and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Ir ish Sea to its west. Facts Country name : Wales / Cymru Motto : Cymru am byth / Wales for ever Anthem : Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau / Land of my fathers Captial : Cardiff Off icial language : Welsh / English Goverment : Devolved Goverment in a Constitutinal monarchy * Monarch : Elizabeth second * First minister : Carwyn Jones Am Legislature : UK Parliament National Assembly for Wales Area : 20 779 km² Population : 3 006 400 Currency : Pound sterling Drivers on the left Patron Saint : David Thank you !
The United States of America General information Location: North-America, bordering both the North- Atlantic Ocean and the North-Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico Area: 9.5 million square km Population: 302 million (most from European immigrants; 30 million African Americas; 2 million American Indians) Language: English 81,1 %, Spanish 10,7 %, other Indo- Euroean 3,8 %, Asian and Pacific island 2,7%, other 0,7% (the official language in Hawaii is Hawaiin) Head of State: the President (Barack Obama) Head of Government: the President Independence Day: 4th July 1776 Capital: Washington Largest City: New York (7.3 m) National Emblem: the bald-headed eagle National Currency: US dollar Government The U.S. Federal Government was formed in the eighteenth century, and the United States is considered to be the first modern national federation in the world. Th...
The most important include coal, oil, gold, iron, limestone and natural gas. The underground steam in the volcanic area of the north island is an important source of power. New Zealand produces enough meat and dairy products to feed its own people as well as millions of people in other countries. Government New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. The nation recognizes Queen Elizabeth II or Britain as its monarch. The queen appoints a governor general to represent her. The New Zealand legislature and the prime minister and the Cabinet run the government. New Zealand has no written constitution. Legislature of New Zealand consists of only one house, the 99-member House of Representatives, also called Parliament. The leader of the political party that wins the most of the seats in a parliamentary election becomes prime minister. People About three quarters of all New Zealanders live on the warmer North Island. The largest centre is Auckland with over 1 million inhabitants
The British constitution has envolved over many centuries and unlike many other nations, the UK has no single constitutional documents. But Britain does, however, have certain important constitutional documents, including Magna Carta, Bill of Rights and Reform Act. It is formed partly by statue law, partly by common law and partly by conventions. Fundamental law doesn´t exist in the United Kingdom. There can be distinguish three separate organs: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Parliament, the law-making body, consists of three elements: the Monarchy, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. They meet together only on occasions of ceremonial significance, such as the state opening of Parliament. The Monarch's principle function is to carry out certain ceremonial duties. The Queen is regarded as national symbol and also as a symbol of the unity of the Commonwealth. The British monarch must be Protestant.
Estonian state system The Resolution of the National Independence of Estonia was adopted on August 20, 1991. The Constitution of Estonia is the fundamental law of the Republic of Estonia and it was adopted in June 1992. Estonia is a Democratic Parliamentary Republic where the supreme power is vested in the people. The head of State of Estonia is the President of the Republic who can be elected for two five-year terms. The Legislature. The Parliament of Estonia is called Riigikogu and it is elected by people for a four year term. The election is universal, uniform and direct. Voting is secret. The Riigikogu is comprised of one hundred and one members. The Riigikogu has three main functions: legislation, reviewing the activities of the executive power, representation. The members of the Riigikogu have the rights to form factions. The Executive.
Australia's states and territories Australia has six states: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. Two major mainland territories: the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory Australia's largest cities Sydney, Melbourn, Adelaide, Perth, Darwin, Brisbane, Canberra(capital of Australia) Australia's politics The federal government is separated into three branches: The legislature: the bicameral Parliament, comprising the Queen (represented by the Governor-General), the Senate, and the House of Representatives; The executive: the Federal Executive Council, in practice the Governor-General as advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Council. Australia's day
· Separation of powers: Weimar problems Over-concentration of power Confused dual executive (Chancellor vs. President) Solutions Judiciary, with Constitutional Court at its apex, reviewing constitutionality of laws Legislature - the Bundestag and Bundesrat passing laws Executive (Chancellor and government): proposing and implementing laws · Single executive: President downgraded to ceremonial role Federalism: distribution of responsibilities between central and regional government Bundesrat Bundestag · Four year fixed term Second Chamber (cf House of Lords)
Theodore Roosevelt Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 January 6, 1919;) was the 26th President of the United States. He is well remembered for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" image. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (19011909) he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. Born to a wealthy family, Roosevelt was an unhealthy child suffering from asthma who stayed at home studying natural history. In response to his physical weakness, he embraced a strenuous life. He attended Harvard, where he boxed and developed an interest in naval aff...
(solve a dispute) in the past, the court is bound to follow the reasoning and reach the same decision. Precedents are more used in common law countries. Custom can be also a source of law. Customs are non-written rules of social and moral behavior. In history, when the laws were not written yet, the life was organized by customs. The most important source of law is legislation (a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament). Legislature frames new laws, amends the old laws and cancels existing laws in all countries. 3. Common law Judicial – involving a law court Statute – a law that has been formally approved and written down Hierarchy of courts – a system in which legal institutions are arranged according to their importance Binding precedent – a decision about a particular legal case that has to be followed when solving other similar cases Be bound by something – having a moral or legal duty to do something
Gimme lah, ok or not? (“Give it to me, OK?”) This bus got air-con or not? (“Is there air-conditioning on this bus? / Does this bus have air-conditioning?”) Don't worry, he can do it one lah (“Don't worry, he can get it done”) Standard language a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse has high social prestige promoted through the educational system Has legal status effectively used in public (court, legislature, schools) popularity and acceptance in the community Standard English (SE) variety of English that is acknowledged as the model for the speech and writing of educated speakers often associated with the Received Pronunciation (RP) accent in countries where English isn't a native language typically English English or North American English is considered "standard" for teaching purposes Differences between pidgins, creoles and standard language varieties
Service) Service that help students who realize on opening their A-level results that they haven’t got the grades required by their universities of choice to find a university place A framework used by all maintained schools to ensure that teaching and learning is balanced and consistent = National curriculum 15. What do you call a state or country that is governed constitutionally as on single unit, with one constitutionally created legislature? A unitary state- see A single-nation state A federal state A multi-nation state
government committees or legal experts. In such a constitutional system, all these elements may be (or may not be) recognized by courts, legislators and the bureaucracy as binding upon government and limiting its powers. Such a framework is sometimes imprecisely called an "unwritten constitution"; however, all the elements of an uncodified constitution are typically written down in a variety of official documents, though not codified in a single document. The legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments; in the separation of powers model, they are often contrasted with the executive and judicial branches of government. Laws enacted by legislatures are known as legislation. Legislatures observe and steer governing actions and usually have exclusive authority to amend the budget or budgets involved in the process.
Washington Monument. 4. America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Christopher Columbus arrived in the „New World“ in 1492 and thought it was India and called the people Indians. 5. Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president, was a leading figure in America’s early development. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), Jefferson served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress and was governor of Virginia. 6. The current constitution was adopted in 1788. The Constitution has been changed 26 times since 1789. 7. The main natrural resources in the United States of America are: oil shale, gold, coal, copper, iron, silver. 8. The agricultural products are: wheat, corn, soybeans, milk. The main industries in USA are textile, chemical, mechanical and electronics. 9
After Yeltsin, Vladimir Putin held the term for 8 years. Now Putin is the Prime Minister and Dmitri Medvedev is the President. When Putin's term as the President ended, he became the Prime Minister and now he has more power than the President. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with the approval of the State Duma. The he is the first one to the presidency in case when the President dies or resigns ( " R u s s i a n p o l i t i c a l s ys t e m , " ) . Russia's legislature, called the Federal Assembly is a bicameral body, that consists of the Federation Counil and the State duma. The lower house in the Russian Federal Assembly is the State Duma. It is the more powerful house, so all bills are considered by them. The Duma doesn't have as much power to force the resignation of the Government. The President is allowed to disregard the votes of the Duma. The Duma has 450 members who are known as deputies
- Prime Minister Andrus Ansip (RE) - Parliament Ene Ergma (IRL) speaker - Current coalition RE / IRL Legislature Riigikogu Kalevipoeg (Kalev's Son) is an epic poem by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald held to be the Estonian national epic. Estonian holidays are mostly based on the Western Christian calendar and Protestant traditions. Notable among these is Jaanipäev, the Estonian Midsummer, which involves seeking one's way to non-urban environments, burning large bonfires, and participating in the drunken revelry of Jaaniõhtu
9. õiglust maksma panema implement justice 10. suurenev kuritegevuse tase rising crime rate 11. võimude lahusus separation of powers 12. õigusriik state based on the rule of law 13. seadusandlik võim legislative power 14. täidesaatev võim executive power 15. kohtuvõim judicial power 16. seadusandlik kogu, organ legislature, legislative body 17. kohtunikkond, kohtuharu judiciary 18. kohtus õigust mõistma administer justice in courts 19. õigusallikad sources of law 20. parlamendiseadused acts of Parliament 21. seadusega kooskõlas in accordance / compliance with law 22. põhiseadusliku järelevalve kohus court of constitutional review 23. kehtetuks tunnistama declare invalid / void 24
For Americans, democracy means more than majority rule. It also means minority rights. The American democratic government was established in March 1789 in the Constitution of the United States. In this system, rights and powers are divided between the individual states and the central, or Federal government. To prevent any political party from becoming too powerful, the powers of the Federal Government are divided. The Federal government has 3 branches - the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. The power of each branch is carefully balanced by the powers of each of the others. The Congress writes the laws. The President carries out the laws and policies of the Government. Since the late nineteenth century, baseball has been regarded as the national sport; football, basketball, and ice hockey are the country's three other leading professional team sports. College football and basketball also attract large audiences. Football is now
(solve a dispute) in the past, the court is bound to follow the reasoning and reach the same decision. Precedents are more used in common law countries. Custom can be also a source of law. Customs are non-written rules of social and moral behaviour. In history, when the laws were not written yet, the life was organised by customs. The most important source of law is legislation (a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament). Legislature frames new laws, amends the old laws and cancels existing laws in all countries. Political structure - institutions or groups and their relations to each other within political systems as they constitute the political landscape of the political entity Social values - larger concept which includes the subjective aspects of the citizens' well-being Amend - to modify or alter something ___________________________________________________________________
At the additional reading, the act is implemented if Parliament accepts the Council's text. Parliament may reject the Council's text, leading to a failure of the law, or they may modify it and pass it back to the Council to continue the process of negotiation. Co-decision procedures and the power of veto held by the European Parliament in the adoption of legislation have made this institution very powerful as the Union’s legislature. Although other bodies have rights of proposition and consultation, these cannot ultimately overrule the Parliament if it decides not to adopt a certain law. [5] Consequently, as the Parliament wields this legislative power and is a directly elected body, the legislation process can be described as democratic. However, the Commission’s role in providing the impetus for law-making may be criticised as unrepresentative of the people as the members of this body are unelected.
Each province has its own government. The territories are self-governing. The Cabinet system of Canada unites the legislative and executive branches of the Government. The Prime Minister and the members of the Cabinet are usually members of the House of Commons. Sometimes a senator may be in the Cabinet. Ministers are resposible for all their actions to the House, which is elected by the people. The Prime Minister directs the government. The Parliament is the national legislature of Canada. It has two houses, an upper house called the Senate, and a lower, more powerful house, is called the House of Commons. The Senate has 104 members. Senators are appointed by the governor generally on Prime Minister's recommendation. The Speaker is the Senate's presiding officer. A new Prime Minister generally has an appointment with a new speaker. Senators must retire at the age of 65. The House of Commons consists of members elected by the people for five-year
political thought from the time of the publication of his Two treatises of government to the present day. Locke's writings refute the notions both of the divine right of kings and absolute government by arguing that peoples' destiny should be determined by majority will. In Locke's view this can only be achieved by what he defines as limited government, an overarching framework which allows the people to amend or even dissolve a legislature if it is perceived to break the trust placed in it by the majority. In order to understand the emergence of societies and the concept of limited government it is useful first to explore Locke's hypothetical scenario of what it was like before these existed. Locke claims man lived in a state of nature and that each individual was born equal into a ...state of perfect freedom to order their actions... Locke (1821, p. 189). Within a state of nature Locke proposes that men were
35. despite – hoolimata (millestki) 36. to some extent – mõningal määral 37. obvious - ilmselge 38. in order to – selleks, et Explain in English: 1. suspension – stopping or postponing smth 2. implement justice – to enforce justice 3. administer justice – to execute justice 4. separation of powers – insulation of the functions of the branches of power 5. legislative power – statutory power 6. legislature – parliament 7. legislation – the whole set of laws 8. legislators - lawmakers 9. judicial power – the power exercised by the court of law 10. judiciary – forensic/ all judges 11. executive power – administrative power Civil Procedure 1. tsiviil-, kriminaalmenetlus – civil procedure, criminal procedure 2. kohtuprotsess (toimingud kohtus) – trial, court proceedings, hearing a case 3. riigi nimel – in the name of the state 4
Australia, New Zealand, India and Africa. Tens of thousands people left Great Britain to settle in these colonies. Government The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, as the head of state. The monarch of the UK also serves as head of state of fifteen other Commonwealth countries. The UK has a parliamentary government based on strong democratic traditions. The Parliament is the legislature of the United Kingdom; housed in the Palace of Westminster. The parliament is made up of the Queen and two houses: House of Commons, which is elected and House of Lords, which is appointed. Queen Victoria Victoria became the queen in 1837 when she was only 18 years old. She was queen for 64 years, the longest reign of any monarch. We know a lot about her because she kept a diary from the age of thirteen until her death. She reigned through a time of great change in Britain.
landowners. The sugar industry declined in the 19th cent., partly because of the abolition of slavery in 1833 (effective 1838) and partly because of the elimination in 1846 of the imperial preference tariff for colonial products entering the British market. Economic hardship was the prime motive behind the Morant Bay rebellion by freedmen in 1865. The British ruthlessly quelled the uprising and also forced the frightened legislature to surrender its powers; Jamaica became a crown colony. Poverty and economic decline led many blacks to seek temporary work in neighboring Caribbean areas and in the United States; many left the island permanently, emigrating to England, Canada, and the United States. Indians were imported to meet the labor shortage on the plantations after the slaves were freed, and agriculture was diversified to lessen dependence on sugar exports
Each province has its own government. The territories are self-governing. The Cabinet system of Canada unites the legislative and executive branches of the Government. The Prime Minister and the members of the Cabinet are usually members of the House of Commons. Sometimes a senator may be in the Cabinet. Ministers are resposible for all their actions to the House, which is elected by the people. The Prime Minister directs the government. The Parliament is the national legislature of Canada. It has two houses, an upper house called the Senate, and a lower, more powerful house, is called the House of Commons. The Senate has 104 members. Senators are appointed by the governor generally on Prime Minister's recommendation. The Speaker is the Senate's presiding officer. A new Prime Minister generally has an appointment with a new speaker. Senators must retire at the age of 65. The House of Commons consists of members elected by the people for five-year terms,
potential has also strengthen its strategic bargaining position (White 2011: 659). As a tool for the administration, the party may not have a noteworthy role in policy-making, nor does it yet fill the requirements in terms of chronological dominance, but it can be seen as a force for structuring the public policy agenda. Structuring Political Competition In July 2000, in his first ,,state of the nation" speech at the annual opening of Parliament, president Putin turned to the legislature to express his dissatisfaction with the state of country's party system and made clear his intention to improve this. A year later, at one of his press conferences Putin declared: ,,If there are de facto two-, three-, and four-party systems in developed, civilized countries, why do there have to be 350 or 5,000 parties in Russia? This is a kind of Bacchanalia, not democracy"(Rose et al. 2011: 46). Putin's main aim was to give structure and regularity to political competition
the Scottish Parliament have seen a divergence in the provision of public services compared to the rest of the United Kingdom. For instance, the costs of a university education, and care services for the elderly are free at point of use in Scotland, while fees are paid in the rest of the UK. Scotland was the first country in the UK to ban smoking in enclosed public places. The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament Building The Scottish Parliament is a unicameral legislature comprising 129 Members, 73 of whom represent individual constituencies and are elected on a first past the post system; 56 are elected in eight different electoral regions by the additional member system, serving for a four year period. The Queen appoints one Member of the Scottish Parliament, (MSP), on the nomination of the Parliament, to be First Minister. Other Ministers are also appointed by the Queen on the nomination of the Parliament and together with the First
more apples than you can use) Since one can covert property into gold, hovever, one can accumulate an unlimited amount of wealth (since the gold, unlike the apples, cannot spoil) (VI-XIIX); XIX Locke identifies three elements necessary for a civil society: a common established law, a known and impartial body to give judgment, and the power to support such judgments. He calls for a government with different branches, including a strong legislature, and an active executive who does not outstrip the lawmakers in power. Once the poeple hase given sovereginty to a monarc or elected body they have no right to take it away again or go against its legislation but they may set limits to the duration of a legislator's term in office And they may overthrow a goverment which has acted unjustly or failed to respect the laws of people (locke clearly has in mind here the illegal taking away property especially)
It is thus the Union's strategic body, acting as the collective presidency of the EU. The meetings of the European Council, commonly referred to as EU summits, are chaired by its president and take place at least twice every six months. The headquarters of the Council of the European Union is in Brussels. The current president of the European Council is Herman Van Rompuy. Council of the European Union It is part of the essentially bicameral EU legislature, representing the executives of EU member states, the other legislative body being the European Parliament. The Council is composed of several configurations of twenty-eight (28) ministers. The exact membership of the configuration depends upon the topic; for example, when discussing agricultural policy the Council is formed by the twenty-eight national ministers whose portfolio include this policy area. The Presidency of the Council rotates every six months among the governments of EU
535. according to nagu väidab... 536. involves haarab enda alla 537. aim eesmärk 538. purposeful activity sihipärane tegevus 539. private and public administration era ja avalik haldus 540. differentiate eristada 541. characteristics omadused 542. consideration kaalumine 543. observing public interests kinni pidama avaliksest huvidest 544. essence olemus 545. implementation teostamine 546. established by legislature rajanema seadusandlusel 547. enacted in laws sätestatud seadustes 548. presume eeldama 549. vested in it sisaldab seda 550. state board riigikomisjonid 551. inspectorates inspektsioonid 552. local bodies kohalikud organid/asutused 553. local government kohalik omavalitus 554. public enterprises riigiettevõtted 555. foundations sihtasutused 556. the subject of private law eraõiguse subject 557. notaries public notarid 558
It also divided the province of Canada into the provinces of Quebec and Ontario and provided them with constitutions. The act served as Canada's "constitution" until 1982, when it was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867, and became the basis of Canada's Constitution Act of 1982. The executive government was vested in (given to) Queen Victoria and her successors. These two provisions meant that Canada would have parliamentary and cabinet government. The legislature was to consist of a Senate and a House of Commons. The act also authorized establishment of a Supreme Court of Canada. 14. From which countries did most immigrants arrive in Canada in the following periods: (1) before 1760; (2) 1760 to the end of the 19 th century; (3) in the early 20 th century; (4) after World War II; (5) from the 1960s to the present? Before the 1760s mostly from France; 1760s to the end of the 19th century from Britain, either directly or by way
Witchcraft Witchcraft is the alleged use of supernatural or magical powers. A witch (from Old English wicca m. / wicce f.) is a practitioner of witchcraft. Historically, it was widely believed that witchcraft involved the use of these powers to inflict harm upon members of a community or their property, and that all witches were in league with the devil. Since the mid 20th century, the term witchcraft has sometimes been used to distinguish between bad witchcraft and good witchcraft, with the latter often involving healing. Human misfortune was often blamed on a supernatural entity or a known person in the community. Reasons for accusations of witchcraft fall into four general categories: · A person was caught in the act of positive or negative sorcery · A well-meaning sorcerer or healer lost their clients' or the authorities' trust · A person did nothing...
of Diana's death (31 August 1998), the Queen ruled that all flags at the royal residences should be lowered and half-masted as a special mark of respect. The British government declared immediately that they would follow suit. The national flag can be an `active' symbol on national days, coronations and royal weddings, and in parades, parliamentary debates, salutes, ceremonials, rituals, memorials and subtly in everyday procedures in the legislature. A specific example is the saluting of the flag, or standing up when singing the national anthem. The state not only controls which national flag is to be used but its usage of national flags as they appear on a number of places controlled by the state: embassies, vessels of war, airlines, national museums, national monuments, capital city squares and stationery. There is also a specific protocol involved in the use of national flags at the headquarters of the United Nations and the
would remain so. Its power over the monarch was secured in the Bill of Rights 11 in 1689. That was the beginning of parliamentary monarchy in Britain. Most of its traditions and habits were established in the eighteenth century. Britain’s Parliament is the supreme legislative authority and consists of three separate elements: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the elected House of Commons. Over the centuries, the balance between the three parts of the legislature has changed, so that the Monarch’s role is now only formal, and the House of Commons has gained supremacy over the House of Lords. Notes a) 1. Flemish, relating to Flanders (Фландрия), or its people or their language (фламандский). Fleming (a person from Flanders) has become a popular surname in England since the period in question (e.g.: Alexander Fleming, famous microbiologist; Ian L.
Eesti õigussüsteemi lahutamatu osa, siis peavad siseriiklikud seadused nende põhimõtete ja normidega tingimata arvestama ( EV põhiseaduse §3). 352. Milline on õiguse allikate formaalne jaotus ja funktsionaalne liigitus? Kui võtta aluseks õigusakti vastuvõtnud organi tegevuse sisu, siis jaotuvad õiguse allikad: 1.LEGISLATIIVAKTIDEKS – vastu võetud riigi legislatiivorganite poolt; seadusandlus, seadusandlik võim – legislature. HALDUSAKTIDEKS – vastu võetud riigi jurisdiktsiooniorganite poolt; See on õiguse allikate formaalne jaotus. Kui võtta aluseks, millist ülesannet õigusakt õiguskorras täidab, siis saame järgmise liigituse: 1. LEGISLATIIVFUNKTSIOONI TÄITEV ÕIGUSAKT 2. HALDUSFUNKTSIOONI TÄITEV ÕIGUSAKT 3. JURISDIKTSIOONILIST FUNKTSIOONI TÄITEV ÕIGUSAKT jurisdiktsioon - õiguse-, kohtumõistmine; võimkond See on õiguse allikate funktsionaalne liigituseks. 353
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