Die Reformation in Deutschland (1517-1555) Gründe: Die katholische Kirche war hinter der Zeit Kleriker waren nicht mehr ein Modell für Aktivitäten: Martin Luther nahm ein Buß-Buchstaben auf Verkauf Martin Luther schlug die Tür der Schlosskirche in Littenbergi 95 Thesen Luther stellte die Kirche unter dem Eid Auswirkungen: Reue Sales Letters Kirche Kosten Wissenschaftler Bremswirkung Ein Eingriff in das Governance- Sie wollten weg die meisten von der Kirche zu nehmen Ziele: Einfachere, die religiösen Praktiken zu ändern und modern Ein weltlichen Aktivitäten von größerer Bedeutung Grundsätze: Die Bibel ist das Fundament des Glaubens Der Glaube selbst aber wird gerettet werden Die Bibel muss eine Muttersprache Nur noch 2 Stück nur Sakrament - die Taufe und die Eucharistie Bewertung: Kirikutalitused wurde einfacher und billiger Geringere Auswirkungen auf die Wirtschaft und die Politik der Kirche Ergebnisse: Ausb...
Style: metaphors, rhetorical phrases, free flow of words, unrhymed iambic pentameter; deviations Renaissance (end of 14th century) Italy, reaches rest of Europe Elizabethan era (16th II h - 17th I h) Theatre: combined medieval theatre, morality plays & Roman drama to create Elizabethan tragedy Poetry: Italian influences, sonnet (English: cddc ee) Rulers of England: Henry VII (brings prosperity, repairs economic situation; made alliances); Henry VIII (beginning of English reformation; killed "traitors"; 6 marriages); Mary I (Catholic); Elizabeth I (The Virgin Queen restores order; Religious Settlement; cautious measures in foreign affairs) Authors: Thomas Kyd's "The Spanish Tradegy" (revenge); Christopher Marlowe (moral dramas; blank verse); Ben Jonson (comedies; theory of humors, caricature and satire); Edmund Spenser's "Faerie Queen" (longest, most famous poem; Spenserian stanza)
The Renaissance * From the end of 15 century to the beginning of 17th century * The Renaissance is a cultural movement thata started in Italy and spread through Europe * The Renaissance in England covers the period of apporoximately 150 years (1492- 1623 ) * As Queen Elisabeth l was the ruler at that time, it is also called Elisabeth Age * It was the time of the spread of printing ( books) and the exploration of the New World * The Reformation and the establishment of national churches * Humanism. Value on individual human worth and dignity * Art. Reallistic portrayals of human beings * Science * It was also the time that brought federal domains under one man power and established absolute monarchy that only strengthened the influence of national cultures and languages. * The bourgeoisie- as a new class became as influencial as the... * The term ´´renaissance´´ comes from an Italian word and it means in English ´´rebirth´´
the Estonians at the Battle of Lyndanisse. · The Estonians of Harria started a rebellion in 1343- St. George's Night Uprising. http://ts1.mm.bing.net/images/thumbnail.aspx? q=819230880636&id=9318fc57fdc860ec1be51 52b3d56ff20 Click to edit Master text styles Second level Reformation period Third level Fourth level Fifth level · The Reformation in Europe began in 1517. · Martin Luther. · Great change in the Baltic http://3.bp.blogspot.com/- 2iKFa26pWck/TV4hTI9ULYI/AAAAAAAAAVk/UT WLf9xGjBw/s1600/Martin-Luther.jpg
8000 BC traces of first settlement at Pulli 3000 BC Finno-Ugric tribes arrive 1st cent AD Estonians mentioned in written records by Tacitus 1030 first written mention of Tartu 1154 first written mention of Tallinn, map of Estonia 1219 Danish invasion by the Teutonic Order 13th century German invasion by the Livonian Order 1343 St George's Night uprising 15th century serfdom begins to develop 16th century Reformation 1558.1583 The Livonian War between Sweden, Poland, Denmark, Russia 1629.1710 Swedish era 1700.1721 The Northern War, Russian invasion 1860.1885 era of national awakening 1918.1920 the War of Independence 1918.1940 the Republic of Estonia 1940.1941 first Soviet occupation 1941.1944 German occupation, World War II 1945.1991 second Soviet occupation 1991 the Declaration of Independence 1995 member of the Council of Europe
Rain Juhanson Der Tallinner Dom Geschichte Der Tallinner Dom ist eines der Wahrzeichen der estnischen Hauptstadt. Er befindet sich auf dem Domberg in Tallinn. Der Tallinner Dom ist der Jungfrau Maria geweiht. Ursprünglich war die Kirche eine römisch-katholische Kathedrale. Mit dem Abschluss der Reformation in Estland 1561 wurde sie zur lutherischen Domkirche. Geschichte Sie ist eine dänische Gründung und stellt wahrscheinlich die erste christliche Kirche auf dem estnischen Festland überhaupt dar. Der erste Kirchenbau war aus Holz. Mit der Ankunft von Dominikaner -Mönchen aus dem dänischen Kloster Ribe 1229 wurde die Kirche durch einen Steinbau ersetzt. Orgel Die einzigartige Orgel wurde im Jahre 1878 in der renommierten deutschen Orgelbauer Friedrich Ladegast gebaut. Die Bilder
History of Estonia Elina, Rasmus, Joosep Pre-history The Mesolithic Period The Neolithic Period The Bronze Age The Iron Age Early Middle Ages Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Counties of Ancient Estonia The Middle Ages Danish Estonia Swedish Coastal Settlements Terra Mariana The Reformation Period Division of Estonia in the Livonian War PolishLithuanian Commonwealth Estonia in the Swedish Empire Estonia in the Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment National Awakening Road to Republic Occupation of Estonia by German Empire. United Baltic Duchy Declaration of Independance As a result of the availability of education Age of awakening Red Army's retreat and arrival of German troops in Pärnu on 23 February in Tallinn on 24 February 1918 Independence (1918-1939)
This period includes another change of power, resulting in Tallinn's subordination to the order one more time. Although the main building of the church dates back to those times, the medieval cathedral was quite different from the present appearance. For example, the tower on the western side of the church was built only in the 18 th century, the annexes of the southern side date back to the 16 th -18th centuries and those on the northern side to the 15th century. While the Lutheran reformation movement had prevailed in the churches of downtown Tallinn by 1524, the Toompea cathedral held Catholic services until 1561, when the Kingdom of Sweden gained control over Tallinn. A library was established at the church in 1641. The copper roof was built thanks to the donation of Queen Christina in 1651. While nearly the entire Toompea burnt down in a fire in 1433, the fire of 1684 was even more devastating. Only the walls of the church survived the whole wooden interior
Education in Estonia { The beginning The history of formal education dates back to 1314th century crusades The first schools were built near churches The first primer was published in 1575 It was possible to learn reading & writing in various guilds during the 16th century 1617th century Education in the Estonian language started after the reformation by Martin Luther During Swedish era, on Gustav Adolf II's orders, the first school and university were built in 1631 GAG in Tallinn and in 1632 the University of Tartu After The Great Northern War, as Estonia was occupied by Russia, many admiralty schools were built 18th century During the reign of Russian empress Katarina II, many great improvements were made in peasant school system and girls started going to school Estonians were quite highly educated for that time,
Kind and caring Outlived Henry and married again At first he was popular and loved Later he became feared, selfish and cruel During his rule he had more than 70,000 people executed more than 5 people a day Closed all the monasteries, some were destroyed and others sold to his friends The richest monarch in Europe Successfully united England and Wales under one system of government Made himself head of the Church of England which led to the Reformation Henry as a king Was a sad and lonely person He became obese, servants had to carry him everywhere He died at the age of 56 in 1547 Late years Thank you for listening! Questions?
Johan Skytte Bengt Gottfried Forselius Gutslaff Muud usundid Eestis Eestis korraldati nõiaprotsesse Aastal 1573 asusid sotlased Tallinnasse -peeti jumalateenistusi kalvinistliku korra järgi -jutlustati kalvinistliku korra järgi Kasutatud allikad https://www.eki.ee/piibel/index.php?tekst=tutv_guts Ajaloo õpik 8. klassile. Uusaeg, I osa Ajaloo õpik 7. klassile. Keskaeg, II osa https://www.vasamuseet.se/en/vasa-history/gustav-ii-adolf http://www.eelk.ee/en/reformation-500/ http://www.vkuuste.edu.ee/Blank%20Page%2018.htm https://landfield.pri.ee/Windows_7/Win7_Tartu-2.html http://www.miksike.ee/docs/elehed/5klass/5eestimaa/5-5-15-2.htm https://arvamus.postimees.ee/3839381/aarne-ruben-maagia-eest-tuleb-maksta-noiaprotsessid- olid-omaaegne-vihakampaania https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuiidid
The shights of Estonia Brigita Maria Raave St. Olaf’s Church St. Olaf’s Church in Tallinn, in Estonia is believed to have been build in the 12th century. St. Olaf’s Church is located in Lai Street. St. Olaf’s Church is the city’s biggest medieval structure, took its name from the sainted Norwegian king Olaf Haraldsson. St Olaf Church was part of the united western tradition of Christianity, whose polity continues in the Roman Catholic church today. However, from the Reformation the church has been part of the Lutheran tradition. In 1950 St. Olaf’s Church became a Baptist church.The Baptist congregation continues to meet at St Olaf’s today. Pictures of St. Olaf’s Church cc St Olaf’s Church Tower According to some sources St Olaf’s Church was the tallest building in world from 1549 to 1625, till the Eiffel Tower was built. In 1590 the total height of the tower was 115 meters. After several rebuildings, the height of the tower is now 123,5 meters
Stimulated by the discovery that the men and women of ancient Greece and Rome were intelligent, cultured, and creative, the Renaissance gradually became also the rebirth of the human spirit, a realization of the human potential for development. This realization led eventually to many discoveries geographical, religious, and scientific, as well as artistic and philosophical. Both the Age of Discovery and the Protestant Reformation had their origins in the Renaissance spirit. Renaissance belief: life in this world was not merely a preparation for the next world but that, on the contrary and active life in this world had value in itself. 5. How did the Renaissance in England differ from the Renaissance in Europe? Why? The phenomenon of the Renaissance touched England lightly and fleetingly during the time of Chaucer. As far as England was concerned, however, this first contact was
The Pagan holiday Samhain, that the All Saints holy day replaced, was also known as the Day of the Dead. Many Wiccans and modern Pagans celebrate the Day of the Dead. This is a happy holiday (even though it celebrates 'Death'). It is the day that the souls of dead people come back to Earth. Therefore, in Pagan religions it is not about scary things. It is about remembering family or friends who have died. Many Lutheran churches celebrate a holiday on October 31st called The Reformation. This holiday celebrates the day that Martin Luther put The NinetyFive Theses on a church door The Irish hollowed out turnips, placed a light inside to keep away the bad and stingy Jack. As the legend says, Jack was a man who tricked the devil and after Jack had died he was allowed neither in heaven nor in hell. With a lantern in his hand he began to search for a resting place on Earth. This was the original JackoLantern. Since Halloween came to America from Ireland (Scotland and
performances. It has also been rebuilt many times The Great Guild Hall is the home of the Estonian History Museum, which houses a number of treasures, including porcelain, ethnography, antiques and art objects. St.Olaf church It is believed to have been built in the 12th century Its dedication relates to King Olaf II of Norway In origin, St Olaf's was part of the united western tradition of Christianity From the time of the Reformation church has been part of the Lutherian tradition St Olaf's became a Baptist church in 1950 From 1944 until 1991, the Soviet KGB used Oleviste's spire as a radio tower and surveillance point Horse mill Only preserved horse mill in the Baltic States Used if the city was surrounded with enemies; winter frost Worked until 1757, later as a warehouse Houses limestone museum The Great Coastal Gate Built during 14th century... Sadly has not been preserved.
Klöstern an. In den Nonnenklöstern der süddeutschen Städte wandten sich einzelne hochgebildete Frauen zu dieser Zeit sogar den neuen humanistischen Studien zu. Allerdings waren ihrem Interesse an den ,,heidnischen Wissenschaften" glaubensbedingte Schranken gesetzt. Der Mehrzahl der Frauen blieb aber doch die Möglichkeit zur eigenen Bildung und Beschäftigung mit den Wissenschaften versagt. Obwohl der Anteil der bürgerlichen und adligen Frauen an der Ausbreitung der Reformation ziemlich groß war, brachte diese zumindest im lutherischen Gebiet eine beträchtliche Beschränkung des weiblichen Betätigungsfeldes auf Haushalt und Familie. Vereinzelt nahmen sich fürstliche Frauen der Mädchenerziehung an und ließen Schulen errichten. Aber selbst in adligen Kreisen war die Erziehung der Mädchen vielfach auf Anstandslehre, Frömmigkeit und Handarbeiten beschränkt. 2)Anfänge Weiblichen Kunstschaffens NONNENKLÖSTER
lifting a weight upwards. · ATP-PCr can provide energy for 1 min of a brisk walk, a slow run for 20-30 seconds, and all-out sprinting for 6 to 8 seconds. Cont... · Quantity of high energy phosphates in muscle influences ability to generate all-out energy for brief durations · Longer duration performance, carbohydrates, fat, and protein provide necessary energy to recharge the pool of high energy phosphates · PCr reformation takes place only during recovery Task · Read through research article to answer the following: · What are the effects of different recovery duration of the levels of high energy phosphates? High-intensity Exercise Research · Bogdanis et al. (1995) 30 s sprint PCr = 19.7 and ATP = 70.5% of the resting values, muscle lactate was 11.9 mmol and muscle pH was 6.72. · 1.5 minutes of recovery, PCr increased to 65% of
city wall. But that city wall was eliminated in the construction of a new wall to the west. The freed area became a beautiful wide street with local significance, its main purpose was to create a link between the monastery of St Michael's female Cistercians (founded in 1294) and St Olaf's church. Previous names of the street also refer to it: Susterstrate 1361; Platea sororum 1364-1380; 1606 Süsterstrasse and Schwestergasse, all of which include the concept of a nun or a sister. After the Reformation, the monastery was eliminated and in 1631 a gymnasium was founded in its rooms, but the street name remained in the form of Süsterstrasse and Cisternstrasse. It was not until the 18th century that the name Lai also started to appear. In 1872, when the street names were being fixed, Lai remained the sole name of the street. 4 1 Lai Street / 4 Nunne Street A good example of Neo-Renaissance and early Art Nouveau styles combined is Lai Street 1,
havoc upon the monastic culture and on the island's various regional dynasties, yet both of these institutions proved strong enough to survive and assimilate the invaders. The coming of Cambro-Norman mercenaries under Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, nicknamed Strongbow, in 1169 marked the beginning of more than 700 years of direct Norman and, later, English involvement in Ireland. The English crown did not begin asserting full control of the island until after the English Reformation, when questions over the loyalty of Irish vassals provided the initial impetus for a series of military campaigns between 1534 and 1691. This period was also marked by an English policy of plantation which led to the arrival of thousands of English and Scottish Protestant settlers. As the military and political defeat of Gaelic Ireland became more clear in the early seventeenth century, the role of religion as a new division in Ireland became more pronounced. From
Sõjad oli põhjustanud palju laastamisi ning vähenenud oli ka rahvastik, hävitatud oli palju külasid, losse ja kirikuid ning nii mõnigi linn. 14 Kasutatud kirjandus · H. Piirimäe. Inimene, ühiskond, kultuur- keskaeg ja varauusaeg. Tallinn, 2000. · http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformatsioon · http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch/reformation-switzerland-calvin.html · http://www.scribd.com/doc/2452217/ajalugu-16-saj-sveitsi-protestantlik-liikumine · http://www.tlogical.net/biozwingli.htm · http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Zwingli · http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Calvin · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation · http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/reformation/france/16thc.shtml 15
married, and attach a padlock to the benches on the hill, it means that they will stick together for the rest of their lives. Also the young unmarried couples come here to kiss, because it has became to a tradition of good luck as a couple. After five minute walk you will see the ruins of Toome Cathedral. Building of the cathedral started in 13 th century and was complete in 15th century. It was a massive cathedral for Tartu and South Estonia. In course of the Reformation and Livonian war the church was badly damaged, and the fire in 1624 made complete destruction for the cathedral. After some time library moved into the cathedrals choral room, it lasted there for nearly two hundred years. After that it became to Tartu University History Museum. After the cathedral you will walk for about 10 minutes as you will notice the Angel Bridge. The name of the bridge "Inglisild" probably comes from the name "Inglisesild", which means "English bridge", due to the fact
*Estonians conquered by the crusaders 1208 *Reformation 16th century establishments of new school, Estonians first book appeared in 1525 *Tartu University 1632 founded by King Gustavus II Adolphus, classical university, member of the Coimbra group *Abolition of serfdom 1816 *Song festival 1869 in Tartu, an organiser was J.V.Jannsen, 822 singers, men only *Declaration of independence 24th February 1918 *War of independence 1918-1920 during the Russian Civil War, resulted in a victory for Estonia *Deportation 1949 *Estonia becomes independent 20th August 1991 *Joining EU 1st May 2004 Language: Estonian language, belongs to the Balti-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languages, closely realted to Finnish and rather remotely to Hungarian; Latin alphabet with 32 letters , 5 of which occur only in foreign words, the phenomes include 9 vowels and 18 consonants; words are borrowed from Latin, Greek, English etc.; sinc...
In northern Europe beer occupied the place enjoyed by wine in the south, and was a staple element of both the monastic and secular diet. The monastery also drew profit from the veneration of relics. Many documents mention twelve silver reliquaries containing the heads of saints. Some reposed on the high altar whereas others were enshrined on side altars. Each `head was reputed to cure a different set of diseases. In 1517 the Reformation started in German and very quickly spread into the Baltic states. The loyalty of the friars to Rome made them immediate victims. In 1523 a Lutheran mob burnt down the Franciscan monastery in Kuramaa. The Dominican monastery in Tallinn was destroyed on ,1524. In 1954 the former garden, cloister and refectory of the Dominican monastery were restored and opened to visitors. One of the most beautiful and peacefri pleaces in Talliun
dynasty that lasted 118 years, from 15.- 17. century. The Tudors emerged from the Wars of the Roses as England's rulers. There were 6 Tudor monarchs: Henry VII: He was a Lancastrian, but marrying a York he reunited the two royal houses, ended the War of Roses and started the House of Tudor. After him came: Henry VIII , Edward VI, Jane, Mary I, Elizabeth I. The Tudor dynasty ended, for Elizabeth had no children and there was no heir. *Henry VIII and the English Reformation Henry VIII was King of England and the second monarch of the House of Tudor. He was a significant figure in the history of the English monarchy and is known for his six marriages. The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. Many factors contributed to the process: the decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism, the rise of the common law, the invention of
Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney, and Edmund Spenser, but, at the time, the regime often felt beleaguered at home and abroad. Internally, Elizabethan England was marked by religious divisions, as "official" Protestantism was consolidated in the local communities, and there was intense commercial rivalry and expansion abroad. The Religious Settlement of 1559 was the defining moment of the English Reformation, while the late 1580s and the 1590s were dominated by war with Spain and the French Catholic League, and by rebellion in Ireland. The iconography associated with the Queen herself, however, as Gloriana and the Virgin Queen, together with the length of her reign, has made her one of the most dominant characters of British history, a source of fascination to historians and the general public alike. Victoria
Commander-in-Chief Pontus de la Cardie and his wife which is the oldest (1589), the tomb monuments to two Russian admirals (neither of them Russian by nationality) Samuel Greigh and Adam Johann v. Krusenstern (the first Russian circumnavigator). The altar and the pulpit were made by the well- known 17th cent. master Christian Ackermann. He is also the author of the majority of the epitaph coats of arms in the church. St. Nicholas Church During the Reformation in 1524 many valuable works of art were destroyed in Tallinn. The locks on the doors of St. Nicholas Church had been poured full of molten lead and they could not be opened. Therefore it was the only church where masterpieces of the 14-15th century painting, woodcarving and stone-carving survived. The Church of the Holy Ghost There are 57 paintings on the wall of the gallery known as The Bible of the Poor. It starts with Adam in the Garden of Eden and end with the New Testament illustrations
Today the building hosts a beer restaurant carrying the same name. Ruins of Toome Cathedral The name of Tartu's "Toome Hill" is derived from the "Toomkirik" or Toom Cathedral of the area's bishopric. For that time the cathedral was truly massive, being the largest religious building in all of the Liivimaa territory. Building of the cathedral began in the 13th century and was completed in 15th century as a triple-aisled basilica.In the course of the Reformation and Livonian War the church was damaged. The fire of 1624 completed the destruction. In 1807 the university library was built into the choral room of the church, which was housed there until 1982. Now the Tartu University History Museum is located there, and observing platforms have been renovated in the tower ruins.
Peatutud on lühidalt ka Liivimaa kontekstis olulistel luterlike jutlustajate elul ja tegevusel siinkandis. On toodud ka lühiülevaade ühiskondlikust ja usulis-kirikulisest taustast Liivimaal. Ning lühidalt on räägitud Martin Lutheri ja tema kaastööliste sidemetest Liivimaaga. Uuema aja eesti ajaloouurijad on üksmeelsed, et pärast baltisaksa ajaloolase Leonid Arbusow noorema põhjalikku raamatut Die Einführung der Reformation, on raske tuua Liivimaa reformatsiooniajaloo sündmuste kohta käibele uusi fakte (Kala 2007:12; Põltsam 2003: 13). Baltisaksa- ja eesti ajalookirjutusest pärinevad reformatsiooni ehk usupuhastuse käsitlused on enamasti luterlikelt autoritelt ning see on mõjutanud nende uurimusi ja sündmustele antavaid hinnanguid ja tõlgendusi ka siis, kui religiooniküsimused ei ole asjaomastele uurijatele isiklikult olulised. Seda, et reformatsioon oli vähemalt sotsiaalses ja
under the two forces by 1227. Northern Estonia remained a possession of Denmark until 1346. Tallinn (known as Reval at the time) was given its Lübeck Rights in 1248 and joined the Hanseatic League at the end of the 13th century. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against the rule of the Germans in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1344. There were unsuccessful Russian invasions in 1481 and 1558. After 1524, during the Protestant Reformation, Estonia converted to Lutheranism. Estonia regained its independence on August 20, 1991, with the Singing Revolution during the Soviet military coup attempt in Russia and the following collapse of the Soviet Union. The first country to diplomatically recognize Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland closely followed by Denmark. The last Russian troops left on August 31, 1994, and Estonia joined NATO on March 29, 2004 and the European Union on May 1, 2004.
He won the House of Lancaster in the War of Roses. On his reign Britain started to improve financially. Also people started to live in the cities, mostly middle class people.Renaissance was revived and education improved, because of the printing press. In 1509 Henry VIII became king. He is of course one of the most famous rulers in Britain. Most people know him because he had many wievs, from who he killed most. But actually he did many other things worth remembering. He made the Reformation what made him the head of english Anglican church. He wanted to extend his power and also Pope did not let him divorce. English Royal Navy was his creation. Elizabeth I reign is also called the Golden Age of England. On her reign tradeing improved and English fleet was one of the biggest in the world. At her time Spanish Armada was destroyed in 1588 . England had great naval commanders who discovered land for Britain.
Culture The culture of Estonia incorporates indigenous heritage. Due to its history and geography, Estonia's culture has been influenced by the traditions of the adjacent area's various Finnic, Baltic and Germanic peoples as well as the cultural developments in the former dominant powers Sweden and Russia. Though Estonian written language could be said to exist since J.J.Köhler translated the New Testament into Estonian in the 18th century as a result of the Reformation, few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century. In the 19th century Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald collected Estonian folk poetry and arranged and published them as Kalevipoeg, the Estonian national epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Estonian, notably Lydia Koidula. Modern Estonian popular music has received attention also in foreign countries, especially on
Nevertheless, the feeling about this phenomenon has been variable; in primitive societies, narrative is never undertaken by a person, but by a mediator, shaman or speaker, whose “perfor- mance” may be admired (that is, his mastery of the narrative code), but not his “ge- nius” The author is a modern figure, produced no doubt by our society insofar as, at the end of the middle ages, with English empiricism, French rationalism and the per- sonal faith of the Reformation, it discovered the prestige of the individual, or, to put it more nobly, of the “human person” Hence it is logical that with regard to literature it should be positivism, resume and the result of capitalist ideology, which has accorded the greatest importance to the author’s “person” The author still rules in manuals of literary history, in biographies of writers, in magazine interviews, and even in the
is an artistic style prevalent from the late 16th century to the early 18th century in Europe.[1] It is most often defined as "the dominant style of art in Europe between the Mannerist and Rococo eras, a style characterized by dynamic movement, overt emotion and self-confident rhetoric". The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent, in response to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement. The aristocracy also saw the dramatic style of Baroque architecture and art as a means of impressing visitors and expressing triumphant power and control. Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. Baroque architecture The Baroque style is noted as first being developed by Seljuk Turks, according to a number of
man and the natural world. Thinkers such as the Polish astronomer Nicholas Copernicus(14731543), the French philosopher René Descartes(15961650) and the British mathematician Isaac Newton(16421727) overturned the authority of the Middle Ages and the classical world. And by authority I am not referring specifically to that of the Church the demise of its authority was already well under way even before the Lutheran Reformation had begun. The authority I am speaking of is intellectual in nature and consisted of the triad of Aristotle(384322) and Ptolemy (c.90168). The revolutionaries of the new science had to escape their intellectual heritage [ pärandus ]. With this in mind, the revolution in science which emerged [ kerkis esile ] in the 16th and 17th centuries has appeared as a watershed in world history
) need for money to finance the war (the merchants were English) need for soldiers (the English archers!) · The genius of Chaucer (1340 1400) · The Wars of the Roses (1455 1485) the remaining French-speaking noblemen killed one another off! 1362 English becomes the language of Parliament and the courts of law. · 1485 end of the Wars of the Roses · 1500 turn of the century · 1533 Reformation (Henry VIII) · Individual responsibility before God, no need for the mediation of the (Roman Catholic) Church · Need for religious literature, particularly the Bible, in the vernacular the language of the native speakers (as opposed to Latin as a lingua franca) · Need for general literacy · Renaissance- Need for terminology and new (scientific, philosophical, etc) vocabulary in the vernacular
in political and religious turbulence until the II half of 18th C. It always portrayed precisely that scenario: forces in conflict, opposites and extremes confronting, and at the same time, seen to be manifestations of an ordered whole. Role: to give the thruths of the sphere of heaven (fixed, immovable and permanent). Art of Baroque: flux and paradox, illusion and seeming, searching for eternal thruths. Vehicle for new and very emotional piety of Counter-Reformation Catholicism, ideal to express absolute monarchy. It was expensive style, although its role was to give an aura of divinity and autocracy on Charles II, couldn’t hide that he was kept in power by the will of Parliament. 13. Restoration poetry (Rochester, Sackville, Sedley, Dryden) After 1660. 2 main themes: sex (whoring), drinking.Charles II’s court wa despite of its cloak of Anglican conformity, far more inclined to accept and enjoy sexual, religious and verbal licence
them in the Tower. Parliament requested Richard to take the throne, which he did. A short rebellion by Duke of Buckingham Lancasrtian claimant to the throne, Henry Tudor, vanquished and slew Richard. He died. It ended the war of the roses. Henry Tudor took the throne. The House of Tudor Henry VII 15-16C Henry VIII 16 C Edward VI 16 C Lady jane Grey 16 C Mary I 16 C Elizabeth I 16 C-17 Henry VIII and the English Reformation Henry was confermed catholic, didn´t accept Protestantis from Netherlands. Title Fidei defensor. He wanted to devorce from his wife, bc they didn´t have a male heir. Pope was against it. The Reformation in England meant a break from Rome. Henry became the supreme head of the Anglican church Fidei Defensor Means defender of the faith. Given to Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521. Henry was against Martin Luther´s ideas and protestantism.
In about 1230, quite a number of German merchants came over to Tallinn from Gotland at the invitation of the Order. They settled down outside the fortress, at the foot of the hill. They erected a chapel among their wooden houses. The church was built against the northern wall of the chapel. It was named after St. Nicholas, the patron saint of merchants and seafarers. After the big fire of 1433 the church was rebuilt with proper splendour. The spire dates from the 16th century. During the Reformation in 1524 many valuable works of art were distroyed in Tallinn. The locks on the doors of Niguliste Church had been poured full of melted lead, and so it was the only church where the masterpieces of the 14th and 15th century stonecarving, woodcarving and painting survived. Most of the relics were distroyed in the Soviet air-raid on March 9, 1944. The restoration took place from 1953 to 1984. Now the church is a concert hall and the Museum of Medieval Art.
slaying in a Dumfries church of John 'the Red' Comyn of Badenoch by Bruce and his supporters, lasted until the middle of the 14th century. Although the Bruce dynasty was successful, David II's lack of an heir allowed his nephew Robert II to come to the throne and establish the Stewart Dynasty. The Stewarts ruled Scotland for the remainder of the Middle Ages. The country they ruled experienced greater prosperity from the end of the 14th century through the Scottish Renaissance to the Reformation. This was despite continual warfare with England, the increasing division between Highlands and Lowlands, and a large number of royal minorities. Modern history In 1603, James VI King of Scots inherited the throne of the Kingdom of England, and became King James I of England, and left Edinburgh for London. With the exception of a short period under the Protectorate, Scotland remained a separate
sinking of the Spanish Armada in 1588. One of the leaders of the English navy was Sir Francis Drake, who was the first Englishman to sail around the world. The Royal Navy also enabled England to realize her imperialistic ambitions and defy the Pope and the Catholic powers of Europe. Henry used Parliament to establish himself as the head of the Protestant Church with the Act of Supremacy (1534). His Reformation led to the creation of the religiously distinct Anglican Church. The dissolution of the monasteries provided Henry with much needed wealth. The reign of Elizabeth I was called the Golden Age of English history, because it produced poets like Shakespeare and Spenser and prosperity for the entire nation. She also restored national unity and made England Protestant again. The discovery of America placed
of torture there is not simply to avoid future crimes, which takes away all justification, imagining it was there in the first place. Individual prevention can come to stand in 3 different ways; firstly by neutralizing the wrongdoer. This means that it will be made impossible for that person to commit any more crimes. Secondly, that person can be resocialized. In this way, the desire to commit crimes is taken away by moral reformation. Thirdly, the culprit can be deterred, where it is possible that the desire to commit crimes still exists but the fear of doing so would be too great because the possibility by a certain punishment is too intimidating (Twinning, 1973). The punishment has to be accompanied by as much disadvantage as advantage. It also has to correspond to the preventive considerations. The severity of the punishment must be proportional to the damage the crime caused (Ibid.).
often considered to be the golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of English poetry, music and literature. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre flourished, and William Shakespeare and many others composed plays that broke free of England's past style of plays and theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home, the Protestant Reformation became more acceptable to the people, most certainly after the Spanish Armada was repulsed. It was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland. Shakespeare- was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays,
K Bush is okey, because he is not gay. L Americans are large, they eat much. M Mc`Donalds is good, there is a lot of food. N is for Nigga who pulled the trigger. O is for Osama who wears pyjamas. P is for Pamela who likes camera. Puritans The Puritans were a group of people who grew discontent in the Church of England and worked towards religious, moral and societal reforms. The writings and ideas of John Calvin, a leader in the Reformation, gave rise to Protestantism and were pivotal to the Christian revolt. They contended that The Church of England had become a product of political struggles and man-made doctrines. The Puritans were one branch of dissenters who decided that the Church of England was beyond reform. Escaping persecution from church leadership and the King, they came to America. Of Plymouth Plantation
aastapäevaks (sai stipi Riia ajalooseltsilt). Sai teoks 2-s köites, mis ilmus 1921.. Lätis töötas ta esialgu Läti Ülikoolis, kuid lätlaste ja baltisakslaste erimeelsuste süvenedes lahkus ta sealt ning asus tööle Herderi instituuti, mis oli sisuliselt baltisakslaste eraülikool. 1939. aastal läks Arbusow Saksamaale. Temast sai Göttingeni kesk-ja uusaja professor. Tema peateoseks peetakse Liivimaa reformatsiooni käsitlevat "Die Einführung der Reformation in Liv-, Est- und Kurland", mis on siiani jäänud selle põhjalikemaks käsitluseks. Lisaks sellele uuris Arbusow põhjalikult ka Läti Henriku kroonikat ning taastas selle algteksti. tegeles ka Wolter von Plettenbergi aegse Liivimaa ajalooga. Oskar Stavenhagen-(1850-1930) Schiemanni töö jätkaja, samuti Waitzi õpilane. 1903. aastast Miitavis asuva Kuramaa hertsogiriigi arhiivi eesotsas.
(Lancastrian) defeated and killed Richard III (Yorkist) at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Henry Tudor was later crowned King Henry VII of England. 14. Henry VIII. 1491-1547. He is famous for his six wives and his ambitions. He was a natural leader but not really interested in the day-to-day running of government and this encouraged the beginnings of a professional bureaucracy. It was during his reign that the reformation took place. When he chose to divorce his first wife, who had not given him a son, he broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. The Parliament’s Act of Supremacy in 1534 made the kind Head of the Church of England, which became Protestant. King Henry VIII held the title Defender of the Faith, which was given to him by the Pope. His daughter Elizabeth I became one of England’s greatest monarchs. 15. Elizabeth I.
Förbundet kallade sig i början "Musis amici" (sånggudinnornas vänner), vilket namn, liksom stadgarna, utvisar, att detta förbund kan anses som en fortsättning av sällskapet "Vitterhetens vänner", som Atterbom förut hade tillhört. "Aurora" - en ny "morgonrodnad" för den svenska vitterheten. Sällskapets ändamål förklarades nu vara "en evig förbrödring för sanning och skönhet, ett Ömsesidigt bildande och en allmän reformation i alla den högre litteraturens grenar". Detta mål ville man uppnå genom ömsesidig tävlan och kritik. Genom prisskrifter på vers och prosa samt inträdes-och högtidstal sökte medlemmarna utbilda sina skaldegåvor och sina åsikter i vittra frågor. Ingen egentlig upplösning skedde; sammankomsterna upphörde på vintern 1810. I augusti 1810 utgavs av Atterbom och Palmblad första häftet av tidskriften "Phosphoros", som sedan
When arrested, informed why. Entitled to take proceedings before a court to decide without delay on the lawfulness of the arrest. If unlawful arrest right to compensation. 10. People deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect to their dignity. Accused persons shall be separated from convicted persons (except in exceptional circumstances) and shall have separate treatment. Juveniles separated from adults. The aim of imprisonment is the people's reformation and social rehabilitation. 11. No-one shall be imprisoned on the ground of inability to perform a contractual obligation. 12. Everyone lawfully in a territory of a state have free movement and freedom to choose residence in that territory. Free to leave the country. No restrictions except those provided by law, are necessary to protect national security, public order, public health or morals, rights/freedoms of others, consistent with the rights in this convention. 13
1485, a white rose). See Richard III, a play by W. Shakespeare, and a film produced by Laurence Olivier. 3. Henry VII Tudor (1485–1509), Lancastrian heir to the English crown married to the heiress of the Yorks. His symbol was a red-and-white rose – the Tudor rose. Генрих VII Тюдор. 4. Henry VIII (1509–1547) simply wanted to control the Church and to keep its wealth in his own kingdom. He did not approve of the new ideas of Reformation Protestantism introduced by Martin Luther in Germany and John Calvin in Geneva. He had earlier written a book criticizing Luther’s teaching and the pope had rewarded him with the title Fidei Defensor, Defender of the Faith. The pope must have regretted his action. The letters ‘F.D.’ are still to be found on every British coin. There was also a political reason for the quarrel. Henry wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, but the pope did not give him permission.
a number of state regulated spheres were sharply decreased and regulation procedures were sim- plified. Consequently, our achievements have been recognized by a number of international in- stitutions. This year the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation published a joint research Doing Business 2011, under which Georgia ranks 12th among 183 countries in terms of Ease of Doing Business. Moreover, Georgia surpasses 174 counties in terms of reformation of business regulations since 2005. Last but not least, Georgia ranks first in the Post-soviet space, excluding the Baltic countries, in terms of counter-corruption policy. It is worth noting that de- spite the current difficulties related to the global financial crisis, Georgia managed to overcome economic challenges due to economic liberalization reforms. In this direction, Georgian Govern- ment made several important steps:
main tasks. Estonian art was influenced by the growing interest in folk art that emphasised folklore and the ancient past. There were remarkable achievements in poetry and fiction as well as in historical and landscape painting and book illustration. Mention should be made of poet and linguist Gustav Suits, poetess Marie Under (1883- 1980), writer Eduard Vilde (1865-1933), artists and book illustrators Konrad Mägi and Nikolai Triik. The first decades of the new century saw the reformation of the literary language. Johannes Aavik enriched the vocabulary and modernised its structure. Johannes Voldemar Veski and Villem Ridala should also be mentioned as meritorious linguistic innovators. In Tartu the new building of the Vanemuine Theatre was inaugurated in 19061– an event that turned into an international affair. The prominent stage producer and theatre educator Karl Menning (1874-1941) became head of the company in Tartu and
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