Singing Revolution To the end of 80s, the Soviet Union folks didn't want to live under socialistic- communistic order anymore. The Soviet Union was protected with the Iron Curtain, which symbol was the Berlin wall. At the same time, not only Estonia, but also other countries that were under the authority of the Soviet Union, increased the independence efforts. People didn't want to live like this anymore, it was based on fear and commands. The start of the Estonian public announcement of the reindependence is probably the Singing Revolution. To begin with, the Singing Revolution was a non-violent wish expressing and embarked on the Soviet Union to fall apart. The Singing Revolution is a commonly used name for events
February 24: Independence Day The Republic of Estonia was founded on February 24, 1918 when the Salvation Committee, Päästekomitee, declared the independence of the Republic of Estonia. This date was celebrated as the Day of Independence until the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940. During the Soviet occupation, the Independence Day was festively celebrated in Estonian communities around the world. Every year, the US Secretary of State sent greetings on the occasion to the Ambassador of the Republic of Estonia to the United States, Ernst Jaakson. On February 24, 1989, the red flag of Soviet Estonia was replaced by the blue-black-white Estonian national flag on Toompea and since that time the Independence Day has been celebrated as a public holiday again
calling for greater autonomy, and later, complete independence from the Russian empire. Following the Bolshevik takeover of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 and German victories against the Russian army, between the Russian Red Army's retreat and the arrival of advancing German troops, the Committee of Elders of the Maapäev issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence in Pärnu on February 24, 1918. after winning the Estonian Liberation War against Soviet Russia and at the same time German Freekorps volunteers (the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed on 2 February 1920), Estonia maintained its independence for 22 years. Initially a parliamentary democracy, the parliament was disnaded in 1934, following political unrest caused by the global economic crisis. Subsequently the country was ruled by decree by Konstatin Päts, who became President in 1938, the year parliamentary elections resumed.
Democratic party split into two groups- the radical Bolsheviks and the comparatively moderate Menshiviks ( " R u s s i a n s o c i a l d e m o c r a t s , " ) . In 1914 Russia enters World War I. In 1916 the revolution leads to the abdication of Nicholas II and the fall of the autocracy. Soon Lenin comes to Russia and the Bolsheviks gain the majority in the capital which was Petrograd. The political party gets a new name which is the Russian Communist Party. Now the Soviet times in Russia begin ( " R u s s i a n s o c i a l democrats," ). A Civil War between the "Red" and the "White" armies broke off and had devastating consequences for the whole country. After the Civil War Lenin decided to go back to market economy and rebuild the country's infrastructure. The first few years helped make great changes in the social and cultural life. People had hope because the Bolsheviks introduced free universal health care, education and social security
to Estonia. A popularly elected assembly (Maapaev) was formed but was quickly forced underground by opposing extremist political forces. The Committee of Elders of the underground Maapaev announced the Republic of Estonia on February 24, 1918, 1 day before German troops invaded. After the withdrawal of German troops in November 1918, fighting broke out between Bolshevik and Estonian troops. On February 2, 1920, the Treaty of Tartu was signed by the Republic of Estonia and Soviet Russia. The terms of the treaty stated that Soviet Russia renounced in perpetuity all rights to the territory of Estonia. Independence lasted 22 years. This period was one of great cultural advancement.Estonia underwent a number of economic, social, and political reforms necessary to come to terms with its new status as a sovereign state. Economically and socially, land reform in 1919 was the most important step. Large estate holdings belonging to the
5000 years old. In 1050 the first fortress was built on Tallinn Toompea.[3] In 1285 the city became the northernmost member of the Hanseatic League. Medieval Tallinn enjoyed a strategic position at the crossroads of trade between Western and Northern Europe and Russia. On 24 February 1918, the Independence Manifesto was proclaimed in Tallinn, followed by Imperial German occupation and a war of independence with Russia. On 2 February 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed with Soviet Russia, wherein Russia acknowledged the independence of the Estonian Republic. Tallinn became the capital of an independent Estonia. After World War II started, Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1940, and later occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941–44. After Nazi retreat in 1944, it was occupied by the USSR again. After annexation into the Soviet Union, Tallinn became the capital of the Estonian SSR.
After World War II, the Song Festival tradition began again in 1947. Since 1950 General Song Festivals were held in every five years again. 1969 was an exception though when 100th anniversary of the Song Festival was celebrated. · The foreign authorities have tried to use the Song Festivals in their own interests. During the reign of the Russian czar the Estonians were forced to hold Song Festivals in order to thank the czar, and the Soviet regime always tied the Song Festival to the "red holidays". · In 1988, with the Song Festival as a role model, began the so called "singing revolution" when hundreds of thousands of people gathered in the Song Festival Grounds to make political demands and sing patriarchal songs. · Concerning the Song Festivals there are two beliefs in the Estonian conscience. The first one says that in 1869 a nameless country folk sang themselves to a European
pikemas perspektiivis kaasa võinud toonud tagasipöördumatuid tagajärgi. Selle asemel, et riigi tulevikku vaadata, pöördus uus juhtkond pilgud tagasi minevikku. Brežnev valis kindlama tee ning asus tegutsema järeleproovitud poliitika järgi. Sellega kerkibki esile esimene paradoks: kuidas suhtuda võimu, mis ühtaegu näiteks mõistab Stalini hukka ning järgmine liider kõigest mõned aastad hiljem asub sama meest osaliselt rehabiliteerima. Kas 1 Peter Kenez. A history of the Soviet Union from the beginning to the end. Cambridge University Press, 1999, lk. 215-216. 2 Vladislav Zubok. Luhtunud impeerium: Nõukogude Liit külmas sõjas alates Stalinist kuni Gorbatšovini. Tänapäev, 2010, lk. 256. see oli Brežnevi kindel läbimõeldud plaan või oli ta lihtsalt režiimi vang ning pidi oma otsused tegema lähtudes ideoloogiast? Henry Kissinger on selle kohta öelnud, et „Nõukogude liidrid vajasid kirglikku usku süsteemi, millele nad võlgnesid oma karjääri
Vormsi Island Location Located between Hiiumaa and the mainland Fourth largest Estonian island Covering 92 square kilometres The meaning of "Vormsi" Known as "snake island" Derived from the German name "Worms" or it's Swedish name "Ormsö", both meaning snake island History Vormsi was inhabited by coastal Swedes 2500 people lived there before WWII During the Soviet occupation Vormsi was a closed border-zone Blend of Soviet and Swedish history mixed with unspoilt nature Nowadays Celtic crosses from the 13th century in Vormsi cemetery Vormsi is for people interested in mixed Soviet and Swedish history and rare nature Landscape Juniper fields Seaside meadows Erratic borders Lighthouses Forests Bays Lagoons To get to Vormsi You have to take a ferry (12 km, 45 min.) from Rohuküla port Public transportation between port and island's centre Hullos
1884 The blue-black-and-white flag of Estonian Students' Society was consecrated 24 February 1918 the birth of the Republic of Estonia 23 June 1919 victory over Landeswehr in the Battle of Võnnu 2 February 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty with Russians 1920-1940 independent Republic of Estonia 23 August 1939 Molotov and Ribbentrop sign secret protocols according to which Estonia is annexed to Soviet sphere of influence 1945-1991 Soviet occupation 1988 Activities of Popular Front and the Singing Revolution 19-21 August 1991 coup d'état in Soviet Union 20 August 1991 Estonia declares independence and is recognised by about 40 countries. 1992 New constitution is adopted, money reform, Estonia is admitted to Council of Europe 1997 European Union starts accession negotiations
Latvia Capital city: Riga Total area: 65 000 km² Population: 2.3 million Language: Latvian Latvia, officially The Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of the Nothen Europe. The country has a temperate seasonal climate. Latvia and Estonia share a long common history. As a consequence of the Soviet occupation both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians (26.9% in Latvia and 25.5% in Estonia). Latvia was found on 18th November 1918. However, its independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II. In 1940, the country was forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union, invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941, and re-occupied by the Soviets in 1944 to form the Latvian for the next fifty years. The peaceful Singing Revolution, started in 1987. Lithuania
At this point of time Estonia supports Georgia, Ukraine, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia. Purpose of NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is an alliance created to unite Europe and North America in matters of defence and security. The principle of NATO is that security of each member states depends on security of all its members. If there is a threat to one's security, it concerns everyone. Central and Eastern Europe, including Estonia, fell under the influence of the Soviet Union or even became part of it after the Second World War. It was the time when twelve western states from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) on 4 April 1949. NATO was founded to balance out a threat coming from the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Treaty. NATO founding members were committed to defend each other in case of military aggression against any of the members. The Soviet Union
13th century German invasion by the Livonian Order 1343 St George's Night uprising 15th century serfdom begins to develop 16th century Reformation 1558.1583 The Livonian War between Sweden, Poland, Denmark, Russia 1629.1710 Swedish era 1700.1721 The Northern War, Russian invasion 1860.1885 era of national awakening 1918.1920 the War of Independence 1918.1940 the Republic of Estonia 1940.1941 first Soviet occupation 1941.1944 German occupation, World War II 1945.1991 second Soviet occupation 1991 the Declaration of Independence 1995 member of the Council of Europe 2003 member of NATO 2004 member of the European Union
than Denmark, Belgium or Switzerland. Estonia's population is under 1.4 million. The official language is Estonian but since very many Russians live here Russian is also wide spread. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. The currency used in Estonia is Eesti kroon. The Estonian national flag is blue-black-white. It was originally the flag of the Estonian Students' Society. The flag was first consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884. For a while, during the Soviet occupation, the flag was banned but it was again seen in public in Tartu in May 1988. The national flower is cornflower, the national bird is barn swallow and the national stone is limestone. The Estonian national anthem called "My Native Land, My Pride and Joy" was composed in 1848 by Friedrich Pacius. The Estonian language words were written by J. V. Jannsen. It was officially adopted after the War of Independence in 1920.The same melody with different words is also Finland's national anthem.
• Estonia is about 50% forest • Estonia has over 2000 islands • Estonia was the first country in the world to use online political voting. HISTORY • Humans settled in the region of Estonia near the end of the last glacial era • In the Middle Ages, Estonia became a battleground for centuries where Denmark, Germany, Russia, Sweden and Poland fought their many wars • Estonians declared their independence in February 1918 RECENT HISTORY • In 1940, the Soviet Union occupied Estonia • Nazi Germany occupied Estonia in 1941; later in World War II the Soviet Union reoccupied it (1944). GEOGRAPHY • The two largest islands are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa • The highest point in Estonia is Suur Munamägi ESTONIA CITIES • Capital: Tallinn • Tartu • Pärnu TALLINN • The capital of Estonia • Reval, Lindanise • Old town TARTU • Second largest city in Estonia • The University of Tartu • Estonian song festivals birthplace
Valentina Tereskova Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova · Born: 6 March 1937 (age 81) · The first woman to go into space · Retired Russian cosmonaut, engineer, and politician · The only woman ever to have been on a solo space mission Valentina Tereshkova · June 16, 1963 · Vostok 6 · Time in space: 2 days, 23 hrs, and 12 mins · Orbited Earth 48 times in her space capsule · Only trip into space Before · Inspired by Gagarin · Volunteered for the Soviet space program · No experience as a pilot, but was accepted into the program because of her 126 parachute jumps. · 18 months of training · Of the five women, only Tereshkova went into space. After · Never flew in space again. · Later became a test pilot and instructor · Politician · Earned a doctorate in technical sciences. Honours and awards · Was honored with the title Hero of the Soviet Union. · She received the Order of Lenin · The Gold Star Medal.
Among them was the Estonian Republic, officially declared on February 24, 1918. When Germany surrendered to the Western Allies on November 11, 1918 a strategic vacuum arose in Eastern Europe. The new rulers of Russia the Bolsheviks decided to use it as a proper moment to re-conquer their lost territories. The ultimate goal was international communist revolution and Germany was the first standing on their way. Thus on November 13, 1918 the Government of Soviet Russia denounced peace with Germany. On November 16 the Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army, Jukums Vacietis, gave orders to start a massive attack on a long front from the Gulf of Finland to the Ukraine. On November 28, two divisions of the Red Army (altogether 12,000 troops) crossed the Estonian border. The War of Independence had begun. The situation of the Estonian Republic was rather desperate. Organizing of the army had just
literary language; meanwhile, Russia's world-famous literature flourished. Until the 20th century, the language's spoken form was the language of only the upper noble classes and urban population, as Russian peasants from the countryside continued to speak in their own dialects. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features (such as fricative [] in Southern Russian dialects) are still observed in colloquial speech. History The history of Russian language may be divided into the following periods. Kievan period and feudal breakup The Moscow period (15th17th centuries) Empire (18th19th centuries) Soviet period and beyond (20th century)
Independent Estonia (1918-1940) On February 24, 1918 Estonia took advantage of the weakening Bolsheviks and proclaimed independence; already the next day German troops occupied Estonia. Local town government was restored after Germany capitulated in the WW I. The first city council elected during the Republic of Estonia assembled on June 16, 1919. On 2 February 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed with Soviet Russia, wherein Russia acknowledged the independence of the Estonian Republic. Tallinn became the capital of an independent Estonia. Esonian first constitutional law was accepted in 15.06.1920. There was extensive citizenlaws: confluence-, religion-, meetings- and speechfreedom. Legislative law was accomplished by Riigikogu (100 members). Goverment was called into job by Riigikogu. Goverment head was riigivanem, who had country representing tasks. In 01.12
Tallinn Town Hall Hermann's Tower Town Hall Pharmacy Cathedral of Saint Mary the Virgin Great Guild Hall Danish King's Garden House of the Brotherhood of Black Heads Other Attractions Kadriorg Palace The Kadriorg Art Museum Alexander Nevsky Cathedral Russalka Soviet Legacy KGB Headquarters Soviet Legacy Tallinn TV Tower - Closed from November 26th 2007 Open Air Attractions Estonian Open Air Museum Open Air Attractions Tallinn Zoo -Established in 1939 Open Air Attractions Tallinn Botanic Garden -Established in 1961 Shop In Tallinn/Eat in Tallinn Top 3 biggest Top 3 recommended
Paris Peace Conference opposition among British and French leaders compromise - establishment of the League of Nations, the Treaty against many principles of the Fourteen Points US never ratified(kinnitama) · League of Nations Stop, prevent war Improve people's lives Encourage co-operation in trade Disarmament Enforce the Treaty of Versailles Success: some small countries independent, etc. (success in the Third World, Africa ) Overall did not succeed Germany not permitted to join, Soviet Russia banned, US never joined Predecessor of the United Nations Estonia supported it -> help them. For a while Estonia was the most active member. X The US in the middle of the 20th century (HEDO) · Prohibition (bootlegging and the mob) · Jazz Age and the "Lost Generation" · Wall Street Crash · Great Depression · New Deal by Franklin D. Roosevelt · Pearl Harbor · The US in WWII (operation Overlord, the use of atomic bomb)
Soviet Union in June 1940 and in 1941, the Meri family was deported to Siberia. They came back to Estonia 1945. In 1953, Lennart Meri graduated cum laude from the Faculty of History and Languages of the University of Tartu. Interesting fact would be that, on 5 March 1953, the day of Joseph Stalin's death, he proposed to his first wife Regina Meri, saying "Let us remember this happy day forever." The politics of the Soviet Union did not allow him to work as a historian, so Meri found work as a dramatist in the Vanemuine and later on as a producer of radio plays in the Estonian broadcasting industry. Lennart Meri as a writer and a filmmaker Lennart Meri's first book was "Kobrade and karakurtide jälgedes", which tells of his trip to Central Asia in 1958. The film The Winds of the Milky Way (Estonian: Linnutee
German Occupation of Estonia During World War II By Sten Kangilaski & Kristen Tobias The Beginning · WWII began with the invasion of Poland · Poland was an important regional ally to Estonia · On september 24th, 1939, the Moscow press and radio started attacking Estonia as "hostile" to the Soviet Union. Summer War · After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Finland sided with Germany in the Continuation War. · Thousands of people including a large portion of women and children were killed. · Dozens of villages, schools and public buildings were burned to the ground. German Occupation · Most Estonians greeted the Germans with relatively open arms. · In April 1941, Alfred Rosenberg laid out his plans for the East. · Rosenberg felt that Estonians were the most Germanic out of the people living by
and to show to the native peoples that they were second rate citizens. Jefgraf Vassilievitsch Tscheshikhin also displayed such partiality when he wrote, "There can be no place in Russia . . . for any patriotism other than Russian patriotism."2 Their and other histories raised the place of Russians to that of victor and liberator, contrary to the truth that this was not always the case. This rewriting of history occurred again during the Soviet period, when de facto control of Estonia was in Russia's hands. When Estonia became an independent nation in 1918 (1920 from the perspective of some people, such as Russians), and again in 1990 (1993 from the perspective of some people, such as Russians), Estonians had the opportunity to tell the story from their own perspective. Words such as "pärisorjus" (lit. true slavery) have entered Estonian historiography to
maximum classification) on the International Nuclear Event Scale (the other being the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011). • The battle to contain the contamination and avert a greater catastrophe ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles (18 billion $USD) . During the accident itself, 31 people died, and long-term effects such as cancers and deformities are still being accounted for. • The Soviet government also cut down and buried about a square mile of pine forest near the plant to reduce radioactive contamination at and near the site. Chernobyl’s three other reactors were subsequently restarted but all eventually shut down for good, with the last reactor closing in 1999. The Soviet nuclear power authorities presented their initial accident report to an International Atomic Energy Agency meeting in Vienna, Austria, in August 1986. Elimination of the
lubadusele Kuubat mitte kunagi rünnata • Salajas nõustus USA lammutama kõik Euroopasse ja Türki paigutatud Thor- ja Jupiter-tüüpi raketid. • USA-ga panustatudkarantiin lõppes ametlikult 20. novembril 1962. • Septembriks 1963 lammutati ka kõik USA relvad. Pildid • Thenuclear-armed Jupiter intermediate-range ballistic missile. The U.S. secretly agreed to withdraw these missiles from Italy and Turkey Pildid • CIAreference photograph of Soviet medium-range ballistic missile (SS-4 in U.S. documents, R-12 in Soviet documents) in Red Square, Moscow. Tänan vaatamast! Kasutatud allikad • PILT1: http://stanfordhispanicbroadcasting.org/hidden-diplomatic-efforts -between-cuba-and-usa-open-forum-at-stanford-university/ • https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuba_kriis • http://www.slideshare.net/nataljadovgan/kuuba-kriishannes
The Teutonic Knights withdrew from Estonia in 1560. Sweden and Poland then fought for control of Estonia; in 1629, Sweden won and annexed the region. Peter I of Russia conquered Estonia in 1710, and in 1721 Sweden formally recognized Russian possession of the region. Russia remained in control of Estonia until shortly after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917. At the treaty of Brest-Litovsk the following year, which brought an end to Russian involvement in World War I, Estonia was ceded. The new Soviet government at first refused to recognize Estonian independence but gave way in February 1920. The new state along with its Baltic neighbors, Lithuania and Latvia enjoyed just two decades of independent statehood before the Soviet Union took control under the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact. Soviet ownership lasted barely 12 months before Estonia was conquered in the German invasion of the Soviet Union. It was retaken by the
Second level · Konstantin Päts elected Third level President 1938. Fourth level · 23 August 1939 Fifth level Molotov & Ribbentrop sign secret protocols of German-USSR. http://kudevita.webs.com/mrp-pakt.jpg Lost of independence Click to edit Master text styles · 1940-1941 - Soviet occupation. Second level · 1941-1944 - World War II Third level German occupation. Fourth level · 1945-1991 Soviet occupations. Fifth level · Mass deportations (1941, 1949). · Collectivisation. http://isurvived.org/Pictures_iSurvived-5/1942-deportations.GIF
Competitive rhythmic gymnastics began in the 1940s in the Soviet Union. The FIG formally recognized this discipline in 1961, first as modern gymnastics, then as rhythmic sportive gymnastics, and finally as rhythmic gymnastics. The first World Championships for individual rhythmic gymnasts was held in 1963 in Budapest. Rhythmic gymnastics was added to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, with an individual all-around competition. However, many federations from the Eastern European countries were forced to boycott by the Soviet Union. Canadian Lori Fung
For most of the 17th century, Sweden ruled Estonia. In the 18th century Russian Tsar Peter the Great joined Estonia to his empire. The first true political parties emerged(Where established) at the turn of the century, demanding autonomy for Estonia. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Estonia declared independence from Russia on Feb. 24, 1918. Independent Estonia made large strides between wars. World War II ended Estonia's independence. The country was occupied by the Soviet Army in June 1940.Thousands of Estonians were killed or deported to Siberia. In 1944, Estonia became part of the Soviet Union. Proindependence guerrilla forces continued to fight against the Soviets into the 1950s. In the "Singing Revolution" of the 1980s, Estonians showed their desire for independence in peaceful mass meetings. In 1989, 2 million people from the three Baltic countries linked hands in a human chain stretching from Tallinn to Vilnius in Lithuania.
faculties. In the 17th century the future outstanding Swedish scientists Urban The Stone Bridge became one of the Hiärne, Olof Verelius, Arvid Moller and symbols of Tartu. others studied at the university. In 1941 the Soviet forces blew up the bridge, and in 1944 the last remaining part was destroyed. 1708 During the blasting of Tartu in the Great Northern War, The church was badly
largest freshwater lake. 5. Symbols The flag The Estonian blue-black and white national flag was originally the flag of the Estonian Students' Society and was consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884. Today there is a memorial plaque on the church wall commemorating the event. The Flag Museum, opened in an annex in 1996, attracts tourists who take an interest in the history of the flag. After about half a century, during which it was prohibited by the Soviet authorities, the flag was seen again in public for the first time in Tartu in May 1988. 24 February 1989, Estonia, still part of the Soviet Union, hoisted its tricolor on the tower of Pikk Hermann in Tallinn. Since then the flag has always been hoisted with ceremony on that day, which is the national holiday the anniversary of the republic. According to the Estonian tradition, the national flag is hoisted at sunrise and lowered at sunset except on June 23,
A high point of the Estonian national movement was the first nation-wide Song Festival in Tartu in June 1869. In 1918 on the 24th of February, the Estonian Republic was proclaimed. It is a highly important holiday in Estonia. At first it was merely a decision on paper. True independence was fought for in the following years, in the War of Liberation. Independence lasted until 1939 when a pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was signed. Following the Soviet occupation in 1940, Estonia was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1942 to 1944. The Soviet Union incorporated Estonia in the autumn of 1944. A large proportion of the population fled abroad. Many others were arrested and deported to Siberia. Estonia regained independence by the way of the Singing Revolution of 1988 and has been fully independent since 1991. In 2004, Estonia became a NATO member state and an EU state.
Throughout this period the Baltic German nobility enjoyed autonomy, where the language of administration and education was German. The Estophile Enlightenment Period 1750–1840 led to the Estonian national awakening in the middle of the 19th century. In the aftermath of World War I and the Russian revolutions, the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued in February 1918. In 1939-1940, Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union. During the war Estonia was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941, then reoccupied by the Soviet Union in 1944. Estonia regained independence in 1991 after the collapse of the USSR. Estonia is a parliamentary republic with a president as chief of state and with a government headed by a prime minister. The Riigikogu, a unicameral legislative body, is the highest organ of state authority. It initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister
Soviet Union in June 1940 and in 1941, the Meri family was deported to Siberia. They came back to Estonia 1945. In 1953, Lennart Meri graduated cum laude from the Faculty of History and Languages of the University of Tartu. Interesting fact would be that, on 5 March 1953, the day of Joseph Stalin's death, he proposed to his first wife Regina Meri, saying "Let us remember this happy day forever." The politics of the Soviet Union did not allow him to work as a historian, so Meri found work as a dramatist in the Vanemuine and later on as a producer of radio plays in the Estonian broadcasting industry. Lennart Meri as a writer and a filmmaker Lennart Meri's first book was ,,Beavers and Mediterranean black widowes footseps" (Kobrade and karakurtide jälgedes), which tells of his trip to Central Asia in 1958. The film
Catherine II Second decade of the last century Estonians had the opportunity to build up a state of their own Construction of the Riigikogu building (1920 1922) First public building in Tallinn to have electric lighting built into its design The Estonian seat of power was perpetuated on Toompea Throughout the greater part of our independent statehood both the Estonian Parliament and the Government have worked here The Soviet regime took over a palace which was in good condition Soviet-style symbols were added to it In reindependent Estonia, Toompea palace is gradually but steadily getting back its original interior design Towers Tall Hermann The tower of "Stür den Kerl" Round cannon tower Landskrone Small tower, Pilsticker Thank you !
The Estonian Green Party Green Party History The Estonian Green Party is a political party and follower of the political activity of Estonian Green Movement (EGM), which was formed in 1988 during a massive movement against the Soviet Union's plans to start exploitation of huge phosphorite deposits on NorthEastern part of Estonia EGM was one of the first independent political popular movement in Estonia under Soviet rule. The party Estonian Greens (EG) was formally registered in March 1992 (precessor EGM was registered as party on 20.09.1989) after merger of EGM political wing and EGP. It had approximately 250 members and 3 regional branches. In the 1992 general elections, the Greens were only able to scrape 2.6% of the vote and one deputy to the 101strong Riigikogu (Parliament). Estonian Greens Today After joining the EU (European Union) on May 2004 along
Also on this night, single people can follow a detailed set of instructions involving different flowers to see whom they are going to marry. During their occupation of Estonia, the Soviets made no attempt to stop Jaanipäev celebrations. For Estonians, however, Jaanipäev remained tied to Estonia's victory during the War of Independence and the securing of a free and independent state. Jaanipäev, therefore, always reminded Estonians of their independence in the past, despite Soviet attempts to eliminate such ideas. The tradition before the Soviet occupation, which has now been restored, was for a fire to be lit by the Estonian President on the morning of Võidupüha. From this fire, the flame of independence was carried across the country to light the many bonfires. During the transition to the re-establishment of Estonia's de facto independence, Jaanipäev became an unofficial holiday, with many work places closing down. It once again became an official national
The image of a singing Kalevipoeg is one of the most joyful motifs in the artists entire work. More than 40 drawings and sketches picture Kalevipoeg as a triumphant giant standing on a hillside and singing to his brothees. In Rauds work Kalevipoeg is a joyous king forever young like the dream of ancient country people who wish for a crowned king of their own: a king never crowned. In the spring of 1940, shortly before the forceful incorporation of Estonia into the Soviet Union, the last prewar art event tok place in Estonia the year of Kristjan Raud. That year was dedicated to the artist in connection with his 75th birthday. In the winter of 1942 a few months before his death Kristjan Raud finished his composition entitled The Return of Kalev asymbolic work in those complicated years when Soviet power alternated with German occupation. In my opinion was Kristjan Raud very important artist, because he was one of the first Estonian artists who is
The allies won in 1918. In 1933, a Nazi dictatorship came to power in Germany. World War II began in 1939. again most Americans wanted to stay out of the war. They were called isolationists. America stayed out of the war until 1941, when its own territoy was attacked. After that, Americans were again fighting alongside the British in a common cause and they won. When the war ended in 1945, only two great powers were left: the USA and the Soviet Union. While Soviet forces helped Communists take power, America formed NATO in 1949. Its idea was to stop the growth of Soviet Communism and wait for it to collapse. Forty years later, in 1991, the Soviet Union did collapse. Now America was the only superpower left. Population The current U.S.A. population is over 300 million people (303,500,000 in early 2008) so the United States has the world's third largest population (following China and India). States and cities
ground. Tartu was the centre of the movement of national awakening. On 24 February 1918, Estonia was proclaimed an independent democratic republic. Tallinn developed into a modern European capital. A period of prosperity followed, but independence only lasted for 20 years. 1 During World War II Estonia was occupied by both German and Russian invaders, and Tallinn suffered heavily. The bombing of the city by the Soviet air force on 9 March 1944 left over 20,000 people homeless. During the Russian occupation which followed (and which lasted for five decades) attempts were made to Russify the local people. Large-scale industry was developed in Tallinn, workers were resettled from Russia and new blocks of flats sprang up on the outskirts to provide housing for the newcomers. Tallinn was the biggest grain-handling port in the Soviet Union. Russian speakers out- numbered Estonians in Tallinn.
First propaganda film. Had agenda, that white people are good, ku klux klan is good. Membership of kkk baceme high. Lot of people joined kkk. Intolerance 1916 1)the siege of babylon 2)the story of jesus 3)the assassination of the huguenots in France in the 16th century 4)modern day, story of a couple facing the vice of the city Expressionism german expressionst cinema wasn't so advanced. Films werent so good edited. Roughly between: 1918-1926 After D.W.Griffith and before the soviet cinema The idea behind expressionism Art should reflect the inner feelings of the artist. Art expresses te subjective vision by a disorted depiction of reality. Expressionism=anti-naturalism. Sets, makeup, lighting, costumes-all the elements are connected German expressionism . forced all the movie companies in one(UFA) The UFA. Universum film ektiengessellschaft. Dominating position on the german film market. Production of historical costume ramas. Expressionist films, adaptsion of literature
At present the troupe includes 24 actors and actresses Estonian Drama Theatre Estonian Drama theatre started in 1920 under the leadership of Paul Sepp, who also founded a theatre school. Since 1924 his pupils continued under the name of Draamastuudio Teater, which in 1937 was changed to the name of Eesti Draamateater. In 1939, it purchased itself the stylish Art Nouveau building of the former German Theatre where it has remained to this day. In Soviet times its name was The Tallinn Drama Theatre, but it was changed back in 1989. In 1967 in addition to its 426-seat big auditorium a 159-seat small stage was opened. In year 2004 70-seat Paintshop stage was opened. The theatre has been led by many outstanding directors: Leo Kalmet, Priit Põldroos, Ants Lauter, Ilmar Tammur, Voldemar Panso, Mikk Mikiver, Evald Hermaküla, and Merle Karusoo. Nowadays it works under the artistic director Priit Pedajas and general director Rein Oja.
??) 12. Vietnamise War also known as resitance war against Americans took place from 1955 to 1975. The causes of the Vietnam War revolve around the simple belief held by America that communism was threatening to expand all over South-East Asia. 13. There are a lot of memorials in hte USA which are for the soldiers who lost their lives in the wars for ex korean war memorial and the vietnam memorial. 14. The Cold War took place from 1945-1991. The United States and the Soviet Union formed political and military alliances with other countries to help strengthen their positions. They never fought directly. The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact). It left a significant legacy. 15
During the last decades of the century Russification measures became stronger. February 1918, the Independence Manifesto was proclaimed in Tallinn, followed by Imperial German occupation and a war of independence with Russia. On 2 February 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed with Soviet Russia, wherein Russia acknowledged the independence of the Estonian Republic. Tallinn became the capital of an independent Estonia. After World War II started, Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1940, and later occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941-44. After Nazi retreat in 1944, it was occupied by the USSR again. After that Tallinn became the capital of the Estonian SSR.
and the Pärnu river. Pärnu was first mentioned in the 12th century, so it is older 700 years old. In the middle ages Pärnu was a very important trading centre. It was a member of the Hanseatic League. Pärnu became a resort town in the 1830s when a group of businessmen founded the first bathing establishment. Before that today's Beach Park's area was just wet pasture. In the 1930s Pärnu cecame especially popular with Finns, Swedes, Latvians and Lithuanians. In Soviet times, however, people from the west were not allowed to stay in Pärnu for the night. Pärnu's sanatoria were full of holiday-makers from the s.u.
Kas inimsusevastastele kuritegudele võib leida õigustust? Lühifilm 'The Soviet Story' räägib Nõukogude Liidu kommunistlike vaadete ekstreemselt tõlgendmisest, et luua 'uus ühiskond'. Oma eesmärgi saavutamiseks oli vaja vabaneda rahvast, kes kitsaste kriteeriumite sisse ei mahtunud. NSVL võttis asjaks nad eemaldada ning kasutas selleks erinevaid ebahumaanseid meetodeid nagu massgenotsiid 'silgumeetodil' ja Ukraina rahva toidu konfiskeerimine, et nood nälga sureks. Viimane meetod osutus eriti tõhusaks ning selle käigus hukkus 1932-1934 üle 7 miljoni inimese.
INDREK TARAND Ander Rosin Sandra Anderson Biography ● Born February 3, 1964, Tallinn. ● Estonian politician, reserve officer, civil servant, journalist and historian. ● Tarand has served as an advisor to the Prime Minister of Estonia. Education ● He studied history at the University of Tartu, as well as the University of Bologna, Italy. ● He was a student during the Soviet occupation. ● He finished the university in 1991. Career ● He is also a freelance journalist hosting programmes in radio and television ● He also held the post of the Director of the Estonian War Museum. ● Member of the European Parliament ● Tarand received 25 votes in the Riigikogu against Ilves's 73 Family ● Tarand is the eldest son of Andres Tarand. ● His mother Mari Tarand is a well-known linguist
economic relations. For instance during the time between the wars, approximately 30% of Estonia's exports went to the UK. The other big English speaking country, United States recognised the Republic of Estonia on 28 July 1922. The first Estonian diplomatic mission in the United States was opened in the same year. The Second World War and the occupation of Estonia resulted in loss of contacts. Most English speaking countries never recognized Estonia's annexation in 1940. During the years of Soviet occupation the embassy in the United States continued its activities from 1940 to 1991. The US government recognised Estonia's diplomatic mission as the legal representative of the Republic of Estonia. This recognition of the legal continuity of the Republic of Estonia is nowadays seen as one of the cornerstones of Estonian-US relations. The occupation of Estonia and the migration of refugees from Estonia opened a new form of contacts
1884 blue-black-white flag of Estonia was consecrated in Otepää Church. In 1885-1890 Russian introduced as a official language. In 1918 on the 24th of February was the birth of the Republic of Estonia and then was the german occupation and afer that was a War of Independence. In 1919 Estonians won in the Battle of Võnnu. In 1920 the Peace treaty with Russia was signed in Tartu. Estonia was Independent in 1920-1940. One year later estonia was occupied by Soviet occupation. Then in the same year there was a World War 2 and there was a german Occupation. But in 1945 there was a Soviet occupation again. In 1991 on the 20th of August we got our independents back. In 1992 Estonian kroons were put in use. In 1994 last Russian troops leave Estonia in 2004 Estonia joined European Union. Tallinn is the capital of Estonia. It is situated on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland. The territory of Tallinn is 182,4 square kilometers
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