määratud oli. Keynesi sooviks oli sakslasi aidata ning harida, et leida stabiilsus. Rahulepingu punktid häirisid teda niivõrd, et ta otsustas riigikassast lahkuda suundudes tagasi Cambridge, kus ta peagi kirjutas ka ühe oma populaarseima raamatu „The econmoic consequences of the peace”. Nüüdseks oli Keynes juba tuntud kirjanik, ta kirjutas hulganiselt majandusteemalisi artikkleid, esseesid-„Essays in persuasion”, „Essays in biography”- ning ka raamatuid: „Treatise on proability”, „Tract on monetary reform” ja „General theory of employment, interest and money”. Samaaegselt asus ta tööle ka kindlustusfirma juhatajana ning alustas tegevust börsil. 1925.aastal John Maynard Keynes abiellus immigrandist vene baleriini Lydia Lopokovaga. Suure Depressiooni ajal suurenes Keynesi toetus veelgi, kui ta seletas ära, mis aitab riigil kriisist välja tulla-„Treatise on money”. Kaheksa aastat hiljem avas ta Cambrdige Kunstide
· Wall fountains · Designed by Law Olmsted · Recalls the grotto style of the Italian Renaissance Summary: · Good outdoor ornaments · Many pros · Ornamental fountains 7 variations · Cast-iron fountains mass-production in nineteenth century Questions? Thanks for listening! ,,fountains are highly elegant garden decorations, rarely seen in this country." -Andrew Jackson Downing (,,A treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening")
Philosophical principle unified and focused chemical effort, which previously was expanded on acquiring empreical acquaintance. Alchemy is an early phase of the decelopment of systematic chemistry. 6)origin of the word alchemy, where does it come from, first used It has an Arabic descent, prefix al is the Arabic article, second part comes from the Greek word chumeia, pouring used in the study of the juices of plants. It was first used in treatise of Julius Firmicus, and astrological writer of the 4 century. 7)why did it fall into disrepute? It fell into disrepute, because alchemists became obsessed with their quest for the secret of transmutation, some used false methods of experimentations and many gained living from patrons. 8)which methods did they use to turn metals into gold? They thought that lead could be improved into gold, they tried to speed up this
14th century Middle english was used for majority literary works-known poets Chaucer, Langland Standardization-printing from 1470 Geoffrey Chaucer 13401400 London 1357 public servant 1359 fought in the war 1360 diplomatic career 1366 married Philippa Roet 1368 King Edward ssquire 1370-87 diplomatic missions 1391%Gardenerof King´s park Rests in Poets Corner Westminster Abbey Chaucer works Parlement of Foules Troilus and Criseyde The Legend of Good Women A Treatise on the Astrolabe Canterbury tales Canterbury tales The goal 120 stories The reality 24 stories% Satirical and witty tales written in decasyllable lines Critical account on Chaucer's England Framework:pilgrims telling stories on their way to Canterbury The context and messages of the tales Corrupt clergy,general Distrust in the Church The criticism of chivalry violence The division of society Into three: 1)those who pray 2)those who fight 3.)those who work English language history Germanic
võimalik tõestada materiaalse maailma olemasolu. George Berkeley sündis 12. märtsil 1685. aastal Iirimaal Thomastownis pere vanima lapsena. Algselt õppis ta Kilkenny Kolledzis ning 1700. aastal, vaid 15. aastasena, asus õppima Dublinisse Trinity Kolledzisse, mille magistriõpingud lõpetas Berkeley 1707. aastal. Kaks aastat pärast seda, avaldas Berkeley oma esimese tuntuma teose ,,Visiooni uus teooria". 1710. avaldas ta ,,traktaadi inimtunnetuse alustest" (Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge), millele ilmus 1713. aastal järg ,,Kolm dialoogi Hylase ja Philonouse vahel". Aastad 1714-1722 veetis Berkeley erinevates Euroopa riikides ning 1728-1731 Ameerikas. 1734 määrati ta Iirimaal Cloyne` piiskopiks, kellena veetis oma ülejäänud elu. Berkeley suri 14. jaanuaril 1753. südameinfarkti. Berkeley eitas mateeriat (materiaalse maailma olemasolu), lähtudes seejuures Locke'i arusaamast, et vahetult saame tajuda vaid ideesid:
· Hobbes leviathan · Locke second treatise of government · Rousseau - social contract · Montesquieu - The Spirit of the Laws · Kant idea for a universal history from a cosmopolitan point of view · Hegel - philosophy of right Key dates 1603 Shakespear's King Lear , Death of the Queen Elizabeth 1. 1618-48 The Thirty Year's War 1649 Execution of Charels 1 of England, Establishment of Oliver Cromwell's Prodecorate 1651 Hobbes' Leviathan(1588-1679) 1660 The Restoration of Charels 2. as king of England
html 3. ,,Metalliõpetus ja metallide tehnoloogia. III Materjali ja tehnoloogia valik",Priit Kulu, Jakob Kübarsepp, TTÜ Kirjastus 1999. 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoutchouc 5. Artikkel "Spnteetilise kautsuki uurimine algas Tartus" Tullo Ilomets Looduslik http://www.ajakiri.ut.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=197978/1020ABCD_v eeb.pdf 6. Eesti Põllumajandusülikool "ELEKTRIMATERJALID" Jürjenson , J. Lepik., T. Peets Tartu 1996 7. "A practical treatise on caoutchouc and gutta percha, comprising the properties of the raw materials and the manner of mixing and working them; with the fabrication of vulcanized and hard rubbers, caoutchouc and gutta percha compositions, waterproof substances, elastic tissues, the utilization of waste, etc" Raimund Hoffer( ing.k. tõlkinud William T. Brannt) London, 1883 http://www.archive.org/stream/practicaltreatis00hoffrich/practicaltreatis00hoffrich_ djvu.txt 8. http://www.patentstorm
100 Temperatuuri absoluutne nullpunkt William Thomson(lord Kelvin) 1824 1907 Soti matemaatik ja füüsik Jäädvustas end panusega mitmesse füüsika harusse Kasutas elektromagnetiliste mõjutuste kirjeldamiseks välja mõistet. Tõi teadusesse universumi soojussurma mõiste Treatise on Natural Philosophy (1867) Principles of Mechanics and Dynamics by Dover Publications). Kelvini skaala Kelvini skaala nullpunkt on temperatuuri Kelvini skaala absoluutne nullpunkt ja ühe kraadi väärtus sama mis Celsiuse skaalal T = t + 273,15 0K t =T 273,15 0C T0 =2730C k Boltzmanni 3 Ek = kT konstant 2 k = 1,380622 1023 J/K
1994). Enda teoses „Teoloogia summa” on ta arvamusel, et väärtus saab, teeb, peab suurendama tööjõu hulka, mis on kulutatud kaupade arendamisele. Õpetlased nagu näiteks Joseph Schumpeter on tsiteerinud Ibn Khalduni, kes enda teoses „Mugaddimah” kirjeldab 4 tööjõudu kui väärtuse allikat, mis on vajalik kõikide tulude ja kapitalide akumulatsioonile. Õpetlased on välja toonud ka Sir William Petty Treatise of Taxes ja John Locke töövarateooria, mis on välja toodud teoses Second Treatise on Government. See näeb tööjõudu kui ülimat majanduse väärtuse allikat. (Labor theory of value, 2015) Karl Marx on oma essees „A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency” pidanud üheks esimeseks tööväärtusteooria arendajaks Benjamin Franklinit (Marx, 1865). William Petty on ka nii nimetatud tööväärtusteooria looja. Petty näitas, et kaupade
Kui palju armulikkust ja magusust inimene võib nendes näha... see on täiuslik atmosfäär". Leonardo peen toonide üleminek pole atmosfääri tõttu siiski loomulik efekt. See pole 15. sajandi Toskaana kultuuri traditsiooni tulemus, kus maalimine ja varjudemäng olid kaks põhilist väljendusdogmat. ,, Ära ürita jäljendada läbipaistvaid lehti päikesevalguses, sest see ajab vaid segadusse," hoiatas Leonardo oma raamatus Treatise on Painting. Ta hoiatas täielikult ,,impressionistlike" efektide eest ja ta sukeldus oma kujudes peaaegu udusesse, ruttavasse öösse. Leonardo nõuab oma käsikirjades valguse ja varjude esiletoomist, defineerides varju sõnadega ,,algeline" , ,,tuletatav", ,,vastukajaline", ,,lihtne", kuid siis ütleb, et ,,suur ja tugev valgustus muudab kehaosad väga vastuvõetavaks." See on ,,universaalne valgus", mis nii meeldib 15. sajandi itaalia kunstnikele, mis ümbritseb kujusid ja maastikke
Teiste hulka kuulusid Aabraham, Mooses ja Lunastaja, kes on meile edasi andnud jumalariigi seadused. 13.: · Locke, ,,Teine traktaat valitsemisest". §1-14: Slavery is so vile and miserable an estate of man, and so directly opposite to the generous temper and courage of our nation; that it is hardly to be conceived, that an Englishman,much less a gentleman, should plead for it. And truly I should have taken Sir Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, as any other treatise, which would persuade all men, that they are slaves, and ought to be so, for such another exercise of wit, as was his who writ the encomium of Nero; rather than for a serious discourse meant in earnest, had not the gravity of the title and epistle, the picture in the front of the book, and the applause that followed it, required me to believe, that the author and publisher were both in earnest. I therefore took it into my hands
mõistusega, jäi probleemiks, mis on leidnud filosoofia järgnevas ajaloos üha käsitlemist. Platonile vastandliku positsiooni esindajana võiks selles küsimuses vaadelda David Hume`i – Kanti kõrval teist uusaja moraalifilosoofia suurkuju. Tema lähtus oma eetikas arusaamast, et “mõistus on täielikult passiivne” ning “on ja peab olema üksnes afektide ori; ta ei tohi taotleda endale iialgi muud funktsiooni kui teenida afekte ja alluda neile” (A Treatise on Human Nature III, 1, 1; II, 3, 3.). Ka Sigmund Freud, kes oma teoses “Mina ja miski” (1923) kasutab “Phaidrose” kaariku- võrdpildile sarnast ratsanikukujundit selleks, et modelleerida inimpsüühika teadvustatud ja teadvustamatu osa vahekorda, määratles selles vahekorras domineeriva osapoole Platonile vastandlikult. Ta võrdleb teadvustatud psüühika osa ratsanikuga, kes “peab ohjeldama hobuse jõudu, mis tast üle käib”
world where timber bridges survive to recommend a selection for nomination to the World Heritage List. Theoretical advances during the Renaissance and Neo-Classical period Thanks to Galileo, Renaissance mathematicians and scientists understood beam action and the theory of framed structures. The truss, used by the Romans as stiffening on the Rhine bridge (55 BC) and in roof structures, was refined by the Italian architect- engineer Andrea Palladio. His classic treatise on Greek and Roman architecture, I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura, was published in 1570, and was widely distributed after translation into English by Isaac Ware in 1755. It contained the first drawings of a truss, the simplest and most easily visualized form for transferring both dead and live loads to piers and abutments, accomplished by a rigid self-supporting system of triangles. Palladio built several truss bridges, the most important being the Bassano Bridge (1561) over the River
the early years of the Colony they founded. Written between 1620 and 1647, the journal describes the story of the Pilgrims from 1608, when they settled in the Netherlands, through the 1620 Mayflower voyage, until the year 1647. The book ends with a list, written in 1650, of Mayflower passengers and what happened to them. The Age of Reason The Age of Reason: Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology , a deistic treatise written by eighteenth-century British radical and American revolutionary Thomas Paine, critiques institutionalized religion and challenges the inerrancy of the Bible. Published in three parts in 1794, 1795, and 1807, it was a bestseller in America, where it caused a short- lived deistic revival. British audiences, however, fearing increased political radicalism as a result of the French revolution, received it with more hostility. The Age of Reason presents
submite to sovereign, whose power, though derived from people, is absolute and not subject to law. Though he favoured monarchy as the most effective form of sovereignty, theory could apply to parliament also. Led to investigations by other political theorists. Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy – on surface medical textbook, Burton applies his large and varied learning in the scholastic manner to the subject of melancholia. A philosophical text. Part of medical treatise, part a commonplace book. Anatomy as lens through which all human emotion and thought may be scrutinised. Covered many areas of life of man: science, history, and political and social reform. Thomas Browne: Religio Medici – tried to reconcile (sobitada) science and religion. Writes as physician who has found his religious faith confirmed by scientific awe. Poses more as a moralist than as a diagnostician. Demonstrates an exemplaru toleration of both Christian dissent and diversity. 8
ecosystems through events such as oil spills. Concern over the depletion of the earth's finite reserves of oil, and the effect this would have on a society dependent on it, is a field known as peak oil. Etymology The word "petroleum" comes from Greek: πέτρα (petra) for rock and Greek: ἔλαιον (elaion) for oil. The term was found (in the spelling "petraoleum") in 10th-century Old English sources. It was used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer, also known as Georgius Agricola. In the 19th century, the term "petroleum" was frequently used to refer to mineral oils produced by distillation from mined organic solids such as cannel coal (and later oil shale), and refined oils produced from them; in the United Kingdom, storage (and later transport) of these oils were regulated by a series of Petroleum Acts, from the Petroleum Act 1862 onwards. Composition
kuju, suuruse, lõhna, maitse jne. Mis jääb järele? Nähtamatu õun, mille olemasolu pole kuidagi võimalik kindlaks teha. Mille poolest see erineb õuna puudumisest? David Hume sõnastas selgesti selle vastuväite Locke'ile: "Pärast värvuste, helide, sooja ja külma väljaarvamist väliste olemasolude seast ei jää järele midagi, mis võiks anda meile õige ja järjekindla idee kehast."Treatise of Human Nature, I, iv, 4(Tlk T.Hallap) Hume tahkusest: "Tahkuse idee on idee kahest objektist, mis isegi juhul, kui neid surutakse üksteise vastu ülima jõuga, ei suuda teineteisesse tungida, vaid säilitavad eraldi ja iseseisva olemasolu. Niisiis on tahkus täiesti mõistetamatu üksinda, ilma et mõeldaks mingitest kehadest, mis on tahked ning eksisteerivad eraldi ja iseseisvalt. Aga milline onmeie idee nendest kehadest? Värvuste, helide ja
him. Galileo reasoned that the time was now right to publish a new defense of Copernican theory. His confidence at an all time high, he spent four years composing the new Copernican manifesto. His Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican, was cleared by Church censors, one of whom was Galileo's former student, and was published at Florence in 1632. As the title suggests, Galileo grounded his manifesto in the form of a dialogue rather than a treatise. The dialogue, Galileo reasoned, was a device through which an argument for Copernican theory could be made without violating the papal decree of 1616. Two of the conversants Salviati and Sagredo are sympathetic to Copernican theory. Simplicio, the third participant, represents Aristotle and the Scholastics and is presented as fool. Galileo's enemies were quick to inform the Pope that the official cosmology of the Roman Catholic Church had been put in the mouth of Simplicio
But empty extensions do not have empty intensions. Extensions only suggest intensions. Intensions determine extensions. Intensional definitions are generally prefered in philosophy. Intensional definitions might be: - Synonymous: Physician = doctor - Etymological: Physics = ‘natural science’ from physic in sense of ‘natural science’. Based on Latin physica, from Greek physika, literally ‘the natural things’, name of Aristotle’s treatise on nature. - Operational: A goal is scored if the ball crosses the goal-line. - Definition by Genus and Difference: What differentiates the concept from other species of the same Genus. Ice is Frozen Water Biology is the science of life The logical song: is very basically saying that what they teach us in schools is all very fine, but what
Keha ja vaimu interaktsioon: Descartesi järgi on keha ja vaim küll erinevad, kuid nad on siiski teineteisega seotud. Descartesi dualismi nimetatakse interaktsionistlikuks dualismiks – keha ja vaimu vahel toimub interaktsioon. Kuidas toimub Descartesi järgi info liikumine vaimu ja keha (aju) vahel? Descartes kujutas keha kui mehhanismi. Mööda veresooni liiguvad väga peened osakesed, mis ajju jõudes muutuvad eluhinguseks või animaalseteks vaimudeks (animal spirits). Treatise on Man: Tuli (A) mõjutab jalga (B), tõmmates kiudu (c), mis avab ajus soone (de). Soonde sisenevad animaalsed vaimud F-ist ning kantakse mööda keha laiali –lihastesse, mis tõmbavad jala eemale, silmadesse, pannes neid liikuma jne. Soonte avanemise eri moodustele vastavad erinevad aistingud. Käbinääre Ehkki vaim on seotud kogu kehaga, on käbinääre see koht, kus vaim saab avaldada otsest mõju kehale, vallandades animaalsed vaimud, mis viivad teateid keha eri osadesse
inimene, vaid lõpmatult võimas Jumal. Seega saavutas ta, et materialism oli aluspõhjata, et Jumal oli tõestatud ning sai lahti probleemist keha ja vaimu koostegevuse kohta. Rääkides Jumalast loobub ta aga empirismist ning muutub ratsionalistiks. Seda võimalust, et aistingud pärinevad Jumalalt, on käsitlenud Descartes ning väitnud ka W.Occami õpilane Nicolaos Antrecourtist. DAVID HUME (17111776), sotlane, erasekretär. Tähtsaimad teosed:Traktaat inimloomusest (Treatise of Human Nature 1739), Uurimus inimarust ja Uurimus moraaliprintsiipidest. Hume oli järjekindel empirist ja naturalist (kõike peab seletama loodusteaduslike meetoditega). Ta lootis, et saab inimvaimu uurimisel võtta eeskujuks Newtoni mehhaaanika meetodid: tuleb avastada vähesed lihtsad printsiibid, mis võimaldava korrastada keeruka andmestiku. Hume oli skeptiline vaid mõistuse suhtes, kuid ei sea kahtluse alla uskumuste kujunemise loomuliku protsessi õigsust.
88 OPTIKA: geomeetriline optika ja fotomeetria Optika. Nimetus optika tuleneb kreeka keelest, kus "optike" tähendab nägemist, nägemisvõimet. Sõna tõi tema praeguses tähenduses teadusse Newton, kes pealkirjastas nii oma 1704. a. ilmunud töö "Optika ehk traktaat valguse peegeldumisest, murdumisest, kõverdumisest ja värvidest" (Optics or a treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colours of light). Igapäevaelus tähistab sõna "optics" Inglismaal prillipoodi. Niisiis: teadus valguse levimisest. Sõna "valgus" vajaks füüsikas samuti täpsustamist. Praegu mõistame me (enda arvates?) selle all elektromagnetlaineid lainepikkuste vahemikus umbes . Optika on valgusõpetus. Valguse all mõistame silmaga nähtavat elektromagnetkiirugust. Aga ega see pole ka mingi füüsika. Mida tähendab "ligikaudu"
MAASTIKULISED AIAD AMEERlKA ÜHENDRIIKIDES 1824. aastal rajas belglane Andre Parmentier USA-s Brooklynis taimla ilutaimede kasvatamiseks ja hakkas varasematest romantilistest iluaedadest erinevalt Iooma täiesti uuetüübilisi. Ta hindas aedade maalilisust ja kirjutas 1828. aastal aiakujunduse populariseerimiseks essee. Tähtsam nimi on Andrew Jackson Downing, kes omistas maastikule kõrgeid esteetilisi väärtusi. 1841. avaldati tema raamat iluaiandusest: "A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening" . Sajandi keskel kujunes ta USA idaranniku üheks silmapaistvamaks iluaedade kujundajaks, rajades ja populariseerides romantilisi aedu. Ta kasutas inglise stiili, arvestades alati ka konkreetse maa-ala eripära. Tema oskused Ieidsid rakendamist eelkõige Hudsoni jõega piirnevate jõukate inimeste maavaldustes. Sel ajal Idarannikul Ievinud Ioodusliku ilmega Koostanud: 150
The cryptologic section, "Concerning the concealment of secret messages within letters," has two parts, one dealing with symbolic actions and allusions, the other with invisible inks and cryptology. Qalqashandi attributed most of his information on cryptology to the writings of Taj ad- Din 'All ibn ad-Duraihim ben Muhammad ath-Tha'alibi al-Mausill, who lived from 1312 to 1361 and held various teaching and official posts under the Mamelukes in Syria and Egypt. Except for a theological treatise, none of his writings is extant, but he is reported to have authored two works on cryptology. After explaining that one may write in an unknown language to obtain secrecy, Ibn ad-Duraihim, according to Qalqashandi, gave seven systems of ciphers. This list encompassed, for the first time in cryptography, both transposition and substitution ciphers. Moreover, one system is the first known cipher ever to provide more than one substitute for a plaintext letter. Remarkable and important
Doing the math, 2,500 words is a mere 2.5% of the estimated 100,000 words in the Spanish language. This means: 1. 2.5% of the total subject matter provides 95% of the desired results. 2. This same 2.5% provides just 3% less benefit than putting in 12 times as much effort. This incredibly valuable 2.5% is the key, the Archimedes lever, for those who want the best results in the least time. The trick is finding that 2.5%.5 This book is not intended as a comprehensive treatise on all things related to the human body. My goal is to share what I have found to be the 2.5% that delivers 95% of the results in rapid body redesign and performance enhancement. If you are already at 5% bodyfat or bench- pressing 400 pounds, you are in the top 1% of humans and now in the world of incremental gains. This book is for the other 99% who can experience near-unbelievable gains in short periods of time. How to Use This Book--Five Rules
annaabi.ee 
