Jüri Gümnaasium THE GREAT PLAGUE IN LONDON Research paper Ervin Sagor 10.h Supervisor: Kristel Kriisa Jüri 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION The history of England has always been fascinating for me and plague was one the most horrifying diseases in human history with millions of deaths across the world. That is why I chose the Great Plague as the topic of my research. The purpose of my study is to educate myself and gain more knowledge on the history and find out how people lived in England in the seventeenth century. For a start, I will give a short review what the bubonic plague is. Then I tell about Black Death in England before the Great Plague, city life before and during the plague
Great Plague of London. The Great Fire of London. Samuel Pepys's diary . The Great Plague of London (1665-1666) The Great Plague was a massive outbreak of disease in England that killed an estimated 100,000 people The plague arrived with a merchant carrying a parcel of cloth sent from London, although this is a disputed fact It was the last major outbreak of the plague in England The English outbreak is thought to have originated from the Netherlands By July 1665, plague was in the city of London itself Though concentrated in London, the outbreak affected other areas of the country A bill of mortality for the plague People at the plague King Charles II of England, his family and his court left the city for Oxfordshire The aldermen and the the majority of the other city authorities opted to stay at their posts - The Lord Mayor of the city, Sir John Lawrence quarantined himself in a specially-built
England. It was the second tragedy to hit the city in the space of 12 months. The fire started in Pudding Lane. The fire started in a baker's shop owned by Thomas Farriner who was the king's baker. His maid failed to put out the ovens at the end of the night. Once it started, the fire spread quickly. The city was basically made out of wood and with September following on from the summer, the city was very dry. Strong winds fanned the flames. In 1665, during the plague, the king, Charles II, had fled in London. His plan, in 1666 (he stayed in London and took charge of the operation to save the city) was to create fire-breaks. The heat created by the fire was so great that the lead roof on the old St Paul's Cathedral melted. The actual human casualty rate was remarkably small with possibly only 5 people dying in this fire. The wind that had helped the fire spread, turned on itself and drove the flames back into what had already been burned
16: What was the Gunpowder Plot and when did it happen? In 1603, James VI of Scotland came to the throne of England, essentially uniting the two countries. His enactment of harsh anti-Catholic laws made him unpopular, and an assassination attempt was made on 5 November 1605 17: What is the main holiday these days that celebrates this event? 18: What happened in 1665? Plague caused extensive problems for London in the early 17th century, culminating in the Great Plague in 1665 that killed 70,000 to 100,000 people, up to a fifth of London's population. 19: What happened in 1666? The Great Fire of London breaks out and burns for three days, destroying 10,000 buildings including St. Paul's Cathedral. 20: How long did it take to rebuild London?
The 17th century In England 17th century was a time of political and religious turmoil. It is known as a struggle between Parliament and the throne. 1625 came to rule Charles I, who was proved to be politically stubborn. In 1642 civil war broke out between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. Oliver Cromwell was a puritan who brought the Roundheads to the victory and temporarily ended the monarchy in 1649. Charles I was beheaded. Oliver Cromwell ruled England for 9 violent years. The return of the oldest son of Charles I in 1660 is called the Restoration. In 1660 the Royal Society of London was established to promote scientific research. In 1688 the Glorious Revolution was without bloodshed or violence. The 1689 Bill of Rights limited monarch's powers. Parliamtary government was established. 1665 the Great Plague, 1666 the Great Fire.
The Elizabethan period (1558- Fourfold growth in London 1603)- A golden age population Timber buildings Stuart dynasty The Civil War Oliver Cromwell Execution of Charles I - 1649 Puritan Republic (1653-60) Charles II took the throne 1660 The Great Plague and the Great Fire (1665-1666) Sir Christopher Wren St. Paul's Cathedral The Georgian era (1714-1830) The premier city of the Western John Nash an architect World The Bank of England 1694
pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1347 and 1350. The speed with which the disease could kill was terrifying to population of the medieval world. Infected people can spread the disease through the air by coughing, sneezing, or just breathing! When there was a infected in the house, a red cross was painted on the door. Because of black spots, the disease was called the black death. Nowadays we know it is bubonic plague The dead bodies were loaded on the hearse and buried in common graves. The Black death spread from rats and fleas to people. Symptoms The infected usually had: strong cramping stomach pains boils on their bodies their bodies were covered by black spots they died in 2-7 days The Italian writer Boccaccio said its victims often "ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in paradise.“ http://www.miksike
The two centres which were to characterise the English capital for many years emerged: The City of L and Westminster. In 1193 Londoners elected Henry Fitzalwin their first Mayor and in 1209 a stone bridge was built to replace the earlier wooden one, which was the first real London Bridge. In 1349 the Black Death killed thousands of citizens. During the reign of Elizabeth I, the first map of L was published and the Globe Theatre built. Many people perished In the Plague (1603) and in the following Great Plague (1664-1665). It was ended by the Great Fire on Sept 2, 1666. It destroyed many houses and churches including St Paul's, and the Royal Exchange. However, the Fire meant that the City could be improved. The streets were widened and the houses were built of stronger materials. Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt 53 of the destroyed churches. Soon the rich people lived in the West End and the workers suffered in terrible poverty in the East End.
Unit 2 SB p 20-21 – While there’s life, there’s hope 1.an engagement – kihlus 2.to move house – majja kolima, kolimine 3.retirement – pensionile jäämine 4.graduation – lõpetamine 5.a wedding – pulm 6.scared – hirmunud 7.thrilled – põnevil 8.excited – erutunud 9.worried – murelik 10.disappointed – pettunud 11.irritated – ärritunud 12.a divorce – lahutus 13.personal – isiklik 14.an injury – vigastus 15.narrow – lähedal 16.to be absorbed in – süvenenud olema 17.in the field(s) of - mingil alal 18.anatomy – anatoomia 19.speech – kõne 20.to invent – leiutama 21.an invention – leiutis 22.to be involved in – kaasatud olema 23.several – mitu 24.to create – looma 25.a sign language – viipekeel 26.visible –...
Now the doctor is lookeing for a cure to fix that problem and to survive in the destroyd landescape of New York. His wife and son were killed when the military did the extraction of the city. Now he wonders with his dog. Most of the film about 30 min is all calm. Around 40 min mark they chase a deer wich allmost got them killed. The following days they were chased by the strongest of the monsters. The Alpha male who was played by Dash Mihok. Roberts dog gets bitten and infected with the plague while trying to escape from the alpha male one night. The dog, saddly dies . The following day he will be picked up by a junge woman and her daughter but that will get them found and attacked. The doctor had a lab where they escaped and found a cure from one of the test subjects the doctor had there. The junge woman and her son escape but the doctor gives his life for that. The movie had a good ending somewhat. I liked the movie because it had Will Smith in it and i like those sort of movies.
Neljas tase ja tulekahju. Viies tase Hariduse sai ta Charles Mortoni Stoke Newingtoni Lahkusuliste Akadeemias. Tema kirjutamisstiilis arvatakse olevat Mortoni mõju. Daniel defoe Teosed : ''Robinson Crusoe'' ''Moll Flanders'' ,,Dorothy Dingley' vaim" ,,A Journal of the Plague Year" (,,Katkuaasta päevik") ,, M r. & m r s . A n d r ews " (Thomas Gainsborough) David Hume Muutke teksti laade Soti filosoof, kes elas aastatel Teine tase 17111776. Kolmas tase D. Hume esimeseks teoseks oli
such as St James's. He is also famous for closing the country's monasteries in 1536, after the Catholic Church refused to grant him a divorce. During the reign of Elizabeth I, London was a wealthy and successful city. Theatre became popular, helped by the arrival of playwright William Shakespeare some time between 1584 and 1593. Plague and fire London suffered two disasters in later Stuart years. In 1665 the Great Plague killed about 70,000 people. In the 1666 the Great Fire destroyed almost all of the City and a large area to the west. Thousands of new houses were built, and Christopher Wren constructed St Paul's Cathedral as well as many churches. Stuart London The first Stuart king, James I, came to the throne in 1603. In 1605 a group of men tried to blow up both him and the Houses of Parliament. This Gunpowder Plot failed. In 1625 Charles I came to the throne. Civil war broke out in1642
Klassitsism* ja romantism Jean Antoine Gros "Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa" klassitsism Jean Antoine Gros "The battle of Abikur" klassitsism Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson "Girodet Pygmalion"
London London is the UK's largest and most populous metropolitan area and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. In July 2007 it had an official population of 7,556,900 within the boundaries of Greater London, making it the most populous municipality in the European Union. History: The first major settlement was founded by the Romans in 43 AD. Canute took control of the English throne in 1016, controlling the city and country until 1035, when his death resulted in a reversion to Saxon control under his pious stepson Edward the Confessor, who refounded Westminster Abbey and the adjacent Palace of Westminster. By this time, London had become the largest and most prosperous city in England, although the official seat of government was still at Winchester. In the 16th century William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London at a time of hostility to the develop...
Jacob - her best friend who is werewolf - still ignores Bella and it makes so much suffering to her. At last he sends to Bella a letter and writes that he actually miss Bella so much. Bella wants to meet with him but Edward thinks it unacceptable because Bella could be in danger in La Push. Werewolves and vampires are ancient enemies but since Edward's family came into existence, an uneasy truce has taken place. To top it all off, a plague of murders taking place in Seattle points to an impending vampire threat. I think my biggest problem with this book is the way Bella constantly deludes herself. Alice has a vision at lunch while sitting with Bella and Edward. Bella is curious and wants to know what the vision was, but neither Edward or Alice will tell her. Edward then railroads her into going to visit her mom for the weekend in Arizona, and then lies to Bella
funktsioone täpselt veel ei teata. Tina on seotud hemoglobiini sünteesiga. Tina osaleb ka lipiidide metabolismis. *Konservitööstuse areng algas XIX sajandi algusest, millal avastati et tinaga kaetud raudplekist purgid lubavad säilida toiduaineid väga kaua ( on näiteid, et lihakonservid nendes pole riknenud viiekümne ja enam aasta jooksul). Samal otstarbel kasutatakse tina toidunõude , aparaatide ja torustike katmisel. * "Tinakatk. Tinakatk (i.k. tin plague, tin pest, tin lepsory) põhjustas Euroopas külmades kirikuruumides paljude orelite tinavilede hävinemise ja loomulikult arvati, et Saatan ise on asjasse segatud. Legendide järgi, sai tinakatk saatuslikuks ka Napoleon Bonapartele ja Robert Scottile, hävitades Napoleoni Venemaa-sõjakäigul 1812. a. karmis talves ta soldatite sinelite tinanööbid ja kapten Scotti Antarktika-ekspeditsioonil (1910 -1912) petrooleumikanistrite tinajoodised, mis viis vaprate meeste hukkumiseni
CNN, ITN and so on. London was built by the romans, side of the river Thames about 2000 years ago. From the first to fith century the city was the center of the romans premises. In the dark ages the city was abandoned. London was recreated by Alfred The Great in the year 886. In the twelth century London became capital of England. From 17. 20. Century London was one of the worlds most important city. The city was havoced by the 1665- plague and 1666 the great fire. London is seperated to 33 boroughs. Londonds council has 25 seatings. The mayor of London is Ken Livingstone. The mayors main assignment is represeting the city. Local self-governments handle strategical planning, education, transport, consumer protection, fire department, social service, police and libraries. Londons center is Trafalgar square, where stand admiral Nelsons memorialstatue.
Kurland to the Danes. The Danes modernized the defence systems of the castle. The work began in about 1600 and lasted till 1640. Using the old belt of walls, they erected a mighty system of earthwork with bastions and encircled it with a 30 m wide moat, filled with seawater. On the ground of Brömsebro peace treaty in 1645 Sweden took possession of Saaremaa. On September 15, 1710 the Swedish garrison, ravished by the plague, surrendered to the Russian army with no resistance. After Russia founded Bomarsund castle on just-occupied land islands and in the vicinity of the Swedish capital, Kuressaare was once and for all excluded from the list of the fortifications of the Tsarist Russia in 1836. A year before the castle had been sold to the Knighthood of Saaremaa for 3,000 roubles During 1904-1912 the convent building was renovated by architects W. Neumann and H.Seuberlich
Should smoking be banned? What is a cigarette? It is a small roll of finely cut tobacco for smoking, enclosed in a wrapper of thin paper. A cigarette contains tar; this is the harmful substance that caused 4.84 million people to die from smoking worldwide out of which 2.41 million are in developing countries like Bangladesh. Smoking is called the brown plague and not only does it harm the smoker, but also the environment and the people around us. Smoking is an expensive habit. People who smoke cigarettes can spend as much as $2,500 a year on them. Some people think that smoking is a helpful measure to reduce the stress. Banning smoking is actually a financial loss for the government as it collects a lot of revenue through the taxes on cigarette sales. Another argument is that it is human tendency to do exactly those things which are forbidden
Test 13 1. Complete the sentence Choose from here : a lovely tune, tongue twister, sneezes, put on the light, plague, nursery rhyme, recit poems, sunshine, mysterious, dream. 1.Last night i had a strange dream about travelling to Mars 2.My sister´s favourite nursery rhyme was Twinkle, Twinkle, Litter Star. 3.In our literature classes we often learn and recite poems. 4.What do you say when someone sneezes? Bless you! 5.Don´t you think it´s dark here? Could you put on the light, please? 6.This song has a lovely tune ; that´s why it´s so popular. 7
many. In 1219 the Danes showed up as part of the Northern Crusade to subjugate the Baltics and convert the local pagans to Christianity whether they wanted to or not. The Danes improved the fortifications and expanded the town, which became part of the Hanseatic League, a trading organization of a hundred northern cities. The Danes sold Tallinn to the Livonan Order, a branch of the Teutonic Knights, in 1346. The Swedes came next in 1561. Tallinn weathered plague and the Great Northern War and became part of Russia in 1710. In 1918, Estonia declared independence from Russia and fought a bitter war against Bolshevik Russia. Independence didn’t last long, however, and the fledgling nation fell first to the Nazis and then the Soviets during World War II. Despite all this conquering, Tallinn’s historic core has survived remarkably intact. Much of the 14th century city wall still stands, including a couple of
Tina on seotud hemoglobiini sünteesiga. Tina osaleb ka lipiidide metabolismis. · "Tina hääl" (tin cry)- karakteerne ragin tinavarda paenutamisel: heli. "Tina hääle" mikroskoopiliseks põhjuseks on mehhaanilisest deformatsioonist tingitud üleminekud -tina tetragonaalsete kristallirakkude kahe peegelsümmeetrilise kuju vahel (twinning). · "Tinakatk": -Sn -Sn faasisiire. Tinakatk (i.k. tin plague, tin pest, tin lepsory) põhjustas Euroopas külmades kirikuruumides paljude orelite tinavilede hävinemise ja loomulikult arvati, et Saatan ise on asjasse segatud. Legendide järgi, sai tinakatk saatuslikuks ka Napoleon Bonapartele ja Robert Scottile, hävitades Napoleoni Venemaa-sõjakäigul 1812. a. karmis talves ta soldatite sinelite tinanööbid ja kapten Scotti Antarktika-ekspeditsioonil (1910
His son Henry the VIII made the crown the spiritual head of nation. A huge amount of property which had previously been owned by Roman Catholic Church was sold or given away and the houses stood empty. The Elizabethan period is often considered to be the golden age. Elizabeth was succeeded by her closest relative James VI of Scotland. The unhappy Stuart Dynasty witnessed the Civil war and the execution of Charles I. In 1660 the throne was taken by Charles II. Unfortunately in 1665 the great Plague was responsible for the deaths of 100,000 Londoners and in 1666 The Great Fire destroyed amost 400 acres. The fire raged for three days and burned down many churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and so on. The tower of London had a lucky escape. The architect Sir christopher Wern lost no time in drawing up plans and giving the entire city a monumental baroque aspect. Many of his plans were never realized, becaus people started
The Renaissance Between 14th and 16th century in Europe From French word rebirth It was an age of growth in Europe. New, powerful city states emerged. A new middle class had more and more money to spend. Great artists, writers and thinkers lived during this time. During the Middle Ages many people who lived in the countryside worked on the land that they got from the noblemen. In return, they were protected by them Between the middle and the end of the 14th century, the plague, also called "Black Death" killed almost half of Europe's population. It spread most rapidly in the larger cities where many people lived. This led to economic depression. When the plague slowly decreased in the 15th century, the population in Europe began to grow. A new middle class emerged --bankers, merchants and trades people had a new market for their services. People became wealthier and had more than enough money to spend
qualify for normi täitma trembler väriseja 2 tribe hõim, suguharu turn of the century sajandi pöördepunkt unanimity üksmeelne otsus unbearable talumatu vibration vibratsioon, võnkumine, võnge, värisemine voice transmitter hääle edastaja, wage nädalapalk waste of time aja raiskamine wave lehvitama white plague valge katk whiz (by) (mööda) vihisema winner´s certificate võitja diplom wire juhe, (traat) workshop õpikoda worldwide ülemaailmne worried murelik wrinkle korts 3
He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. POEMS · In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague, Shakespeare published two narrative poems on erotic themes, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. In Venus and Adonis, an innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus; while in The Rape of Lucrece, the virtuous wife Lucrece is raped by the lustful Tarquin. Influenced by Ovid's Metamorphoses, the poems show the guilt and moral confusion that result from uncontrolled lust
Findings: The hotel is business oriented, which is supported by the high percentage of business occupants, and the multitude of conventions held within the hotel. The statement is further supported by the fact that occupancy drops with the decrease of influx of business people. The occupancy drops significantly in the July and August which is probably due to the fact that businesses generally run slower in that part of the summer (due to plague of vacations) in the northern hemisphere on latitudes with explicit seasonal changes. Therefore, the hotel must be located on the part of the globe described. The occupancy by women seems to be somewhat statistically correlated with percentage of tourists residing in the hotel. This may imply that the most business people staying in the hotel are men. The women occupancy seems to peak at three points: April, October and December. The
There were hardly any deaths. Six verified deaths were recorded, but there might have been more: the heat of the fire may have cremated victims and deaths of poor or middle-class people were not recorded anywhere. Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere was necessary. The fire burned down the homes of 70 000 people, when London had a population of 80 000 humans, so almost everyone lost their home. The fire was also good in some ways. It wiped out the last traces of the plague, which had been very dangerous in the year 1665. After the fire, people started building houses out of bricks and stones, they made the streets of London wider and houses weren't so close together.
around 18,000 but after 200 years it had grown to nearly 100,000. However disaster struck during the Black Death, when London lost nearly a third of its population. After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, stability in politics allowed the city to grow even more. In 1603, James VI of Scotland came to the throne of England, essentially uniting the two countries. An assassination attempt was made on him on the 5th of November in 1605, now known as the famous Gunpowder Plot. Plague caused more problems for London later in that century, culminating in the Great Plague. That was the last major outbreak in Europe, possibly thanks to the Great Fire of London in 1666. The fire broke out in the original City and quickly swept through London's wooden buildings, destroying large amounts of the city. Rebuilding took over ten years. Following London's growth in the 18th century, it became the worlds largest city from about 1831 to 1925
And there was joyaunce in their sound. The buoy of the Inchcape Bell was seen A darker speck on the ocean green; Sir Ralph the Rover walk'd his deck, And he fixed his eye on the darker speck. He felt the cheering power of spring. It made him whistle, it made him sing; His heart was mirthful to excess, But the Rover's mirth was wickedness. His eye was on the Inchcape float; Quoth me, 'My men, put out the boat, And row me to the Inchcape Rock, And I'll plague the Abbot of Aberbrothok.' The boat is lower'd, the boatmen row, And to the Inchcape Rock they go; Sir Ralph bent over from the boat, And he cut the Bell from the Inchcape float. 4 Down sunk the Bell with a gurgling sound. The bubbles rose and burst around; Quoth Sir Ralph, 'The next who comes to the Rock Won't bless the Abbot of Aberbrothok.' Sir Ralph the Rover sail'd away, He scour'd the seas for many a day;
of the Bible which was published in 1611. Also, the greatest writers during 17th century, John Bunyan and John Milton were puritans. 10. Why was Charles I beheaded? Charles I was beheaded by the Parliament in1649 because king Charles tried to arrest 5 members of the Parliament and wanted to rule the kingdom without the Parliament. 11. What two disasters took place during Charles II reign? What kind of changes did they bring about? First, in 1664-1666 a plague hit London and southeast-England and secondly, already in 1666 a fire destroyed fifth of the City of London. The new London was built up in remarkebly short time and it was a lot better : it had wider streets, brick and stone houses and better draining. 12. What is the idea of the Act of Settlement? The Act of Settlement was passed by the Parliament in 1701 to make sure that all future monarchs in England were Protestants 13. What was the result of the Glorious Revolution?
Edward II's reign lasted until 1327 when the leading was taken over from him by his son Edward III. The Hundred Years War began in 1337. It was a struggle between England and France for the dominance of Wester Europe. In Medieval England, the Black Death was to kill 1.5 million people out of an estimated total of 4 million people between 1348 and1350. No medical knowledge existed in Medieval England to cope with the disease. The Black Death is the name given to a disease called the bubonic plague. In 1377. Edward III's reign ended and it marks the end to the Plantagenet Kings. From 1377 - 1485 the Royal Houses of Lancaster and York became Kings of England in the Middle Ages and ruled the English. In 1377 Edward III was succeeded by his grandson Richard II. The Black Death of 1348 - 1350 decimated the population of England, so in 1349 King Richard II attempted to limit the wages paid to labourers to their pre-plague levels. That caused the Peasants Revolt in 1381. Richard II gave
SLIPKNOT Erik Rattasepp 8b TÕHG 2008 SISUKORD 1. Bändist lk 1-2 2. Albumid lk 2-3 3. Faktid lk 4-6 4. Muud huvitavat lk 6 5. Kasutatud Materjal lk 6 Bändist: 9-liikmeline heavy-metali punt Slipknot on pärit USA'st Iowast, täpsemalt Des Moines't, mis on tuntud kui "mitte millegi keskus". Siiski on sealt pärit tüübid, kes alustasid tegevust 1995 aastal ning kannavad isetehtud sürrealistlikke maske ja "ründavad" rahvast muusikaga, mis on segu Los Angelese neo-metalist, death metalist, hip-hop'ist ja "alameloodilisest" kriiskav- karjuvast õudusest. Tutvugem siis 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8'ga. Inimeste keeles on siis tegu DJ Sid Wilson, trummar Joey Jordison, bassist Paul Gray, percussionist Chris Fehn, kitarrist James Root, sampleri Craig Jones, teine percussionist Shawn Crahan, kitarrist Mi...
Mercutio, who is also unaware of the marriage, is angered by Tybalt's insolence and Romeo's seeming indifference and takes up the challenges himself. Benvolio tries to make peace and reminds everyone of the Prince's decree. In the ensuing swordplay, Romeo attempts to allay Mercutio's anger, momentarily placing his arm around him. By doing so, however, Romeo inadvertently pulls Mercutio into Tybalt's rapier, fatally wounding him. Mercutio dies, wishing "a plague a'both your houses," before he passes. Romeo, in his anger, pursues and slays Tybalt. Although under the Prince of Verona's proclamation Romeo (and Montague and Capulet, as well) would be subject to the death penalty, the Prince instead fines the head of each house, and reduces Romeo's punishment to exile in recognition that Tybalt had killed Mercutio, who had not only been Romeo's friend but a kinsman of the Prince. Romeo is then exiled to Mantua after attempting to see Juliet one last time.
commons o conflicts between the king and the parliament, which led to the civil war(1642) and the execution of Charles I(1649) o during the period after the civil war Britain became a republic and Oliver Cromwell established his military government. Theatres and other forms of amusement were banned because of his puritan ethics 1660 monarchy restored, Charles II asked to reign B. The Great Plague in 1665 C. The Great Fire of London in 1666 In my opinion it was a negative century for the people because so many awful events took place. However, there was also one positive event: The glorious revolution in 1688, it was bloodless and as a result the monarch's powers were limited by the government, the bill of rights was drawn up in 1689 Victorian period o 1837-1901. o Queen Victoria was regarded as the personification of contemporary morals
the two countries under one king. In 1642 the Civil War broke out between supporters of the king and parliamentary forces, led by Oliver Cromwell. King Charles I lost the war and was beheaded in London in 1649. Britain became a republic known as the Commonwealth. In 1660 London welcomed the restoration of the monarchy. The second half of the century was even more devastating. Two Disasters stroke London. The Great Plague and the Great Fire. The Great Plague in 1665, killed a significant part of the population, but it was not until after the Great Fire in 1666 that London became safe again. The Great Fire was even more catastrophic to the buildings of London. It destroyed almost four fifths of London in the raging inferno, including St Paul's Cathedral. Christopher Wren was appointed to oversee the rebuilding of London. Wren was given the task of rebuilding the churches, including St. Paul's Cathedral. Georgian London 1714-1837
uninhabited by man, never to reappear. Fearing for his family, Victor reluctantly agrees and travels to England to do his work. He is accompanied by Clerval, but they separate in Scotland. Through their travels, Victor suspects that the monster is following him. Working on a second being on the Orkney Islands, he is plagued by premonitions of what his work might wreak, particularly as creating a mate for the creature might lead to the breeding of an entire race of monsters that could plague mankind. He destroys the unfinished example after he sees the monster looking through the window. The monster witnesses this and, confronting Victor, vows to be with Victor on his upcoming wedding night. The monster murders Clerval and leaves the corpse on an Irish beach, where Victor lands upon leaving the island. Victor is imprisoned for the murder of Clerval, and becomes seriously ill, suffering another mental breakdown in prison
☾ The church was restored. However, the conflict between monarch and Parliament soon re-emerged ☾ Prince William and Mary became the king and the queen so this way it was established that a monarch could rule only with the support of Parliament. ☾ Bill of Rights, which limited some of the powers of the monarch 1666 The Great Fire of London destroys most of the city's old wooden buildings. It also destroys bubonic plague, which never reappears. Most of the city's finest churches, including St Paul's Cathedral, date from the period of rebuilding which follows. 1688 The Glorious Revolution 1690 The Presbyterian Church becomes the official Church of Scotland" The Battle of the Boyne, in which William III and the Ulster Protestants defeat James II and the Irish Catholics. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ✿ Politically, this century was stable. Monarch and Parliament got on quite well together.
country was still controlled by Isabella and Mortimer - When he was 17 years old, he rose up against the regent, Mortimer, and started to reign the country himself Defeated Scotland and claimed himself the heir of France (the only descendant of Philip IV) Started the Hundred Years' War in 1337 In 1348, Black Death killed more than 1/3 of the population > financial problems Succeeded by his grandson Richard II in 1377 A sign dedicated to the plague of 1348 at the port of Weymouth The Black Death in medieval London Richard II is known for trying to establish absolutism in England - He managed to surpress the Peasants' Revolt, a rebellion of peasants, in 1381 while only 14 years old - The massive threat of their disobedience made the King wary and this lead to the strive for absolutism While the King was in Ireland, plotters were
Parliamentarian Roundheads to victory, Charles I was executed and Cromwell rook up rule of the country, which became a republic, called the Commonwealth. He was its Lord Protector until his death in 1660. After Cromwell's death, the Stuarts returned to the throne, Charles I's son was crowned Charles II. However, the Parliament was firmly established this time and no future monarch would ever seriously challenge its power. England suffered during the reign of Charles II. The Plague (1665) killed almost 70 000 of London's inhabitants and the Great Fire (1666) destroyed most of the city. Sir Christopher Wren was asked to build up the city. The Great Fire had two plusses the fire killed all the rats that carried the plague and after that, all the houses were built of stone, so another fire couldn't happen. Although Charles had restored some power to monarchy by the time James II came to the throne, Parliament's support was necessary to govern the country
continued, the period that followed is known as the good old Swedish era': foundations were laid for the Estonian school system, the privileges of the nobility were curtailed, local peasants were granted the right to own property, and so on. Meanwhile, different countries fought for domination in the Baltic region. Russia started the Northern War in 1700. Peter the Great had made it his aim to conquer Estonia and `open a window onto Europe' Together with the Russian troops, the plague came again and thousands of people died. A Russian general described the time after the war as follows: "Between Narva and Riga one can hear neither a dog barking nor a rooster crowing" Estonia remained under Russian rule and the Baltic- German nobility vowed allegiance to the Tsar., the barons were restored their former privileges. Life changed for the better thanks to the opening of a railway line from St. Petersburg to Tallinn in 1870
mournful meditation on the nature of love. No sooner does Catherine announce to Henry that she is in mourning for her dead fiancé than she begins a game meant to seduce Henry. Her reasons for doing so are clear: she wants to distance herself from the pain of her loss. Likewise, Henry intends to get as far away from talk of the war as possible. In each other, Henry and Catherine find temporary solace from the things that plague them. The couple's feelings for each other quickly pass from an amusement that distracts them to the very fuel that sustains them. Henry's understanding of how meaningful his love for Catherine is outweighs any consideration for the emptiness of abstract ideals such as honor, enabling him to flee the war and seek her out. Reunited, they plan an idyllic life together that promises to act as a salve for the damage that the war has inflicted
Vältimaks mängude liigset lohisevust on sätestatud, et suveolümpiamängud ja taliolümpiamängud ei tohi ületada 16 päeva. Olümpiamängude korraldamise otsustab Rahvusvaheline Olümpiakomitee. Vaatamata kõikvõimalikele riikidevahelisele medali- ja punktiarvestustele on olümpamängude võistlused individuaalsetel ja võistkondlikel spordialadel sportlase, mitte riikide vahel. Olümpiamänge sümboliseerib olümpialipp (vt.joon.1). Olümpialipp on valge, ilma äärsituseta põhjaga plague, mille keskel asub viievärviline olümpiasümbol. Esmakordselt heisati olümpialipp 5.aprillil 1914.aasta juunis Pariisis VI olümpiakongressil. Rõngaste värvid ülalt vasakult on sinine, must ja punane ning alt vasakult kollane ja roheline. Kollane rõngas ühendab sinist ja musta ning roheline musta ja punast rõngast. Kogu kujund on korrapärane trapets, mis sümboliseerib viie maailmajao liitu ning kogu maailma sportlaste kohtumist olümpiamängudel ausas ning sõbralikus võistluses.
Rogen: "The Great Fire of London" Drought, narrow streets, wooden buildings, floors of straw, much gunpowder and oil in houses. 2 diarists, no fire department, water was against smaller fires, houses were demolished, water hose was very short. 1666 September 2 fire started from a bakery near midnight. Fire lasted for 4 days, 80% of London burnt down. People flee over Thames. Refugee camps were overloaded with crowds. Only a few people died (5-10), the plague ended, many famous buildings were destroyed. Sir Christopher Wren made the plans to rebuild the city. A monument. Siim: "Jane Austen" Born 16 December 1775 in South England. There were 8 children in the family, educated at home, she played piano, read books, wrote poems at the age of 11, 1802 she got proposed which she declined. She moved to Chawton, published novels, got Hodgkin´s disease and died in 1817. 5 unpublished novels. "Sense and Sensibility"the 1st novel,
Most common infectious diseases are such children's diseases as measles, mumps, scarlet fever and chicken pox. Some diseases have become more rare because children and grown-ups can be vaccinated against them for example polio, diphtheria, smallpox. Tuberculosis (TB) was almost stamped out, but now it is returning, having become resistant to many medicines that were used to cure it years ago. The most infectious disease in the Middle Ages was plague, now AIDS has replaced it. It is a serious problem and kills millions of people every year. This is a disease that cannot be cured yet but scientists and doctors are working on this problem. Not all the diseases are infectious. A very widely spread present-day trouble is allergy. Allergy means that people are over-sensitive to certain things, such as some kind of food, medicines, dust etc. Many people suffer from heart diseases. It is not rare that a person has a heart attack or a stroke
väljastada muusikat, mida teised plaadifirmad ei toetanud. Ameerika bänd Spock’s Beard mängis peale metalse progressiivse rockmuusika ka sümfoonilist rocki, mis on sünonüüm klassikalisele proge- rockile. Põhja-Euroopas arenes sümfooniline progressiivne rockmuusika, mida esindasid bändid The Flower Kings, Anglagard ja Sinkadus. Rio stseen, mis oli äärmiselt eksperimentaalne muusika, arenes bändidega Djam Karet ja Thinking Plague. Bändid, nagu Deux Ex Machina, Porcupine Tree ja Kenso, mängisid space- rocki. 1990ndatel oli suur progressiivse rocki elustumine. Tänu arvutitele ja kodu- stuudiotele muutus muusika lindistamine odavamaks ning tänu internetile oli võimalik leida kuulajaskond väljaspool nii-nimetatud mainstream`i. Mängiti palju uusi alaliike ja toodi tagasi mõningaid vanu 1970. aastatest. Kuulamine: 1982. aastal ilmus üks kuulsamaid progressiivse rocki albumeid Pink Floyd „The
heroin because it's often combined with toxic ingredients. This is one of the reasons why using heroin always carries the risk of infection, overdose and death. Also, heroin often has additives that will not dissolve in the bloodstream. This can easily cause a blood clot to form and travel to the lungs, liver, heart or brain, which is instantly fatal. In a short amount of time, regular heroin use destroys the body. Common conditions that plague heroin users include infection of the heart lining and valves, liver disease, lung disease, hepatitis and HIV/AIDS, from needle use. Heroin is also known as: Smack, horse, brown sugar, dope, H, junk, skag, skunk, white horse, China white, Mexican black tar 4. Mushrooms The active chemical in hallucinogenic mushrooms is called psilocybin. This chemical is found in approximately 190 species of edible mushrooms. Hallucinogenic mushrooms have a high potential for abuse
progressiivse rockmuusikaga tegelevatel artistidel väljastada muusikat, mida teised plaadifirmad ei toetanud. Ameerika bänd Spock's Beard mängis peale metalse progressiivse rockmuusika ka sümfoonilist rocki, mis on sünonüüm klassikalisele proge- rockile. Põhja-Euroopas arenes sümfooniline progressiivne rockmuusika, mida esindasid bändid The Flower Kings, Anglagard ja Sinkadus. Rio stseen, mis oli äärmiselt eksperimentaalne muusika, arenes bändidega Djam Karet ja Thinking Plague. Bändid, nagu Deux Ex Machina, Porcupine Tree ja Kenso, mängisid space- rocki. 1990ndatel oli suur progressiivse rocki elustumine. Tänu arvutitele ja kodu- stuudiotele muutus muusika lindistamine odavamaks ning tänu internetile oli võimalik leida kuulajaskond väljaspool nii-nimetatud mainstream`i. Mängiti palju uusi alaliike ja toodi tagasi mõningaid vanu 1970. aastatest.10 Kuulamine: 1982. aastal ilmus üks kuulsamaid progressiivse rocki albumeid Pink Floyd ,,The Wall" ja koos
Paradise lost: a prayer to God from mankind. 10. 17th century autobiographical writing (Pepys, Evelyn) Diarists like Pepys and Evelyn depicted everyday London life and the cultural scene of the times. In 17th increase in autobiographical writing. Form of self-expression open to both men and women Samuel Pepys: detailed private diary, 1660 – 1669. Combination of personal revelation and eyewitness accounts of great events (Great Plague of London, the Second Dutch War, Great Fire of London). Breathtaking honesty: women he pursued, extramarital relationships, friends, dealings. Reveals his jealousies, insecurities, trivial concerns, fractious relationship with his wife. Personal accounts of the restoration of the monarchy. John Evelyn: his diaries largely contemporaneus to Pepys. Cast considerable light on the art, culture and politics of the time (deaths of Charles I and Oliver Cromwell)
1) General facts The UK: * the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was formed in 1801 * it covers 243,610 sq km * everybody from the UK is called British * the capital city is London * is made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which in turn are divided into counties * the flag is called the Union Jack which is a combination of the flags of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland * the population is about 60,000,000 people, the population density is 242 people/sq km * its coasts are washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, Saint George's Channel, and the Irish Sea. It is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel * the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who is also the Queen and Head of State of fifteen other Commonwealth Realms, such as Can...
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