Konspekt USA history (0)

I Native Americans

• Origin of Native Americans –
  

Origin is debatable
Siberia-> Alaska
Crossed the land bridge around 14,000 years ago 
"ice-free corridor"
Hunters, searching for fresh grounds

• Different tribes and their way of life
  

In tents, dark skin, hair is long, black and straight , women - agriculture , men- hunting . bands( chief . Travelled together) and tribes
land was owned by the tribe that occupied it.
200 different tribes
Apache - “enemy”- hunted buffalos, oil and natural gas from their land
Cherokee- largest tribe
Cheyenne- from Minnesota and S & N Dakota. High system of laws
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Signed in 1787 by Thomas Jefferson .
The creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory
Ohio River was settled, 5 new states
Advancement of education, maintenance of civil liberties, exclusion of slavery
Promised not to invade or disturb Indians
Northwest Indian War-> to stop white expropriation (sundkoormis)

• Indian Removal Act of 1830
  Destructive to tribes. Many died when travelled to the other side of Missisippi .
  

Signed on May 28 by Andrew Jackson
“Trade” land with the tribes
Resolve the Georgia crisis (dispute with Cherokee)
Move of over 70,000 natives (vabatahtlik-sunniviisiline)
Reservations
( kaitsealad )1851- the Indian Appropriations Act
About 310 reservations
55,7 million acres
Unevenly distributed
Tribal sovereignty ( iseseisvus )
Poverty and unemployment

• Indian citizenship Act of 1924
  

Granted citizenship to 300,000 indigenous people, to friendly tribes
State support was limited
Absorb Indians into the mainstream
Didn’t have the right to vote

• Trail of Broken Treaties of 1972
  

Took place in 1972
Cross- country protest by American Indian organizations
Intended to bring attention to American Indian issues such as treaty rights , living standards, and inadequate housing .
Huge media coverage
“20-Point Program ”

• Present situation
  

Reservations situated west of the Mississippi
1% of the population
Minority group, less privileged
Social problems
Self-awareness
Mixture of old and new
HOW GOVERNMENT ACTS NOW- gives natives money and near Las Vegas the right to own casinos to compensate injustice and taking away land.

II First Settlements

• Jamestown Colony (living conditions , population, plantations, import of slaves)
  First permanent English colony in North -America
  

214 settlers
Searching for gold (none found )
Strategically good location, James River
Quite poor conditions. Starvation, diseases , lack of water, attacks of natives , fierce weather
Tobacco plantations
African slaves, working in tobacco harvest
1620 by Dutch boat . Also Englishmen (convicts and poor people)
Mayflower and Pilgrim Fathers
Mayflower- cargo ship
In 1620 one hundred Puritans boarded the Mayflower
From Plymouth, England , to today ’s Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States
Claim they are the forefathers of USA aristocracy- FALSE
They saw little chance of England becoming a proper country
Wished to live free of English laws and oppressing church
religious freedom
In may (had time before winter !!!)

• Mayflower Compact
  First governing document of Plymouth Colony
  

Agreement composed by a consensus among new Settlers
Composed for the sake of their own survival
Fair and equal laws, for the general good
Signed by 41 adult male members on the Mayflower
Free of English law
foundation of the USA constitution

• Puritan Colony in Plymouth, New England
  

America’s first permanent puritan settlement
Along with Jamestown, the most successful colony
Originally 105 colonists
First home in an empty Indian village
Concluded a peace treaty with neighbouring tribes
Aided by natives +++ (how to grow corn etc)
went there to find relogious freedom

• Puritan ethics and ideology
  

God has a preordained plan for everybody
Following the Bible
Hard work , spiritual health, living simply, being thrifty, and self-discipline will Leave to salvation
Merriness was prohibited
The chief duty of a man is to glorify God

• Thanksgiving
  

Annual tradition in the U.S
Fourth Thursday in Nov.
Thanking God
The first Thanksgiving was celebrated to thank God for helping the Pilgrims
The first feast lasted 3 days
Turkey and corn

• Religious issues (freedom)
  

People came to search for religious freedom, or not?
Many different religions
Puritans imposed their own beliefs
Not lettin religion interfere politics
No joy allowed

• Quakers
  

Religious society of friends
Founded by George Fox
They were treated as witches
Big role in creation of other colonies
Were up for tolerance
Against slavery

III Colonial life

• Settlements by 1773
  

Christopher Columbus 1493 Puerto Rico
Colonies along the east coast in 1607
Spain, France , Russia , England, Germany , the Netherlands
High birth rates, low death rates
By the 1750 living standard as high as in England

• New England Group
  
• Rhode Island
  

Dutch for ``Red Island´´
Religious freedom
America's first Baptist church in Providence in 1639
Different people get along well- Quaker, Puritan, Baptist, Anglicans, Jewish, Catholic

• Connecticut
  

Native Americans and Dutch traders (1614)
 By the year 1633, they had purchased land from the Pequot Tribe and made a permanent settlement.
English settlers 1636
Trade and growing crops
´´ Fundamental Orders´´- constitution. Fundamental laws

• Massachusetts
  

1620 the Pilgrims
Seek religious freedom.
Puritans, Indians and farmers
Farming and trade
Sundays in church (Very Very religious)

• New Hampshire
  

Pilgrims from England
Religious freedom
Fishing , lumber, ship building and farming
Public education in 1647

• Middle Colonies
  

Delaware - first a Swedish colony. The Dutchmen took over.
New Jersey - Swedish settlers buy land. England gains control over it.
Pennsylvania- 1731 : Benjamin Franklin -the first library in the colonies.
New York - (before it was new Amsterdam ) the dutch, the english.

• Life in Middle Colonies-
  

Farmers lived in very small houses outside the town.
Wheat, barley, rye, fruits , Clocks, watches, guns, locks, cloth, and hats
Benjamin Franklin- Fire department , library, freedom of the press
No college for woman and African-Americans

• Southern Colonies
  

Maryland- religious freedom
North and South Carolina- arguments between the two groups
Georgia- last of the 13 colonies, Place to get rid of the people in England the King did not like/want, prisoners

• Life in southern colonies-
  

Large plantations- tobacco, rice , cotton
Cheap labour
Slaves
Primary seaports in Charleston and South Carolina

• Westward expansion
  

1803 President Thomas Jefferson sent a secret message to Congress calling for a expedition in the west. (Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean)
France owned the territory
Bought for 15,000,000 Dollars
´´Free Land´´ to attract people there
Gangs robbed travellers. Mexiacan origin
California Gold Rush of 1849 (80,000)

• Manifest Destiny
  

is a term that was used in the 19th century to designate the belief that the United States was destined, even divinely ordained, to expand across the North American continent , from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean.

• The influence of frontier on the development of American character
  

Thanksgiving
Religious freedom
Obsession with business and wealth
Green cards
´´No´´ discrimination
Men hunt and fight for new land, women raise children

IV Independence

• The origin and essence of the conflict between England and the colony
  

Stamp act- Americans in the British colonies had to pay more than brits.
No taxation without representation in parliament
=> we eant to run our own affairs

• Boston Tea Party of 1773
  

Price stayed same but Americans didn’t like the principle of having to buy from brit merchandise and pay tax.
Dartmouth, Beacer and Elanor were not allowed to port
Samuel Adams dressed up as an Indian and destroyed the stuff on the ships.

• Second Continental Congress- Decided to break free from Great Britain , although it wasn’t the intention for most delegates.
  

Military matters, statements of positions(in politics of world), financing the war, independence, opening diplomatic channels, legislation (constitution)

• Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776
  

July 4, 1776
Mostly the work of Thomas Jefferson

• Revolutionary War 1775-1783, reasons , outcome
  

1775–1783 Between Great Britain and 13 former colonies
Battle of Sarratoga 1777 – turning point. USA won.
Treaty of Amity with France (sõprussuhted)
Battle of Yorktown 1781 - USA won. End of the war
The Paris Peace Treaty September 3,1783 – Britain recognised US as a country. Boundaries and fishing rights

• Articles of Confederation of 1781
  

Denied Congress the power to collect taxes , regulate interstate commerce and enforce laws.

• Constitutional Convention of 1787
  

Main problems- how votes were decided (each state gets one or no of people)

• US Constitution and the Bill of Rights
  

The first amendment of the constitution
liberties and right of the people

• The role of George Washington
  

April 30, 1789- FIRST President of the United States
reelected
Supported Brits or was neutral during France-Britain war

• The role of Thomas Jefferson
  

3rd president
Author of Declaration of Independence
Supported French during France-Britain war

V North versus South

• Different developments in the North and South
  

All over the country
School system
Women rights
South
Agriculture: tobacco, rice, cotton ( export to England)
Cotton gin (1793)
Slave labor (economics of south are based on slaves work)

• Abolitionist movement
  

Antislavery movement in 1800s
Send free slaves to Liberia
Help slaves flee their masters

• Missouri compromise
  

Forbid slavery above 36°30’ latitude
Except Missouri

• Fugitive Slave Act
  

Fugitive- slave who has fled his master
Free citizens should assist the return of fugitive slaves to their masters
Result : Mexican American war

• Underground Railroad
  

Network of people who helped slaves escape south
Hundreds of slaves each year
used railroad terminology

• Dred Scott case
  

A black man who tried to sue for his freedom
1857 he lost the case
Overall, the Dred Scott decision had the effect of widening the political and social gap between North and South and took the nation closer to the brink of Civil War.

• Formation of Confederacy
  

Abraham Lincoln
Adaption of constitution
S. Carolia stepped out of the union
You can’t buy slaves outside of the USA

• Causes of the Civil War (1861-1865)
  

Unfair taxation (import-export cotton)
Slavery (N abolished, S depended on it)
States’ rights (governement passed laws that threatened south)

• Developments and outcome of the war
  

9th April 1865 – end of the war
Victory to the Northern States
North assisted building up south
15th April assassination of Lincoln
War: telegraph, railway transportation, ironclads( soomuslaev )

• Emancipation Proclamation
  

Jan 1st, 1863 all Southern slaves were declared free because Lincoln needed men in his armies.
After war North also declared slaves free
During civil war no export of cotton. Estonia came the world’s biggest exporter of flex ( linase taime).

VI Reconstruction

• 13th Amendment to the Constitution
  

The Southern states based their business upon slavery
Abraham Lincoln for President (he’s against slavery)
South Carolina + 10 other states separated from the USA =>the Confederal state of America => Civil War
1865 slavery was abolished everywhere but Missisippi

• The role of Abraham Lincoln
  

Uneducated, but still considered the best President
Nominated for precidency in 1860
Renomination during the Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation (slaves free)
Wrote Habreas Corpus ( court decides if government can detain smt)
The Homestead Act ( Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. Government, including freed slaves, could file an application and get land)

• The role of Andrew Johnson
  

Vice president of the Unites States
Became the 17th President after Lincoln’s assassination
Wasn’t liked
No support from southern states
The Tenure of Office Act (banned president from his powers)
Impeached in 1868 (umbusaldust avaldama)
Bought Alaska in 1867 for $7 million
The rejection of the 14th Amendment
The 14th amendment

• Black Codes
  

no rights for black people at all
even worse than slavery itself

• 14th Amendment to the Constitution
  

Granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States”
Forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law"

• Reconstruction Act
  

Five main points :
Creating five military districts in the seceded states
Each district to be headed by a military official
All voters were to be registered
Old documents were to be re-evaluated to give the Black people the right to vote
States were required to ratify the 14th Amendment

• Formation of Ku Klux Klan
  

Tortured and killed :
Black people
People who were sympathetic towards black people
Immigrants
Restore white rule

• Grandfather clauses
  

Tried to ban black people from voting
Introduced by Southern legislatures
Grandfather had to be in the Civil War

• Jim Crow laws
  

Black people were critizised for going to theatres, schools , restaurants, hotels etc.
By 1954 black people could ride buses and trains
Most of the Southern states still critizised African-Americans on buses or trains
Separate bus lines and parts in restorans
Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King
The Civil Rights Act
VII The 19th century

• Discovery of gold and gold mining
  

A number of gold rushes ( Klondike etc)

• Places where people started to live
  

Importance- transportation of raw materials, important for industrialisation

• The construction of railroads (Union Pacific Railroad Co, Central Pacific Railroad Co)
  

John Stevens

• Industrialisation (raw materials, effect on development of economy , main industries)
  
• Formation of trusts
  Trusts are companies (groups) who form a monopoly
  

• The role of Andrew Carnegie
  

Businessman and philanthropist
Embodies the “rags-to-riches” American dream
Carnegie Steel Company was the world’s largest steel manufacturer
After selling the company he devoted his life to philanthropy
Believed that the rich have a moral obligation to give back to humanity (charities)

• The role of John D. Rockefeller
  

Industrialist and philanthropist
Founder of the Standard Oil Company (1870.)
During the 1890s turned his attention to charities and devoted himself to philanthrophy

• The role of Henry Ford
  

Automobile manufacturer (8.)
1896 – invented the Quadricycle (8.)
1903 -  Ford Motor Company was founded
Massproduction cars => urbanisation
VIII Immigration to the US

• major source of population growth and cultural . Controversial ethnics, religion, levels of crime etc
  

• Statue of Liberty
  

Gift from France in recognition of the friendship established during the American Revolution
Situated on Ellis Island
Symbol of freedom and democracy

• Causes of immigration from Europe in the 19th century
  

America- land of economic opportunity
Irish , German, French, British immigrants

• Different waves of immigration
  

Irish - 1840, 207 000 Irish started to emigrate in large numbers as Britain eased travel restrictions because of the Irish Potato Famine .
In 1848, bad crops and failed revolutions led to emigration of 435,000 Germans, 267,000 British and 77,000 French immigrants
Immigration patterns of the 1930s were dominated by the Great Depression
Between 1840 and 1930, 900,000 Canadians left Quebec to emigrate to the United States
The 1910s marked the high point of Italian , Swedish and Norwegian immigration

• Jewish immigration
  

Have been present in the USA since 17th century
MAIN REASONS:
The Russia anti-Semitism policy and the pogroms
The desire to give the children better education and happy life
USA dream - Freedom and gold
Modern vehicles like steam engines and trains

• Ellis Island
  

In 1600, Gull Island by the Mohegan tribe
Then Dutch called Little Oyster Island
In 1785 , Samuel Ellis purchased the property and gave it his name
Was the federal immigration station
1892 , closed in 1954
12 million immigrants were inspected there by the US Bureau of Immigration during that time

• Reed -Johnson Immigration Act of 1924
  

US federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States
aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans, who were immigrating in large numbers starting in the 1890s. And also prohibiting the immigration of East Asians and Asian Indians.

• The notion of Melting Pot vs Salad Bowl
  

Melting Pot- immigrants bring their own culture and melt together with others (USA)
Salad Bowl- cultures do not mix

• Present situation
  

28.4 million immigrants now live in the United States
Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds
Public attitudes have been heavily influenced by the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks | government favors immigrants except south Africa
IX The US at the beginning of the 20th century

• Urbanisation (living conditions, labour unions)
  

Industrialization , efficiency of agriculture
Overcrowded cities and minimum living standards
Labour unions
Oil, cars, railroads -> suburbanisation

• Progressive Movement: Theodore Roosevelt
  

Corruption, lack of democracy, stratification, economic panic of 1897
Exposing corruption, democracy, modernization, municipal reforms, trust -busting (4.)
Lead by Theodore Roosevelt and Progressive party
Women's suffrage

• An American Empire (the Philippines , Cuba )
  

New Imperialism - colonial expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (5.)
Increasing competition (over resources, strategic power, and prestige) between the industrialized nations (6.)
Accelerate internal development (6.)
Economical decline at the end of the 19th century

• Dollar Diplomacy
  

Political influence over foreign governments ( China , Haiti , Nicaragua, Honduras , Dominican Republic ) (8.)
Providing money, and services to a country, and receiving an alliance in return (8.)
Advance and protect American businesses in other countries

• Monroe Doctrine
  

European powers were to no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas (6.)
The United States planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and their colonies

• The US in WWI
  

WWI- Firmly neutral, after entering, victory over Germany, The treaty of versailles ended it

• Versailles Treaty of 1919
  

Paris Peace Conference
opposition among British and French leaders
compromise - establishment of the League of Nations, the Treaty against many principles of the Fourteen Points
US never ratified( kinnitama )

• League of Nations
  

Stop, prevent war
Improve people's lives
Encourage co- operation in trade
Disarmament
Enforce the Treaty of Versailles
Success : some small countries independent, etc. (success in the Third World, Africa )
Overall did not succeed
Germany not permitted to join, Soviet Russia banned, US never joined
Predecessor of the United Nations
Estonia supported it -> help them. For a while Estonia was the most active member .
X The US in the middle of the 20th century (HEDO)

• Prohibition (bootlegging and the mob)
  
• Jazz Age and the “Lost Generation”
  
• Wall Street Crash
  
• Great Depression
  
• New Deal by Franklin D. Roosevelt
  
• Pearl Harbor
  
• The US in WWII (operation Overlord , the use of atomic bomb)
  
• The impact of WWII on the USA and its international position
  

XI The Cold War Period (beginning)

• Marshall Plan
  

European Recovery Program
In operation for 4 years
Modernize European industrial and business, reduce artificial trade barriers and instill a sense of hope and self-reliance
help non-soviet countries that the wars had damaged a lot
By 1952 the economy of every participant state had surpassed pre-war levels

• Formation of the NATO and the role of the US in the organisation
  

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION
after WWII U.S.S.R occupied much of Europe
soviets began withdrawing from other countries around the world
1949 April – 12 nations established NATO to coordinate the military defences against possible Soviet aggression

• Iron Curtain
  

divided Europe into two separate areas
through Germany
East - countries that were connected to or influenced by the former Soviet Union. Countries to the west of the Iron Curtain had democratic governments.
Emigration restrictions
East (Poland, etc Balkan countries)
end of Cold War in 1991

• Truman doctrine, policy of containment, arms race
  

Truman- Harry Truman to support free people who are resisting soviet forces. Help with military and economic aids. For example in Greece.
Policy of containment US to prevent the spread of communism from the USSR (for example forming NATO)
Arms race- belief that more nuclear weapons you had the mire powerful you were. Russia vs America.
US first nuclear bomb
everyday people – their resources were given to armament etc. Very poor conditions for people.
Soviet union put more effort into building more weapon etc.
US put effort in building effective quality stuff

• McCarthy era
  
• 1950s period of political persecution.
  US senator Joe McCarthy: lots of people in the US have Soviet roots and sympathies
  ->fearful society (government might be communist etc )
  1940s and 50s US government began investigating federal workers and organizations
  McCarty caught popularity with his accusations (even though most didn’t have any proof )
  he started a nationwide campaign to hunt down communists.
  

Those who didn’t like it or protected someone were marked as communist sympathisers
People who had much influence in the media were suspected ( writers , poets etc)
End- a senate committee took action against McCarthy

• Conformist 1950s and the “Beat Generation”
  

bunch of people who thought that society sucked
writers
Bob Dylan . The Beatles were influenced by the Beat Generation
Jack Kerouac - leader

• Korean War 1950-53
  

conflict between the communist and non-communist forces in Korea
June 25, 1950 north Korean forces invaded south Korea
The war’s unpopularity played an important role in the presidential victory of Dwight D. Eisenhower
big losses for the US
It proved that US can prevent Soviet forces
South Korea is still democratic. North still communist. South managed to drive north away from their land. You can say that no one won.
they haven’t still signed a peace treaty.

XII The Cold War Period (continued) 1961-65

• Role of J. F. Kennedy
  

The first Catholic and the first Irish American president
Serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963
Anti-Communist foreign policy
Ordered an increase in spending on nuclear missiles that set off an arms race
1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT)

• Bay of Pigs and the Cuba crisis
  

BAYOFPIGS Overthrowing the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro
CIA – training of Cuban exciles for the invasion
Actual invasion Kennedy's decision
Stopped by Castro's army
CUBA CRISIS The Operation Mongoose – the program of CIA
To "help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime"
In the summer of 1962 - the Soviet Union secretly builds missile installations in Cuba - supported by Fidel Castro
October 15 - photographs revealed of Soviet missiles in Cuba
Kennedy´s response - warning the Soviets
October 28 - an agreement is made
Keenly discussed issue of Cold War
The closest the world ever came to nuclear war

• Lyndon Johnson and “Great Society”
  

In office: 1963 – 69
Eliminate poverty: tax cuts
Spread the benefits of prosperity to all
Health programmes: Medicare-for elderly,
Medicaid- for poor
Funds for private and public schools
1965- Department of Housing and Urban Development
Aim: loans for low – income people to buy, renovate a house

• Civil Rights Movements
  

Montgomery bus boycott in Alabama
Rosa Parks is arrested
To abolish the bus segragation laws
Private taxi plan
Opposed by city officials and bus companies->Luther pays 500 $
Violence : bombing the homes of the blacks
Forming of the Montgomery Improvement Association – M L. King as the president
à Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Worked in South, ninviolent fight for civil rights
Outcome:
- Bus segragation laws of Montgomery are unconstitutional!
Inspired movements for freedom around the globe !
OUTCOME The Civil Rights Act 1964
- prohibited discrimination in public facilities , government, employement
The Voting Rights Act 1965:
- no literacy tests , voting taxes for
black people

• Brown vs. Topeka
  

Mr. Brown´s court case along with other violated African Americans in Topeka, Kansas
Outcome of these cases:
1954 - US. Supreme Court
-separate educational facilities are unequal
- began an era of federal efforts to ensure equal educational opportunity for all Americans

• NAACP
  

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Founded in 1909
Nation's oldest, largest and most widely recognized civil rights organization
The NAACP's principal objective is to ensure the political, educational, social and economic equality of minority group citizens of United States and eliminate race prejudice . The NAACP seeks to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through the democratic processes.

• The role of Martin Luther King
  

Pioneer in the movement to end racism in American society.
Nonviolence strategy
1957-Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leader
Organised the legendary March on Washington
Toured the country making speeches, urging more and more people to get involved in the civil rights movement
After 1965 Voting Act – more concerned in the poverty issues
Opposition to the Vietnam War

XIII The Cold War Period (continued)

• Richard Nixon and the Watergate Affair
  

Republican
37th President of the United States from 1969–1974 (reelected)
Faced impeachment due to the Watergate scandal
Watergate, successful foreign policy, opposition against the Vietnam War
Due to Watergate he faced impeachment( umbusaldus avaldus) and was the first president to resigned 1974
before that he was re-elected
WATERGATE- police arrested 5 men attempting to wiretap ..
White House Dirty Squad(the wire tappers were connected with Nixon)
a lot of money was found
Nixon tried to stop the investigation
tapes were found

• John Foster Dulles
  

US secretary of State 1953-59
strong anti-communist policies
Zealand etc – protection against Soviet union
Doctrine of "Massive retaliation” (kättemaks)

• Space Race
  

competition between US and soviet union. Began in 1957 with the launch of Sputnik (Soviet Union).
ended 1969- Apollo 11 lands on the moon (Neil Armstrong )

• Vietnam War (causes, outcome and consequences )
  

US, south Vietnam, south Korea vs north Vietnam, Soviet Union(no soldiers but provided tools)
1964-75
causes: division (democratic south, communist north)
Domino effect(this is why the US got involved. They were afraid that id one country turned communist it would continue like that)
Outcome- south Vietnam fell to communism
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
58000 dead US soldiers
conseq- damaged US economy and morale
Vietnam in ruins

• The role of Henry Kissinger
  

Secretary of State 1973-77 (VÄLISMINISTER e. Riigisekretär)
Dominant role in United States foreign policy during the Cold War
Big role in opening relations with china
policy of dente with the Soviet Union
paris peace accords –he received the nobel prize for proposing ceasefire between the Vietnam,

• Counterculture, Summer of Love and Woodstock
  

counterculture- alternative lifestyle, anti-war movement, popular among the youth , drugs LSD
Americans who opposed the Vietnam war.
Summer of love- people made their way to San Francisco and streikisid against the war.
drugs were free for everyone
Woodstock- most famous rock concert during the 60s. Held on farm property.400 000 visitors.
psühhodeeriline – muusika mis on tehtud narkomõju all
sign of anarchy, peace, make love not war, flowers in their hair.
Feminist movement started, changes in fashion ( jeans ), bra burning , nudists,
started the period of dedante (pingelõdvendus) with the soviet union. Estonians started to see the light at the end of the tunnel . 
XIV The US at the end of the 20th century

• The role of Roland Reagan in politics, economy and foreign politics
  

oldest president to take office
change
promised to reduce taxes
almost assassinated
“Reganomics”- his policies
30% tax cut – thought that lowering taxes would make rich people spend more -> more jobs actally =>recession
expencive amrican products
1983 economy stabilised
Very much against communism
paying expenses by slashing government projects
skyrocketing deficits

• End of Cold War
  

1. Failure of Communism- Resulted in genocide, Failed to create dynamic , profitable industries, infrastructure, agriculture, Wasted resources – human, natural, technology, financial
2.Gorbachev’s reforms- changes made- Political prisoners were released
Jews were allowed to emigrate freely
Labour unions were given the right to bargain and strike
Religions were allowed to worship freely
Mass media was allowed to investigate and publish freely
3.Collapse of the Empire- Soviet empire and communism eventually destroyed, President George Bush – passive , avoided any support of Yeltsin
4.Containment and the Reagan military build up

• The fall of the Berlin Wall, re-independence of Eastern Europe and disintegration of the Soviet Union
  
• 
  
• Rise of conservatism and fundamentalism
  

suspicion that the government can’t fix anything efficiently
rise brought by fundamentalist Christians
They favoured strict limits on government intervention in the economy
AIDS
No drugs campaigns
issues with abortion
Life in the 80s
(came popular, not invented during that time)cabel television, personal computers, MTV, Hippies ->Yuppies(profession- banks, etc financial sector. Earned alot. Young Urban Professionals), Video Cassette Recorders

• Iran - Contra scandal and the intervention of the CIA in international politics
  

American military supplies secretly sold to archenemy Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages held in Lebanon.
No connection with Reagan but he was smeared by this mess .

XV The US at the end of the 20th century (continued)

• End of Cold war (vt last one)
  
• Gulf War/ Desert Storm
  

1990-91
proved the strength of US military at the world state
Iraq invaded Kuwait
Six weeks after the beginning it was already won
The war had huge media coverage.
overall public approval. Victory.

• The role of Bill Clinton
  

2 terms president 1993-2001
economic expansion-balanced budget
improved economy and educational system
1994 first official white house web site
Democrat
improved race relations
family and medical leave act 1993
post presidential carreer- public speaking campaign. The United Nations to Haiti.

• The impact of the Lewinsky scandal
  

political sex scandal between Bill Clinton and an intern at the white house.
personal relationship .
Lewinsky left for pentagon .
Linda Trip (friend) recorded how Lewsky told her about their relationship.
Clinton was investigated. He denied.She also denied.
Wife also said it was a conspiracy.
Went on TV to admit his affair.
Impeachemnt.(umbusaldus avaldus) (abuse of authority)
5 years suspension. And 25 000 fine.

• 2000 Presidential Elections
  

Bush vs Gore
Gore tried to stay neutral (concerning Clinton)
Bush said he would bring back honour to the white house
Results - florida decided. Quite even otherwise.
Bush won.
Gore failed to win his homestate Tennessee.
tight struggle!
Florida votes were recounted.
XVI The US at the beginning of the 21st century

• Presidency of George W. Bush
  

January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
43rd President of the United States of America
Republican
Extend freedom, opportunity, and security at home and abroad
Promises for all areas
- Afghanistan War (October 7, 2001)
Response to the 9/11
Find Osama
Destroying Al-Quaeda
- Iraq War (March 20, 2003)
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Human rights abuses
Democracy
Guantanamo Bay
USA PATRIOT Act
Establishing the United States Department of Homeland Security
Other
Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement
Education [8]
No Child Left Behind Act
+++ The decisions taken by Bush in the aftermath of 9/11; Freeing the Iraq; $1.3 trillion tax cut programme
--- Guantanamo Bay; Iraq War; Failed to keep his promises

• The impact of September 11, 2001
  

Coordinated suicide attacks by al- Qaeda upon the United States
Twin Towers of WTC, WTC 7 and Pentagon
Hijacked aircrafts
3000 victims, 6000 injured
Conspiracy theories
Exposed the vunerability

• The War in Iraq
  
• 2004 Presidential Elections
  

United States' 55th quadrennial presidential election
November 2, 2004
George W. Bush > John Kerry
Foreign policy
Near-historic number of voters
International observers
Electronic voting
XVII Recent developments

• Rise of new political figures
  

Joe Biden

• Attorney
  
• 1973-2009 Senator from Delaware
  
• Foreign relations, criminal justice, drug policy
  
• Ran for president in 1988
  

John McCain

• Vietnam prisoner of war 1967 - 1973
  
• House of Representatives 1983 – 1987
  
• Senator of Arizona 1987 -
  
• 72-year old 2008 presidential candidate
  
• Publicly supported Bush
  

Sarah Palin

• First female Governor of Alaska 2006 – 2009
  
• Pro-gun, anti-abortion
  
• Lack of knowledge of foreign policy
  

• 2008 Presidential elections
  

First time an African American was elected president
War in Iraq
OBAMA opposed
McCAIN supported
Economy
Blames deregulation. Support individuals.
Blames lobbysts, supports companies
Illegal immigration
Give citizenship ( fine and learn the language )
Health care
Universal coverage, eliminating tax cuts for the wealthy.
Military veterans. Let the market control the prices. No tax increase necessary

• B. Obama’s election promises and accomplishments
  

96kept, 16 broken, 272 in works
KEPT-no permanent basis in Iraq
BROKEN- 5 days of public comment before signing bills
IN WORKS- removing brigades from Iraq, close Guatanamo Bay

• Developments in internal affairs and foreign politics
  

Islam is not an enemy
China- partner
Improving relations with Russia
Repeal "Don't Ask, Don't Tell " policy in the military
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