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EXAM - English literature 2 (0)

5 VÄGA HEA
Punktid
  • The Jacobean masque
    Elizabethan one nation culture, now cultural polarisation between the new courtly culture and the rest of the country . Court in cultural isolation. Ben Jonson. King and courtiers were close to universally recognised ideal types (conflict with the reality ). Mysticism. Emergence of perspective view, stage machinery, artificial light , revolution . The stage cast the monarch in the focal point (the lines of perspective of the stage met there . Inigo Jones . Masque an educative vehicle , towards classical antiquity and architecture . Tide towards absolute monarchy. Masque – linked poetry and moral philosophy into art. Music, dance, poetry, lavish illusionistic scenic display to express the doctrines of divine kingship. Great impact. Like gods come down to earth.
  • The Caroline masque
    Charles decided on subject matter , and acted and danced in masques. Now the regal divinity even more obvious. Ben Jonson. Divine minds of this incomparable pair. Arts role – to set a noble ideals , to strengthen practice of virtue . He and queen living incarnations of ideals. Visual style of his reign more classical than James’s. Thomas Carew „Coelum Britannicum”. King’s policy of peace (peace in every courtly celebration). Benefits to the isle by the union of divine couple. Henrietta Maria Love and Beauty and Charles – Heroic Virtue, together a great force. Masques centre of court life. Stuart divinity + now queen as a Platonic love goddess. Maria – from French court amnners and highly artificial language of adoration – fashion . Idealised love wiped away all stains. Through their harmony , Charles could make his heavenly ascent and bring great benefits to their obedient subjects . Very costy. Closed court, believed in masques.
  • 17th century „metaphysical” poetry ( Donne , Quarles, Herbert , Crashaw, Vaughan, Marvell)
    Religious poetry, books of emblems (allegorical pictures, verses explaining their moral), unconventional or „unpotic” figures like compass or mosquito to reach surprise effects , paradox and oxymoron. About the profound areas of experience : love ( romantic and sexual ), man’s relationship with God. Brief but intense meditations, striking use of wit, irony and wordplay.
    John Donne: passionate feeling and logical argument are mixed, play of intellect, conceits ( extended metaphors), wit, huge range of ideas with startling connections between them , analyses love with different moods (cynicism and profound dedication)
    The First Anniversary. An Anatomy of the World; The Flea ; Love’s Alchemy; Elegy XIX To His Mistress Going To Bed; Holy Sonnets (9, X, XIV); Hymn To God My God, in My Sickness.
    Francis Quarles: emblem poems
    Canticle
    George Herbert: courtly urbanity of language, certain neatness and point, his wit „homely” ( simple ), sometimes queer, conceits in title.
    The Dawning; The Altar ; The Collar ; The Pilgrimage
    Richard Crashaw: paradoxes, sensuous warmth, conceit as isolated ornament rather than integral part of poem ’s meaning
    To the Noblest & best of Ladyes, the Countesse of Denbigh
    Henry Vaughan: many obvious borrowings, striking opening lines.
    The World
    Andrew Marvell: many strands of 17thC thought , feeling and style, created the tradition of garden poems
    The Definition of Love, To His Coy Mistress, The Garden
    Ben Jonson: IX: Song : To Celia, II: To Penshurst; Hymn to Cynthia.
  • The arrival of classicism in England . The impact of the art collections of the Earl of Arundel and Charles I
    Inigo Jones, travel with Thomas Howard , Earl of Arundel. Purpose : in-depth study of ancient and modern architecture. Italy , Venice, Vicenza, Rome, Naples. New cultural scene, looked back to early Roman Empire .
    Arundel: influential , new ideal for gentleman’s life. Promotion of foreign culture, Renaissance Italy, world of classical antiquity. Virtue: civility, grace , elegant manners, interest in learning . In Italy excavated, brought findings to England, books, statues in anitque manner , drawings. A decade of aesthetic change and collecting mania. Had great collection , displayed in his house, medieval house got overlay in classical manner, new gallery built , Italian palazzo beside the Thames . Fame of his collection in classical antiquities. A museum garden in Italian renaissance manner. Appreciation of the significance of antiquities. Expnasion of the orbit of gentleman. Man who was interested in anything cultural. Change in attitude to learning.
    Charles I: virtuoso king, connoisseur and collector of pictures, best collection in Europe .
  • The Caroline court culture and Cavalier poetry (Carew, Suckling, Lovelace , Waller, Cowley , Herrick)
    17th C, from classes supporting Charles I in Civil War. Much of poetry light in style, on secular subjects. Most were courtiers (except Herrick).
    English country life, rural country estate – man made paradise, arcadia , ancient hospitality . Poets spoke with the voice of celebrating the king and queen. King and court retreated into a self-perpetuating arcadia of their own. Civil War. Sense that past would never return . 1640s.
    Metaphysical poets were fond of imagery difficult to understand and complicated metaphors, Cavaliers preferred more straightforward expression. Valued elegance, were part of refined, courtly culture, but poetry often frankly erotic. Short lyric poem, favourite theme carpe diem . Very decent, like Charles’s court.
    Characteristic to Charles I’s court
    Carew:
    Sir John Suckling: The Constant Lover
    Richard Lovelace: celebrates the beauties of heroine, but against very different background.
    To Althea, from Prison : Song; The Grasshopper: To My Noble Friend , Mr Charles Cotton : Ode
    Waller: wrote of queen as the queen of love.
    Cowley:
    Robert Herrick: The Argument of His Book, Delight in Disorder
  • The Caroline „beauty of holiness”
    Sermons and religious verse , witty preaching. George Herbert, Caroline piety expressed. His verse is sensitive and decorous, monument to „beauty of holiness”, practice of liturgy with good order and ritual which was the essence of Charles I’s religious policy. High Anglican piety. Herbert celebrates wat Puritans wished to sweep away. Beauty and significance of ritual, of the mystery of the sacraments offering praise to the angles, to the saints and Virgin Mary. We are in Heaven that can only be Anglican, filled with deep inner piety which spoke of the anguish of heart in its search for God. Church resumed as holy place again , restoration, beautification, painting and sculpture aided liturgy.
  • 17th century philosophical writing (Burton, Browne, Hobbes)
    Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan – developed his political philosophy. Man by nature selfishly individualistic animal, constant war with other men. Fear of violent deat principle motive causes them to create state and submite to sovereign, whose power , though derived from people, is absolute and not subject to law. Though he favoured monarchy as the most effective form of sovereignty, theory could apply to parliament also. Led to investigations by other political theorists.
    Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy – on surface medical textbook , Burton applies his large and varied learning in the scholastic manner to the subject of melancholia. A philosophical text. Part of medical treatise , part a commonplace book. Anatomy as lens through which all human emotion and thought may be scrutinised. Covered many areas of life of man: science , history, and political and social reform .
    Thomas Browne: Religio Medici – tried to reconcile (sobitada) science and religion . Writes as physician who has found his religious faith confirmed by scientific awe. Poses more as a moralist than as a diagnostician. Demonstrates an exemplaru toleration of both Christian dissent and diversity .
  • The political prose of the Civil War period
    Turbulent years in mid 17thC, Charles I, then Commonwealth and Protectorate, flourish of political literature . Pamphlets (brošüürid) from supporters of every faction in Civil War, personal attacks and polemics, many forms of propaganda , high-minded schemes to reform the nation.
    Revolutionary times . In late 1640s and 50s debate over the shape and authority of the rapidly changing constitution of England intense. Charles I off throne, Commonwealth, power to gentlemen landowners. No radical social change, or popualr democracy experiment . Men at the top harassed by those who supporteed the old and those who sought further to radicalize the new. Dissenting Puritans, restless Protestant sectarians.
    Pamphlet literature of those who saw Charles I’s overthrow as freedom from Norman feudalism. Native rights, more equal distribution of constituencies, removing property qualifications from voters. John Lilburne – Leveller party . Contrasts between rich and poor . Equal distribution of property.
  • Milton . Paradise Lost
    Lengthy works of religious convictions discarded today , wanted to remove his poetry to greater extent than that of others, for material : the fall of man, the restoration of the human race in Christ , destruction of God’s enemies, from the heavnely point of view, his poetry must teavh, purify and elevate the heart (his work assume great knowledge of Bible ); purpose: assert Eternal Providence, justify the ways of God to men, his God mysterious and inscrutable, to understand God’s message men must purigy their hearts.
    Paradise lost: a prayer to God from mankind.
  • 17th century autobiographical writing (Pepys, Evelyn )
    Diarists like Pepys and Evelyn depicted everyday London life and the cultural scene of the times. In 17th increase in autobiographical writing. Form of self-expression open to both men and women
    Samuel Pepys: detailed private diary, 1660 – 1669. Combination of personal revelation and eyewitness accounts of great events (Great Plague of London, the Second Dutch War, Great Fire of London). Breathtaking honesty: women he pursued, extramarital relationships, friends, dealings. Reveals his jealousies, insecurities, trivial concerns, fractious relationship with his wife . Personal accounts of the restoration of the monarchy.
    John Evelyn: his diaries largely contemporaneus to Pepys. Cast considerable light on the art, culture and politics of the time (deaths of Charles I and Oliver Cromwell). Compared to Pepys, self-consciously pious, even reserved. Far more a formal record .
  • 17th century religious prose (Donne, Andrewes, Bunyan)
    Prose dominated by Christian religious writing, often strayed into political and economic writing
    John Bunyan: The Pilgrim ’s Process – allegory of personal salvation, a guide to Christian life. Remarkable for its simple, biblical style and vivid presentation of character and incident. Written in straightforward narrative . Bunyan’s work has spiritual fervor and writes in compelling style. The eloquence of Bible united with the vigorous realism of common speech.
    John Donne: Six Sermons, Fifty Sermons, Essayes in Divinity, Sermons Never Before Published.
    Andrewes:
  • The baroque style as the embodiment of the Restoration ethos
    Baroque was to prove to be the ideal style to reflect what was deeply broken society, one that was to remain in political and religious turbulence until the II half of 18th C. It always portrayed precisely that scenario : forces in conflict, opposites and extremes confronting, and at the same time, seen to be manifestations of an ordered whole. Role : to give the thruths of the sphere of heaven ( fixed , immovable and permanent ). Art of Baroque: flux and paradox, illusion and seeming, searching for eternal thruths. Vehicle for new and very emotional piety of Counter- Reformation Catholicism, ideal to express absolute monarchy. It was expensive style, although its role was to give an aura of divinity and autocracy on Charles II, couldn’t hide that he was kept in power by the will of Parliament.
  • Restoration poetry ( Rochester , Sackville, Sedley, Dryden)
    After 1660. 2 main themes : sex (whoring), drinking.Charles II’s court wa despite of its cloak of Anglican conformity, far more inclined to accept and enjoy sexual, religious and verbal licence. Cultured but lusty court. Sexual hints flourished. Stimulated and fostered the stricter disciplines of poetic satire , which fed on contradictions, the ironies and hypocrisies of society. Sharpness of wit, degree of profanity (pühaduseteotus) or ribaldry ( nilbus ), cultivated laziness, ministerially abetted (õhutatud) twists of laws and distractions of his mistresses.
    John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester: writer of satirical and bawdy poetry. To a Lady in a Letter , Song, A Song
    Charles Sackville: The Advice , from the Latin
    Sir Charles Sedley: Song
    Dryden:
  • Restoration drama (Dryden, Etheridge, Wycherley, Congreve)
    Theatres closed in Civil War, resumed in altered society of Restoration, florishing after Puritan regime. Most famous: unsentimental or „ hard ” comedies of John Dryden, William Wycherley, and George Etheredge. Reflect atmosphere at court, celebrate an aristocratic macho lifestyle of constant sexual intrigue and conquest. Sharp drop in quality and quanitity in 1680s, in 1690s again William Congreve’s „Love for Love” and „The Way of the World”. Were softer and more middle - class , different from earlier aristocratic extravaganza, aimed wider audience . Strong middle-class element, to women, war between sexes from intrigue into marriage, marital relations.
    Sexual explicitness encouraged by Charles II and by the rakish aristocrathic ethos of his court. Socially diverse audience. Crowded and bustling plots, introduction of first professional actresses, rise of first celebrity actors .
    Plays of Etheridge and Wycherley ar far more characteristic of the hybrid , symmetrical, sexual comedy popular in the reign of Charles II.
    Dryden:
    Sir George Etheridge: Man of Mode – the Earl of Rochester as a noisy, witty, intellectual, and sexually irresistible aristocrat. The Comical Revenge: or Love in a Tub
    William Wycherley: The Plain Dealer, The Country Wife
    William Congreve: The Old Batchelour, The Doubl-Dealer, Love for Love
  • The impact of Newton and the principles of natural philosophy on 17th-18th century poetry and prose
    Bacon’s method : inductive reasoning based on observation and exeriment.
    Natural philosophy: understanding Nature. All beliefs and knowledge subjected to a rational examination based on the evidence of fact as supported by the senses. Mathematical methods. Universe as great machine. God’s beneficence. An Omnisient, infinitely wise and divine presence superintended the world. Old belief of care- taking good Providence could now be proved as based on demonstrable fact – moral assurance. Away medieval superstition. Clarification and rational conviction based on fact. Till then life was mysterious. Discoveries. God’s law were shown directing things according to its natre and divine order. Dawn of enlightenment. Scientists revealed a sysematic universe – God in Nature as the greatest of artists .
    Isaac Newton: coupling of empirical observation with mathematical method. Principle of gravitation ( Proof of the old concept of unity). The calculus method. Theory of light ( prism ).
    Lot of fear and superstition removed, more confidence in intellect, better understanding of Nature, science gave freedom and new hope . Belief that life in all aspects could be improved bu the use of intelligence.
  • The emergence of the polite society
    18th C tired of 17th C instability. Polite man was social, enthusiasm was despised (fanatics), didn’t match woth politeness. Needed money to educate. Places for meeting , behaviour to recognise each other. Pubblic walks, theatres, clubs , coffee houses . Language of arts and culture. To break down social barriers. Distrust to imagination (close to enthusiasm). Believed in fact and reason . Climate not good for religion and poetry. Good for prose. Writing in English, not Latin. No flourish permitted. All amplifications of style abandoned. Natural way of speaking, positive expressions , mathematical plainness. Clear statements, settled sentence forms. Poetry suffered, mystery dropped.
  • Burlington, Palladianism and the new morality
    Richard Boyle , 3rd Earl of Burlington. Travelled to Italy to have architects to draw buildings of Andrea Palladio . To introduce England better taste . Study Palladio to have architectural revolution in England. Might have been the Stuart Restoration, whose martyred king Charles I was patron of Inigo Jones, whose work earl revived, restored, imitated and published. Palladio – late 16th C architect. England needed change (Pope’s Essay on Criticism – called for national change in taste and ideas). New style of „the antique simplicity”. Burlington had all the drawings of Jones and Palladio, used them as an architect. Reformed architectural style. Palladianism was to become a national style. Burlington house – palazzo. Land around it. Ha-ha. Garden made of series of pictures, after Ancient Rome.
  • The Augustan publishing explosion and expansion of literacy
    18th C, London cultural mecca of the Augustan age, great urban development , the city of enlightenment, scientific revolution. Cultural efforescence linked with remarkable economic and financial boom (ordinary people better off). Emergence of professional writer (A.Pope) -> because there was audience like never before („middling sort” – merchant and professional classes).
    New cultural activity thanks to: paper , printers, publishers, engravers, printsellers. In 1695 lapse of Licencing Act, censorship ceased, Stationers’ Company lost its monopoly . By the 1720 publishing industry scatterd through the city. Provincial press also expanded . Thus, emergence of magazines (the Tatler, the Spectator – foundation stones of early georgian cultural attitudes, then Gentleman’s Magazine, Universal Magazine), journals (Connoisseur, Critical review), everywhere newspapers came into being. Publishing explosion released a flood of prints, trade cards, illustrated books. PAPER gave the bourgeois culture its means of expression, out of court constrains now.
    Increase in letter-writing (time for that, desire to develop relationships). 1714 – 45% of male population could read, 25% of women, by 1760 – 60% of men, 40% of women. Didn’t mean necessarily ability to write. Reading the century’s most popular leisure activity. Expansion in literacy -> demand for reading matter -> advent of magazines and newspapers, growth of professional writers . Libraries (also in country-houses). Books published, more than ever, many subjects, imported books in French (educated classes). Works on religion most popular.
  • The general principles of Neoclassicism in literature. Pope’s Essay On Criticism
    18th C – Augustan/Neoclassical/Age of Reason
    Giving pleasure to the common reader, to write about passions that everyone could recognise, in a language that everyone could understand. Poets were to affect so that they would work with the author in creating pictures in the mind.
    Poets represented Nature: Nature as universal, permanent, representative in human experience, external Nature – surce of aesthetic pleasure and scientific enquiry. Nature stands for enduring, general thruths (opposite to metaphysical), that are always tre everywhere. Nature as collection of eternal thruths best expressed by ancients, studying natre like studying classics. Wit – quickness and liveliness of mind; also fancy and magination which needed restraining. Judgement had to tame wit to achieve a sense of decorum or appropriatness (harmonious union of wit and judgement). The „closed” heroic couplet. In these 2 lines possible to attain rhetorical or witty effects by the use of parallelism , balance or antithesis. Alliteration and assonance could be used to strenghten this effect . Another option : Miltonic blank verse.
    Dramatic change in prose style, sought concision and clarity (John Locke ’s writings). Analogy for new style mathematics. Former complexity ( typical to the Restoration wits and scholars) gave way to more factual prose. Simple positive style, exact reflection of the new scientific and rational outlook of the Enlightenment. Vernacular literature. More people went to school.
    Imitation of classical models ( Homer , Cicero, Virgil, Horace). In verse, tight heroic couplet, in prose essay and satire predominant forms. Qualities of order, clarity, and stylistic decorum. Represented in Pope’s Essay on Criticism. Insist that nature is the true model and standard for writing. Nature for Augustans: a rational and comprehensive moral order in the universe.
  • The Grand Tour and its impact on British culture
    18th C theme: transference of the classical tradition from the seat of its Latin origins, Italy, to the island of Britain . Very few who had actually travelled and seen ancient Rome (Arundel), because of wars, theological divide, it was to change. Peace with France , travel easier, more money. Essential part of education of ambitious young man – to see the home of the classical heritage which they cherished. From Britain biggest number of people on Grand Tour, wide spectrum (aristocrats, commoners, patrons, collectors, artists, designers, many women = virtual or invisible academy for them). Learning foreign languages, studying history, politics, laws. Looking at architecture, art, antiquities. Man was expected to return with qualities needed to move in international courtly aristocratic society, fluent in French, graceful in behaviour, polished in manners.
    Singly or in groups, under supervision ( bear leader). Aristocrats alone (governor). Fixed route: Low Countries, France (some months learning language, social graces like dancing, fencing), south to Italy, tour in Italy (arrivers usually had vague , inaccurate notion of the country), Germany and back home. Italy was kind of paradise: pictures, landscapes, seeing things only read about before. Autumn (visitor going to warmth in winter ), festivities, spectacles. Critical: Florence , Rome, Naples, Venice. Fount of art, literature, philosophy, music – cultural mecca. Diplomatic representatives, British residents: opened doors , introduced to people. Climax in Rome. Greatest prize: classical antiquities – scuplture, vases, cameos, gems , coins, medals. Purchase-obsessed.
    Result : publications (what seen). Changed people’s perception of classical past. Returned minds enriched, into culture cosmopolitan influence , refinement of manner, intellectual curiosity -> lasting change in English art, architecture, music, manners. Collecting, works of art, sculpture collections, change in architecture and interior design (neo-classicism), obsession with classical antiquity.
  • Augustan journalism (Addison, Steele)
    Richard Steele’s Tatler, Joseph Addison’s and Steele’s Spectator – mixes of short pieces, letters, essays , poems commenting on contemporary matters , morals and events. Religious bigotry and division of previous century should be put aside, replaced by mutual tolerance and understanding. New balance in society novelist’s general belief that daily life was of sufficient interest to be worth writing about. Needed secular milieu for the action of a novel depends not on divine intervention but on the exercise of choice by ordinary human beings. Change in 18th C – women started to choose partners -> genre that took as its centre courtship leading to marriage. Female chastity which ended in a virtuous marriage. It was to be the leitmotif of every novel imto the 20th C. But also the sexual imagination could be expressed.
    Daniel Defoe : Robinson Crusoe – story of a man cut adrift from civilisation, rugged economic individualism and a record of an inner life. Survival – key theme to Defoe’s three novels. Moll Flanders – Moll spiralsup and down driven by a desire for money and the maintenance of her genteel status . A Journal of the Plague Year – graphically reconstructs the terrible events of 1665.
    Samuel Richardson: Pamela: or Virtue Rewarded – transformed the role of women in fiction . Form of letter, maidservant, defence of her sexual virtue, genteel marriage. Created a female prototype. Clarissainnocent country girl, corrupted by the city, dies a saintly death . His work set 2 directions: exploration of an individual ’s psychological and moral awareness, to purvey vicarious sexual experience and thus fulfil adolescent fantasies.
    Henry Fielding : established a pattern for comic novel. Joseph Andrews, Tom Jones (masterpiece), Amelia . Traces the hero ’s life from a childhood and youth spent in Somerset through an unstable period on road , peopled by motley (kirev) cast of characters , ending in London. Brought to novels vivid narrative technique and wide knowledge of the ways of the world. Paints mid-Georgian society.
    Laurence Sterne : A sentimental Journey – fictionalised account od Sterne’s travels in Italy and France. Tristram Shandy – a gloriously chaotic yet great comic work with a mastery of the realistic presentation of fleeting thoughts, feelings and gestures , flexible handling of time which prefigures the break with the tyranny of chronology which came in the 20th C.
    Tobias Smollett : wrote seemingly traditional novels. Concentrated on picaresque novels, low-born character would go through endless series of adventures. The Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fanthom, The Adventures of Roderick Random .
    Goldsmith :
    In one generation novel from being a narrative of adventure to exploring man’s inner life.
  • Augustan patriotism and a drive to forge an authentic English national culture
    Theme to dominate the 18th C: creation of a British national cultural tradition, equal if not better than Greek and Roman. Scientific revolution: superiority of Moderns against the Ancients. Drive towards national cultural identity stimulated by political opponents of Walpole, deep desiire to establish the country’s cultural credentials against France (wars with France). Defeat of France in Seeven years War -> unprecedented efflorescence of new-found confidence in country’s cultural potential. Scots and English had for 1st time fought side by side for common British cause . As century goes on emerges belief that strength of British culture lay not in a monolithic uniformity but in its very diversity. People with mixed descent had to hace culture with elements mixed: elegance of Latinity, Germanic sense of liberty, French grace, Celtic perfection. These held together by geographical confines, common Christian tradition (Protestant, based on Old Testament ). When all roads led to Rome, others looked back into the island’s past. British Empire different from Roman: trade not brutality, liberty (Pax Britannica ).
    By about 1790 culture had been forged, seen in books which traced the history and celebrated the achievements of the native tradition.. identity firmly in place to challenge French Revolution and the decades of war with France.
  • The Augustan cult of Shakespeare
    Exploration in nation’s cultural past seeking further common cultural ground. It was to be found in William Shakespeare. His plays had never ceased to be played, and were establishing a nascent canon of national dramatic classics. Supreme artistic hero, aslo a chameleon – plays cheerfully altered and rewritten as dramatic taste and political scene changed (to coincide views of who was in power). Could be conformed to every shift in taste and fashion. In 1740s and 50s rewritten to be monuments to patriotism, celebrating both trade and national glory. He became icon of middle class merchantism. The virtues he was seen to extol (ülistas) were those considered the essence of any true-born Englishman. Campaign to commemorate him in Westminster Abbey.
  • The Augustan attempts of canon formation
    Putting together literary heritage. The Temple of British Worthies: Shakespeare, Milton, Pope, Chaucer , Spenser. Abandoning long held classical criteria of judgement, replaced with criteria judging the works of their own merits. This movement summed up in the magisterial editions of Samuel Johnson , Prefaces Biographical and Critical to the Works of the English Poets – milestone of literary history, poets placed into political and social context of their age, attempting to relate their private lives to work. Had begun as antiquarian quest into early literature, had major implications to contemporary writing, in effect loosening and finally demolishing the Augustan canon.
  • The English landscape garden and the Augustan reappraisal of Nature
    Leitmotif of Britishness – landscape; link between national identity and British landscape garden brought about in 18thC, in literature move away from looking towards classical antiquity, turning instead towards an appreciation of native beauties. First landscape gardens had turned nature into series of pictures, now it presupposed Nature as a painter , if gardens were to be pictures. People look increasingly at the untouched countryside in pictorial terms , examples of Nature’s pencil. First gardens had appealed through intellect, now through passions.
    New valuation to emotions like awe, terror -> gave status for 1st time to negative qualities like darkness and solitude, silence and immensity of scale (radical shift from Augustan ideals of harmony and proportion ) -> appreciation of mountains , other wild terrain. Also Agricultural Revolution, created the landscape garden of today – massive enclosure and creation of present -day field system with hedges and clumps of trees.
    Image of nation gentle and pastoral, peopled by contented rural workers happy with their loft (reality was far different). Such reassessment of rural landscape led to „ discovery of Britain”. Travelling , touring through country.
    Nature had been recast like a painting. Now Nature was investigated to see where she had panited her own pictures unassisted.
  • The mid-18th-century culture of sensibility
    Expression of heightened, intense human feelings, ones that embodied a new kind of refinement of response by the educated classes. This attribute to establish different type of human: the man or woman of „feeling”. Return to mtion, could happen when extremes of religious enthusiasm of 17th C were distant memory . Man ruled by feelings and passions, not reason.
    Shift in ideals -> profound effect on cultural ethos preceding the French Revolution. The man of feeling: courage and good nature mingled, tender heart and benevolence was public. Sensibility was spontaneous characteristic, contrary to politeness. Found to be compatible. Sens .released 18th C man to release emotions like grief and pity, joy and love. This perception of natural and moral beauty held to be given by God in the soul , might give man happiness .
    Rousseau : priority to expression of natural feelings and emotions above any official code of morality. Children nurtured naturally, recolution in child-rearing in upper classes, children no more small adults. Childhood needed freedom.
    In sense it was not unifying but divisive, because men had differing emotions. The uniqueness of Engl society: its passion for the open air, field sports, racing , the love for animals , along with the relms of Nature one aspect of sensibility.
  • The poetry of „sensibility” (Young, Gray, Blair , Collins)
    Sensibility liberated painters, less dramatic with writers. All time sense that they are constrained by the sheer weight of classical inheritance. Result: kind of frustration, because existing forms of poetic expression were inadequate to what they really wanted to say. Together they represent move away from the public themes dominating Augustan age towards poetry more domestic and personal. Too often some banality, but some lyrics are delicately moving.
    Edward Young: The Complaint : or, Night Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality – melancholy meditations
    Robert Blair: the mood of Youngs and his major poems are predominantly sombre, reflective, melancholic, and moral. Both Central members of a loose groupng „The Graveyard Poets”. The Grave – a dramatic evocation of the horrors of corruption and of the solitude of death.
    Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard – draws together feelings of the era. Sense of isolation, withrawal into inner self, poet as man of feeling meditating on obscurity and death, time and history, fame and passion.
  • The „Comedy of Manners” (Goldsmith, Sheridan)
    Witty form of dramatic comedy, depicts and often satirizes the manners and affectations (teesklus) of contemporary society. Concerned with social usage and whether or not characters meet certain social standards. Often governing standard morally trivial, but exacting. The plot , usually concerning illegal love affair or other scandalous matter, lust and greed, self-interested cynicism; witty dialogue, sharp commentary on human weaknesses . Satire upon social attitudes, most often attacking superficiality and materialism , society where appearances count more tha true character.
    Oliver Goldsmith: The Good-Natur’d Man – story of the testing and curing of a generously credulous (kergeusklik) hero by the devices of a sensible uncle , She Stoops to Conquer – its bashful and reversed cetntral character, who only relaxes in company of servants, is brought out of himself by the stooping of a resourceful heroine.
    Richard Brinsley Sheridan: comedies equally full of action, reversal , confusion and verbal wit. The Rivals , The Relapse The School for Scandal, The Critic : or, A Tragedy Rehearsed – critical burlesque on the problem of producing a play and satirical defence of his own art against rivals.
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    1. The Jacobean masque

    Elizabethan one nation culture, now cultural polarisation between the new courtly culture and the rest of the country. Court in cultural isolation. Ben Jonson. King and courtiers were close to universally recognised ideal types (conflict with the reality). Mysticism. Emergence of perspective view, stage machinery, artificial light, revolution. The stage cast the monarch in the focal point (the lines of perspective of the stage met there. Inigo Jones. Masque an educative vehicle, towards classical antiquity and architecture. Tide towards absolute monarchy. Masque – linked poetry and moral philosophy into art. Music, dance, poetry, lavish illusionistic scenic display to express the doctrines of divine kingship. Great impact. Like gods come down to earth.

    2. The Caroline masque

    Sarnased õppematerjalid

    English literature from the Baroque to the Romanticism
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    English literature from the Baroque to the Romanticism

    He managed to combine the influences of different metaphysical poets while keeping his own originality. (Coursebook, pp. 8-10; Sanders, pp. 194-209, 235-238) 4. The arrival of classicism in England. The impact of the art collections of the Earl of Arundel and Charles I. The arrival of classicism had a huge impact on the cultural identity of the British. One of the most remarkable things that happened was the further sophistication of the cultural output. Architecture, art and literature received more emphasis. Different areas to do with culture drew inspiration from the age of classicism. This movement was greatly influenced by many important figures. Perhaps the greatest proponents of this movement were the Earl of Arundel and Charles I, both of whom possessed great collections of Italian antiquities and artwork. Their art collections definitely left an impact, as they represented the pursuit of a greater ideal through art. (Coursebook pp. 25-31) 5

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    English literature summary
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    English literature summary

    English   literature   is   one   of   the  oldest   literatures   in   Europe;   dates   back   to   the   6th   century   AD.   Oral   literature,   i.e.   not   written   down,   spread   from   person   to   person.   In   449   AD   Anglo-­‐Saxon   tribes   invaded   England   –   beginning   of   the   Anglo-­‐Saxon   period   in   English   literature.  The  first  form  of  literature  was  folklore,  carried  by  scops  and  gleemen,  who  

    Inglise keel
    Briti kirjandus 20 -21-sajand kordamisküsimused vastustega
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    Briti kirjandus 20.-21. sajand kordamisküsimused vastustega

    Opposition to abstract, untested theories &ideologies. Friedrich Nietzsche ,,God is dead"-through explaining and putting forward theories had killed Christian god. The essence of Freudian theory: the process in the human psyche Superego-society, conscience, morals, traditions, religion, a moral censor Ego-rational behavior, motivation, self-identification, conscious decisions Id-instincts, natural responses, the pleasure principle, aggressive instincts, the death wish Influence: In art and literature, Freud's theories influenced surrealism . Like psychoanalysis, surrealistic painting and writing explores the inner depths of the unconscious mind. Freudian ideas have provided subject matter for authors and artists. Critics often analyze art and literature in Freudian terms. 2. Literary Modernism and its sub-movements. The influence of Structuralism and psychoanalysis. Main characteristic features of Modernism. Denial of

    Briti kirjandus 20.-21 sajand
    English Literature-14th to 18th Century
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    English Literature: 14th to 18th Century

    Style: metaphors, rhetorical phrases, free flow of words, unrhymed iambic pentameter; deviations Renaissance (end of 14th century) ­ Italy, reaches rest of Europe Elizabethan era (16th II h - 17th I h) Theatre: combined medieval theatre, morality plays & Roman drama to create Elizabethan tragedy Poetry: Italian influences, sonnet (English: cddc ee) Rulers of England: Henry VII (brings prosperity, repairs economic situation; made alliances); Henry VIII (beginning of English reformation; killed "traitors"; 6 marriages); Mary I (Catholic); Elizabeth I (The Virgin Queen restores order; Religious Settlement; cautious measures in foreign affairs) Authors: Thomas Kyd's "The Spanish Tradegy" (revenge); Christopher Marlowe (moral dramas; blank verse); Ben Jonson (comedies; theory of humors, caricature and satire); Edmund Spenser's "Faerie Queen" (longest, most famous poem; Spenserian stanza)

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    American Literature
    10
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    American Literature

    In Deism, there is no interference by a deity, and man controls his own destiny. These ideas stirred the masses into action, as the people dreamed of carving their own futures. Adopted by the Founding Fathers, Enlightenment ideals became the vision for modernday America, where these ideologies are deeply rooted in the nation. The Enlightenment was important America because it provided the philosophical basis of the American Revolution. The Revolution was more than just a protest against English authority; as it turned out, the American Revolution provided a blueprint for the organization of a democratic society. And while imperfectly done, for it did not address the terrible problem of slavery, the American Revolution was an enlightened concept of government whose most profound documents may have been the American Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution. To feel the full impact of the Enlightenment

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    The Origins of American Literature
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    The Origins of American Literature

    biographies, accounts of voyages, diaries, sermons, pamphlets. Much of the material addressed the problems of Church and State. There were few examples of fiction, poetry or drama. Anne Bradstreet of Massachusetts published some lyrical poems of high literary quality (1650) and Edward Taylor, who was born in England but lived in Boston, wrote some poetry in the style of John Donne and the metaphysical poets. All 17 th cent Am writings were, both in content and form, similar to English lit of the same period. The great literary figures of the 18th cent were Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), Thomas Paine (1737-1809) and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826). The common sense and witty aphorisms of Franklin's popular Poor Richard's Almanac series appealed to colonial readers. Franklin also wrote effectively on the question of allegiance to the British crown but it was his protégé, Thomas Paine, who

    Inglise kirjandus
    English literature
    4
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    English literature

    He shows a very rich and leisurely portrayal of this Baltic world, providing many customs like the close relationship between lord and man in the war-band and others. All this encouraged the supposition that the unknown author of the poem was himself a bard of the ancient type portrayed within the poem (a lord's scoop). However, many people propose that the author could be Christian poet, perhaps a monk, versed not only in old native traditions, but also in the culture and literature of the Latin Church, and whose purpose of writing was highly moral. For example, the fate is a `providentia' and the monster Grendel is an embodiment of evil fighting against Christian militant. This contrast corresponds to the poem itself. The poet is looking back from his own Christian times to an old society with different customs and beliefs. The poem is set, as it is announced in the very first line: `in days gone by'

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    Victorian age
    4
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    Victorian age

    Hampton Court were opened to public · Why were the Brits obsessed with the middle ages? People were afraid of new things, they didn't feel comfortable in new and fast-moving world; people wanted security and they found it in old things; Middle ages became popular, "Morte d'Arthur" by Thomas Malory 2) Ruskin and the medieval revival · Who was Ruskin and what were his ideas of art and culture? He was the greatest critic in the English language; rhetorician (person in the society, who always has sth to say about anything; not part of the politics, usually from arts department...); cast nature as a reflection of divine truth; instead classicism, looking for sth essentially British; believed in artistic socialism ­ art and morality closely linked; against mass production , emphasis on quality; preferred Gothic, medieval revival

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