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British Parliament (0)

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British Parliament
Structure and Functioning of the British Parliament today
Britain is a parliamentary monarchy . The British Parliament is a bicameral parliament , that is to say that it is made up of two chambers , or two " Houses "; above the two Houses, but in an essentially formal role , there is the Sovereign - king or queen - also known as "the crown ."
Role of the Sovereign
The British monarch has all authority , but no power . The Sovereign appoints the Prime Minister, and every year opens the sessions of parliament, in a historical and ritual ceremony called the State Opening of Parliament . Historically, this ceremony used to take place in the Autumn ; but since 2012, it has been brought forward to May. This is the only regular time when the members of both Houses come together. During the ceremony, the Sovereign reads out the government 's intended programme . The "Queen 's Speech " is a summary of the programme "his" or "her" government intends to implement in the next twelve months; but the speech is prepared and written by the Prime Minister's office, not by the Queen.
The second major function of the sovereign is to sign new laws passed by Parliament. A bill does not become law, or an Act of Parliament, until it has " received royal assent ", meaning that it has been been signed by the Sovereign.
The last major function of the sovereign - in the parliamentary context - is his or her weekly meeting with the Prime Minister. By tradition , the latter informs the Sovereign, who is head of state, about important affairs of state and government business, and asks the sovereign for his or her opinion. With over 60 years of experience , the current Queen Elizabeth II has acquired great experience in managing affairs of state, and an unparalleled experience of international relations , and now acts as an experienced adviser, well liked by her Prime Ministers, of all political persuasions .
The House of Lords
This is the " Upper House" of the British Parliament . It consists of about 750 members (a variable number ) most of whom are Life Peers (i.e. not hereditary lords), or people who have been ennobled for services rendered to the nation . These Life Peers are mostly former members of the House of Commons, or former senior officials, judges, or former business leaders or trade union leaders: each government and opposition party has the right, each year, to propose new Life peers .
The other members of the House of Lords are 96 hereditary Lords from the "nobility" of the United Kingdom, and 26 Bishops of the Anglican Church.
As mentioned above, the House of Lords can not block bills proposed by the Government in the House of Commons, and can only delay some bills . It is rare that the House of Lords use of this prerogative, other than in exceptional cases ; for the Lords to act against the wishes of an elected government would be constitutionally unacceptable. Thus, almost all the bills from the House of Commons are approved quickly by the Lords, and returned for a "second reading " with some proposals for modifications or improvements. It is up to the House of Commons to accept or reject these proposals.
The essential role of the House of Lords is to discuss non controversial subjects, or examine in detail projects for which the House of Commons does not have time. Given its experience of the Life Peers who sit in the House of Lords, the Upper House is an assembly of well experienced former politicians , and is well suited to its parliamentary duties, even if its members are not elected representatives.
In 2012, the Cameron Government proposed to change the status of the House of Lords, making it into a largely elected chamber : but the proposal does not terribly interest the British public, and this change is unlikely to happen in the near future.
The House of Commons
The House of Commons is the main House of the British Parliament in terms of legislative power. It is a chamber composed of 650 members (Members of Parliament or MPs ) elected by universal suffrage. The life of a Parliament is five years.
According to an ancient tradition, MPs are elected by universal suffrage under a system of relative majority , in one round of voting. This means that the candidate with the most votes in an election is elected, whether or not he or she has an absolute majority of votes. This system favors the major political parties , and stable governments - at the expense of smaller parties.
Elected Members of Parliament do not have a deputy, so in the event of the death , resignation or removal of an MP, a "by-election" must be called in order to elect a new MP. Each MP represents a territory, or constituency: the link between an MP and his or her constituency is symbolically and historically very important , and in the House of Commons, Members are not called by their name, but by the name of the constituency from which they have been elected ( or, if they are government ministers, by their function) .
Since 1902 , the British Prime Minister has always been a serving Member of Parliament, elected to the House of Commons; and most ministers - often all ministers - are members of the House of Commons too. The Government is formed by the party (or as currently, by the coalition of parties) that has a majority of seats in the House of Commons. Members of the Government sit in the front row of benches in the House of Commons (called the Front Bench ), directly opposite the leaders of the Opposition .
The chairman of the House of Commons is known as the "Speaker", and he or she presides over each parliamentary session, deciding who can speak .
A significant aspect of the House of Commons is the importance given to the Parliamentary Opposition . It is structured with an official Leader (The Leader of the Opposition ) and a " shadow cabinet ", consisting of spokesmen for the Opposition each with an official portfolio corresponding to that of a government minister.
Most of the time the debates in the House of Commons are devoted to projects of government legislation . Most bills are put formard by the government ministers. However , some time is given to bills tabled by individual MPs (known as Private Members' bills), or to bills tabled by the opposition (known as Opposition motions) . In each session of Parliament, the opposition has 20 days during which it may propose legislation and determine the agenda of the House.
Private Members Bills Bills and Opposition motions may be adopted by the House of Commons, but they must also be approved by the Government, given that the Government has a majority of votes. Thus, new laws can effectively be proposed by the Opposition, and can be accepted by Parliament. This can happen especially if the motion concerns a consensual or non-controversial political project , or even a question for which MPs' will vote according to their "moral convictions", rather than the politics of their party. In such cases, governments traditionally allows members the freedom to vote according to their conscience. Two important examples of Private Members Bills have been passed by Parliament are the law to abolish the death penalty ( Murder Act of 1965 ), and the law authorizing abortion (1967).
Territoriality
The British Parliament is both Parliament of England and Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is sovereign (see Constitution). Parliament has delegated some of its powers to the regional parliaments or assemblies of Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales .
British Parliament #1 British Parliament #2 British Parliament #3
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