The New World The New World is released in December 25, 2005 in the United States and it´s directed by Terrence Malick. Its budget is 30 million $. This is a film full of forbidden love. It has a really beautiful love story which is second most beautiful love story after ,,Titanic". Two main characters are captain John Smith who was a settler from England and he wanted to establish new colonies with his team with three boats and Pocahontas who was later given a name Rebecca. Pocahontas was a local girl who was in an Indian tribe on an island in Virginia. Living among the Native Americans as a prisoner for an extended period, Smith was treated well and earned the friendship and respect of the tribe. Coming to admire this new way of life, he fell deeply in love with Pocahontas. She was intrigued by the Englishman and his ways. But suddenly Smith had to leave because other captain of the English said taht ...
John Smith 1580 1631 { John Smith An outstanding explorer and leader, who played an important role in the history of America Responsible for the settlement and survival of first English colony in the New World English soldier, explorer, colonizer, publicist and an author Led the group of colonists of the first British colony at Jamestown from 16081609 His writings about Virginia and New England have considerable historical and literary merit He never married nor had any children Early Career Born to a freeman farmer family in England After his father's death, only 16, he quit school and started his life as a traveler and adventurer He first served as a trainee to a local merchant In 1597 he joined the army and went to wae Captured and kept as a slave for two years Managed to escape and return to England Virginia Colony
begged Powhatan not to kill the Englishman and, being her father's favorite, the chief obeyed his daughter and spared Smith. It is true that Pocahontas had acted as an ambassador for her people to the English. In the first years of the colony, she served as a courier for traded goods and as a negotiator between the two sides. But by 1609 the Powhatans' relationship with the newcomers had soured, and soon war broke out. Finally, in 1613, Pocahontas was kidnapped by the English and held at Jamestown. While captive, Pocahontas studied English and converted to Christianity. Then, in 1614, she wed John Rolfe, one of the first tobacco farmers, and the union brought a modicum of peace to tidewater Virginia. Known as Lady Rebecca Rolfe, Pocahontas traveled with her husband and infant son, Thomas, to England, where she was received as foreign royalty, an Indian Princess. On March 17th, 1617, she died from an infection in Gravesend, England at the age of twenty-two.
The History of USA Merilin Peensalu 12.A Colonial period Spanish explorers Dutch, English, French, Swedish, Russian and Portuguese Slavery Convicts Native Americans Conflicts between the colonies British colonization Began in 1607 in Jamestown Three types of colonies Independence in mid-20s Eight overseas territories Formation of the United States of America Rebellion General George Washington 4th of July 1776 United States Bill of Rights Slavery Civil War (18611865) Beginning of the 20th century "Gilded age" First nationwide depressions Strongest economy Progressive era World War I Roaring Twenties Spanish flu Eighteenth Amendment KKK Jazz Age Mid 20th century The Great Depression (1929-39)
USA sünd §9. õ. lk.64-70 Põhja-Ameerika hõivamine • Hispaanlased Mehhikost hõivasid Florida ja California • Prantslased tänapäeva Kanada (Quebec) 16.sajandil • Praegusele USA territooriumile tekivad püsivad kolonistide asundused 17. sajandil (Virginia osariigis Jamestown) • 1620.a. randus praeguses Massachusettis Euroopast usulise tagakiusamise eest puritaanide (protestantide) laev „Mayflower“; mille kolonistid panid aluse nn. Uus- Inglismaale. • Hollandlased rajasid 1625 Hudsoni jõe suudmesse Uus-Amsterdami, praegu kannab see linn Inglaste alad 17. sajandil 13 kolooniat • 17. sajandi jooksul rajasid Inglismaalt saabunud väljarändajad Ameerika idarannikule 12 kolooniat (Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, Lõuna- ja Põhja Carolina, New Hampshire, New York, ja Rhode Island); 1732 lisandus Georgia. • Need 13 kolooniat said ka Ameerika Ühendriikide asutajaks. • Põhja-Ameerikass...
1607. Aastal jõudsidChesapeake'i lahte Londoni ja Pymouthi kompanii saadetud laevad uusasutatega, kelle eesotsas oli energiline kapten John Smith. Juba laeval avati pitseeritud kiri, milles loetleti seitse nõukogu liiget, kes asutatava koloonia juhtimise oma õlgadele pidid võtma. Pärast pikemaid sobiva paiga otsimissi peatuti Jamesi jõe kaldal. 13.mail 1607. Aastal pandi alus Uue Maailma esimesele püsima jäänud inglaste asundusele. Ehitatava linnakese nimeks pandi Inglise kuninga auks Jamestown. 1611. Aastal sai Virginia koloonia kuberneriks Thomas West, parun de La Warr ehk lord Delaware. Koloonia laiendamisel toimus indiaanlastega hulganisti kokkupõrkeid. 1619. Aastal sai Virginia koloonia omavalitsuse, mis oli Uus-Inglismaal esimeseks demokraatlikuks rahvaesinduseks. Aastast 1763 oli Virginia Põhja-Ameerika kolooniate iseseisvusliikumise kants. 15. Mail 1776. Aastal kuulutas Virginia end iseseisvaks. Yorktownis leidis 1781. A. Aset Ameerika Iseseisvussõja otsustav lahing.
Sageli olid hõimud üksteisega vaenusuhetes. Esimesteks eurooplasteks Põhja-Ameerikas olid hispaanlased. Nende kõrval võis kohata ka inglasi, prantslasi, hollandlasi ning teisigi rahvaid. Avastajatele ja kaupmeestele järgnesid väljarändajad kogu Euroopast. Enamik asunikke tuli Inglismaalt. Suurem osa väljarändajatest pärines usuliselt või poliitiliselt allasurutud kihtidest. 1607. aastal rajati esimene püsiv Inglise koloonia Jamestown Virginias. Inglise puritaanid asustasid Uus-Inglismaa- tänapäeva Ameerika Ühendriikide kõige kirdepoolsemad rannikuosariigid. Prantsuse hugenotid rajasid oma koloonia Carolina- idaranniku lõunaossa. Ameerikasse asustati vägivaldselt ümber ka vargaid, röövleid ja kerjuseid, kellest Euroopast taheti lahti saada. Uues Maailmas läbi lüüa ei olnud kerge, tingimused olid Ameerikas sootuks teised kui Euroopas
46.Ameerika Ühendriikide tekkimine Austria ja Preisi ühismanifest kuningapere kaitseks Jamestown 1606, Hollandlased New York 1613 taheti rahvast hirmutada, kuid paljastus kuninga seotus Rootslased Delaware jõe suudmes koloonia Uus- välisvaenlastega. Rootsi 1638 1792 otsustas Seadusandlik Kogu kuninga troonilt Prantslased P- ja L-Carolina kõrvaldada ja kutsuda kokku Rahvuskonvendi. Euroopast väljarändamise põhjused: 22.september 1792 Prantsuse I vabariik. Kullaotsijad, Seiklejad, Usuline tagakiusamine Kuninga uus nimi Louis Capet, hukati 21.jaanuar 1793. Majanduslikud põhjused: käsitöölised tööta, Rahvuskonvendis zirondiinid, jakobiinid ja Soo need, tarastamine kes kuhugi ...
The United States of America. History. For thousands of years America was unknown to Europe. There lived only the native people, who had come from Siberia many thousand years ago by a land bridge. They had spread over the country, varying enormously from nomadic food gatherers to fishing societies. Then the Vikings visited Canada around AD 1000, but they did not stay. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America while trying to reach India. He named the native people Indians, because he though he had reached India. He didn't stay either and in the sixteenth century the first Europeans to settle in America were the Spanish, the English and the French. The first village founded by the English settlers was in Virginia in 1607. It was called Jamestown. They didn't have good relations with the Indians and many of them died. But Pocahontas, the daughter of an Indian chief, became their friend and helped them....
Madeira saared (Portugal) 797 km² Funchal (1991) Mayotte (Prantsusmaa) 373 km² 193 800 (2004) Mamoudzou Melilla (Hispaania) 20 km² 69 184 (2003) Melilla Réunion (Prantsusmaa) 2547 km² 778 400 (2004) Saint-Denis Saint Helena (Srb.) 410 km² 7367 (2003) Jamestown Lääne-Sahara (Maroko) 252 120 km² 267 405 El Aaiún ~ 300 000 Puntland ~ 2,5 mln Garoowe km² Somaalimaa 137 600 km² 3 – 3,5 mln Hargeysa
Columbus who thought that he had reached to India. COLONIAL AMERICA As far as people know were the Vikings first European settlers to visit America. but in 1492, an Italian sailor called Christopher Columbus reached southern America when he was looking for a sea route from Europe to India. He is called to be the man who discovered America. In 1607 two very different groups of English people came to America. a group of farmers began a colony in Jamestown, Virginia. They had to fought with indians and most of them died because there were many diseases and the didn't have enough to eat. But the daughter of an Indian chief, Pocahontas, helped them. The farmers discovered that it was easy to grow tobacco in Virginia, so they bought black people as slaves to work on the fields. They found a big market for their tobacco in Europe. In 1620 another group of English people landed in America. They
English protestants etc. wanted to escape from religious persecution by catholics back in Europe, basically wanted religious freedom. 7. What was an indentured servant? An indentured servant was a person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, e.g a few years, in exchange for free passage to a new country. 8. When and why was slavery brought to America? Slavery started in America in 1619, when the first slaves were brought to Jamestown, VA from Africa. Colonists bought slaves for cheap/free work force in the plantations they couldn’t have kept up otherwise due to large plots of fertile land and small families. 9. Name the original 13 colonies. VA, MA, MD, RI, CT, NH, NC, SC, NY, NJ, PA, DE, GA. 10. Which groups of colonists came to the New World in search of religious freedom? How did their views differ? Pilgrims in 1620, Puritans in 1630. Pilgrims were working men who believed in the importance of
olemas ka Ülemkoda ja Alamkoda. Absolutism kujunes välja suures osas euroopas 17,18 saj. Kõigil teistel oli õnneks parl. tendentsid. Ameerikas on mitte parlamentaarne vaid presidentaalne. 3.2 Ameerika Ühendriikide sünd Hispaania kolonisatsioon lähtus Mehhikost ja rändas üles maateid pidi. Kanada aladel seiklesid prantslased, liikudes sisemaa poole ja karusnahakaubandus! Idarannikut külastasid Inglise ja Hollandi laevad. 16. saj püsiasustust ei loodud. 17. saj see muutus. Inglased >> Jamestown, Virginia. Puritaanid >>Massachusetts (“Mayflower”). Holland>>Uus-Amsterdam mis vallutati inglaste poolt ja ristiti New Yorgiks. Nüüd oli kogu eastcoast Inglismaa oma. 13 kolooniat! Igal oma usk, kuid väga religioosne. Seitsmeaastase sõja käigus jagati Uus-Prantsusmaa Ing ja Hisp vahel. AMEERIKA ISESEISVUSÕDA!!! Bostoni teejoomine, 1775 esimene kokkupõrge, jõudemonstratsioon. II kontinentaalkongress valis George Washingtoni 13 koloonia sõjajõudude ülemjuhatajaks
· - there was trade going on between English ships and West Africa. A decade later slave trade started. · 1580s - The first 2 English settlements in North America were established. · - James I of England became king. Scotland and England merged politically together as Great Britain. English spread to Scotland. · 1607 - the first lasting settlement in North America was established in Virginia, Jamestown. · 1609 - the colonisation of Ulster. (first tried out by Queen Elizabeth I and later continued officially by James I). Ulster was colonised to prevent further rebellion. The Irish were forced to become protestants. Due to these events, we can now see some common features in speech between lowland Scotland and Northern Ireland. · 1620 - the English ship Mayflower sailed to North America from England. The ship failed to reach Virginia and landed in Plymouth instead
üleolevalt. Neilt võeti maa ära või osteti väga odava hinna eest, kuna tol ajal ei mõistnud indiaanlased maa väärtust. Nii puhkesidki juba pea kokkupõrked indiaanlaste ja ümberasujate vahel. Kuna indiaanlased hakkasid taipama, et kolonistide sisseränne on ohuks põliselanikele. Vibu ja nooled ning sõjakirves osutusid ebapiisavaks kolonistide tulirelvade vastu. Ülestõus indiaanlaste poolt algas edukalt kuid üks indiaanlane reetis teised ja nii oli Jamestown kaitstud ning indiaanlased pidid alla vanduma ja nad hävitati. Pärast esimesi kohanemisraskusi saavutasid kolonistid edu majandustegevuses. Nendes täraks peale pikka aega ühtekuuluvus tunne. Tekkis ühtne kultuur ja keel ja ka traditsioonid. Haridus hakkas levima. Poliitilise ühtsuse kujunemisel tuli kokku I kontinentaalkongress, mis katkestas kaubavahetuse Suurbritanniaga. II kontinentaalkongress otsustas luua regulaararmee ja valis selle
Bald Eagle (National Bird ) History At first there was Pre-Columbian period. It was before Columbus (re)discovered America. So there lived only natives in peace and quiet. Then began Colonial period and countries like Spain, Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Sweden and Portugal started establishing their colonies in America. Pilgrim Fathers (the British) established a colony called Jamestown in Virginia. They had to fight for their lives over there because America was still unknown for them, but they survived and started establishing even more colonies. The Thirteen British colonies started a rebellion against their motherland in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776 and formed a nation in 1781 called United States of America. The United States defeated British army with help of Spain and France in The American Revolutionary War
väiksemaid liigeseid mööda rändav jooksvat meenutav valu. Raskematel juhtudel võivad liigesed tursuda ning reumataoline haiguspilt püsib nädalaid või isegi kuid. Vähem uuritud, kuid Sindbis'ist kümneid kordi levinum on Inko-viirus. Selle kandjaks on kaks-kolm kümnest Soome maaelanikust. Lapimaal aga nakatub enamik inimesi sellesse juba enne 20. eluaastat. Soomlased näitasid hiljuti, et Inko on identne Jamestown Canyon- viirusega, mis tekitab mõningatel juhtudel entsefaliiti. Soomes kannavad sääsed edasi veel ka Snowshoe hare-viirust, mis on võimeline haigust tekitama. Eesti sääsed Soome omadest suurt ei erine ja nakatavad küllap meidki samalaadsete viirustega. Suvel esinevaid arusaamatu põhjusega palavikuhaigusi nimetatakse tihtilugu üldistavalt gripiks. Tõeline haigustekitaja jääb välja selgitamata http://www.postimees.ee/luup/98/13/teadus2.htmr. 4.2.2. Puugid
established in 1999. 15. First Nations aboriginal people of Canada Anglophones English-speaking people Francophones French-speaking people Allophones people who have some other language as their mother tongue USA 1. Three strong forces (John F. Kennedy): - Religious persecution - Political oppression - Economic hardship 2. The first permanent British colonies in America were Plymouth (1620) and Jamestown (1607). 3. Immigrants: - Before the mid-19th century from England - The second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century Continental Europe - At present Mexico, China, India 4. Native Americans they probably have West Eurasian origins; used to live on Indian Reservations, now most live off the reservations; tribes have their own government and mainly are in casino business; there has been a rapid growth in their number
inadequate housing. Huge media coverage "20-Point Program" · Present situation 1 Reservations situated west of the Mississippi 1% of the population Minority group, less privileged Social problems Self-awareness Mixture of old and new HOW GOVERNMENT ACTS NOW- gives natives money and near Las Vegas the right to own casinos to compensate injustice and taking away land. II First Settlements · Jamestown Colony (living conditions, population, plantations, import of slaves) First permanent English colony in North-America 214 settlers Searching for gold (none found) Strategically good location, James River Quite poor conditions. Starvation, diseases, lack of water, attacks of natives , fierce weather Tobacco plantations African slaves, working in tobacco harvest 1620 by Dutch boat. Also Englishmen (convicts and poor people) Mayflower and Pilgrim Fathers Mayflower- cargo ship
Then a British Company got into it and bought, kidnapped and sold the African people into bondage under the approval of Queen Elizabeth who only ask if any of them were 'taken against their will'. African Americans were brought by ship to be slaves on plantations and factories. African Americans came to America because they were either kidnapped or purchased from Africa or they were brought their from tribes that owned slaves. *Slavery = 1619 first blacks were brought to the colony of Jamestown, Virginia · 1640-80 Virginia and other southers colonies drifted toward the system of slave labour · Relatively few slaves were brought to New England and Middle Atlantic colonies, but their ports and shipowners prospered on the slave trade. · The slave was a chattel could be sold and bought like an animal · No stable family life · Prohibited to learn to read and write · In conflict with the growing revolutionary idea all men are created equal
Another large lake in the USA is Great Salt Lake. It is saltier than the sea. History For thousands of years America was unknown to Europe. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered it while trying to reach India. He didn't stay and in the sixteenth century the first Europeans to settle in America were the Spanish, the English and the French. The first village founded by the English settlers was in Virginia in 1607. It was called Jamestown. In 1620 a new group of British settlers reached Plymouth, Massachusetts, called 'Pilgrims' due to their strong belief in religion. They became farmers and businessmen who coped with the Indians and in 1621 had a big dinner to thank the Indians as they had helped them to survive the hard winter. That day is now known as Thanksgiving and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in America. More and more people arrived. Over a time settlers from many other countries
Another large lake in the USA is Great Salt Lake. It is saltier than the sea. History For thousands of years America was unknown to Europe. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered it while trying to reach India. He didn't stay and in the sixteenth century the first Europeans to settle in America were the Spanish, the English and the French. The first village founded by the English settlers was in Virginia in 1607. It was called Jamestown. In 1620 a new group of British settlers reached Plymouth, Massachusetts, called 'Pilgrims' due to their strong belief in religion. They became farmers and businessmen who coped with the Indians and in 1621 had a big dinner to thank the Indians as they had helped them to survive the hard winter. That day is now known as Thanksgiving and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in America. More and more people arrived. Over a time settlers from many other countries
Society and culture of english-sspeaking countries Introduction 1. The countries of the world where the English language is spoken. 2. Approximate number of mother tongue speakers of English approximately 350-400 million native speakers. Which place does English occupy in the world by its number of speakers?After which language? English occupies second place by its number of speakers after Mandarin Chinese. 3. What is the difference between English as a Second Language, English as a Foreign Language and English for Specific Purposes? Give examples of situations where they are used. English as a Second Language (ESL or TESL) is a traditional term for the use or study of the English language by non-native speakers in an English-speaking environment. That environment may be a country in which English is the mother tongue (e.g., Australia, the U.S.) or one in which English has an established role (e.g., India, Nigeria) English as a...
USA tekkimine 1. Kolooniad Põhja-Ameerika idarannikul. a) Kolonistid · Esimesed eurooplastest väljarändajad olid hispaanlased . · Seejärel tuli inglasi, prantslasi, hollandlasi. · Sinna rändusid: ·Maata talupojad ·Kaupmehed ·Seiklejad ·Usuliselt tagakiusatud ·Kurjategijad (karistust kandma) · Esimene püsikoloonia oli inglastel Jamestown Virginias 1607 b) Kolooniad: · Uus-Inglismaa idaranniku kirde osas, tagakiusatud inglise puritaanide poolt. · Maryland, keskosas tagakiusatud katoliiklaste poolt. · Carolina prantsuse hugenottide poolt. c) Kolonistide omavaheline võitlus: · Algul jäid peale inglased ja prantslased Nt New York (hollandlaste poolt asutatud) vallutati ära inglaste poolt. · Seitsmeaastases sõjas kaotasid prantslased oma kolooniad inglastele. 2
the U.S used language creatively. · Mid to late 18 century put down · Words are powerful, magical · Words must be remembered · Native Americans stories creation of the world · Attidude thought their land/language · Similar stories Dates and names · America was discovered in 1492 by Columbus · 1497 John Cabot went to Canada · 1579 San Fransisco/St. Fransis · 1607 Jamestown collony/John Smith · 1620 a boat called MayFlower · 1630 Boston was established · 1636 Harvard University · 1773 Boston Teaparty · 1775 War of Independence · 1776 4 July Declaration of Independence · First President George Washington Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic
program and an at least 3-year-long Doctorate program. The French speaking Quebec has a slightly more complex system for pre-work trainings, but the university system is quite similar. 43. USA – early settlers. The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes. The first successful English colony, Jamestown, was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia. New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans. The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony, which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, were characterized by a large degree of diversity. The
Tallinn English College Topic The United States of America Tallinn 2007 1. Introduction The United States of America's territory is over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km²) and population more than 300 million people. The capital city is Washington D.C. Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, English is the de facto national language. English is the most common language for daily interaction among both native and non-native speakers. Spanish is the second language. The largest city is the New York City. The Government is Federal constitutional republic and the president is George W. Bush. 2. Geographical position The United States of America is located on the continent of North America. It has borders with two countries Mexico and Canada. There are also the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico surrounding ...
saanud. Indiaanlased võtsid valged vastu heatahtlikult ja pakkusid neile abi, kuigi valged suhtusid neisse üleolevalt. Põlisasukatelt võeti ära maa või osteti see väga odavalt ära. Varsti puhkesid kokkupõrked. Pohatanide hõimupealik Opetsanku oli teadaolevalt esimene, kes hakkas organiseerima valgete väljaajamist. Tehti ettevalmistusi, kuid püsse ja püssirohtu suudeti varuda ainult vähestele. Ülestõus algas hoogsalt, kuid üks indiaanlane reetis rünnakuplaani ja Jamestown ja lähemad külad olid rünnakuvalmis. Tapeti kõik indiaanlased. Põlisasukad hakkasid ühinema hõimuliitudesse pealik Metakomet. Ta suutis vallutada 12 eurooplaste linna, kuid said lõpuks hävitavalt lüüa. Ameerika rahvuse kujunemise algus Pärast esimesi kohanemisraskusi saavutasid kolonistid edu majanduses ning suutsid vastu seista indiaanlastele. Loodi esindusorganid, tugevnes inimeste iseteadvus. Pikkamööda tärkas ameeriklaste kokkukuuluvustunne. 17
surmanuhtlus asendati väljasaatmisega Uude Maailma (kokku 50 000) · D. Neegerorjade staatus: esimesed saabuvad 1619 (18.saj. lõpus üle viiendiku elanikkonnast 570 000) · Inglismaa-SB toetab sihikindlalt oma kolooniaid (maj. huvid): tööjõu puudus) · Agraarne majandus: I Põhjas perefarmid II Lõunas istandused (orjad) Kolooniad 1. Virginia (1587,1607) · Taust: konkurents Hispaaniaga · 1587 esimene katse 100 sisserändajaga ebaõnnestus · 1607 Jamestown (tänap. Lõuna-Virginias): Inglise koloniaalajastu algus PA-s · Ebasoodne asukoht: 104-st kolonistist oli pool aastat hiljem elus 38 (juht John Smith), nälg ja indiaanlaste rünnakud · Esialgu vahendasid koloniaalagentuurid ehk kompaniid, hiljem muutus krooniasumaaks · 1609 James I andis koloniaalagentuurile volikirja, mille järgi rändajad said tasuta reisi, aga pidid vastutasuks töötama agentuuri heaks (tasuta) kuni 7 aastat:
Vastused: 1. Inimese kujunemine Ahvinimene (inimahv) inimese otsene eelkäija, polnud kohastunud puu otsas elamisega, asus elama lagedale maastikule, hakkas kõndima Australopiteekus e. lõunaahvlane kujunes 3,5 mlj a.tagasi peaaju arenemisega, 1. lüli inimahvide ja inimeste vahel, leitud vaid Aafrikast, kõndimisel kasutas ka käsi Homo habilis e. osavinimene 2,5 mlj. a.tagasi Ida-Aafrikas, valmistas esimesi tööriistu (ühest otsast teritatud ovaalsed rusikasuurused kivid), surid välja pole meie otsesed esivanemad Homo erectus e. sirginimene 1 australopiteekuse liike, 1,5 mlj. a.tagasi, Aafrikas, Euroopas, Aasias, valmistas tööriistu Neandertallane 700 000 a.tagasi Saksamaal Neandertali orust 1. luustik, suri välja 30 000 a.tagasi, osa teadlasi peab neid Homo erectuse ja Homo sapiensi vaheastmeks, osa üheks Homo erectuse alamliigiks; lühikesed, laiaõlgsed, jässakad, längus laup, pikk kuklaosa, massiivne alalõug; pole tegelikult ...
· Maadeavastaja Amerigo Vespucci annab nime piirkonnale (1507) · Hispaanlased rajavad sõjaväebaasid Floridasse ja misjonijaamad Floridast Californiani. · Kaotavad huvi, kuna ei leia sealt kulda. 2. Inglased · 17.saj. usulised põhjused (puritaanid) · Valitusel maj. taotlused ... kolooniate sihikindel toetamine. · 18.saj väljarände põhjuseks paremate elamistingimuste otsimine · I koloonia rajamine idarannikule : Virginia (1585); 1607 alaline Jamestown · 1619 esimesed mustanahalised orjad · 1620 palverändurid: 1628 koloonia Massachusetts (Boston) · teokraatia: demokraatia algus · 1763 PA idarannikul on 13 inglise kolooniat, kus on 2,5 milj. elanikku (1776) 3. Hollandlased · 1626 kaubakompanii ostis indiaanlastelt Manhattani saare ja rajas Uus-Amsterdami koloonia ... 1664 sai sellest Inglismaa New York 4. Rootslased · 1637 Uus-Rootsi Delawares ... läheb inglaste kätte 5
Sisepoliitikas viis valgustus ja sellega seotud revolutsioonid vabariikliku riigikorra kehtestamiseni (ehkki paljud valgustajad pooldasid pigem valgustatud monarhiat), mis ühtlasi tähendas rahvusriigi teket tänapäevases mõttes ning viimane omakorda dünastiliste sõdade asendumist rahvuslik/riiklike sõdadega. 54 2. USA iseseisvumine Esimene alaline briti koloonia Jamestown rajati 1607 Virginias. 1620 asutasid puritaanid (Pilgrim Fathers) Plymothi koloonia. Kolonialistide hulgas oli üldse palju lahkusulisi (puritaanid, kveekerid jne). Aastaks 1733 oli USA alal 13 briti kolooniat: põhjas Uus- Inglismaa (Connecticut, Massachussets), Kesk-Atlandi (New York, Pennsylvania) ja Lõuna (Virginia, Georgia, Maryland). Lõunas domineeris orjusel põhinev istandusmajandus, keskel farmipõllumajandus, põhjas metsandus, laevaehitus, kaubandus.
1485–1603 The Tudor period. 1534 Parliament declared Henry VIII head of the Church. 1536 Parliament formally incorporated Wales into England. 1541 The Irish Parliament declared Henry VIII king of Ireland. 1603 Scotland and England were united under one king. The next year (1604) James I was proclaimed ‘King of Great Britain’. 1607 The first colony in North America, Jamestown, was founded. 1642–1648 The Civil War. 1649 Charles I was executed by Parliament. 1649–1660 Britain was a republic called the Commonwealth. 1660 The monarchy was restored. 89 1688 Parliament dethroned James II and invited William of Orange and his Stuart wife Mary. The Glorious Revolution established constitutional monarchy.
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