Kanada ühiskond ja kultuur/Society and Culture of Canada (0)

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CANADA
REVISION QUESTIONS 2010

The main physiographic regions of Canada.
Canada may be divided into seven physiographic regions: Arctic Lowlands, Cordilleran Region , Interior Plains, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canadian Shield (Forest Lands), St Lawrence Lowlands and Appalachian Region. Divisions are based on each area’s relatively similar physical geography and landforms. Physiographic regionalization is defined here as the process by which regions with relatively homogeneous physical geography are determined

Who are the native people of Canada? Into which three groups can they be divided?
Canada’s constitution specifies three categories of aboriginal peoples : Indian ( First Nations), Métis, Inuit . According to Canadian census 2011, 1.4 mln people of Aboriginal origin (4.3%): 852,000 First Nations persons, 452,000 Métis, 59,000 Inuit.
Indian (First Nations) - No written history before the contact with Europeans. Chief historical sources – European priests, travellers and traders – not interested in the preservation of “pagan” myths . Different estimates about their number in Canada when Europeans reached North America – from 300,000 to 1 mln. Saw themselves as part of nature , not as its masters.
The First Nations were called "Indians" by Christopher Columbus when he landed in North America, because he thought he had reached India. Many now prefer to call themselves First Nations, though many still call themselves Indians in everyday conversation .
They are still legally categorized by the Canadian Government under the Indian Act as Status Indians. Those who have lost their legal status are called Non-Status Indians. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau tried to get rid of the Indian Act, but First Nations political groups insisted on keeping it, because it defines their special status.
The Inuit are the people who originally lived in the Arctic. Their language is Inuktitut, but it has several dialects the differ considerably from place to place.
The Métis, are the group of people who resulted from the mixing of European and Native men and women . The Métis developed a unique culture that included elements of both European and Native ways and artifacts (clothes, tools , means of travel , etc.). They pride themselves on their distinctiveness from both the cultures from which they are descended.

From where have the Indians come to Canada? When?
Less than 500 years ago, the only people living in Canada were the Aboriginal people of Canada. They all collectively refer to themselves as the First Nations or First Peoples of Canada. However , there are many different cultural groups.
Scientists do not agree on where First Nations people came from, or how they got to North America, but they do know that First Nations people are genetically related to people in parts of Asia . Scientists know that First Nations people have lived in what is now Canada for at least 12,000 years, because they have found bones and artifacts that go back that far. Many scientists now believe that some of the First Peoples may have been here for much longer than that.
For a long time, scientists believed that the ancestors of all North American First Nations people crossed over on foot to North America from Asia at the end of the last ice age, about 12,000 years ago.
At that time Asia and North America were joined, and what is now the bottom of the Bering Sea between Russia and Alaska was dry land , (a "land bridge ) because sea levels were much lower than they are now. The earliest man-made artifacts – tools or ornaments that archaeologists have found – date from that time.
The theory is that nomadic hunting people followed the big animals (moose, deer, elk, buffalo ) for food, and eventually moved south and spread out as the ice sheets melted back. Then they evolved different cultures to suit different environments.
Scientists now think that the ancestors of First Nations people may have come to North America from several different parts of Asia and Polynesia, following several different routes.
Some may have come on woven reed rafts, or boats, across the Pacific from Asia and various islands.
Still others may have crossed the ice fields that once connected Europe and North America. The Inuit, who live in the high Arctic, were probably the last to arrive .

How were the terms ‘Métis’ and ‘ half -breed’ traditionally used?
Métis – French -speaking and Catholic . Half-breed – English -speaking and Protestant.
Half-breed is a term used almost exclusively by the federal government throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Race served to distinguish between populations or groups when describing an individual who was of mixed ethnicity or “ blood .” The term has historically been used to identify people that are now often called ‘Métis’ in Canada. Many people back then considered the ‘half-breed’ to be a degenerate, inferior sort of human. Some of this is related to racial theories of the 19th century that believed each ‘race’ had a distinct origin, and that mixing would lead to serious troubles. That’s why it is now considered to be a derogatory term.
Métis, on the other hand , is a more general French term for mixed race, which has generally referred to a person of descent from two different major ethnic groups. Contemporary usage of Métis is also different from its historical meaning . At Red River in the 19th century there were two prominent communities of mixed-descent people. In addition to a sizeable French-speaking and nominally Catholic Métis population, there was a large group of English-speaking “Half-breeds” who were mainly Anglican agriculturists. While these interrelated communities were considered to be somewhat distinct constituencies — the derogatory nature of the term “Half-breed” has caused it to fall largely into disuse. Thus, the contemporary meaning of “Métis” typically includes people of both French- and English-speaking heritage .

In which of the present provinces did the “ classic ” Métis culture develop ? Who was the most famous leader of the Métis?
The “classic” Métis culture emerged near present-day Winnipeg , Manitoba.
The most famous Métis leader Louis Riel was the founder of Manitoba and also a central figure in the Red River and North- West resistances. Riel led two popular Métis governments, was central in bringing Manitoba into Confederation, and was executed for high treason for his role in the 1885 resistance to Canadian encroachment on Métis lands. Riel was initially dismissed as a rebel by Canadian historians, although many now sympathize with Riel as a Métis leader who fought to protect his people from the Canadian government.

What is the origin of the Inuit people? What other name has been used for them ?
Inuit were the last of the prehistoric migrations of from Asia to North America. Despite the vast span of territory they occupied there was a remarkable homogeneity of language, culture and technology among the Inuit. While the genetic origins of the Inuit were in Asia about 5000 years ago and they are closely related to other Arctic Mongoloids (e.g. the Chukchi of Siberia ), it is just possible that the Inuit culture may have formed in Alaska and spread from there throughout the northern edge of North America and back into Siberia. This is possible but not established . Many scientists believe the Inuit migrated to North America across the Bering Strait from Arctic Siberia. Until recently, outsiders called the Inuit "Eskimo", but as it is seen as a derogatory term, they now prefer their own term, "Inuit," meaning simply "people."

When did the Inuit get their own territory? What is it called?
Nunavut is the largest, northernmost and newest territory of Canada. From 1991, it has been the territory of the Inuit, Nunavut meaning “our land”. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act.
Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada, and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is the only geo-political region of Canada that is not connected to the rest of North America by highway. Nunavut is both the least populous and the largest in area of the provinces and territories of Canada. One of the most remote, sparsely settled regions in the world, it has a population of 31,906, mostly Inuit.

European discoverers of Canada (Irish (?), Viking , British , French).
St Brendan the Navigator, an Irish monk , is told to have taken a seven- year yoyage in the 6th century across the North Atlantic Ocean and he could have reached Canada. However, as far as we know, the first white men to discover the Atlantic seaboard of North America were the Norsemen from Greenland about 1000 AD. On 20 May in 1497 an Italian named John Cabot sailed west from Bristol in England , hoping to reach Kathay. He sighted land on 24 June rediscovered of Canada’s eastern shores and landed somewhere near Newfoundland, Maine or Cape Breton Island . King Henry VII gave him 10 pounds for “ finding a new isle ” and sponsored a new yoyage. Jaques Cartier did three expeditions to Canada. He sailed from Northern France in 1534, 1535-1536 and 1541 -1542 and sailed up the St Lawerence River. He visited the sites of the present Quebec City and Montreal – then Indian villages. Samuel de Champlain founded New France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608. He is important to Canadian history because he made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped establish the settlements.

Who founded the first permanent French settlement in Canada? Where?
The first permanent French settlement attempt occurred in 1604 when Samuel de Champlain founded the first settlements in the Bay of Fundy region. This region would be called Acadia, but settlement would be hindered by war and land wrangling with the British. In 1608, Champlain founded what is now Quebec City, which would become the first permanent settlement and the capital of New France.

After which war did Canada become a British colony?
The French and Indian War was the North American conflict that was part of a larger imperial conflict between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ War. The French and Indian War began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . The war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America. With the Peace Treaty of 1763, France gave up all claims to mainland North America, and former French colonies were transferred to Britain aka New France became a British colony.

Who were the Loyalists? What is the difference between United Empire Loyalists and Late Loyalists?
Loyalists were people who maintained loyalty to the British Crown. After the American Revolutionary War they had to settle in Quebec and modern-day Ontario , because of offer of free land and also because they were repressed. The leading loyalists’ properties were often confiscated and driven out of towns, so some of them sought refuge in Canada. United Empire Loyalists – remained loyal to Britain after the American Revolution, migrated from the US to Upper and Lower Canada. Late Loyalists – who left the United States substantially later — mainly to gain land and to escape growing racial intolerance.

What was meant by the terms ‘Upper Canada’ and ‘Lower Canada’?
After the American Revolutionary War ended, a large group of loyalists to the British Crown immigrated into French-speaking Canada. In 1791, with this large English-speaking aggregation now living in French-speaking Canada, the British Parliament made its move . In a Constitutional Act, it split its Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, and each entity would then have its own representative government and its own preferred language. Lower Canada in the east , which is the present-day Quebec, and Upper Canada in the west, which is now Ontario. The two parts were separated by the Ottawa River.

What is the importance of the British North America Act (1867)?
The British North America Act of 1867 (also known as The Constitution Act) was the law passed by the British Parliament creating the Dominion of Canada at Confederation. Three British colonies in North America—Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada—were united as “one Dominion under the name of Canada”. It also divided the province of Canada into the provinces of Quebec and Ontario and provided them with constitutions. The act served as Canada’s “constitution” until 1982, when it was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867, and became the basis of Canada’s Constitution Act of 1982.
The executive government was vested in ( given to) Queen Victoria and her successors. These two provisions meant that Canada would have parliamentary and cabinet government. The legislature was to consist of a Senate and a House of Commons. The act also authorized establishment of a Supreme Court of Canada.

From which countries did most immigrants arrive in Canada in the following periods: (1) before 1760 ; (2) 1760 to the end of the 19th century; (3) in the early 20th century; (4) after World War II; (5) from the 1960s to the present?
Before the 1760s mostly from France; 1760s to the end of the 19th century from Britain, either directly or by way of the US (Loyalists); the early 20th century, from continental Europe ( Germany , Ukraine, Scandiavia, Italy ); after WWII war refugees from many European countries, including Estonia; since the 1960-70s most immigrants from Asia and other Third World countries.

Canadian policy of multiculturalism . Who was the Prime Minister when the Canadian government officially endorsed this policy?
Pierre Trudeau was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 4, 1979, and again from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984. On 1971 , his government officially endorsed the policy of multiculturalism.

Official and non-official languages of Canada.
Two official languages at the federal level: English, French. Canada’s linguistic diversity extends beyond the two official languages. In Canada, about 14% of the population are reported speaking a language other than English or French most often at home and about 5% reported speaking such a language on a regular basis as a second language. Canada is also home to many indigenous languages. Taken together, these are spoken by less than one percent of the population. About .6% Canadians report an Aboriginal language as their mother tongue.
New Brunswick, Yukon (and some other provinces) – English and French. The Northwest Territories – 11 languages: Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, Tłįchǫ. Nunavut - Inuit language (Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun), English, French. Quebec – French.

What is meant by the terms ‘anglophone’, ‘ francophone ’, ‘allophone’, ‘heritage language’, ‘distinct society’, ‘language immersion’?
Allophone is a resident (in Quebec), usually an immigrant , whose mother tongue or home language is neither English or French.
Anglophones are English-speaking residents.
Francophones are the French-speaking residents.
Heritage language - languages that people have brought along from their old homelands.
Language immersion - a method of teaching a second language in which the learners’are taught school subjects (e.g. math, social studies , science ) in their second language.
Distinct society - is a political term especially used during constitutional debate in Canada, in the second half of the 1980s and in the early 1990s, and present in the two failed constitutional amendments, the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord. "Distinct society" refers to the uniqueness of the province of Quebec within Canada, although here the meaning of "unique" is vague and controversial.

The status of the French language in Canada as a whole and in Quebec in particular . In what language are the immigrants to Quebec required to educate their children ?
The economic power was largely in the hands of the English. The French language did not enjoy the same status in Canada as English, this was true even in Quebec, particularly in Montreal.
Canada is officially a bilingual country but, with nearly 60% of the population speaking English as their mother-tongue, and only 21% speaking French as their first language, some people are questioning whether Canada is a bilingual nation on paper only. With English being the lingua franca, it has come to dominate the economy . Even in Québec, English was the language of prestige and choice for business, and French-speakers were often discriminated against when applying for work . The relative status of French had declined to an unacceptable extent, it did not pay to speak French even in Quebec.
1963 – the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism was created. It was a response to the growing unrest among French Canadians in Québec, who called for the protection of their language and culture, and opportunities to participate fully in political and economic decision making . The commission's findings led to changes in French education across the country, and the creation of the federal department of multiculturalism and the Official Languages Act (1969) – equality of English and French in Parliament and the Canadian public service .
Bill 63 – required children receiving their education in English to acquire a working knowledge of French and required immigrants to enrol their children in French-language schools.

Who is the head of state in Canada? Who represent her at the levels of federal and provincial governments?
The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who is the head of state in Canada. The Queen's representative, the Governor General of Canada (at present David Lloyd Johnston, from 2010), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.

Who is the actual head of the government?
The real political leader of the country is the Prime Minister, who is the head of the government and most powerful person in Canada. Governor General’s tasks are purely formal, he maintains direct contact with the Queen at all times and represents her interests, though he does not have actual power to make greater decisions about Canada. The present Prime Minister – Stephen Harper (from 2006) – from the Conservative Party .

Where is the federal capital of Canada? Why was this place chosen for it? By which name was it known earlier?
Queen Victoria was asked to choose a capital for the province of Canada, which at that time consisted of the two colonies of Quebec and Ontario. At the time Ottawa was no more than a small logging town in the backwoods and certainly the choice seemed arbitrary, as Toronto , Montreal and Quebec had all been vying to be chosen. Ottawa it was the only settlement of any significant size on the border between the two colonies and their respective mainly French and British populations, making it a compromise between the two colonies and their French and English populations. Ottawa was also well away from the border surrounded by a dense forest, and the War of 1812 had shown how vulnerable the principal Canadian cities were to American attack. Also, the Ottawa River and the Rideau Canal network meant that Ottawa could be supplied by water from Kingston and Montreal without going along the potentially treacherous US-Canada border.
Originally called Bytown after Colonel John By of the Royal Engineers who supervised the building of the Rideau Canal.

Development of nationalist and separatist movements in Quebec. Referendums for separation from Canada.
The separatist movements in Quebec seeked independence from Canada for the province of Quebec. It spawned a variety of political parties, such as the Parti Québécois and the Bloc Québécois. There have also been terrorist organizations that used violence to promote independence for Quebec but their violent tactics were denounced by the Parti Québécois. Justifications for Quebec's sovereignty claim that the unique culture and French-speaking majority are threatened with assimilation by either the rest of Canada and that the best way to preserve language, identity and culture is via the creation of an independent political entity. Religious differences (given the Catholic majority in Québec), are also used to justify separation.
The 1980 referendum took place on May 20 and the proposal was defeated by a 59% to 40 %. The 1995 Quebec referendum was launched by the Parti Québécois government of Jacques Parizeau. An eventful and complex campaign followed, with the "Yes" side flourishing after being taken over by Bloc Québécois leader Lucien Bouchard. It took place in Quebec on October 30 with "No" winning by 0.58%.
Quebec nationalism or asserts that the Québécois are a nation and promotes the unity of French-Canadians in the province of Quebec. There is little certainty about the origin of the nationalist movements, but it is clear that French Canadian nationalism has been present for at least 200 years. When several parties and movements sprang up, preaching independence in the early 1960s, the social-democratic form of nationalism became the dominant form of nationalism. The Quiet Revolution can be credited for the surge in Quebec nationalism. The Quebec Liberal Party has traditionally supported a form of Quebec federalism that supports Quebec remaining within the Canadian federation while also supporting reforms that would allow Quebec substantial autonomy.

The best-known explorers of Canadian north. The Hudson’s Bay Company.
Sir Martin Frobisher was an English seaman who made three voyages to the New World to look for the Northwest Passage. All landed in northeastern Canada, around today 's Resolution Island and Frobisher Bay. Voyages in 1576 , 1577 and 1578 .
John Davis was one of the chief English navigators and explorers under Elizabeth I. He led several voyages to discover the Northwest Passage, discoverer of Davis Strait in 1587.
Henry Hudson was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. For his third expedition in 1609, Hudson was eventually hired by the dutch to seek a Northeast Passage, but ended up exploring the northeastern coast of America, eventually sailing into the mouth of a wide river near today's New York City - now named the Hudson River. His fourth expedition in 1610 was filled with trouble – mutiny and fights within the crew - but he managed to explore the area of Hudson Bay and James Bay. Mutineers cast Hudson and his son and seven others adrift in a small boat and were never seen again.
The Hudson's Bay Company is a Canadian retail business group. A fur trading business for much of its existence, today Hudson's Bay Company owns and operates retail stores throughout Canada and the United States. Established by Médart Chouart des Groseilliers and Pierre-Esprit Radisson . The two partners traveled far inland in search of furs . They were told about the great supply of beaver in the north near Hudson Bay. Failed to find French support , went to England and interested Prince Rupert , cousin of Charles II. It was given all the land whose rivers drained into the Hudson Bay, which became known as Rupert's Land. HBC was formed in 1670, and was given all the land whose rivers drained into the Hudson Bay, which became known as Rupert's Land. It was the only company allowed to trade fur, they had no competition .
It was at one time the largest landowner in the world.

Recent political developments in the north in relation to global warming.
The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic. It has eight member countries: Canada, Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway, Russia, Sweden , and the United States.
Due to the climate change and melting of the Arctic sea-ice, more energy resources and waterways are now becoming accessible. Large reserves of oil, gas and minerals are located within the Arctic. This environmental factor generated territorial disputes among Member States. Because of the thawing of the Northwest Passage and the suspected resource riches under the Arctic seabed, more and more countries are took an interest in the waterways of the Canadian Arctic. In 2008, the Government of Canada announced that it will extend its jurisdiction in the Arctic by doubling the range at which Canadian environmental laws and shipping regulations will be enforced. Canada will extend its regulation of shipping zones from 100 nautical miles to 200 nautical miles. CCGS John G. Diefenbaker is the name for a Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker that is expected to join the fleet in 2021- 2022 .

How does Canada differ from most developed countries in its foreign trade?
USA and Canada conduct the world’s largest bilateral trade. The trade relationship between the two countries crosses all industries and is vital to both nations’ success as each country is the largest trade partner of the other. International trade makes up a large part of the Canadian economy, particularly of its natural resources. Canada is mainly an exporter of raw and semi- finished materials, energy and food, and mainly an importer of manufactures. Canada is a larger market for US goods than all 27 countries of the European Union combined.
NAFTA – the North American Free Trade Agreement - signed between Canada, Mexico and the US in 1994 - laid the groundwork for a multilateral agreement between, the United States, Mexico, and Canada, called the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which has helped to ignite more trade among them. Although there are some discrepancies between the countries’ especially in the area of automobiles and agriculture , the trends are negligible as the agreement has arguably been a blessing for all nations involved.

What are the principal differences between Canada and the US in their historical development? What is meant by ‘the 49th parallel’?
Canada’s history is profoundly counter-revolutionary and colonial. USA - Revolutionary (involving or causing a complete or dramatic change) origins and commitment to building a nation based on individual rights . For English Canadians the key element of their national pride was the imperial connection with Britain, for French Canadians, the element that made confederation at least palatable was the concept of Two Nations. Thomas Paine , American revolutionary writer and political theorist (1776): “Europe and not England is the parent country of America.” In Canada - Policy of multi-culturalism Pierre Trudeau, 1971. Canadian Multi-culturalism Act, 1988. In USA , no legislation of this kind.
The 49th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 49 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane . Although parts of Vancouver Island and parts of Eastern Canada are south of the 49th parallel, and parts of the United States (Alaska, Northwest Angle) are north of it, the term is used to refer to the entire Canada-U.S. border.

What differences are usually mentioned in the national character of the Canadians and the Americans?

In 1993 the Canadian government conceded that “ irregular migration” may “threaten the strong consensus among Canadians that immigration is good for Canada.”
In Canada French-Canadian nationalism provided a model for the rise of the “third force” and its demands for greater participation and recognition.
Bilingualism is official in Canada.
Mosaic – associations with the windows of medieval catherdrals. Points to the past, to the beauty and stability of tradition. While not exactly embodying hierarchy, certainly suggests the importance of boundaries.
Illegal immigration became a more major problem during the 1970s and 1980s for the US than for Canada, with Mexico becoming the major source.
In the US, the Black civil rights and Black power movements provided a model for the resurgence of ethnic consciousness in the 1960s and 1970s.
In the US, the growing presence of Spanish -speaking people makes it an increasingly visible public issue .
Melting pot – evoking images of steel plants. Dynamic and future oriented. Suggesting the value of the process and what is yet to come, rather than stasis and what has been.

In America, the role of government is seen as enabling/not getting in the way of: "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness". In Canada, the role is often described as: "Peace, Order and Good Government". This doesn't always happen, in either nation, but that is the mentality. The difference says a lot about how differently citizens view the government and what they expect it to do. Canada is somewhat inherently focused on the collective, both as a nation, and as part of the world. America sees itself, from the outside , at least, as a singular nation that is responsible for controlling and shaping the world. “If you give both a Canadian and an American one million dollars, the American will use that million to try to make 10 million. The Canadian will buy a cottage and retire.”

Which was the most famous grouping of Canadian artists in the early 20th century? To which Estonian artists could they be compared?
Tom Thomson and the Group of Seven (from 1920 to 1933), originally consisting of Franklin Carmichael , Lawren Harris , A. Y. Jackson, Frank Johnston, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, and Frederick Varley. Although he died before its official formation , Thomson had a significant influence on the group. Thomson's paintings "The West Wind" and "The Jack Pine" are two of the group's most iconic pieces. Believing that a distinct Canadian art could be developed through direct contact with nature, The Group of Seven is most famous for its paintings inspired by the Canadian landscape, and initiated the first major Canadian national art movement .
Konrad Mägi. Norwegian Landscape with a Pine. Nikolai Triik. Finnish Landscape.

During which period did most Estonian immigrants arrive in Canada? What were the reasons for migrating to Canada?
From 1900 to 1944, fewer than 3000 Estonians immigrated to Canada. Approximately 72 000 Estonian political refugees fled to Sweden and Germany in 1944 to escape Russian communism. Of these, nearly 14 000 immigrated to Canada between 1946 and 1955. More than 9,000 came to Canada from West Germany, about 4,000 from Sweden. Balts, mostly Estonians, were among the first displaced persons selected by Canadian immigration during WWII. In Germany, Estonians lived in refugee camps without gainful employment and were ready to be resettled to any other Western country. For many, their first choice was the US, but chose Canada in its place, often with the hope to move to the US later. People migrated in search of better living conditions and greater freedom, but most of all to escape Russian communism.

Where are the largest Estonian communities in Canada?
The largest Estonian communities formed in Toronto (9-10,000), Montreal (3,000), Vancouver (1,500).
Multiculturalism in Canada is the sense of an equal celebration of racial, religious and cultural backgrounds. Multiculturalism policy was officially adopted by the Canadian government during the 1970s and 1980s. The Canadian federal government has been described as the instigator of multiculturalism as an ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration. The 1960s Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism is often referred to as the origin of modern political awareness of multiculturalism.
Canadians have used the term "multiculturalism" both descriptively (as a sociological fact ) and prescriptively (as a political ideology). In the first sense "multiculturalism" is a description of the many different religious traditions and cultural influences that in their unity and coexistence in Canada make up Canadian culture. The nation consists of people from a multitude of racial, religious and cultural backgrounds and is open to cultural pluralism . Canada has experienced different waves of immigration since the nineteenth century, and by the 1980s almost 40 percent of the population were of neither British nor French origins (the two largest groups, and among the oldest). In the past, the relationship between the British and the French has been given a lot of importance in Canada's history. By the early twenty-first century, people from outside British and French heritage composed the majority of the population, with an increasing percentage of individuals who self identify as "visible minorities".

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Canada

Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Geographical position 3. Mountains, lowlands 4. Rivers, lakes 5. The territories and provinces 6. Towns, economy, agriculture 7. Climate 8. Animals, plantlife 9. Population 10. Sports 11. Culture 12. History 13. Political system, symbols 14. Conclusion 15. Materials 1. Introduction If you had to use two words to describe Canada, they might be large and diverse. Canada is the second largest country in the world, bordered by three oceans, and across the country, Canadians experience many different landscapes from rolling plains and mountains to the cold tundra of the north. Despite Canada's great size, it is one of the world's most sparsely populated countries. This fact, coupled with the grandeur of the landscape, has been central to the sense of Canadian national identity. 2. Geographical position

Inglise keel

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Inglise keelt kõnelevate maade ühiskond ja kultuur

SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES Introduction 1. Nowadays, English is so widely spoken that it can hardly be considered "a one nation's" language. The main countries where English is spoken are: the U.K, the U.S, Canada, Australia, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, West Indies 2. There are approx. 300-400 million speakers of English in the world. English occupies the 3rd place by its number of speakers; it is right behind Mandarin and Spanish. 3. ESL (English as a Second Language) used in your own country (e.g. India) EFL (English as a Foreign Language) used in a foreign country ESP (English for Specific Purposes) used in business, airlines, hotels etc. 4

Inglise keel

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Kanada ajalugu, regioonid ja kliima

Early History The first inhabitants of Canada were native Indian people who were called as Inuits. They are believed to be in Canada since about 10000 BC. The Inuits came to Canada from Asia crossing the Bering land bridge. The earliest discoveries in Canada were made by the Vikings. In AD 985 Vikings sailing from Iceland to Greenland were blown westward off their course and the Vikings sighted the coast of Labrador peninsula. The report of forested areas encouraged further exploration because the colonies in Greenland which belonged to the Vikings lacked lumber. In AD 1000 Leif Ericson became the first European to land in North America. The first colony was established what was described as Vinland by the Vikings.

Inglise keel

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Report: Canada

Tallinn English College CANADA Report Karin Kristen Tapupere 8.b Instructor: Tiiu Martma Intro: Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area and its common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world. The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal people. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled along, the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. It is a bilingual and multicultural

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