1. Society-
people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The
cultural bond
may be
ethnic or racial or geographical,
based on
gender , or due to shared
beliefs ,
values , and
activities .
2. Culture-
beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society.3.
A unitary state-
a state governed as one single power in which the central government isultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (subnational units ) exercise only powersthat their central government chooses to delegate. The
majority of
states in the world have
a unitary system of government.
4
. A federal state-- a
political entity characterized by a union of
partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government.5.
A multinational state- A multinational state is
a sovereign state which is viewed ascomprising two or more nations. Such a state
contrasts with a
nation -state where a single nation
comprises the
bulk of the population.
6.
A single-nation state-
a geographical area that can be identified as deriving its politicallegitimacy from serving as a sovereign nation. A state is
a political and geopolitical entity, while a nation is a cultural and ethnic one. The
term "nation state" implies that the two coincide, but
"nation state"
formation can take
place at
different times in different parts of the world.
7.
Commonwealth realm- is
a sovereign nation within the Commonwealth which has Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.
There are 16 of
them (
including the UK) and they have a
combined area of 18.7 million sq km and a population of 140 million. The vast majority of the
population
live in the six most populous realms: the UK,
Canada ,
Australia , Papua New
Guinea ,
New
Zealand , and
Jamaica . A Commonwealth realm is a
country which shares Queen Elizabeth
II as
monarch .
8.
Crown dependency-
consist of the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea andthee Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel . Although internationally, the
dependencies are recognised as "territories for which the United Kingdom is
responsible ", the
relationship between the Crown dependencies and the UK is "one of mutual respect and
support ,
i.e. a partnership". In 2007-2008, each Crown Dependency and the UK
signed agreements that
established frameworks for the
development of the international
identity of each Crown
Dependency.
9. Devolution-
the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereignstate to govern at a subnational level, such as a regional, local , or state level. It is a form
of decentralization. Devolved territories have the power to make
legislation relevant to the area.
10. Devolved powers- the
Scottish Parliament and the Welsh and Northern Ireland Assembliesare devolved powers, subordinate to the UK Parliament .11. Constituent country- a term sometimes used in contexts in which
a country makes up a part of a larger political entity, such as a sovereign state. The term constituent country does not have
any defined
legal meaning , and is used simply to
refer to
a country which is a constituent part of something else . 12.
The Commonwealth- The Commonwealth of Nations,
commonly known as
the Commonwealth is
an intergovernmental organization of 53 member states that weremostly territories of the former British Empire . The Commonwealth operates
by intergovernmental
consensus of the member states, organized
through the Commonwealth
Secretariat and Non-governmental
organizations , organized through the Commonwealth
Foundation.
13. British subject -
derive their status as British subjects from British India or the Republic ofIreland as they existed before 1949. until 1949: anyone who owed allegiance to the Britishsovereign wherever he was born in the British Empire; all citizens of Commonwealth countries
were British subjects until
January 1983.
Today : those who are not citizens of any
Commonwealth country; mostly from British India or the Republic of Ireland as they existed
before 1949.
14. British citizen -
hold the status through a close connection with the United Kingdom,Channel Islands and Isle of Man ("United Kingdom and Islands"), usually because they were bornthere. The British Nationality Act 1981 (
came into
force in 1983) – British citizens = people
closely connected with the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man – British
Overseas Territories citizens = until 2002 (The British Overseas Territories Act) British
Dependent Territories citizens – British Overseas citizens = persons connected with former
British
colonies (Malaysia and
Kenya ) – British Nationals (Overseas) = status created by the
Hong Kong Act 1985 – British
Protected Person (BPP).
15. Right of abode- an
individual 's
freedom from immigration
control in a particular country.
Aperson who has the right of abode in a country does not need permission from the government toenter the country and can live and work there without restriction. Generally, in order to have theright of abode in a certain country, a person must be a citizen of that country. Those
with
permanent residency of the country generally have a de
facto right of residence but it can be
revoked in certain circumstances, for example for being convicted of crimes.
16. Print media- (
newspapers and magazines). Print media is
one of the oldest and basic forms of mass communication . It
includes newspapers (national, regional and local), magazines andother forms of printed journals. All of them have established online presences.
However , the
digital reach of the various titles differs
greatly : whereas over
half of The Guardian and The
Telegraph readers are based online now, 91% of The Times readers
still read its print version.
17. Fleet Street - the
home of the British press until the 1980s; a metonym for the Britishnational press.18. National newspapers- 69.6% read a national
newspaper .
Daily and
Sunday papers..
Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of the print media is the existence of a large nationalnewspaper sector , comprised of 11 daily and the
same number of Sunday titles.
19. Regional newspapers- 83.6% of all British adults (40 million people) read a regional
newspaper. The regional and local press are
characterised by the concentration of ownership similar to that of the national press. The
five largest owners control 72.5% of the
market – more
than 700 newspapers. Of those, three (Trinity
Mirror , Associated and Northcliffe) are also
among the top
four national newspaper
companies . There are
estimated to be 1,250 Sunday, week-day
(
morning and
evening ) and weekly (sometimes twice weekly) regional and local titles,
further sub-
divided between those papers which charge a
cover price and those which are distributed for
free. The regional and local press has suffered long-term decline.
20. Free newspapers-
financed by local advertising (a weekly circulation of some 35 million) –
The
Metro – ‘
Britain 's
first urban national newspaper’ (launched in March 1999 in London, now
available in 13 cities; one million copies distributed daily)
21. Broadsheets- The main
motivation cited for this
shift is that commuters
prefer papers which
they can hold easily on public transport, and it is presumably hoped that other readers will also
find the smaller formats more convenient. It remains to be
seen how this shake-up will
affect the
usage of the term "broadsheet".
The largest of newspaper formats and is characterized by
long vertical pages (
typically 22 inches
or 560 millimetres). The term derives from
types of
popular prints usually just of a single sheet,
sold on the streets and containing various types of
material , from ballads to political satire.
22. Tabloids-
a style of journalism that tends to emphasize topics such as sensational crime stories , astrology, gossip columns about the personal lives of celebrities and sports stars,and junk food news. Such journalism is commonly associated with
tabloid sized
newspapers including the National Enquirer,
Globe , or The Sun, and the formerNews of the
World.
Not all newspapers associated with such journalism are in tabloid size ; for example, the
format of
Apple Daily is broadsheet, while the style is tabloid. Often, tabloid newspaper
allegations about the
sexual practices , drug use, or private conduct of celebrities is borderline
defamatory; in many
cases , celebrities have successfully sued for
libel , demonstrating that
tabloid stories have defamed them.
23. Compacts-
a broadsheet-quality newspaper printed in a tabloid format ( slightly taller),especially one in theUnited Kingdom. The term as used for this size (not to be confused with 108
× 171 mm or 4.25 × 6.75 inches
paper sizes) came into its
current use when The
Independent began producing a smaller format
edition for London's commuters,
designed to be
easier to read when using mass
transit .
24. Page three girls - a colloquial term for a feature
formerly included in theBritish tabloid newspaper The Sun. The
phrase originates with the publication of
a large photograph of a topless, bare -breasted female glamour model usually published on the printedition's third page. The feature first
appeared in the newspaper on 17 November 1970 and on
the
official Page 3
website since June 1999, which it still continues.
25. Quality newspapers- a
category of newspapers in national circulation distinguished by theirseriousness. The category used to be called "broadsheet" until
several papers adopted
atabloid format.
Both The Times and The Independent adopted a tabloid format in 2004. The
Guardian adopted a
Berliner format in 2005.
26. Popular newspapers- newspapers, generally known as
tabloids, and collectively as "the
popular press", which
have tended to focus more on celebrity coverage and human interest stories rather than political reporting or overseas news. 27. Mid-market newspapers- one that
attempts to cater to readers who want someentertainment from their newspaper as well as the coverage of important news events . Daily
Mail, Daily
Express , Sunday Express, The Mail on Sunday.
28. Red tops - tabloid newspapers in Britain
tend to be simply and sensationally written, and to
give more prominence than broadsheets to celebrities, sports, crime stories and
even hoaxes; they
also less subtly take a political
position on news stories, ridiculing politicians, demanding
resignations and predicting election
results . The term "red tops" refers to
tabloids with rednameplates, such as The Sun, the Daily Star , the Daily Mirror, the Daily Record and the Daily Sport ,[1] and distinguishes them from the Daily Express and Daily Mail, which are considered " middle market" tabloids. Red top newspapers are usually simpler in writing style, dominated bypictures, and directed at the more sensational end of the market.29. Byline- a newspaper or
magazine article gives
the date , as well as the
name of the writer ofthe article. Bylines are traditionally placed between the
headline and the text of the article
30. The (mass) media- any form of communication through which people are informed,educated and entertained31. Broadcast media-
radio , analogue and digital terrestrial (= earth-based) television , cable and satellite television, video, the Internet . (radio and television)- Radio has enjoyed a
recent resurgence in
popularity . More than 90% of people over 15
years of age (46.3m)
listen at
least once a week. However, it is national, rather than local, stations which have increased their
popularity. The BBC operates ten national radio stations; the World
Service ; regional stations in
Scotland ,
Wales and Northern Ireland (including stations
broadcasting in Welsh and
Scots ), and
30 local stations. Radio is also characterised by a multi-faceted commercial presence alongside
that of the BBC. About 300 commercial radio stations broadcast
across a number of platforms,
the vast majority being local.
32. New media-
a group of relatively recent mass media based on new information technology (the Internet, World
Wide Web, video games, interactive media, CD-ROM and other forms of
multimedia). New media is
a generic term for the many different forms of electroniccommunication that are made possible through the use of computer technology: Web
sites ,
virtual worlds, virtual
reality , multimedia, computer games, computer animation, among
others .
33. Consumer magazines- (2,800 titles) – general consumer magazines that
aim to entertainand inform (Marie Claire, Radio Times) – consumer
specialist titles
aimed at a specific interestor hobby (Car, Gardeners' World)
34. Business magazines-
specialised and aimed at people in work (sometimes called 'trade' or
'B2B' magazines,
Doctor , Press Gazette ) –
free to specified readers (known as controlled
circulation) and so rely on advertising
35. Customer magazines- produced as
part of a marketing strategy to reach the customers oflarge companies – also called contract, or
custom magazines (Intercity for first
class travellers on
British
Rail )
36. Public service broadcasting- intended
for the public benefit rather than for purelycommercial concerns ; aims to improve society by informing viewers –
all the BBC's televisionand radio stations – all stations broadcast on terrestrial analogue television – commercial radio required to broadcast a minimum level of news37. Commercial broadcasting- - the aim is to
provide popular content that attracts a large audience , maximizing revenue from advertising and sponsorship38. Terrestrial television- Terrestrial television or broadcast television is a type
of television broadcasting in which the
television signal is transmitted by radio waves to the TV
receiver
from a terrestrial (Earth based) transmitter, a television station, and received withan antenna. 39. Licence fee- A television licence is
required for each household where televisionprogrammes are watched or recorded as they are broadcast, irrespective of the signal method (terrestrial, satellite, cable or the Internet). The
cost of the TV licence fee is set by the
Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport with the
BBC responsible for collecting payment . As it is
classified in law as a tax, evasion is a
criminal offence . The licence fee is used
almost entirely to
fund BBC
domestic radio, television and internet
services .
40. BBC- The
largest broadcaster, established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company •
Renamed the British Broadcasting
Corporation in 1927, when it was
granted its first
Royal Charter – 8 TV channels – 10 radio
networks – more than 50 local TV and radio services – BBCi
interactive TV – the on-
demand TV and radio service, BBC iPlayer – bbc.co.uk,
Europe ’s most
visited content web site – 92.5% of the UK population used the BBC every
month in 2006/2007
•
Paid for directly through each household TV licence – The
colour TV licence is currently
£142.50 (less than £12 per month - about 39p per day for each household). – A
black and white
TV licence is £48.
41. ITV- also known as
Channel 3 (1955) the
first commercial British television broadcaster;the most popular commercial TV channel, made up of 15 regional licences
42. Ofcom-
Office of Communications – an independent organisation which regulates the UK’sbroadcasting, telecommunications and wireless communications sectors. Communications Act
2003. This act established
Ofcom, the regulator and
competition authority for the UK
communications industries. It regulates the TV and radio sectors,
fixed line telecoms, mobiles,
postal services, as well as the airwaves over which wireless
devices operate.
Whereas print media are self regulatory and free from government control, telecommunications
and broadcasting are regulated by law, the main
piece of legislation being the Communications
Act 2003. This act established Ofcom, the regulator and competition authority for the UK
communications industries. It
regulates the TV and radio sectors, fixed line telecoms, mobiles,postal services, as well as the airwaves over which wireless devices operate.43. Cross -media ownership-
one media branch holds stake in other media, thus being in aposition to control the opinions of larger sections of people. News Corporation
accounts for over
one-third of the circulation of the UK's national press and also owns a 39%
controlling stake in
BSkyB. • Trinity Mirror has a 20% share of UK newspaper circulation, is also the largest UK
regional newspaper
publisher with its 23% share. • Daily Mail and General
Trust has a 19.3%
share of national newspaper circulation and has
held a 20% stake in ITN, which makes news for
ITV and Channel 4, since 1996. • Guardian Media Group (
owned by the
Scott Trust) has a 3.4%
share of UK national newspaper circulation and also owns GMG Radio, which has a 4.5% share
of all radio
listening . 2
44. Nation- “it is
an imagined political community - and imagined as both inherently limited and
sovereign. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will
never know most
of their fellow-members, meet them, or even
hear of them, yet in the mind of each lives the
image of their communion” (
Anderson , 1991: 6) • “Individuals think they are part of a
greater collective, that they share a ‘
deep horizontal comradeship’” (Anderson, 1991: 7) • Narration of
nation – story of nation
told and retold in national histories, literatures, the media and popular
culture (Hall, 1992) •
Emphasis on origins, continuity, traditional , timelessness – we have always
been like this •
Invention of tradition
45. Imagined communities- An imagined community is different from an actual community in that it
is
not—and, for practical reasons , cannot be—based on everyday face -to-face interaction among its
members. It is a
concept coined by Benedict Anderson to analyze nationalism. Anderson believes that
a nation is a social y constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of
that group46. An ethnic nation-
a social group whose members have the
following characteristics: –
sharea sense of common origins; – claim a common and distinctive history and destiny ; – possess oneor more dimensions of collective cultural individuality; – feel a sense of unique collectivesolidarity. Ethnic identity in Britain is about minorities.
47. A civic nation- Civic nationalism (also known as
liberal nationalism) defines the nation as
an association of people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal andshared political rights , and allegiance to similar political procedures.[40] According to the
principles of civic nationalism, the nation is not based on common ethnic ancestry, but is a
political entity whose
core identity is not ethnicity. Its people to
continue living together.[40]
Civic nationalism is
a kind of non-xenophobic nationalism that is claimed to be compatible
with liberal values of freedom, tolerance,
equality , and individual rights.[41][42][43]
Ernest Re
nan [44] and J ohn
Stuart Mill [45] are often
thought to be
early liberal nationalists. Liberal
nationalists often defend the
value of national identity by saying that individuals need a national
identity in order to
lead meaningful, autonomous lives,[46][47] and that liberal
democratic polities
need national identity in order to
function properly.[48][49]
48. Ethnic minorities- ethnic minority –
a national or racial group living in a country or areawhich contains a larger group of people of a different race or nationality • Ethnic identity in
Britain is about minorities.
49. Ethnocentrism- Ethnocentrism is
judging another culture solely by the values and standardsof one's own culture. Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic
group or culture, especially with concern for
language , behavior, customs, and
religion .
These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions
serve to
define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity.
[2] Ethnocentrism may be
overt or subtle, and while it is considered a natural proclivity of human
psychology, it has
developed a generally
negative connotation
50. Cultural relativism- Cultural relativism is the principle that
an individual person's beliefsand activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture51. Chauvinism- an
attitude that the members of your own sex are always better than those ofthe opposite sex. Male chauvinism [=a
belief that men are
superior to
women .
The belief thatyour country, race, etc., is better than any other. 52. Racism - Racism is a product of the
complex interaction in a
given society of
a race-based worldview with prejudice , stereotyping, and discrimination. Racism can be
present in social
actions , practices, or political systems (e.g.,
apartheid ) that support the expression of
prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. The ideology underlying racist practices often
includes
the idea that humans can be subdivided into distinct groups that are different in theirsocial behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as inferior or superior.[1] Racist
ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life. Associated social actions may
include xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, and
related social phenomena.
53. Institutionalised racism- Institutional racism (also known as
institutionalised racism) is a
form of
racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions . Institutional racism
is also racism by individuals or informal social groups,[1] governed by behavioral norms that
support racist
thinking and
foment active racism. It is reflected in disparities
regarding
wealth ,
income , criminal justice,
employment , housing, health care, political
power and education, among other things. Whether implicitly or explicitly expressed,
institutional racism occurs when a certain group is targeted and discriminated against based
upon race. Institutional racism can go unnoticed as it is not always explicit and can be
overlooked.
54. Stereotyping- -
a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.55. Social class- Social class (or, simply,
class), as in
class society, is
a set of concepts in
the social sciences and political theory
centered on models of social stratification in which
people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories,[1] the most common being
theupper, middle, and
lower classes .
56. Upper classes- The Upper Classes:
people with inherited wealth, defined by their title, theireducation, and their pastimes ( hunting , shooting, fishing , horse riding )57. Nobility/ aristocracy-
a privileged class holding hereditary titles; the hereditary aristocracy
recognised formally as a social class
58. Peer / nobleman- a nobleman;
a member of one of the five degrees of the British nobility( duke , marquis, earl , viscount, baron )59. Gentry- in a restricted sense, those
between the nobility and the yeomanry, the landed people
–
lack hereditary titles –
used to exercise extensive political influence at the local level60. Middle classes- about 50-60% of the population,
include industrialists, professionals,businesspeople (white- collar ; salary) and shop -owners (self- employed ).61. Working class(es)-
agricultural, mine and factory workers (
blue -collar;
wages ).
62. Lower classes- Lower class (
occasionally described as working class) are those employed in
low-paying wage jobs with very little economic security . The term "lower class" also refers to
persons with low income.
The working class is sometimes separated into those who are employed but lacking financial
security, and an
underclass—those who are long-term
unemployed and/or
homeless , especially
those receiving
welfare from the state. The
latter is analogous to the Marxist
term
"lumpenproletariat".[25] Members of the working class are sometimes called blue-collar
workers.
63. Social grades: A, B, C1, C2, D, E-
A upper middle class higher managerial, administrative or professional B middle class intermediate managerial, administrative or professional C1 lower middle class supervisory or clerical, junior managerial, administrative or professionalC2 skilled working class skilled manual workers D working class semi and unskilled manual workers E those at lowest level of subsistence state pensioners or widows, casual or lowest grade worker 64. Ascribed status- Ascribed status is the social status a person is
assigned at birth or assumedinvoluntarily later in life. It is a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned.[1][2] These
rigid social designators
remain fixed
throughout an individual's life and are inseparable from the
positive or negative stereotypes that are
linked with one's ascribed statuses.
65. Achieved status- Achieved status is a concept developed by the anthropologist
Ralph Linton denoting a social position that a person can acquire on the
basis of merit; it is
a positionthat is earned or chosen. It is the opposite of ascribed status. It reflects personal
skills , abilities,
and efforts.
Examples of achieved status are being an
Olympic athlete, being a criminal, or beinga college professor .Status is important sociologically because it
comes with a set of rights, obligations, behaviors,
and duties that people occupying a certain position are
expected or encouraged to
perform . These
expectations are
referred to as roles. For
instance , the
role of a "professor" includes teaching
students , answering their
questions , being
impartial , appropriately.
66. A closed/ open stratification system-
people cannot move up or down (e.g., the feudal
system, castes in India). •
An open system – people move up or down.67. Social mobility - Social mobility occurs whenever
people move across social classboundaries, or from one occupational level to another (upwards or downwards).
68. Meritocracy- - a
position in the hierarchy is determined by individual merit.69. Poverty line-
a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according
to governmental standards —cal ed also
poverty level70. Essex man/ woman - Essex Man first appeared in a Sunday Telegraph
column by
Simon Heffer and
became a shorthand for a well-off workwelcome to essexing class
man who hasmoved out of London and likes to show off his newly found wealth. The stereotype was a political
one as traditionally working class people were supposed to
vote for the
Labour Party , but Essex
Man voted Conservative.Essex Man had a
partner - Essex Girl - who was seen as loud, vulgar,
scantily-dressed, of low intelligence and sexually promiscuous.
71. Chav / Chavette- Another, more recent stereotype is that of the Chav. According to the
Oxford English Dictionary, the word was first used in a Usenet forum in 1998 and made its first
appearance in conventional media in 2002. By 2004, the word was in common usage. The
origin of the word is unknown, but it is most often thought to have originated in the Romany word
chavi, meaning
child . It has become a widely used derogatory word for
young people ofworking-class origin, who are depicted as uneducated, uncultured and prone to antisocial or immoral behaviour.72. Sloane Ranger/ Sloanies- Sloane Rangers have been
around since the 1980ies. The term
refers to
young, upper class or upper-midsloane ranger ahndbookdle-class fashion -consciousbut conventional young people, living in the more expensive parts of West London. The term was
popularised by The Official Sloane Ranger Handbook (1982) written by Peter
York and Ann
Barr . Sloanes are widely derided and, regardless of whatever educational standing they may have
achieved, are generally regarded as dim-witted socialites. Princess
Diana ,
particularly prior to
her
marriage , was considered the archetypal Sloane.
73.
MiddleEnglanders-
a characterization of a predominantly
middle-class, middle-income section of British society living mainlyin suburban and rural England 74. Direct / indirect discrimination- •
Direct discrimination =
someone is treated lessfavourably on the grounds of their age, sex, race, etc – advertising specifically for a man or for a
woman – ‘mature and
experienced candidate’ •
Indirect discrimination =
a rule , requirement or condition that applies equally to everyone but puts people from a particular group at a muchgreater disadvantage than others, and cannot be objectively justified – an unjustifiable
requirement that a job must be
done fulltime – specifying that a driving licence is required for a
job which involves limited
travelling 75. Age of consent- The
age of consent is the age at which a person is considered to be
legallycompetent to consent to sexual acts , and is thus the minimum age of a person with
whom another
person is legally permitted to
engage in sexual
activity . The distinguishing aspect of the age of
consent
laws is that the person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim, and their sex
partner as the
offender .
76. Ageism- In many societies, people who are at the
greatest risk are the young and the elderly.
A 2013
study found that "ageism is a bigger problem than racism or
sexism " in the UK. The
only group who had not experienced ageism were people
aged between 35 and 44 who are too
old for
negative youth stereotyping and too young for
prejudice based on advancing years. = a
stereotypic and often negative perception of older adults • = discriminating against people purely
on the grounds of their chronological age • The
issues over which people think older people are
treated badly are: • Poor standards of healthcare: 51% • Poor
pension provision : 56% • Poor
benefits provision: 41% • Poor standards of care - either in care
homes or their own homes: 66%
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