (The sun sets in the west) · Timetables and programmes · Sporting commentaries, rewiews (Beckham wins the ball, crosses and Owen scores) · Feelings and emotions (I love Tallinn..) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT SIMPLE: usually, often, always, every day/week etc, in the morning/evening
I can speak English. Negative sentences subject verbs Indirect object Direct object place time I will not you the story at Tomorro tell school w. Subordinate Clauses conjunction subject verb(s) Indirec Direct place time t object object I will you the story at school tomorrow. tell because I don´t time now. have Questions
00. 2. Be about to, be on the point of, be due to Be about to and be on the point of both refer to the next moment. I think the play is about to start now. Mary is on the point of resigning. Be due to refers to scheduled times. The play is due to start in five minutes. Ann's flight is due at 6.20. 7 3. Present Simple and Present Perfect Present Simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses. When we get there, we'll have dinner. Present Perfect can also be used instead of Present Simple when the completion of the event is emphasised. When we've had a rest, we'll go out. Other future references 1. Hope This can be followed by either present or future tenses. I hope it doesn't rain. I hope it won't rain. 2. Other verbs followed by will. Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is a future reference.
Functions of intonation (how intonation facilitates understanding): · Attitudinal function intonation helps us to express emotions and attitudes · Accentual function intonation helps to produce the effect of prominence on syllables that need to be recognized as stressed, and to mark out the most important element in tone-unit by placing the tonic stress on it. · Grammatical funtion intonation helps to recognize the boundaries between phrases, clauses, sentences and the difference between questions and sentences. · Discourse function intonation can signal to the listener, what information is to be taken as ,,new" and what is already ,,given" and what material is being contrasted with material in some other tone-unit.
𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Table 1.1. Truth table of function 𝑓 of three variables 2.1.1 Disjunctive normal form Since making a table of all possible values is impractical at larger values of 𝑛, other representations of Boolean functions are often used. One of them is disjunctive normal form (abbreviated DNF) which presents a Boolean function in a form of disjunction consisting of conjunctive clauses. In order to find the DNF of a Boolean function𝑓(𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 ) we must present all those sets of values of 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 where the function 𝑓 obtains the value of one in a form of a conjunction and combine those conjunctions into a single disjunction. For example, function 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) presented in the Table 1 has two sets of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 values, where the function obtains the value of one: 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 and 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
.. and at the same time detailed information into the action proper. NT: The motion of the camp at night was everywhere. People sang. People cried. People fought. People loved. People hated. Some were sad. Others gay. Others with friends. Others lonely. NT: He yawned, put on his shirt, slammed the door, patted the dog, opened the mailbox, yawned, went back, wound the clock, yawned. APOKOINU CONSTRUCTION APOKOINU CONSTRUCTIONS mean a combination of two clauses into one at the expense of omitting the connecting world (usually who or that). This is regarded bad grammar and this is characteristic of irregular oral speech (dialogue). NT: I am the first one saw her. 1 2
no longer exist. About morphology: synthetic with numerous aglutinating tendencies. System of tenses Germanic, but with a reduction of tenses. Paradigmatic leveling; Stress shift; Word order; Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax: clauses were joined much simpler than nowadays, using and, then etc. Because of case syncretion the word order in a sentence became much more important to be able to tell the difference between words. FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT (GRIMM'S LAW) Grimm's Law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or Rask's rule) is a set of statements named after Jakob Grimm describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as
mõõtmeid või koorem ulatud sõidukist (autorongist) ette või tahapoole üle 1m. 51. Mida nimetatakse raskekaaluliseks veoseks ehk raskeveoseks? On koormaga või koormata sõiduk (autorong), mille tegelik mass või mis tahes telje koormus ületab lubatud suurust. 52. Milleks on vajalik veosekindlustus? Selleks et maandada riske mis võivad tekkida peale või mahalaadimisel või veokäigus. 53. Kommenteeri ICC (Institute Cargo Clauses) veosekindlustusklausleid? Vastavalt ICC-le on kindlustusvõtjal valida kolme erineva kindlustuskatte tüübi vahel (A,B,C). Eri klauslid katavad veosega seotud riskid erinevas ülatuses. Kõige ulatuslikuma riskikatte annab A klausel, minimaalse riskikatte C klausel. 54. Vedaja vastutuse ülempiiri leidmine kauba vigastumise, hävimise või kaotsimineku puhul erinevate transpordiliikide kasutamisel lähtudes veose kaalust ja SDR väärtusest.
Hence, they ate frequent use in the exposition. Nominative sentences make the narrative dynamic. (Paris. Broad avenues. Lighthouses. People. Cafes.) Asyndeton is a deliberate omission of conjunctions between sentences disregarding the norms of literary language. It is used to describe energetic actions or to show a suggestion of minutes/actions immediately following each other. It makes the activities dynamic (verbs) and descriptions abrupt (nouns) Apokoinu construction is a blend of 2 clauses into one, plus omitting a connecting word (who, that). This is ungrammatical, characteristics of an oral speech, dialogue. (I'm the first one saw her) Function: to suggest careless speech or poor education. The gap sentence link is a seemingly illogical construction of a sentence which connects its parts in such a way that the reader himself must reconstruct the missing link between them. Often dots used there. The function: to introduce the interior monologue, to give a
kõik teised subjekt- võlgnik e deebitor Objekt- omand, valdus, servituut Objekt- sooritus- tegevus v tegevusetus Absoluutne õigussuhe, st teada on ainult Realtiivne õigussuhe- kehtib ainult nende õigustatud subjekt, kohustatud subjeks on poolte vahel, mitte teiste kindlaks määratud Asjaõigused on määratud(numerus Võimalik juurde luua, pole määratud clauses), pole võimalik juurde luua(aint seadusega) Avalikud, st äratuntavad Res 1. In nostro patrimonia=res humani iuris= res singulorum hominum=res private(meie eraomandis), kõik millega võib tehinguid teha 2. Extra nostrum patrimonium(väljaspool meie eraomandit) 2.1 res nullius divini iuris(mitte kellelegi kuuluvad jumalikud asjad) 2.1.1 res sanctae(pühad) 2.1.2 res religiosae-(religioossed) 2.1.3 res sacrae(sakraalsed) 2
the style of that text. If all the sentences are particularly short, as in Text 31, then the text will be abrupt, jerky and disconnected. On the other hand, if they are too long, as in Text 32, then the sentence will become very complex, and it may be difficult for the reader to follow the writer's meaning. Of course, any text will have some long or short sentences, but a good average length is probably around 2025 words, with two or three clauses. There are a number of methods in English of combining more than one idea into a single sentence, or conversely of dividing them into separate sentences. Look at what is happening in the following pairs of examples: 1 The cost of living increment varies from year to year. It has to be calculated accurately. # The cost of living increment varies from year to year and has to be calculated accurately
exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example ‘We flew over the mountains at dawn'. countable nouns Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We
167. letters to comfort soovituskiri 168. pre-contractual stage eellepingu faas 169. knowingly entering into an invalid contract 170. diclosing confidential information avaldama konfidentsiaalset informatsiooni 171. duty to inform informeerimise kohustus 172. contacting on standard terms lepingu sõlmimine tüüptingimustel 173. procedural and substantive fairness menetluslik ja sisuline õigus 174. prohibited standard clauses 175. consumer association tarbijate ühistu 176. valid legally acceptable; having force 177. contract an agreement between two or more parties 178. counteroffer vastupakkumine (offer made in reply to another offer) 179. transaction an agreement between a buyer and a seller to Exchange an asset for payment 180. to harmonise to cause to be in agreement with each other or sth else 181
(NOT I nearly wish I had stayed at home.) 63. If you don't do something any more, you stop doing it. The doctor told me to stop smoking. (NOT The doctor told me to stop to smoke.) I'm going to stop working so hard. (NOT I'm going to stop to work so hard.) 64. A singular countable noun must normally have a determiner (e.g. a/an, the, my, that). She broke a/the/that/my window. (NOT She broke window.) Where is the station? (NOT Where is station?) 65. We don't often use would in subordinate clauses; instead, we use past tenses. Would you follow me wherever I went? (NOT Would you follow me wherever I would go?) I would tell you if I knew. (NOT I would tell you if I would know.) 66. With when, use the past perfect to make it clear that one thing finished before another started. When I had written my letters, I did some gardening. (NOT When I wrote my letters, I did some gardening.) When he had cleaned the windows, he stopped for a cup of tea. (NOT When he cleaned the windows, he
seotud üksikasju müügilepingus eraldi. Viidates tarneklauslile on osapooled ühiselt, üksmeelselt ja üldarusaadaval viisil sõlminud kokkuleppe vastutuse kohustuste ja kulude jagunemise osas müüja ja ostja vahel kogu transpordiahela ulatuses. Oluline on, et osapooled viitavad teatud tarneklauslile ja tarneklauslite kogumikele kasutusel on erinevad kogumikud (nt INCOTERMS). 26. Mis on Institute Cargo Clauses (ICC)? Veoste kindlustamisel rahvusvahelisteks vedudeks lähtutakse reeglina Londoni Kindlustusagentide Instituudi veosekindlustuse normistikust ICC, mis on kasutusel aastast 1982 ja muudeti 2009. vatsavalt ICC-le on kindlustusvõtjal valida kolme erineva kindlustuskatte tüübi (klauslid A, B, C) vahel. Eri klauslid katavad veosega seotud riskid erinevas ulatuses. Kõige ulatuslikuma riskikatte annab A klausel, minimaalse riskikatte C klausel
Juhul, kui prahiraha (veotasu) on maksmata, on vedajal õigus osa kaubast realiseerida, et kätte saada oma prahiraha (lien on cargo). Kui kolossomendi originaali kohe esitada ei ole, peab kauba saatja andma nõusoleku kauba väljaandmiseks. Alusetu rikastumine – unjust enrichment Laeva ost-müük Kasutatud laeva ost: kasutatakse väga palju tüüpleinguid, kuna seal on kirjas juba tasakaalustatud olekus mõlema lepingupoole õigused ja kohustused. Raider clauses – nimekiri vallasasjadest, mis lähevad laevaga kaasa. Pooling’u kokkulepe – võrdne ühise tegutsemise leping [mõlemal pool on võrdsed kohustused/panused ja mõlemad pooled saavad 50% kasumist]. MOA – Memorandum of Agreement, kahepoolne lihtkirjalik kokkulepe, konfidentsiaalne. MS Estonia ost Lepiti kokku 5. okt 1992.a, et laeva hind on 319 milj SEK’i, käsiraha 4 milj dollarit ja canseling date 15. jaanuar 1993.a.
4. Asyndeton is deliberate omission of conjunctions, which disregard norms of literary language. Asyndeton is used mostly to render energetic organized activity; or to show the succession of minute immediately following each other actions (e.g. "People sang. People cried. People fought. People laughed. People hated. Others were sad. Others gay."). The sentences become more rhythmical. 5. Apokoinu constructions is a blend of 2 clauses into 1 at the expense of omitting the connecting word (normally "who" or "that"). It is ungrammatical, it is characteristic of irregular, excited, careless or uneducated character of somebody's speech. 6. Gap-sentence link is seemingly illogical construction of the sentence in which parts are connected so that the reader himself must reconstruct the gap between them. This device is signaled by "and" and "but"
Five main points: Creating five military districts in the seceded states Each district to be headed by a military official All voters were to be registered Old documents were to be re-evaluated to give the Black people the right to vote States were required to ratify the 14th Amendment · Formation of Ku Klux Klan Tortured and killed: Black people People who were sympathetic towards black people Immigrants Restore white rule · Grandfather clauses Tried to ban black people from voting Introduced by Southern legislatures Grandfather had to be in the Civil War · Jim Crow laws Black people were critizised for going to theatres, schools, restaurants, hotels etc. By 1954 black people could ride buses and trains Most of the Southern states still critizised African-Americans on buses or trains Separate bus lines and parts in restorans Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King The Civil Rights Act VII The 19th century
kes vajab kaitset Paljudes maades on nõue nõustada taolisi kliente. See ei ole enam lihtsalt notice. Piisav teatis ja elektrooniline meedium Üldtingimuste faksimine ei ole kindlasti "reasonable notice" kas tagumine külg üldse faksiti peenike kiri ei ole üldse loetav EDI Electronic Data Interchange toob olulisi uuendusi Lepingu interpreteerimise praktika Principles of contract interpretation are part of judgemade law Exemption Clauses Limiting Liability Clauses ei ole identsed, kuid interpreteerimise alused on samad Üldiselt arvestatakse otseselt, kui on vastu võetav, arvestada, et poolte vabastus on osaline, siis kohus seda arvestab. Agent või printsipaal? 19.sajandil oli ekspedeerijaid vähestes maades, rahvusvahelist erialaorganisatsiooni ei olnud, oma teenust pakuti vedaja agendina. kasv, rahvusvahelistumine agendi roll on liiga piirav
all amendments and given final approval by a legislative body. In legislatures whose procedures are based on those of the Westminster system, the third reading occurs after the bill has been amended by committee and considered for amendment at report stage. The Committee stage The committee considers each clause of the bill, and may make amendments to it. Significant amendments may be made at committee stage. In some cases, whole groups of clauses are inserted or removed. However, almost all the amendments which are agreed to in committee will have been tabled by the Government to correct deficiencies in the bill, to enact changes to policy made since the bill was introduced (or, in some cases, to import material which was not ready when the bill was presented), or to reflect concessions made as a result of earlier debate. The Report stage known formally as "consideration", takes place on the Floor of the House,
Donnellan is wrong about the meanings and truth-values of the near-miss sentences. Donnellan's paper raises the question of specifying the circum- stances under which one succeeds in referring, by using a description, to the person or thing one intends to refer to, and he has shown that this does not always go by semantic referent. Further, the distinction unmistakably mat- ters to the truth-value of sentences that embed descriptions within clauses of certain kinds. Suppose I were to say: (13) I know that's right because I heard it from the town doctor. You might have to ask me, "You mean because she's a doctor and this is a medical matter, or do you mean because you heard it from her and she's also an authority on true crime?" (13)'s truth-value may depend on whether "the town doctor" is used attributively or referentially. Or consider: (14) I wish that her husband weren't her husband.
g. "People sang. People cried. People fought. People laughed. People hated. Others were sad. Others gay. Others with friends. Others lonely."; "He yawned, went out to look at the thermometer, slammed the door, patted her head, unbuttoned his shirt, yawned, waned the clock, went to look at the furnace, yawned."). The sentences become more rhythmical. 5. Apokoinu constructions a blend of two clauses into one at the expense of omitting the connecting word (normally "who" or "that"). It is ungrammatical, it is characteristic of irregular, excited, careless or uneducated character of somebody's speech (e.g. "I am the first one saw her." (who); "It is your unfairness disgusts me." (that); "There is no one enjoys good food more than he does." (who). 6
subject. 4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty (negative of creer), as well as after quizás, tal vez and acaso (maybe) to reinforce the idea of doubt. 5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible que / puede que (it's possible), es importante que (it's important), es necesario que / hace falta (it's necessary) if there is a subject 46 for the subordinate verb. 6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite 7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes que (before) 8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when future is implied. 9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal! 10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor iré a España. When I'm older, I will go to Spain.
7 to be able to 8 be able to Challenge! 2 It isn't wrong to keep animals in zoos. Students' own answers 4 1 can't swim 3 1 long time 6 truth, argument 2 be able to find 4E Nominal clauses 2 more recent 7 fair 3 didn't succeed in finding page 34 3 own view 8 all in all 4 Will you be able to find 4 people argue 9 true, ideal 1 1 It's strange that Keith isn't
state before national courts. Ukraine maintains more than 50 bilateral investment treaties ("BITs") concluded with countries from the Americas, Europe, Asia, etc (including with Estonia since 1995). In line with modern international practice, BITs sustain an effective tool in the hands of foreign investors to defend themselves against arbitrary and discriminatory measures of the state authorities. Most of Ukraine's BITs contain clauses granting a "most favored nation" treatment and national treatment to foreign investments and investors. Importantly, Ukraine has acceded to the 1965 Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, which provides an opportunity for foreign investors to challenge actions of the state before the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes ("ICSID"). For certain advantages of the ICSID
Phrasalverbs:GVE,GO statements symptoms orderof adjectives;the mu l ti p l em a tc h i n g ; passive; discuss pros& consof usinq a newsreport relatives; relative n o te -ta k i n gm; a tc h i n g computers;discusseffects6f clauses an optntonessay speakers to moderntechnology on our lives; Phrasal verbs:HOLD,KEEI statements "filler" phrases;reportinga theft; givinginstructions
Phrasalverbs:GVE,GO statements symptoms orderof adjectives;the mu l ti p l em a tc h i n g ; passive; discuss pros& consof usinq a newsreport relatives; relative n o te -ta k i n gm; a tc h i n g computers;discusseffects6f clauses an optntonessay speakers to moderntechnology on our lives; Phrasal verbs:HOLD,KEEI statements "filler" phrases;reportinga theft; givinginstructions
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