Artikli „Growth patterns from different forest generations of Scots pine“ analüüs Sandra Metsalaid, Allan Sims, Ahto Kangur, Maris Hordo, Kalev Jõgiste, Andres Kiviste, Pertti Hari. Erinevate põlvkondade männimetsade kasvu uurimine Eestis. Tegemist on eksperimentaalse artikliga. Artiklil on olemas kõik teaduslikule artiklile olulised osad. Lühikokkuvõte, sissejuhatus, meetodite ja materjalide tutvustus, tulemused, arutelu ja allikate loetelu. Artikkel on kergelt loetav ja jälgitav, info on edastatud selgelt ja loogiliselt. Artiklile lisatud graafikud ja tabel on olulised ja täiendavad sislulist poolt, joonis 1 pole artikli sisu kohalt vajalik Artikli eesmärk on uurida kliimamuutuse mõju hariliku männi kõrgus-ja juurdekasvule. Töös on püsititatud hüpotees, et 30-40a vanusevahega puistute arengus on suuri erinevusi, mis on põhjustatud kliimamuutusest ja mullaviljakuse muutusest viimase 100 aasta jooksul. Materjalide ja metoodika osas ...
Tartan is particularly associated with Celtic countries, especially Scotland. Culture Scottish music is a significant aspect of the nation's culture, with both traditional and modern influences. An example of a traditional Scottish instrument is the Great Highland Bagpipe, a wind instrument consisting of three drones and a melody pipe (called the chanter), which are fed continuously by a reservoir of air in a bag.Scottish literature includes text written in English, Scottish Gaelic, Scots, French, and Latin. The poet and songwriter Robert Burns wrote in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and in a "light" Scots dialect which is more accessible to a wider audience.Sport is an important element in Scottish culture, with the country hosting many of its own national sporting competitions, and enjoying independent representation at many international sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup, the Cricket World Cup and the Commonwealth Games
production, HISTORY · Completely different from other countries · Resistance to foreign domination · The Celtic influence began in the 6th c., - Gaelic language · In 1296 William Wallace, started a war of independence · Sacred Scottish Stone of Destiny was taken from Scone · In 1314 Robert the Bruce defeated the English at Bannockburn · In 1503 James IV of Scotland hoped to gain independence for Scotland but wasn't successful · Mary Queen of Scots claimed the English throne of Elizabeth I · She wanted to see the end of Protestantism but lost her Scottish throne · She was executed for treason in 1587 · In the 16th c. many Scots joined the Presbyterian church · James VI was the King of both countries, the crowns were united · In 1745, Bonnie Prince Charlie tried to seize the throne · The end of dreams of freedom for Scots · Major changes in the late 18th and 19th c.
Robert had to work as a flax dresser in Irvine to earn money for family but his real passion was poetry. At the age of 27 he had 3 children, two of them were twins. In July of 1786, Burns had succeeded in publishing the first book of his poems, the "Kilmarnock Edition", which became enormously popular. He decided to move to Edinburgh where new editions of his poetry were published. He made a number of tours of Scotland and began collecting traditional Scots songs and tunes for "The Scots Musical Museum". The gathered many old scotish tunes and songs that could have been lost otherwise. Even Haydn and Beethoven got inspiration from the songs he had put down. Burns is the author of the version of the Scots song Auld Lang Syne, which is generally sung at Hogmanay and other New Year celebrations around the English speaking world. Burns got ispiration from nature and beauty around, he wrote about love, universal
EESTI MAAÜLIKOOL Metsandus- ja maaehitusinstituut Kristjan Saks HARILIKU MÄNNI PUIDU OMADUSED THE PROPERTIES OF SCOTS PINE WOOD Referaat Metsanduse õppekava Juhendaja: Elmar Kask Tartu 2016 SISSEJUHATUS Kirjutasin referaadi teemal „Hariliku männi puidu omadused“. Mänd on Eesti kõige tavalisem puuliik. Teda võib kohata kõikjal, ka seal, kus enamik teisi puid kasvada ei suuda. Äärmuslikes tingimustes suudab mänd kasvada seepärast, et tema juurestik võib ulatuda nii
From shore to shore Lord make the nations see That men should brothers be And form one family The wide world over 5. From every latent foe From the assassins blow God save the Queen O'er her thine arm extend For Britain's sake defend Our mother, prince, and friend God save the Queen 6. Lord grant that Marshal Wade May by thy mighty aid Victory bring May he sedition hush And like a torrent rush Rebellious Scots to crush God save the King The Tower of London The Tower of London is London's oldest and most popular attraction, most famous for the Crown Jewels Buckingham Palace London Eye The London Bus The Grand Opera House The Giant's Causeway Belfast City Hall Area: Capital: London Total 130,395 km 2 England Population: Official language: 51,000,000 English National flower
Scotland Overview Flag-Saltire Royal Standard of Scotland Edinburgh, Glasgow First Minister Alex Salmond 78,387km² 5,222,100 St Andrew History Picts (Celtic tribe) Romans named scotland Caledonia The Scots Queen Mary was forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in 1567. National Symbols Thistle Declaration of Arbroath Tartan Bagpipes Kilt Honours of Scotland Crown, Sword and sceptre are from late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. Crown was made in 1540. Pope Julius II presented the sword to King James IV in 1507. The sceptre was made in 1494 and was presented to King James IV by Pope Alexander VI Honours of Scotland
Report of SCOTLAND Maiki Joakit 10. klass 2008 Etymology Scotland is from the Latin Scoti, the term applied to Gaels. The Late Latin word Scotia (land of the Gaels) was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland north of the river Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, both derived from the Gaelic Alba. The use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. History Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land-mass of modern Scotland, have destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period. It is believed that the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation
King Charles l Jaanika, Annabel Life • In 1604 to England • 1625 spoused • Reigned from 1625-1641 • 1628 he prorouged English Parliament • 1630 child Charles • 1649 executed Family • Father- James VI of Scotland and I of England • Mother- Anne of Denmark • Got married in 1589 • Brother Henry Important things during his lifetime •Born in Scotland •Brothers death •Coronation •Wife •War with Scots •Death
The city has an area of 175.5 km ². · Aberdeen, Dundee, Paisley, East Kilbride and Livingston are are also large cities. · There is a Glasgow bus tours for tourists SCOTLAND FLAG · The Flag of Scotland, also known as Saint Andrew's Cross or the Saltire, is the national flag of Scotland. · Scottish flag is blue · On the flag is a white X-shaped cross. NATIONAL SYMBOLS · The national flower of Scotland is the thistle. · Scotland's national animal is the unicorn. · The Scots Pine is the national tree of Scotland. · Scotland's national bird is the golden eagle. HERALDRY · The Royal Arms of Scotland is a coat of arms symbolising Scotland and the Scottish monarchs. · The thistle, the floral emblem of Scotland, also features in Scottish & British heraldry through symbols, logos, coat of arms and on British currency. · The Honours of Scotland, the Scottish Crown Jewels, are displayed in the
rank; most were farmers, labourers, tradespeople and their families. They were of varied cultural backgrounds, and many were recent immigrants. White Loyalists brought large numbers of slaves with them. Until 1834, slavery was legal in all British North American colonies but Upper Canada, where the institution was being phased out. The main waves of Loyalists came to what is now Canada in 1783 and 1784. 11. In which province is Scottish culture preserved? In 1910 an incredible 62,000 Scots emigrated to Canada. Tens of thousands of Scots men, women and children boarded ships to make the journey to Canada in the first half of the 20th century. Nova Scotia Gaelic is still spoken in Nova Scotia, hundreds of years after the first Scots settlement was founded.21st century Scots Canadians celebrate their Scots origins and share their traditions with people from around the world. Scots culture is not a museum piece; it is a living thing that grows and
Spring in Estonia 10 Puud/Põõsast 1. Harilik jalakas (Ulmus glabra) 2.Künnapuu (Ulmus laevis) 3. Lepp (Alder) 4.Harilik mänd (Scots pine) 5. Harilik haab ehk haab (Aspen) 6. Pihlakas (Rowan) 7. Pärn (Lime) 8. Saar (Island) 9. Vaher (Maple) 10. Kask (Birch) 10 lille(metsa/peenra) 1.Sinilill (Blue flower) 2.Ülane (Anemone) 3.Maikelluke (lily-of-the-valley) 4.Orhidee (orchid) 5. Harilik nurmenukk (Primula veris) 6. Kannike (Pansy) 7. Lumikelluke (Snow bell) 8.Harilik kullerkupp (Ordinary kullerkupp) 9. Kevadine krookus (Spring crocus) 10. Varsakabi (Caltha ) 10. Rändlindu 1. Linavästrik (Motacilla alba) 2. Metsvint (chaffinch) 3. Põldlõoke (lark) 4. Kuldnokk (Starling) 5.Hallhani (grey goose) 6.Ööbik (Bulbul) 7. Kiivitaja (Pewit) 8.Suitsupääsuke (swallow) 9.Valgepõsk-lagle (Barnacle goose) 10. Künnivares (Rook) ...
I love english 5 Revision Unit 11 1) Vocabulary 1. Who is the patron saint of Scotland? 2. A clan is a large group of related familys. 3. The Scots are proud of their national costume. 4. There are heather moors, moutains and lochs in Scotland. 5. Do you belive that there is a monster in Loch Ness? 6. We saw many sheeps on the hillside. 7. An indrustial centre. 2) Make sentences 1. LAKE / POND long/big/sweet/deep/high A lake is deeper than a pond. 2. MOUNTAIN/HILL A mountain is higher than a hill. 3. SCOTLAND/WALES Scotland is bigger than Wales. 4. NOVEL/SHORT STORY
LOVE AND MARRIAGE According to the Bible, you have to love your mate. Why there are so many couples, who have married without love? In history there are a few exaples about marriages which based on the wealth and a glory For example Mary, the Queen of Scots married without love with Lord Darnley. Centuries later Charles, Prince of Wales married with Diana, barely knowing her. In this time, the upper class had to marry with their kind of people. In India, women have to marry with the men, who their parents have chosen for them. In my opinion people shouldn't marry, when they don't have feelings for each other or when they barely know each other.The religion shouldn't be also a reason for marriage. There's no point
The great Roman Emperor Firts came 55 BC to gather information, celts were doing agriculturally well,so romans wanted to get some food too In 54BC Caesar defeated Cassivelaunus Actual reasons why he made expeditions are unknown or wheteher he wanted to intend conquest The Roman Occupation 43-410 43 AD Emperor Claudius conquered Britain, it was easy, romans were more skilled and betetr equipped. Romans faced assaults of Picts, Scots, barbarians. 406-7 barbarians begin invasion Legacy- new types of animals, plants; miles, feet, inches-roman measurements;christianity; Roman basilica in curches; reading, writing; buildings, roads Christianity in Roman Britain Until 4th C christians were persecuted 313 AD Emperor Constantine legalised christianity 380 AD Emperor Theodosius I made it the official religion of the empire Paganism had been eclipsed but continued to
Lion' · red lion on a gold field · Scottish monarchs or government officials · by William the Lyon in 1165 FLOWER · thistle · prickly-leaved purple flower · 15th century · symbol of defence · Scottish Bluebell FLOWER OF SCOTLAND · there is no official National anthem of Scotland · Scottish song, used frequently at special occasions and sporting events. · written by Roy Williamson · presented in 1967 · refers to the victory of the Scots Robert the Bruce NATIONAL DAY · St Andrew's Day · St Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland · 30 November · In 2006- an official bank holiday REFERENCES · http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/coun trys/europe/rylscot.htm · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland · http://www.woodlands- junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/britain/sco tland.htm
the Kingdom of England to create a united Kingdom of Great Britain. This union was the result of the Treaty of Union agreed in 1706 and put into effect by the Acts of Union that were passed by the Parliaments of both countries despite widespread protest across Scotland. Scotland's legal system continues to be separate from those of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and Scotland still constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in public and in private law. The continued independence of Scots law, the Scottish education system, and the Church of Scotland have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and Scottish national identity since the Union. Although Scotland is no longer a separate sovereign state, the constitutional future of Scotland continues to give rise to debate. Hisory of Scotland ! The history of Scotland begins around 10,000 years ago, when humans first began to inhabit what is now
Mary Stuart Mary, Queen of Scots Mary was born in 8th December 1542. Also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland She became queen when her father, James V died six days after her birth. First marriage Mary was sent by her mother, Mary of Guise, to be raised at the court of the French king Henry II. She was married in 1558 to Francis II. When Francis died Mary returned to Scotland. Francis II and Mary Stuart Scotland She was distrusted because of her Catholic upbringing. In 1565 the red-haired queen married her ambitious cousin Lord Darnley She became a victim of intrigues among the Scottish nobles. Darnley murdered Mary's confidant David Riccio. The murder of Riccio Third marriage Lord Darnley was murdered in 1567. The suspect was Bothwell. Ignoring objections by the jealous Scottish nobility, Mary married Bothwell. England ...
BRITISH HISTORY 17TH-19TH CENTURY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ☄ When James I became the first English king of the Stuart dynasty, he was already king of Scotland, so the crowns of these two countries were united. ☄ The kind of Middle English spoken in lowland Scotland had developed into a written language known as Scots ☄ The Scottish Protestant church adopted English rather than Scots bibles ☄ Religion and politics are inextricably linked ☄ Some people tried to kill the king because he wasn't Catholic enough and another king had been killed, partly because he seemed too Catholic ☄ Anger grew in the country at the way that the Stuart monarchs raised money ☄ Puritanism- ideological Protestantism ☄ Some of them thought the luxurious lifestyle of the king and his followers was immoral
in English; had 6 wives, broke away from the Roman Catholic church and founded the Anglican church. Made the crown the spiritual head of the nation. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) daughter of Henry VIII, a very strong woman, Catholics were attacked, Protestants looked on favourably; Mary, Queen of Scots was executed, the Spanish Armada was defeated, England became very powerful; she never married and the Tudor dynasty died with her. James VI of Scotland (1603-1625) son of Mary, Queen of Scots, became king after Elizabeth's death, united the two crowns, creating the title "King of Great Britain"; survived the Gunpowder Plot of 5th November, 1605, when the Roman Catholics tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament. Charles I (1625-1649) a king of England, Scotland and Ireland, in conflict with Parliament, was beheaded during the English Civil War. George III (1760-1820) his stubbornness led to the American War of
lochs in the Highland. Some people say that they have seen it. Few people live in the north of Scotland nowadays. Most of people live in the lowlands. Farmers raise sheep and you can see hundreds or even thousands of them on the hillsides. Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburg are the biggest cities in Scotland. Aberdeen is an old university town. Glasgow is the biggest city. It is a famous industrial centre. There are many theatres and art galleries too. All true Scots belong to the clan. Each clan has its own tartan. This is a traditional woollen cloth that has squares and stripes in different colours. The men wear kilts. Scottish people are proud of their national costume. Many Scottish names begin with 'Mac' or 'Mc', which means 'son of'. Common Scottish names are MacKenzie and Campbell. The Scottish traditional food is haggis and they play bagpipe. On 25th January Scottish people celebrate Robert Burns' birthday. He was
Union with England 18th century Political union between Scotland and England Treaty of Union It replaced the Scottish systems of currency First World War In 19141918 Provided manpower, ships, machinery, food etc Scotland sent 690,000 men to the war The Battle of Loos They made up 15 per cent of the national armed forces Second World War In 19391945 Shipyards and heavy engineering factories Winston Churchill Industry developed Scottish monarchs The head of state First King of Scots was Kenneth MacAlpin Founded the state The Coronation Oath Elizabeth II Flag of Scotland Saint Andrew's Cross Adopted in 16th century Earliest use as a national symbol One part of the English flag References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scotland http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Union http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stones http://en.wikipedia
SCOTLAND Made by · is in northwest Europe that occupies the northwest Europe northern third of the island of Great Britain · part of the United Kingdom · bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest Flag Coat of arms Data · Capital: Edinburgh · Largest city: Glasgow · Languages: English, Gaelic, Scots · Demonym: Scottish · Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II · Total area: 78,772 km² (water 1.9%) · Population: 5,144,200 people · Currency: Pound sterling · Patron Saint: St. Andrew National symbols: thistle kilt tartan pattern bagpipe Flower of Scotland (national anthem) O Flower of Scotland, Those days are past now, When will we see And in the past Your like again, they must remain,
than Denmark, Switzerland and Holland. Population an estimated 1 364 100 people and 30 people per sq km. Capital of Estonia is Tallinn. Population in Tallinn is about 397 150 people over a third of the nation. The biggest cities are Tartu, Narva and Pärnu. 70% of Estonians live in towns. All of the towns are old. · Estonia has 7000 rivers and streams. · Forests comprise slightly under half on Estonia's territory. · Scots pine, spruce, birch, aspen and alder are the most popular in the forest. · There are also a lot of animals: elks, roe deers, boars, brown bears, wolves etc. · About 10% of Estonia is a nature reserve. Estonians speak Estonian. It is used as a mother tongue by just under 1.1 million people. Estonian is one of the world's smallest cultural languages. It belongs to the FinnoUgric language family,
lake is lough neagh 388 sq km. Scotland is the most mountainous part and the highest peak ben nevis 1,343 m high · Britain is relatively densely populated contry with some 57 million people(ranks 16in the world in terms of population )in london thers around 8 million people. England has the highest population density of four lands and scotland teh lowest. · The majority speeks english. 21 % of wales speak welsh( language of celtic origin). Allso thers scots gaelic and irish gaelic. · Britain is parliamentary democracy( people can vote who's over 18 ). The head of the state is a hereditary monarch eather f or m. Monarch plays a largely ceremonial role and must be impartial. The prime minister has a charge to run the country. · Britains's all 4 counties have ther own culture and national emblems: red rose for england, thistel for scotland, a daffodil for wales and a shamrock for northen ireland.
lake is lough neagh 388 sq km. Scotland is the most mountainous part and the highest peak ben nevis 1,343 m high · Britain is relatively densely populated contry with some 57 million people(ranks 16in the world in terms of population )in london thers around 8 million people. England has the highest population density of four lands and scotland teh lowest. · The majority speeks english. 21 % of wales speak welsh( language of celtic origin). Allso thers scots gaelic and irish gaelic. · Britain is parliamentary democracy( people can vote who's over 18 ). The head of the state is a hereditary monarch eather f or m. Monarch plays a largely ceremonial role and must be impartial. The prime minister has a charge to run the country. · Britains's all 4 counties have ther own culture and national emblems: red rose for england, thistel for scotland, a daffodil for wales and a shamrock for northen ireland.
Ireland Geography · LocationWestern Europe · Area 84,421 km2 · Coastline 2,797 km · Highest elevation 1,041 m · Largest city Dublin · Population 6,572,728 Languages · English · Irish · Ulster Scots History · During the last glacial period, and up until about 10,000 BC, most of Ireland was periodically covered in ice. Sea levels were lower and Ireland, like Great Britain, formed part of continental Europe. By 16,000 BC, rising sea levels due to ice melting caused Ireland to become separated from Great Britain. Later, around 6000 BC, Great Britain itself became separated from continental Europe. The earliest evidence of
Mary Tudor/Bloody Mary- was catholic and killed many protesntants. Ruled only for a few years and then died 5. Elizabeth I - very clever and educated,she was fluent in several languages. She wanted to unite England and make it a very important force in Europe. She never married and was called the "Virgin Queen". It was a very peaceful time, she loved theatre and plays. People had good lives and were entertained. Mary (catholic), The queen of Scots, was executed by Elizabeth I. Elizabeth had no heir. The power of the English monarch increased in this period. Bubonic plaguse killed one third of the population in England during its first outbreak and continued to reappear periodically for another 300 years. 1605 The Gunpowder plot The 17th century James I became the first English king of the Stuart dynasty, he was already
It's called the Loch Ness monster. Some people say that they have seen it. Tourists come there to see the monster every year but the monster doesn't show itself. On the edge of the lake, there is a special Loch Ness Monster Exhibition centre that people can visit. Few people live in the north of Scotland. Some of them speak the Scottish Gaelic language. Most of the people live in the Lowlands. Farmers in Scotland keep a lot of sheep on the hillsides. All true Scots belong to a clan or a tribe. Each of them has their own tartan. Its a traditional woollen cloth over the shoulder. Men in Scotland wear kilts. Nowadays there are a lot of tartan shops in Scotland, which sell cloth, kilts, scarves, bags, travelling rugs, and dresses in tartan patterns. Sometimes they offer people the service of finding out which part of Scotland their great-grand parents came from. Scotland's greatest poet Robert Burns, who's dead by now, had his birthday th
haab aspen 6. Glehni kuusk Sakhalin spruce 7. pappel poplar 7. hiina e kare kuusk dragon spruce 8. palsamipappel balsam poplar 8. torkav kuusk Colorado spruce 9. pihlakas rowan, mountain ash 9. korea kuusk Korean spruce 10. tuhkpihlakas rock whitebeam 10. Engelmanni kuusk Engelmann spruce 11. pooppuu Swedish whitebeam 11. harilik mänd Scots pine 12. saar ash 12. keerdmänd lodgepole pine, shore pine 13. pärn lime, linden 13. kollane mänd ponderosa pine 14. jalakas elm 14. igimänd Great Basin bristlecone pine 15. künnapuu European white elm 15. euroopa seedermänd arolla pine, stone 16. tamm oak pine 17. punane tamm red oak 16
25. Name some differences between Shrove Tuesday in England and in Estonia. They eat pancakes and bacon, we eat pea soup and buns with whipped cream. Since it's winter time for us, we have sledding competitions. For them it's a bit later and since England doesn't really have much snow, they have other activities. 26. Write about the Scots' struggle for independence in the 14th century. England wanted to add Scotland to themselves, so the Scots had to fight them. William Wallace ("Braveheart") and king Robert the Bruce fought them off. In 1328 England acknowledged Scotland's independence. 27. How come that there are so many Irish people in the United States today? During the "potato famine" a lot of Irish people fled to America, because otherwise they might have died from hunger. 28. What do you know about the City of London? It has its own major, is a part of London, not the whole city. St. Paul's Cathedral is
Geordie (Newcastle upon Tyne) Lancastrian (Lancashire) Scouse (Merseyside) Mancunian-Salfordian (Manchester & Salford) Mackem (Sunderland) Northumbrian (rural Northumberland) Pitmatic (Durham and Northumberland) Yorkshire (also known as Tyke) In the far north, local speech is noticeably Scots in nature. o East Midlands o West Midlands Black Country English Brummie (Birmingham) Potteries (north Staffordshire) o Southern Received Pronunciation Cockney (East London) East Anglian (Norfolk, Suffolk and North Essex) Estuary (Thames Estuary) Kentish (Kent)
predominant. The Anglo-Saxon migration gave the larger part of Britain its new name, England, ,,The land of the Angles". The British Celts were slowly pushed westwards. Finally most were driven into the mountains in the far west, which the Saxons called ,,Wales". Some were driven into Cornwall, where they later accepted the rule of Saxon lords and northward to Strathclyde. Further north lived the Picts and Scots. Some Celts crossed the sea & settled in the north-west of France called Brittany after the Celtic tribes of Britons. The Celts who stayed behind became mostly slaves. Hardly anything is left of the Celtic language or culture in England, except for some names of some rivers (Thames, Avon, Severn) and two large cities London & Leeds. The new conquerors were warlike and illiterate. Disliked towns, preferred to live in small cillages. They destroyed the Roman towns & villas
EESTI MAAÜLIKOOL SOOME METSAD Tartu 2014 Sisukord Sissejuhatus.................................................................................................. 2 1. Looduslikud tingimused..............................................................................3 2. Metsakorraldus Soomes.............................................................................7 4. Kasutatud kirjandus.................................................................................... 9 Sissejuhatus Soome Vabariik (Joonis 1) on riik Põhja-Euroopas Rootsi ja Venemaa vahel, üks Põhjamaadest. Soome piirneb idast Venemaaga, põhjast Norraga ja läänest Rootsiga. 2 Lõunas on teisel pool Soome lahte lähim riik Eesti. Soome on Euroopa riikide hulgas territoo...
Edinburgh, which dates from the early 12th century.As with all castles, Edinburgh's fortress has been a centre of military activity. As an ancient fortress Edinburgh Castle is one of the few that still has a military garrison, albeit for largely ceremonial and administrative purposes. The New Barrack Block is now home to the official headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Scotland and 52 Infantry Brigade, as well as home to the regimental museum of the Royal Scots and Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. The Governor of Edinburgh Castle is Major General David McDowall, GOC of the British Army's 2nd Division. The Governor of the Castle has always been the head of the Army in Scotland. Direct administration of the castle by the War Office only came to an end in 1923 when the army formally moved to the city's new Redford Barracks. Nevertheless, the Castle continues to have a strong connection with the Army.
And as a matter of fact she was moved so deeply that her raised hand fell lower every second until she was totally in his arms. "Your highness...my dear Eliza...I really must to go now!" he whispered sadly. "No!" she cried, but Edward turned fast away and in a few moments was gone. The princess looked at the big oval mirror that was standing by the window and seemed surprised of her own temper. She looked still confused when her mother, the beloved queen Alice of the Scots, entered the main hall. "Well, well, well..." the old woman said looking at her pale daughter, "May I at least know whom this lucky man is?" Eliza was staring in bold air not noticing even the loud question. The queen laughed and walked to the library. "A baby..." whispered the young lady suddenly. Alice stopped and seemed very surprised. "Yes, my dear?" she said, "What baby?" Eliza waved dreamy her hand and left for the Royal Garden, where the soldiers were situated.
tribe settled near a fordable point of the Thames. L achieved real importance following the Roman conquest under Claudius (43AD). The Romans build a bridge, somewhat east of the present city. This bridge soon was part of a trade road and attracted more and more traders. Soon the flourishing city Londinium came into existence. The Romans rebuilt the town into a centre of great importance. After the Romans withdrew from Britain in the Picts, Scots, Jutes, Angles and Saxons invaded London. It started to expand again under the Saxon kings. London was described as a commercial centre into which goods from all parts of the world flew by land and sea. King Alfred the Great repopulated and fortified the city. Edward the Confessor started to build a new royal palace at Westminster and raised London to the level of capital. William the Conqueror started the construction of the Tower of London and his successor William II
He was king 4 years. The years were not happy. Another invasion in 1296, Edward stole the sacred Stone of Destiny. Resistance movement led by William Wallace, Norman-Scottish knight, started. He beat the English at Stirling. A new leader took up the struggle, this was Robert the Bruce who crowned himself king in 1306. Scottish nationalism was born, the English army defeated. In 1307 Ed I died while preparing to lead his army into Scotland for the 6th time. His son Ed II was no soldier. The Scots led by Bruce won tge Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. In 1328 young Ed III agreed to respect Scotland's independence. The attempts of English kings to control Scotland had led the Scots to turn to the king of France. Both countries agreed that whenever England attacked one of them, the other would make trouble behind England's back. In 1346 the Scots attacked England, but were defeated & King David II (Bruce's son) was taken prisoner. The French paid ransom. But the Scottish monarcy survived
The early middle ages The Norman Conquest Since William was crowned king, there were many rebellions against the Normans. A small Norman army marched from village to village and destroyed the ones it couldn't control. The Normans took away the Saxon lords' land. Only a few Saxons who supported William could keep their land. Feudalism William gave parts of his conquered land to his captains around the country to avoid rebellions and uprisings. He also kept some land to himself to make sure his was much stronger than his nobles. Of all the farmland half went to his nobles, quarter to church and fifth he kept to himself. William organised the English kingdom according to feudal system. The main purpose of using that system was economic. King gave the land to "vassals" in return of army services and goods. When a noble dies, his son took over the estate. When there was no family, the land went back to king who could give it to another n...
The United Kingdom and London United Kingdom is a political name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. These political names include the countries of England, Scotland and Wales. Every country has its own capital and language. The capital of England is London, the people there are english and the language spoken is English. In scotland live the scots, capital is Edingburg and the languages spoken are English and Scottish. The capital of Wales is Cardiff, the people tehre are welsh and the languages spoken are welsh and English. N. Ireland is the home for the Irish, the capital is Belfast and the language is Irish. The first inhabitants were Iberians and Celts who settled on the land and were often at war with each other. In AD 43 Britain was made a Roman province. The romans stayed there for three hundred years
George I from Hanover becomes the king of England the country is run by Sir Robert Walpole ( Britain's first PM, first to live at 10 Downing Street ) 1715&1719 Scottish Jacobite Rebellions ( to restore the rule of the Stuarts in Scotland ) leaders : James Stuart ( the old Pretender ) and his son Charles ( the young Pretender / Bonnie Prince Charlie ) 1746 The Battle of Culloden ( lasted for 40 min. ) Charles and the Highlanders against the English army > the Scots lost their independence Great Figures Duke of Wellington finished the wars on land against Napoleon battle of Waterloo 1815 Admiral Nelson defeated the French in the battle of Trafalgar 1805 on the sea the flag ship called 'Victory' famous quote: 'every man of England must do his duty' Captain James Cook navigator explorer mapped many seaways and charted many countries Industrial revolution ( second half of the 18th c. ) new machines ( weaving ), factories established
· Got into trouble · Quarrel with Pope Innocent III · Excommunicated · Overtaxing England for war against France · Lost the war · Result: a revolt of the English barons · Forced John to sign the Magna Charta in 1215 · Not even the King was above the law · No free man could be arrested without due process of law and a trial Edward I · Reigned 1272-1307 · Known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots · A strong king · Re-established royal authority over the nobles · Conquered Scotland and Wales · Remembered for his governmental reforms · The evolution of Parliament · Originally, parliament was any meeting of the king and his vassals to talk (parley), usually over taxes · Negotiating taxes with each town and shire was difficult · Called the Model Parliament in 1295 · Representatives from all three estates Parliament
United Kingdom AT115 Martin Pillai Early history • In 1066, the Normans invaded England from France • In 1603, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots, inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from Edinburgh to London • In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms were involved in a series of connected wars, which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the short-lived unitary republic of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Acts of Union • On 1 May 1707, the united Kingdom of Great Britain came
To the south of the wall the Romans dug a wide ditch with high earth banks. *The Picts, Caledonia The Romans called Scotland 'Caledonia' because the dominant tribe of Picts they encountered was the Calidonii. Romans thought they were barbarian savages, but actually they had an advanced, cultured society. There was no slavery amongst them and women for instance had a higher standing than in Roman society. The Picts fought the Romans. The Picts- ,,The Painted Ones"- spoke Pict-Celtic. *The Scots, Hibernia In early medieval times Ireland was known by the name "Hibernia". In Hadrian's time the ancient race called the Scots inhabited Hibernia (now called Ireland). Irish and Scottish missionaries were spreading Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England during the 6th centurie. The Latin term Scotti refers to the Gaelic-speaking people of Ireland and the Irish who settled in western Scotland. *The Venerable Bede Bede was a Christian monk, he was the most learned man in Europe at that time
invasion and the second Roman "invasion" of Great Britain, who were the leaders, what influence did they leave on the culture of Great Britain? Celtic Britain was during the Bronze Age, there were many small tribal kingdoms fighting one another. Many megalithic monuments were built around that time, e.g. Stonehenge, the Avebury ring. The Roman Invasion 55-54 BC, Julius Caesar ruled Rome, Rome built the Hadrian's wall (73 miles long, built in 121 127 AD) against the Picts and Scots, bits have survived till today. The Romans bring along the Christian faith The beginning of Christianization of the Celts. The Romans withdrew their forces together with the fall of the Roman empire. Anglo Saxon Invasion 5th 6th century AD. Germanic tribes from Scandinavia: the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes settle in what today is known as England and force the Celtic tribes to move to Scotland, Ireland, Wales.
The one king who managed to rule the whole Ireland effectively was Brian Boru. Scotland Scotland has two different societies because the mountainous regions separated the country into lowland and highland. Lowland society was easily influenced by the changes taking place in England. People in the highland society were more tied to their own family groups. Scotland was populated by 4 different groups : the Picts the main and the oldest group, the Scots, the Britons and the Angles. In 843 the Pictish and the Scottish kingdoms were united under a Scottish king. They all shared a common Celtic culture, language and background. They grew crops and kept animals. And they were also forced to unite to fight against the English.
American English Take-home exam 1) Discuss the significance of American English in the English-speaking world. English is one the most widely used languages in the world and globally acknowledged as the lingua franca. It is also the dominant business language. For these facts already, English has a great importance in the today’s world. As the United States of America is one of the leading countries of the world, American English has a certain authority as well. It is now an inescapable fact that America, through its worldwide influence and massive entertainment industry is the mighty power-house that drives the English language. Although British English is considered to be more sophisticated and prestigious than American English, the latter is clearly more featured in television, music, video games and internet, naturally appealing more to English learners than Brit...
She succeeded her sister, Mary Tudor, on November 17, 1558. Elizabeth chose not to marry, and declined to settle the succession. Her reign was punctuated by clashes with Parliament over the succession, and her reluctance to deal with Mary, Queen of Scots. Within two decades of Elizabeth's death, the Elizabethan period had come to be known as a "golden age", a period of great literary achievements, the age of William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney, and Edmund Spenser, but, at the time, the regime often felt beleaguered at home and abroad. Internally, Elizabethan
King Edward VIII King Edward VIII ruled for only 325 days. He abdicated the thrown so that he could marry his love Wallis Simpson. A king is not able to marry a divorced woman and become king, and Mrs Simpson was an american divorcee. King Edward I King Edward ovtained the thrown by inheritance from Henry III. King Edward I was also known as Longshanks because he was over 6ft tall, which was very tall at the time. Edward I fought against Robert the Bruce and was known as the hammer of the scots. King Henry II French Henry II was the first of the Angevins who were the first Plantagenet kings. A young king who came to the throne at only 21, he ruled for a long 34 years, however Henry II only spent 14 of those years in England, or Britain. King Charles II King Charles II was crowned king of Scotland in 1651. When Richard Cromwell, who was lord protector of England at the time, was abdicated Charles returned to London. King
Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor. "A sound head, an honest heart, and an humble spirit are the three best guides through time and to eternity" Robert Burns 17591796 National poet of Scotland He is the best known of the poets who have written in Scottish Grew up in poverty and hardship Made compositions and collected folk songs from across Scotland His song Auld Lang Syne is often sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and Scots Wha Hae served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country. Other poems and songs of Burns that remain wellknown across the world today, include A Red, Red Rose, A Man's A Man for A' That, Ae Fond Kiss and Tam o' Shanter. Lord Byron 1788 1824 One of the greatest British poets and a leading figure in the romantic movement, he remains widely read and influential His bestknown works are the lengthy narrative poems ,,Don Juan" and
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