The shights of Estonia Brigita Maria Raave St. Olaf’s Church St. Olaf’s Church in Tallinn, in Estonia is believed to have been build in the 12th century. St. Olaf’s Church is located in Lai Street. St. Olaf’s Church is the city’s biggest medieval structure, took its name from the sainted Norwegian king Olaf Haraldsson. St Olaf Church was part of the united western tradition of Christianity, whose polity continues in the Roman Catholic church today. However, from the Reformation the church has been part of the Lutheran tradition. In 1950 St. Olaf’s Church became a Baptist church.The Baptist congregation continues to meet at St Olaf’s today. Pictures of St. Olaf’s Church cc St Olaf’s Church Tower According to some sources St Olaf’s Church was the tallest building in world from 1549 to 1625, till the Eiffel Tower was built. In 1590 the total height of the tower was 115 meters. After several rebuildings, the height...
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). ...
HISTORY OF ENGINEERING Deivid Armulik Kadrina Secondary School 2015 ENGINEERING Integral factor throughout history From first boats to present day projects Improve our life ERAS Ancient era Middle era Renaissance era Modern era ANCIENT ERA Stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of the ancient engineers Earliest civil engineer Imhotep, officials of the Djoser, designed Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara Ancient Greece developed machines, civilian and military domains Chinese and Roman armies, military machines, Ballista and catapult MIDDLE ERA Al-Jazari, five machines to pump water, Turkish Artuqid dynasty 50 ingenious mechanical devices, developed segmental gears, mechanical controls, escapement mechanisms, clocks, robotics etc. Protocols for designing and manufacturing methods RENAISSANCE ERA First el...
The Great Guild Liisbeth Kallakmaa The Great Guild Medieval Tallinn's social institutions were guilds and brotherhoods, whose main function was to provide members with social interactions and ensure their rights, but also played an important political and economic role. Tallinn had three important guilds - The Great Guild, St. Canute's Guild and St. Olaf's guild. The Great Guild was the youngest among them, founded in the 14th century, but soon became the biggest and most important. It was founded as an organization of the wealthiest merchants and shipowners. The name of the Great Guild was introduced in the late 15th century. There were close ties between the guild and the town rules: only members of the Great Guild had the right to belong to the town council and could be elected for mayor. Tallinn's small coat of arms is also the Great Guild's coat of arms. Guild was led by Alderman, with the assistance of t...
Ballet Merili Kaarna 11.d Italian renaissance court entertainment originated in the 15th century the epicentre moved to France obligatory component of opera Mlle La Fontaine 1681 St. Petersburg ballet reanimated in western Europe Styles Romantic ballet mid 19th century emphasized intense emotion most widely known and performed ● Classical ballet ○ based on technique and vocabulary ○ different styles ○ height in 19th century Neoclassical ballet use of the abstract diverse music choise possibilities for achitectureand design in choreography Contemporary ballet ballet technique apparent roots exploration experimentation
Education in Estonia { The beginning The history of formal education dates back to 1314th century crusades The first schools were built near churches The first primer was published in 1575 It was possible to learn reading & writing in various guilds during the 16th century 1617th century Education in the Estonian language started after the reformation by Martin Luther During Swedish era, on Gustav Adolf II's orders, the first school and university were built in 1631 GAG in Tallinn and in 1632 the University of Tartu After The Great Northern War, as Estonia was occupied by Russia, many admiralty schools were built 18th century During the reign of Russian empress Katarina II, many great improvements were made in peasant school system and girls started going to school Estonians were quite highly educated for that time, since at least half of the folk in a parish could read and a third write In 1739, the first bible w...
Milking machine Merlin-Hans Hiiekivi Regards about inventing a milking machine • Development of a usable milking machine took several decades of trial and error. • Some editors of 19th century dairy and ag publications acknowledged a need for a good milking machine, but, were dissatisfied with all that were being offered. Others discouraged all attempts at machine milking, stating that it was unnatural or intrinsically injurious to the cow. . Early Cow Milking Machines • The earliest devices for mechanical milking were tubes inserted in the teats to force open the sphincter muscle, thus allowing the milk to flow. • Skillfully made tubes of pure silver, gutta percha, ivory, and bone were marketed in the mid-19th century, and, in fact, a few were still being sold well into the 20th century. • A novel milking tube illustrated in the Scientific American in 1875, used a slide valve at the ...
Estonia traditional costumes In Estonia traditional costume denotes mainly the festive peasant dress of the 19th century, which in its time referred besides social status also to national background, as the ruling class were mainly German at the time. The former peasant costume of regional variation has become today a national symbol and has turned due to its altered function into a national dress. Estonian country folk produced their clothing mainly from home-spun woollen or linen fabric: shirts and married women's head-wear was mostly made from linen, while various outer garments, gloves, stockings and socks, were made from wool. The majority of the clothes remained undyed for a long time: linen garments were bleached white, while woollen outer garments were mainly sheep-brown or black. The wool for making skirts was dyed with herbal dyes. The bedstraw root was particularly widely used to produce red colouring...
Valentine's Day Saint Valentine's Day is an annual holiday held on February 14 celebrating love and affection between intimate companions.The holiday is named after one or more early Christian martyrs named Valentine and was established by Pope Gelasius I in 496 AD. It is traditionally a day on which lovers express their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards .. The holiday first became associated with romantic love in the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in the High Middle Ages, when the tradition of courtly love flourished.hModern Valentine's Day symbols include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have largely given way to mass-produced greeting cards.The sending of Valentines was a fashion in nineteenth- century Great Britain, and, in 1847, Esther Howland develope...
Keila-Joa castle was built in 19th century by count Alexander von Benckendorff, who was the chief of Russian Secret Police. In 19th century this part of Estonia was under Russian authority. And count Benckendorff was very close to Russian Royal family, because he saved life of Tsar Nikolai 1 in the fire. Count tried to built a castle like himself, rich and majestic. Above the door of castle hung a flag of Benckendorffs. 3 Red roses on blue and gold background with word ,,Persevirance", what means persistance. The castle has its own interesting things inside. For example, there is a vase room for only one vase, which is 2 metres high and weights 42 kilo. It was gifted to count by Nikolai 1. Mrs Benckendorff had her lovely gift from another royal family. When she was a little girl her family stayed at Versailles Palace in France and French Queen Marie Antoinette treated guests with hot chocolate, little future Mrs Benckemdorff seemed very...
16. Britain in WW I Causes of WWI: Mutual defence alliances (if one country was attacked then allies would rush to help and it snowballed into a war between many countries) o The alliances at the time were: o Russia and Serbia o Germany and Austria-Hungary o France and Russia o Britain and France and Belgium o Japan and Britain Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia got involved to defend Serbia. Germany seeing Russia mobilizing, declared war on Russia. France was then drawn in against Germany and Austria- Hungary. Germany attacked France through Belgium pulling Britain into war. Then Japan entered the war. Later, Italy and the United States would enter on the side of the allies. Imperialism: empires got bigger and with that the competition between the empires grew. Everyone wanted more ar...
Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice Class and social status in Pride and Prejudice Mankind has been acknowledging one another's superiority since the dawn of time. In the novel under the discussion, social status has a great importance in the turn of events. Everyone in the novel is somehow influenced by the topic of fortune or social class. To start with, even though "Pride and Prejudice" touches on many different subjects and characters, its main events are related to or caused by the dogmas of class distinctions. The main characters are influenced by that on numerous occasions. Mr. Darcy, of noble descent, finds it hard at first to cope with the relatives and social status of the woman he falls in love with, Elizabeth. He goes as far as mentioning his superiority to her in his first marriage proposal, as was described ...
Liis Toomsalu QUESTIONS part 2 1: How many people died in the Great Fire of 1666? The death toll from the fire is unknown and is traditionally thought to have been small, as only a few verified deaths were recorded. This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle-class people were not recorded anywhere, and that the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims, leaving no recognizable remains. 2: How was the fire finally mastered? The battle to quench the fire is considered to have been won by two factors: the strong east winds died down, and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks to halt further spread eastward. 3: Wh...
Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising east European platform. Estonia is a flat country covering 46 226 square kilometers.Estonian's neighbours are Finland, Sweden, Latvia and Russia. Estonia is rich in islands. The two largest are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa . Saaremaa is famous for its big meteorite crater called Kaali and Hiiumaa is famous for its nature and plants. The countries highest point Big Egg hill ( Suur- Munamägi) reaches 318 meters above sea level. Estonia has many uplands too. The uplands are: Pandivere upland, Otepää upland, Vooremaa upland, Karula upland Haanja upland, Sakala upland. Estonia is covered by about 18 000 square kilometers of forest. Estonia is also rich in lakes and rivers The largest lake is Peipsi and the second-largest lake is Võrtsjärv. The largest river is Võhandu whinch is 162 meters long. Estonia has many national parks. A national park is a p...
The history of Australia Romet Tagobert The Australians have lived through many wars, revolutions and governmental problems, leaders, but they've only yet to break down. The Aborigines arrived in Australia at about 40,000BC, from which Tasmania was cut off by rising water levels at around 8,000BC. Convicts started being transported to Australia in 1770 which was a disaster for the Aborigines. Captain cook arrived in Botany Bay and claimed Australia for Britain. The 18th century life was hard and even small crimes were severe in Britain. Sometimes prisoners would be sentenced to transportation. After the American War of Independence (17751783) transportation wasn't possible anymore and the government began looking for another place for the transportees which was selected to be Botany Bay. ...
Carnival in Brazil What is it? A week-long party Annual Live music, street performances, dancing, floats, costumes, food and beverages. Rio de Janeiro, Bahia and Pernambuco 4.9 million people in 2011 History 1830 Lent Electing the Carnival's "king" Rio de Janeiro's Carnival Most well-known Samba schools Favelas Famous groups Street band Bahia's Carnival African rhythms Trios Eletrico Indian Blocos Afro Afoxes Pernambuco's Carnival African rhythms Week before Frevo music Side by side Samba 19th century in Rio de Janeiro Warm and vibrant mood First Samba School Brazil's "official music." Frevo Portugese word ferver (to boil) 19th century Brazilian Army Religious and martial music Two famous bands https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTc3pv7d5v Y Sources ● http://en.wikipedia.org ● http://traveltips.usatoday.com ● https://www.youtube.com ● http://www.rio-carnival.net THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! ...
Classical music History The period from the 11th century to present times The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century. The earliest reference is from about 1836 Haydn, Mozart and Beetohoven are the most known classical musicians. Periods in classical music Medieval (5001400) Renaissance (14001600) Baroque (16001750) Classical (17501830) Romantic (18151910) Modern (19102000) Form Concerto Symphony Sonata Opera Dance music Suite Étude Symphonic poem Classical music nowadays Postmodernism Polystylism Eclecticism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= WXIhTodJ6M&playnext=1&list=PL50 B198056DD2973A Thank you for attention!
Was the British Empire a good thing that enlarged the world creating possibilities for everyone or was it just a way for some to gain power and wealth? How is the modern-day Commonwealth different? The British Empire used to be one of the largest and wealthiest empires in the world. Its prosperity started at the early 1600s and reached its high peak at the end of the World War I. The Empire faded into the Commonwealth at the end of 1930s as one colony after another gained its independence. After studying the topic I would say that it cannot be said whether the British Empire was a very good or a very bad thing. Of course any kind of oppression should not be approved of and actually the Empire and native British forced on their way of life and culture to the colonies. On the other hand the Empire also helped its subjects to develop in a positive sense. In overall Britain ruled several parts of the world, like India, parts of Africa, ...
The Romantic movement in American literature Romanticism in literature · Romantic · Romanticism is an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement · Influenced by : - Enlightenment - elevated medievalism · In America 1820 Characteristic features · Intuition, instincts, imagination, feelings · Folk art, nature, heroism · Protest against reality · Emphasis on women and children · Dreams · Symbolism and myths Events & Dates · The American Revolution (1776 -1783) · The French Revolution (1789 1799) · The Industrial Revolution · Civil war (1861 1865) · Colonies, communes · Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 1882) · Henry David Thoreau (1817 1862) Famous writers · Small literary world, writers knew each other · Washington Irving (1783 -1859) · James Fenimore Cooper (1789 -1851) · Nathaniel Hawthorne (1819 1891) · Herman Melville (1819 -1891) ...
15. Victorian times Life and conditions of Victorian people Children were expected to help towards the family budget. They often worked long hours in dangerous jobs and in difficult situations for a very little wage. For example, there were the climbing boys employed by the chimney sweeps; boys and girls working down the coal mines, crawling through tunnels too narrow and low to take an adult. Some children worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, and they sold matches, flowers and other cheap goods. During the Victorian era, the population grew immensely. At the end of 19th century the population had grown three times bigger in Great Britain! That made wages much lower, because more people were looking for jobs. Many people couldn't afford places to live and had to live on the streets. Slums started appearing in bigger towns. Crime rate was also rising because of this: many homeless child...
Põltsamaa Ühisgümnaasium LONDON REFERAAT Bruno Pähkel 7c klass 2010 CONTENT Introduction...............................................................................................lk3 London history...........................................................................................lk4 Today london.............................................................................................lk5 Big Ben.............................................
The Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn is an exceptionally complete and well-preserved medieval northern European trading city on the coast of the Baltic Sea. The city developed as a significant centre of the Hanseatic League during the major period of activity of this great trading organization in the 13th-16th centuries. The combination of the upper town on the high limestone hill and the lower town at its foot with many church spires forms an expressive skyline that is visible from a great distance both from land and sea. The upper town (Toompea) with the castle and the cathedral has always been the administrative centre of the country, whereas the lower town preserves to a remarkable extent the medieval urban fabric of narrow winding streets, many of which retain their medieval names, and fine public and burgher buildings, including town wall, Town Hall, pharmacy, churches, monasteries, merchants' and craftsmen' guilds, and the...
SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES Introduction 1. Nowadays, English is so widely spoken that it can hardly be considered "a one nation's" language. The main countries where English is spoken are: the U.K, the U.S, Canada, Australia, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, West Indies 2. There are approx. 300-400 million speakers of English in the world. English occupies the 3rd place by its number of speakers; it is right behind Mandarin and Spanish. 3. ESL (English as a Second Language) used in your own country (e.g. India) EFL (English as a Foreign Language) used in a foreign country ESP (English for Specific Purposes) used in business, airlines, hotels etc. 4. Settlement colonies people migrated into them from Britain and started their own communities, they are the present English-speaking countries (USA, Australia, Canada, New...
Art Museum of Estonia Art Museum of Estonia was founded on November 17th, 1919, but it was not until 1921 that it got its first permanent building the Kadriorg Palace, built in the 18th century. In 1929 the palace was expropriated from the Art Museum in order to rebuild it as the residence of the President of Estonia. The Art Museum of Estonia was housed in several different temporary spaces, until it moved back to the palace in 1946. In September, 1991 the Kadriorg Palace was closed, because it had totally deteriorated by then. At the end of the year the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia decided to guarantee the construction of a new building for the Art Museum of Estonia in Kadriorg. Untill then the Knighthood House at Toompea Hill served as the temporary main building of the Art Museum of Estonia. The exhibition there was opened on April 1, 1993. Art Museum of Estonia premanently closed down the exhibitions in that buildi...
Foreword Bridging rivers, gorges, narrows, straits, and valleys always has played an important role in the history of human settlement. Since ancient times, bridges have been the most visible testimony of the noble craft of engineers. A bridge can be defined in many ways, but Andrea Palladio, the great 16th century Italian architect and engineer, hit on the essence of bridge building when he said "...bridges should befit the spirit of the community by exhibiting commodiousness, firmness, and delight." In more practical terms, he went on to explain that the way to avoid having the bridge carried away by the violence of water was to make the bridge without fixing any posts in the water. Since the beginning of time, the goal of bridge builders has been to create as wide a span as possible which is commodious, firm, and occasionally delightful. Spanning greater distances is a distinct measure ...
OXFORD STREET Facts Oxford Street is a major street in London, England in the City of Westminster. With over 300 shops, it is Europe's busiest shopping street. The street derives its name from being part of the old London--Oxford Road which began at Newgate, City of London. It's mile and a half long, from Marble Archat the north east corner of Hyde Park to theTottenham Court Road History Between the 12th century and 1782 it was variously known as Tyburn Road (it was named after the River Tyburn) Uxbridge Road, Worcester Road and Oxford Road. Note: Today the name Uxbridge Road still exists for the portion of the London--Oxford Road between In the late 18th century, many of the surrounding fields were purchased by the Earl of Oxford, and the area was developed. It became popular to entertainers and for entertainment buil...
Essee Great Britain or Britain (Welsh: Prydain Fawr, Scottish Gaelic: Breatainn Mhòr, Cornish: Breten Veur) is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populous island in the world, after Java and Honsh. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales. All of the island is territory of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and most of the United Kingdom's territory is in Great Britain. Most of Eng...
About Peter I House Museum Emperor Peter I (1672-1725) expanded the borders of the Russian Empire in the course of the Northern War and managed to annex the whole Estonian territory by the year 1710. Therefore the protection of the new border areas became the priority of the ruler and he paid a lot of attention to the reconstruction of ports in Tallinn and Paldiski and visited Tallinn several times. Together with the site of the would-be palace, a summer estate and a 17th-century cottage that had belonged to town councillor von Drenteln were purchased for the emperor's use in 1713. The small cottage was enlarged with a wing and the outcome was a building with a hall, a kitchen and four rooms. The small summer residence was in use until the emperor's death. The succeeding rulers used the Palace of Kadriorg that had been completed only after Peter's death and the small building was neglected. The building was ...
The United States of America. History. For thousands of years America was unknown to Europe. There lived only the native people, who had come from Siberia many thousand years ago by a land bridge. They had spread over the country, varying enormously from nomadic food gatherers to fishing societies. Then the Vikings visited Canada around AD 1000, but they did not stay. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America while trying to reach India. He named the native people Indians, because he though he had reached India. He didn't stay either and in the sixteenth century the first Europeans to settle in America were the Spanish, the English and the French. The first village founded by the English settlers was in Virginia in 1607. It was called Jamestown. They didn't have good relations with the Indians and many of them died. But Pocahontas, the daughter of an Indian chief, became their friend and helped them....
1. Feminism movement, ideology to defend women’s rights Suffrage – right to vote 2. Feminism isn’t a unitary movement because it represents different women and different experiences for them in different parts of the world. Different ideologies 3. Three waves of feminism • 1st wave – early 19th century – early 20th century (Political rights, suffrageright to vote) • 2nd wave – 1960s1980s (Social inequalities, gender norms, Women's Liberation Movement) • 3rd wave – 1990s2000s (ideas are the same, but they wanted to get rid of things the second wave had failed to do); feminisms, expansion, multiplicity, postcolonialism. 4. Anne Bradstreet the first feminist 17th century; the most prominent of early English poets of North America and first female writer in the British North American colonies to be published Mary Wollstonecraft education; an eighteenthcentury English wr...
Ghana Ghana, country of western Africa, situated on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. Although relatively small in area and population, Ghana is one of the leading countries of Africa, partly because of its considerable natural wealth and partly because it was the first black African country south of the Sahara to achieve independence from colonial rule. In addition to being known for its lush forests, diverse animal life, and miles of sandy beaches along a picturesque coast, Ghana is also celebrated for its rich history--its habitation possibly dating from 10,000 BC--and as a fascinating repository of cultural heritage. The country takes it name from the great medieval trading empire that was located northwest of the modern-day state until its demise in the 13th century. Direct sea trade with Europe, established in the 15th century, had much impact on the area's inhabitants, many of whom actively...
THE PEOP L E O F T H E AM E R I CA . I-LI IS, GRETE JA MA RTIN K. KOOSTASID: MA R IN THE BEGINNING. • WHEN COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA, THERE WAS ABOUT 10 MILLION NATIVE AMERICANS. • NEXT 200 YEARS, PEOPLE OF SEVERAL COUNTRIES SAILED ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN TO SETTLE AMERICA, WHICH WAS CALLED ‘’THE NEW WORLD’’. • PEOLE TOOK AWAY NATIVE AMERICAN’S LAND AND BROUGHT ILLNESSES THAT THEY COULDN’T SURVIVE. IRISH IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES. • AMERICA WAS DREAM TO MANY IRISH. • FIRST PEOPLE WHO CAME TO AMERICA WERE MAINLY EDUCATED PEOPLE. • BELIVED THAT AMERICA WAS RICH LAND FULL OF OPPURTUNITIES FOR EVERYBODY. • THE LETTERS INVITED PEOPLE TO FOLLOW THE HAPPY SETTLERS THROUGHT THE „GOLDEN DOOR“. A ‘NEW’ BEGINNING FOR THE POOR. • IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY MILLIONS OF BRITISH PEOPLE STARTED THEIR JOURNEY TO AMERICA FROM LIVERPOOL. • POTATO FAMINE IN 1845-1849: MANY IRISH PEOPLE LOST THEYR MAIN ...
Edinburgh Castle is an ancient stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the city of Edinburgh from its position atop Castle Rock. It is Scotland's second most visited tourist attraction. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC. As it stands today though, few of the castle's structures pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, with the notable exception of St Margaret's Chapel, the oldest surviving building in Edinburgh, which dates from the early 12th century.As with all castles, Edinburgh's fortress has been a centre of military activity. As an ancient fortress Edinburgh Castle is one of the few that still has a military garrison, albeit for largely ceremonial and administrative purposes. The New Barrack Block is now home to the official headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Scotland and 52 Infantry Brigade, as well as home to the regimental museum of the Royal Scots and Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. ...
Broadway Broadway is a road in the USA of New York. Perhaps best known for the portion that runs through the borough of Manhattan in New York City, it actually runs 21 km through Manhattan and 3.2 km through the Bronx, exiting north from the city to run an additional 29 km through the municipalities of Yonkers, Hasting- On-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington and Tarrytown and terminating north of Sleepy Hollow in Westchester County. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement. The name Broadway is the English literal translation of the Dutch name, Breede weg. Broadway is known widely as the heart of the American theatre industry. Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck Trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. This trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island. ...
Võisiku manor Aliis Uudelt TPL 2012 Jõgeva county First mention in 1558 1750 Heinrich von Fick Since the second half of 18th century to 1830 von Bocks von Manteuffels, von Samson-Himmelstjernas and von zur Mühlens Dispossession in 1919 Originally 52 buildings The main building The 1750s One-storey Stone-made Protruding flanks Porch 19th century Since 1925 nursing home Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Shed Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Distillery & Water-mill Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level ...
Estonian history between 1710-1850 and 1850-1918 Contents Contents.................................................................................................................................. 2 17101850.............................................................................................................................. 3 Population and social structure........................................................................................ 4 Serfdom and the intensifying manorial economy ............................................................. 4 Influences of Pietism and the Moravian Brethren............................................................. 5 Enlightenment and enlightened absolutism...................................................................... 6 18501918.......................................................................................................................
The industrial revolution The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. By mid-century, many people worked for small businesses or on farms, laboring in fields that would yield barely enough food to feed the family. New inventions and technology began to change that, however. Larger factories opened and produced new farm equipment, such as the steel plow and the tractor, which allowed farmers to cultivate bigger fields and produce more food that cost much less. Developments in the iron industry also played a central role in the Industrial Revolution. In the early 18th century, Englishman Abraham Darby (1678-1717) discovered a cheaper, easier method to produce cast iron, using a coke-fueled (as opposed to charcoal-fired) furnace. In the 1850s, British engineer Henry Bessemer ...
In britain, the newspaper industry, often called Fleet Street, has a mojar influance on public opinion and is a strong force in political life. Britain's press is unusual in that it is divided into two very different types of newspaper: the quality press and the popular press. The term quality press is used to describe papers, which follow the tradition of the journals of the 18th and early 19th centuries. The 'quality' papers are printed on large papers, have an undramatic layout and are serious in tone. They have editorials which comment on important issues and reflect the political views of the editor. They are more expensive than tabloids. Examples of the quality dailies are The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent and the Financial Times. People choose a paper that reflects their own political opinion. The popular press is mainly represented by papers founded after the launching day of the Daily Mail in 1896. T...
The invention of telephone The telephone is one of the greatest inventions in history. Early telephones were nothing like the ones we have today. Telephone is the Greek word for "far sound." Before the invention of telephone, people used fax, postal letters and birds to communicate. Alexander Graham Bell was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who intented the first telephone. His mother and his wife were both deaf and that was the main reason which caused his interest to hearing devices. Bell invented the telephone by accident when he was trying to invent a device that could send more than one telegram at the same time. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated with the telephone in 1876. The first telephone didn't have a bell, so the caller had to tap the phone with a hammer to let the receiver know a call ...
The people of London Jaanika 9b London is a growing city with a population of more than seven million. It is also a multicultural city, as it has been since Roman times. Now about a quarter of the capital`s inhabitants are members of ethnic minotities. The Irish community The largest non-English group. People from Ireland first went to London in 1845. Irish-born population is over 250,000 Indian communities Indians are London`s largest ethnic minority. Population 411,000 Thousands arrived from Uganda and Kenya in the 1960s. Many Punjabi Sikhs, live in Hounslow. Pakistanis and Bangladeshis Thousands live in London, mostly in the east. Tower Hamlets is home to about half the city`s Bangladeshis. The heart of the community is a Brick Lane. Lined with inexpensive resturants. Caribbeans and Africans Black Caribbeans are second largest ethnic minority. They come from island...
At the time when Columbus discovered America, there were about 10 million Native Americans. During the next 200 years, people from several European countries sailed across the Atlantic to settle the New World. Native Americans suffered from the hands of the new settlers. A many educated people from Ireland, like teachers or doctors, left their country and came to America. They wrote letters to their families, where they said that America was full of new opportunities for everybody. In the middle of the 19th century many British people started they journey to America from Liverpool. A great number of settlers were the Irish who left their country after the Irish Potato Famine on 1845-1849, when families lost their main food, the potato crop. During the journey, many people suffered from illnesses or died. When the boats arrived at Ellis island, new settlers often had to wait a medical examination. As many Irish immigrants were uneducated...
Tallinn English College English Sergo Vainumäe 9A TALLINN Report Supervisor: Inge Välja Tallinn 2006 Order of contents: 1.Introduction 2.Toompea 3.Lower Town 4.Kadriorg and Pirita 5.Museums 1. Introduction Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, lies on the Baltic Sea. It is on almost the same latitude east St. Petersburg in Russia, Stockholm in Sweden and Stavanger in Norway, and covers 158 sq km. Tallinn was first marked on a map of the world by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi in 1154, its name then being Kolyvan (probably derived from the name Kalev). In the 13th-century Chronicle of Henricus de Lettis the town was called Lyndanise. Later came Reval (presumably after the old county of Rävala), the name used by the Germans who ruled the country for seven centuries. Russians then modified Reval...
Summary • Early history of translation studies – Cicero and St. Jerome (what did they do/how/why are they relevant to translation studies?) St. Jerome – Greek scholar, did some translation work. Lived during the 4th century. Jerome is best known as the translator of the Bible into Latin. A previous version (now called the Old Latin) existed, but Jerome's version far surpassed it in scholarship and in literary quality. Jerome was well versed in classical Latin (as well as Greek and Hebrew), but deliberately translated the Bible into the style of Latin that was actually spoken and written by the majority of persons in his own time. This kind of Latin is known as Vulgate Latin (meaning the Latin of the common people), and accordingly Jerome's translation is called the Vulgate. Cicero – Lived during the 1st century BC. Roman politician, philosopher & translator. Theory ‘‘word-for-word’’ & ‘‘sense-for-sen...
The Foundation of Estonia Estonia The history of Estonia The history of Estonia is a part of the history of Europe. Estonia was settled near the end of the last glacial era, beginning from around 8500 BC. Before the Germans invaded in the 13th century proto-Estonians of the Ancient Estonia worshipped the spirits of nature. Since the Northern Crusades Estonia became a battleground for centuries where Denmark, Germany, Russia, Sweden and Poland fought their many wars over controlling the important geographical position of the country as a gateway between East and West. Being conquered by Danes and Germans in 1227, Estonia was ruled initially by Denmark in the north, by the Livonian Order, an autonomous part of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and Baltic German ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1418–1562 the whole of Estonia was part of the Livonian Confederation. A...
Revision questions for the exam I General 1. What is CL? that is especially written with children in mind; that is actually selected and read by children; that often introduces children as main characters; 2. What are the most important elements of literature? Characters point of view Setting plot theme style tone conflict symbol 3. What are some the most typical features of the fantasy genre? Animal characters may act like people. Characters may have special powers. Characters may be imaginary beings. Setting may be in another time (future). It usually has a good vs. evil conflict. It may use scientific principles not yet available or discovered. II Classical literature 1. What is Beowulf? When and by whom was it written? Beowulf is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem. 2. Who was King Arthur? In wh...
The united kingdom · Britain includes all the islands the republic of ireland, northern ireland, scotland, wales and england, which lie off the north-west coast of mainland europe. · Great britain comprises england, wales and scotland. The full name is the united kingdom · Covering 242,500 sq km, britain nearly 500 kmwide and almost 1,000 km long. The climate is tempererate but subject to frequent changes. Wettest areas- north and west, the warmest- south-east. Longest river, the severn, flows for 354 km and the largest lake is lough neagh 388 sq km. Scotland is the most mountainous part and the highest peak ben nevis 1,343 m high · Britain is relatively densely populated contry with some 57 million people(ranks 16in the world in terms of population )in london thers around 8 million people. England has the highest population density of four lands and scotland teh lowest. · T...
The united kingdom · Britain includes all the islands the republic of ireland, northern ireland, scotland, wales and england, which lie off the north-west coast of mainland europe. · Great britain comprises england, wales and scotland. The full name is the united kingdom · Covering 242,500 sq km, britain nearly 500 kmwide and almost 1,000 km long. The climate is tempererate but subject to frequent changes. Wettest areas- north and west, the warmest- south-east. Longest river, the severn, flows for 354 km and the largest lake is lough neagh 388 sq km. Scotland is the most mountainous part and the highest peak ben nevis 1,343 m high · Britain is relatively densely populated contry with some 57 million people(ranks 16in the world in terms of population )in london thers around 8 million people. England has the highest population density of four lands and scotland teh lowest. · T...
United Kingdom AT115 Martin Pillai Early history • In 1066, the Normans invaded England from France • In 1603, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots, inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from Edinburgh to London • In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms were involved in a series of connected wars, which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the short-lived unitary republic of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Acts of Union • On 1 May 1707, the united Kingdom of Great Britain came into being, the result of Acts of Union being passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland to ratify the 1706 Treaty of Union and so unite the two kingdoms • The term "United Kingdom" became officia...
TALLINN TOWN HALL Tallinn Town Hall is the only surviving Gothic town hall in Northern Europe. Built in the heart of Tallinn, next to a marketplace, the Town Hall has witnessed trade and social activities for over 700 years. It has still remained the most important representational building in town. The building history of the Town Hall goes back to the 13th century, but it acquired its medieval appearance in 140204. It was as early as 1248 when King Eric IV Ploughpenny of Denmark granted the Lübeck Charter to Tallinn. Relying on that document a town council was elected from amongst merchants of the Hanse and started convening in the Town Hall. It is possible to state on the basis of research findings that a meeting place of the magistracy and a goods depot in the form of a small, fortified town hall, constructed of local limestone, existed in its present location already in the mid-13th century. The town hall first mentioned in a re...
Estonia Estonia is a small country in Northern Europe with an area of about 45 000 sq km. As a part of the East-European Plain, the country has a rather flat surface. The highest and most diverse region in Estonia is in the south-eastern part of the country. At 318 metres, Suur Munamägi is not only the highest point in Estonia, but of all the Baltic countries. There are about 1500 islands in Estonia, the biggest of which being Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Sixty-four species of mammals have been recorded in Estonia, three of them have been introduced: the racoon dog, the American mink and the muskrat. A couple of species have been re-introduced The European beaver, who was hunted to extinction by the end of the 19th century. A vital population of them now exists in Estonia once again. Another re- introduced species is the red deer. An attempt has been made in Estonia in recent years to disperse the p...
annaabi.ee 
Sisene Facebook'ga
Sisene Google'ga
Sisene LinkedIn'ga
