7 Maximum overtime hours/worker/month 20 8 Hiring cost/worker $1 600 How much would this new program 9 Firing cost/worker $2 000 at least fo this 4-month planning ho 10 Regular wages/worker/month $1 500 11 Overtime wage rate/hour $13 12 Raw material cost/pair of shoes $15 13 Holding cost/pair of shoes in inventory/month $3 14 15 Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 16 Labor hours/pair of shoes 4 3,9 3,8 3,8 17
Due to more people go online to vote and do their business with the banks. As time goes by, more and more discoveries are made in the IT field. However, the income of estonians is one of the lowest in the European Union, therefore there is a big gap between different social layers. Estonians average monthly wage is 792 EUR, which means that the average monthly wage is bigger only than in Latvia. Other European Union countries have higher average monthly wages. Small salary is accompanie by aging. That is because families with smaller income do not want to have children, because they can not adequately care for them. That is the reason why the growth of population is so low. In conclusion I would like to say that even though Estonia has put much effort into developing it's IT-sector, its wages still are below the European average. That results in other problems as for example to dropping of the population growth
People think about your life and want a better life for yourself, that's why they're going somewhere else in the country and are looking to get a job there. It brings an increase in emigration to Estonia, and it does not bring good to the country. The larger countries where the Estonians are going to work, it is, for example, in Australia, Finland, Sweden, Norway. Why ? Standard of living is higher in these countries than we have in Estonia. There is many times larger than the wages in Estonia, and there are also more comfortable to live in. In particular, are going to go just for young people going abroad to work, since they have a higher chance of getting a better job. The older people to remain in Estonia, since they already have a family and a flat salary job. People living in Estonia should be more to think about their country and to find a suitable job in the country, but we can also understand these people who want a better life for his family and go to
given period. Economic costs reflect the opportunity cost of resources. Costs may be in real or monetary terms; - implicit costs - explicit costs Explicit Costs: paid directly in money - money costs. - A firm incurs explicit costs when it pays for a factor of production at the same time it uses it. Explicit Cost = payments by a firm to purchase the service of productive resources (wages, interest, rent, capital) Explicit Costs Explicit costs are those costs where there is an actual expenditure in a market. The costs of labour or interest payments are examples. Costs Implicit Costs: measured in units of money, but are not paid for directly in money. The costs of nonpurchased inputs, to which a cash value must be imputed because the inputs are not purchased in a market transaction.
.............. farms and fields small / large/ sheep (................. on open moors) ..................... machinery ................. machinery more / less .................. capital ................. capital more /less ..........................markets ........................ markets near to / further from .................... transport ........................ transport good / limited .................... wages .................... wages higher / lower Therefore more suited to Therefore more suited to arable / pastoral ...................... farming ....................... farming
BPO sector generates over 964 million revenues Bulgaria is the best outsourcing destination in Europe The average BPO company in Bulgaria provides services in more than 25 languages Successful examples: www.investbg.government.bg INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The Sector: More than 17 500 specialists work in The Sector 1.86 % of GDP was generate by The Sector in 2015 20 600annual wages per Employee Advantages: Established traditions and experience in the sector One of the fastest growing sectors of the economy The revenues of Bulgarian IT Companies grew by 11% Over 4 300 students get a degree in IT each year Bulgarian Internet speed is one of the fastest in the world Successful examples: www.investbg.government.bg ELECTRONICS The Sector:
economic models) to increases in long-term private consumption. If separated from endogenous private consumption, 2. Government consumption can be treated as exogenous. Different government spending levels can be considered within a meaningful macroeconomic framework. Income Approach This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for the factors of production they hire- wages for labor, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship. The "National Income and Expenditure Accounts" divide incomes into five categories: - Wages, salaries, and supplementary labour income - Corporate profits - Interest and miscellaneous investment income - Farmers' income - Income from non-farm unincorporated businesses These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost. Two adjustments must be made to get GDP:
Väga kallis-exorbitant Töökogemus-Career history Õpetus-tuition Töökohale-apply for a job Õppepuhkus-Study holiday Tööpäevaväline aeg-Unsocial hours Töötasu-pay Tootejuht-Product manager Tükitöötasu-Wages Ületunnitasu-Overtime Vaba töökoht-Vacancy Vahetult klienditeenindusega seotud töökoht- Operative job Viimane tähtpäev-Closing date
hours); executives and middle managers are not subject to the regulation on working hours. Employees are entitled to a minimum period of paid annual holiday which is set forth by law and amounts to 4 weeks for each year of service (Collective Agreements may grant the employees with a longer period of holidays). Employees cannot waive their right to the aforesaid holidays. Wages – the salary agreed upon the individual employment agreement cannot be lower than the salary contained in the applicable Collective Agreement, where applicable. Salary is usually paid in 12 months instalments. Additional instalments (13th and 14th instalment) may have to be paid pursuant to the applicable Collective Agreement. The employer must withhold the income tax and the social security contributions on behalf of the
for money. The rich have money work for them. „ Why teach financial literacy ? • Underestand the differents between asset and liability • Focus on keeping expenses and liability at minimum • Kiyosaki's main point is that the only way to become financially independent is to accumulate income generating assets which can pay for your expenses. Mind your own business • Keep your day job but keep minding your own business. • Don´t spend all your wages. • Built a portfolio of assets. Conclusion • Explode the mynt that you need to earn a high income to become rich • Challenge the belife that your house is an asset • Show parents why they can´t rely on the school system to teach their kids about money • Define once and for all an asset and a liability • Teach you what to teach your kids about money for their future financial success Used literature • Kiyosaki. R.T. (2011). Rich Dad Poor Dad. LLC Plata Publishing
On the other hand, this country have own drawbacks. What I really hate, it is mandatory learning Estonian language. Without knowledge Estonian language, I, and a lot of people cannot study in qualify and attractive universities. Also in our country significantly small salary and low perspective. There is average salary in one month 977 euro, but not all people give this money. In Estonia typical policeman getting paid approximately 600-700 and As long as police do not regularly receive wages sufficient to feed their families, their performance will always be open to compromise and corruption. Finally, I am very happy that I was born in Estonia, because it is wonderful country with beautiful nature, varied history, and well safety.
Furthermore, I love working with children and I have plenty of ideas what to do in a summer camp. I would like to enquire about the work in the camp. Could you let me know how many people will take part in one group? Could you also inform me if I can eat for free or I have to pay for the food? I would like to know where exactly the summer camp will take place. Also, I wonder how long my working day is and the date it will start. Finally, I am interested in the way wages are paid. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Mari Mets 20th February, 2015 Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to you regarding the clothes I bought in your online shop on 15 th February,2015. When I received the package I was quite disappointed as there are several problems. On your web page it was said if you buy clothes or items for 100 € then you do not have to pay the shipping cost, but the bill includes it. The quality of the clothes is below the standard
keeping costs low. Southwest's success comes from identifying its critical success factors (CSFs) and developing its business strategy around them. The company's CSFs include: lowest fares in the marketplace competition with bus and automobile transport, rather than other airlines low overhead costs and a cost-conscious employee culture low debt-to-equity ratio lower wages offset by profit sharing plans friendly, courteous staff with a strong commitment to the organization high standards of teamwork without rigid job demarcations quick turnaround times optimizing aircraft usage Course: Thinking Strategically Topic: Defining Strategy Copyright 2007 SkillSoft. All rights reserved. SkillSoft and the SkillSoft logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of SkillSoft in the United States and certain other countries.
Holland- Dutch Portugal- Portuguese Spain- Spanish Russia- Russian Finland- Finnish Germany- German UNIT6 The bank of England- keskpank, central bank Commercial bank- clearing bank Merchant banks- äripank- specialise in services for companies Regular payment- direct debit Salary- palk, money your employer pays you every month Net- neto, the amount that remains after everything else has been deducted Wages- palk, money you make when you work, usually paid weekly, in cash Routine- tavapärane, ordinary and boring Cost- maksma Stirling- the currency unit of United Kingdom Fit- sobima, to find the space or time for something Currency- money used in another country Distribution- levitamine, giving things too a large group of people Banking- the business of looking after peoples money Transactions- tehing, movement of money into or out of customers accounts Reporting- giving information
That means - if Greece will bankrupt, it will bring crisis for all the Europe. So in EU, the countries have to pay for others mistakes... It has even been predicted that 4 EU countries would be bankrupt before 2013 year. Also a big problem for new Europe countries is one of the EU fundamental right "free movement of labour, goods and capital". As a result of it, the most skilled and mobile workers are going from East to West to take advantage of higher benefits and wages. For example, from Estonia many doctors have gone to Finland where the salary is three times bigger, but at the same time, there are not enough doctors in Estonia. The second bad thing for new member countries in this rule is free movement of goods. One way, it is very good that people can buy goods with better prices, because there would be no duties. In the other hand, it's bad for local companies, who must compete with whole Europe
implemented. Because of the demographic changes in the workforce, BMW has formed a project, "Today for Tomorrow", to help the group to adapt these changes through five areas: 1. design of the working environment 2. healt management and preventive health care 3. needs-based retirement models 4. qualification and skills 5. communication The BMW company has significantly changed the working environment in motor industry. Employees have better conditions and higher wages. This is good for the entire BMW group, because workers are more productive and manufacturing cost can be decreased.
The Black Death is the name given to a disease called the bubonic plague. In 1377. Edward III's reign ended and it marks the end to the Plantagenet Kings. From 1377 - 1485 the Royal Houses of Lancaster and York became Kings of England in the Middle Ages and ruled the English. In 1377 Edward III was succeeded by his grandson Richard II. The Black Death of 1348 - 1350 decimated the population of England, so in 1349 King Richard II attempted to limit the wages paid to labourers to their pre-plague levels. That caused the Peasants Revolt in 1381. Richard II gave promises to the peasants to calm them down. The final outcome was that the King's promises were ignored, and the oppression of the peasants continued. In 1382 the Bible was translated into English by John Wycliffe. In 1399 Richard II was succeeded by his grandson Henry IV. He lead England until 1413 and was then succeeded by his son Henry V. Henry V reign lasted until 1422. In 1422 his son
buy on credit - You can use this kind of buying if you don't have enough money to. To purchase, on a promise, in fact or in law, to make payment at a future day. 9. reduction - Discount. For example you get 5 euros off because you are a student. 10. give a refund refunded money on st that you have bought , but you need to retur it 11. fee money payd to a school or a lawyer 12. fare money payd to a journey 13. income tax tax collected on wages ans salariess 14. inhertance tax tax collected from what people inharit from others 15. excise duties tax that must be paid on goods imprted from other countries 16. VAT value added taxe, is a tax paid on goods and services when hey are bought or purcased. 17. corporation tax payd on comapnies profits. 18. tax rebate money that you will reasave when you pay do mutch taxes 19
· Greater availability of financing for producers · Longer-term and more sustainable buyer-seller relationships · The creation and/or maintainance of effective producer or worker organizations · Improved social goods and community development · Use of environmentally friendly production processes Requirements for certification: 1. Prices - produsers are guarateed a minimum price for the good, and a fare trade premium 2. Workers - safe working conditions, wages at least equal to the legal minimum, child labor is prohibited 3. Institutional structure - farmers must work as cooperatives, where decisions are made democratically 4. Environment certain harmful chemicals are forbidden 5. Stability and access to credit - buyers agree to long- term contracts (at least one year) Does fair trade work? UPSIDES · Fare Trade farmers received an average price of $0.56 per pound, while conventional farmers received an
Master franchisee - Ülevaataja - supervisor A challenge - Väljakutse - difficult but exciting things to do Maintenance - Hooldus - keeping equipment in good condition A booking - Ettetellimine - a reservation A report - Aruanne write-up To tackle - Käsile võtma - to deal with To update - to review and include recent changes Records - Protokollid - writing documents containing information about past A payroll - Palgaleht - a list of employees and the wages they are paid To focus - Tähelepanu keskpunkt - to pay special attention Paperwork - Paberimajandus - work involving written or printed documents Assess - Hindama to value Confidential - Usaldusväärne - not to be told to others Organise - Korraldamine - arrange Disagree - Mitte nõustuma not agreed (accept) others opinions Willing - Sooving - you fish to do something Similar - Sarnane analogous Careless - Ettevaatamatu heedless Present - Olevik - if something happening right now
Off-shore comapny- is a company what is registered in tax haven. Evasion-illegal tax avoidance. Trying illegally not to pay tax. Corpotation tax- (ettevõtte tulumaks)Tax on the profits made by a company. Value-added tax- (lisaväärtusmaks)goods bought in stores. Tax imposed as a percentage of the invoice value of goods and services. Transfer tax, inherited tax, death duty- money recived from relatives after their death Income tax, social security tax, national insurance- salaries and wages. Tax on persons income. Tariffs- goods made in other countries. Capital gain tax- income tax 21/79- (kapitali kasumaks)money made by selling stock at a profit. Proportional- flat tax- a tax that has one rate is the same for everybody. Progressive income tax- a tax that has a higher rate for taxpayers with higher income. Collect, pay, impose(kehtestama), levy(võtma), charge(võtma) TAX Direct taxes- * income tax *capital gains tax *a capital transfer tax/death duty/inheritance
Finance, marketing, cost accounting, managerial structure, and all the other accoutrements of modern corporations were of little or no intrest to Henry Ford. Henry Ford also regarded himself as a leader of the American people- as indeed were all business people in his eyes. But his belief that he understood the people better than their political leaders is best represented by his claim during prohibition. For Ford, at least early on, the seduction of wages still required its opposite for effective motivation- morality; workers had to be shown how to behave and what to do with their new-found wealth. In sum, Ford sought of dominate his workers, just as he dominated his managers and family. Domination, or, if neccessary, a battle of attraction until he achieved domination, was just about the only organizational tactic that Ford used. Slaid 2. Peace ship versus Warship
where will you go next week. When you have family and children, it is more difficult to go abroad for 5 years but you can bring your family with you to this country but when children are getting older then it is better to have stability in their lives. Diplomat has to work abroad, this means in another country and you will be away from your homeland. For me it's not so important how much you will make when you are a diplomat but for people who it is, i think the wages are around 30 000 krones plus the advantages you get for doing it. But i think if person decides that he wants to do it, then the money doesn't have so big role in it. Important is the cause. It is very likely to get promoted if you do a good job and be yourself and if you are made for it. If you do it against your will, then you can't expect anything good. You get prmoted according to the job you do and if you are cheerful and happy and not crumpy all day long
You can also take a bus to most of the places in Estonia and a train to some places like Tapa and Tartu. As for the economic factors, here are some facts according to Statistic Estonia. In the 3rd quarter of 2014, the GDP at current prices was 4.9 billion euros. Compared to the 3rd quarter of 2013, the GDP increased 2.2%. In 2013 the GDP per capita in current prices was 14 217.6 euros. In the 3rd quarter of the last year, the increase in average monthly gross wages was 5% compared to the year before that. The average monthly gross salaries were 977 euros and the average hourly gross salaries were 5.89 euros. The labour market remained quite stable. The unemployment rate was 7.5% and there were nearly 8,600 job vacancies in the enterprises, institutions and organisations of Estonia. According to statistics the labour force participation is trending upwards as the participation rate was 69.1%, compared to the same quarter of 2013 when it was 68%
but this is only for people born in certain countries that do not usually produce a lot of immigrants for the United States. For example people born in China or Mexico would not qualify for this. What are the problems caused by illegal aliens in the States? Usually the first argument against illegal immigration is that the immigrants are here to take jobs away from the Americans but the truth is that immigrants are willing to work for very low wages and do jobs that the average American wouldn’t. A more convincing argument would be the rise in criminal activity caused by illegal immigrants. For example more than 60 percent of the Hispanic gangs in Southern California are made up of illegal immigrants. These gangs are involved with drug-distribution systems, murders and robberies. Another issue caused by illegal aliens is the cost for taxpayers. It has been estimated that the average immigrant without a high-school degree will cost the U
For example, there were the climbing boys employed by the chimney sweeps; boys and girls working down the coal mines, crawling through tunnels too narrow and low to take an adult. Some children worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, and they sold matches, flowers and other cheap goods. During the Victorian era, the population grew immensely. At the end of 19th century the population had grown three times bigger in Great Britain! That made wages much lower, because more people were looking for jobs. Many people couldn't afford places to live and had to live on the streets. Slums started appearing in bigger towns. Crime rate was also rising because of this: many homeless children lived by stealing and respectable Victorians started seeing poor people as a threat to society. That is one of the reasons why workhouses were made. Workhouses Workhouses were supposed to solve the problem of poverty, because wealthy people believed
................................maksevõimelisus 421. Sound .............................................................mõistlik, usaldatav 422. Standard of living ........................................... elukvaliteet 423. Staple .............................................................põhikaup 424. Starting salary ................................................algpalk 425. Statement ........................................................ avaldus, väide 426. Sticky wages model .......................................jäikade nominaalpalkade mudel 427. Stock ..............................................................tagavara 428. Stock market ................................................... börs 429. Stock unit ........................................................ börsiühik 430. Stockpile ........................................................ladu 431. Stretching ........................................................ toote laiendus
his wealth for the antislavery movement, social housing projects and international copyright laws. At the same as the middle classes were expanding in Victorian Britain, so were the working classes. New industries were developed, new factories were built and Britain's products were exporter all over the world. Life in the new factories was one of terrible hardship. Men, woman and children were forced to work fifteen or sixteen hours a day in dangerous and unhealthy conditions for poor wages. Parliament was forced to come to terms with the new social conditions. The Reform Act of 1832 was follower by other urgently needed social reforms: the creation of police force; free, compulsory education; the extension of the vote. Meanwhile the working classes were becoming organized. While the ideas of Karl Marx were never won much support among British workers, the idea of socialism was nevertheless a potent force in late Victorian Britain. The founding of the Labour Party, led by
had won. Then slavery was abolished all over America. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND IMMIGRATION In less than fifty years the United States was transformed from a rural republic into an urban state. The nation's economic progress, based on iron, steam and electrical power was speeded up by thousands of inventions like telephone and typewriter. 20 million immigrants poured into the country between 1870 and 1910. they agreed to work at almost any wages and under almost any conditions. The bettereducated blacks, who had left to the South searching for work became the object of viloent racial discriminationand were forced into ghettoes. THE FIRST WORLD WAR In April 1917 Congress declared war on Germany, because of attacks on American passanger ships by German submarines and the discovery of a German plot to encourage Mexico in war with USA. THE ROARING TWENTIES
tulumaks-‐edukate-‐riikide-‐maks.d?id=65552068 Bassanini, A., & Duval, R. (2006). Employment Patterns in OECD Countries: Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions”. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers (35). Kilvits, K. (2013). Majanduspoliitika konspekt. OECD. (2013, Detsember 13). Taxing Wages: Country note for Estonia. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/tax-‐policy/taxingwages-‐estonia.htm OECD. (2011). The Effects of Taxation on Employment. 13-‐47. Simson, K. (2013, August 19). Tulumaksuvaba miinimumi tõstmine peaks selguma lähikuudel. Eesti Rahvusringhääling. Statistikaamet. (2013, Detsember 17)
by eliminating tariffs. Each day approximately US$1 billion worth of goods crosses the U.S.- Canadian border. To understand the scale of U.S.-Canadian trade, it is important to point out that the United States sends more products to Canada than it does to all of Latin America. Canada, Kärt Kalvet 8a Like Americans, Canadians tend to have high levels of disposable income . This disposable income drives the Canadian economy as consumers spend their excess wages on a variety of products and services. This creates demand for increased production and the development of new products, which also means more and better-paying jobs. Also like the United States, advertising has a major impact on Canadian consumer spending. Television is the number-one form of advertising in Canada. The nation's infrastructure is excellent and most of its factories and manufacturing plants are modern
1.Sissejuhatus majandusmajandusse ja makroökonoomikasse Sissetulekute meetod SKP = W + rt + r + Π + D + Ti W- töötasu koos sots.maksuga (wages) Rt- on renditulud (rental income), r-on netointressitulud (net interest income), Π- on kasum (profit), D -on amortisatsioon (põhivara kulum, depreciation), Ti-on kaudsed netomaksud (indirect taxes). Tarbimise meetod e kulutuste meetod SKP = C + I + G + X – M C( consumption)-eratarbimiskulutused e majapidamiste kulutused I(investments)- eraettevõtete investeeringud (inv põhivarasse s.o. masinad,seadmed,ehitised ja kaubavarudesse)
S. to negotiate a new immigration policy between the two countries, in response to the growth of the Irish economy and desire of many U.S. citizens who sought to move to Ireland for work. Sport Gaelic football, hurling and football are the most popular sports in Ireland.[19] Along with Camogie, Ladies' Gaelic football, handball and rounders, they make up the national sports of Ireland, collectively known as Gaelic Games. All GAA players, even at the highest level, are amateurs and receive no wages. Golf is a popular sport in Ireland and golf tourism is a major industry. Culture Literature and the arts For an island of relatively small population, Ireland has made a disproportionately large contribution to world literature in all its branches, mainly in English. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century; Jonathan Swift, still often called the
Locke's claim can be argued to be both logical and valid, but when put under scrutiny it does not hold as much weight as some would claim. It cannot be assumed that functional locationism automatically conveys consent, Hume (1960, p. 234) gives a clear analogy encapsulating this point ...can we seriously say that a poor peasant or artisan has a free choice to leave his country, when he knows no foreign language, and lives, from day to day by the small wages which he acquires... Locke refers to this tacit or overt expression of consent as a binding fiduciary compact as it is contingent on the sovereign body to ensure its commitment to protect individual life, liberty and property is upheld. Superficially, the concept of a fiduciary compact appears both fair and pragmatic, however it could be argued that as only a certain minority of people are allowed to take part in the voting process, the
TEENISTUSKLASS (salariaat (salary), kõrgemad ,,valgekraed") I Tippprofessionaalid, tippjuhid, kõrgemad ametnikud. II Professionaalid, keskastmejuhid. VAHEKLASS (keskklass) III Madalamad ,,valgekraed" kontoritöötajad, rutiinne kantseleitöö, müük ja teenindus IV Väikeettevõtjad, sõltumatud ametimehed V Tehnikud, töödejuhatajad (,,poolenisti sinikraed") TÖÖLISKLASS (,,sinikraed", füüsiline töö, wages) VI Oskustöölised (osaliselt rutiinsed tööd) VII Lihttöölised J. Goldthorpi klassimudeli kriitika: Ametikoht pole ainumäärav klassipositsiooni hindamiseks ei arvesta tööturul mitteaktiivsetega: töötud, üliõpilased, pensionärid, lapsed Ei arvesta muutuvaid olusid ühiskonna ja indiviidi tasandil uued ametikategooriad, fragmenteeritud / mittelineaarsed biograafiad
for it outright 8. Buy on credit - if you get something from the shop right now and pay later 9. Buy in bulk - if you buy many things at the same time; you can get a discount 10. Give a refund - money that seller will give you back if you bought something and you want to return it and you have a receipt 11. Fee - money that you pay for some service that you get 12. Fare - money that you pay to get somewhere( for a journey) 13. Income tax - the tax that the government collects on wages and salaries 14. Inheritance tax - the tax that the government collects if people inherit something from others 15. Excise duties - customs that have to be paid on things that are imported from other countries 16. VAT - value added tax which is paid when you buy or purchase something 17. Corporation tax - companies tax on their profits 18. Tax rebate - money that you have given back if you paid too much tax 19. Dole - money that the government pays to those who are in need 20
has just had a baby: maternity ward. rasedus 74. surgery n - ['s:d()ri] medical treatment in which a surgeon 50. neurosurgeon n - [,njr's:d()n] a doctor who does cuts open your body to repair or remove something inside: brain operations, ajukirurg Before undergoing surgery, patients should discuss the 51. on a par phr - to be at the same level or standard: The wages various options with their doctor. kirurgia, lõikus of clerks were on a par with those of manual workers. võrdne 75. tanning salon n a place where you get a tan, solaarium 52. palliative care n - ['pælitiv] a medical treatment that will 76. taxation n the system of collecting taxes, maksustamine not cure an illness but will reduce the pain. palliatiivne (ajutist 77. tissue n - a piece of soft thin paper, used especially for
1 January 2008 due to continued high inflation, and finalised the design of Estonia's Euro coins in late 2004. Some people try to avoid paying taxes. But the situation has changed positively from 1991 and now about 25% of the people don't pay them. Personal income tax in Estonia is 26% and it is the same for all the people with different incomes. Corporate income tax is also 26% but comes only from profit so nothing is deducted from wages/salaries. Value added tax is the country's main income. It is not noticeable as it is already added to prices and no papers have to be filled. Economy. Estonia is not rich in mineral resources. The main natural resources are: building materials such as clay, sand, gravel, dolomite, oil shale, phosphorite and peat. Oil shale is mined in the northeast (Kohtla-Järve) and it is used as fuel in thermal power stations. Dolomite is found in Saaremaa.
472 treaty riikidevaheline leping 473 trifle tühine rahasumma 474 trough in sale madalseis 475 trustee volinik 476 turnover käive 477 underpayment osamakse 478 unemployed töötu 479 unlimited company täisühing 480 urgent order kiirtellimus 481 utility praktilisus, kasulikkus 482 wages töölise palk 483 validity kehtivus 484 value for money hinna-kvaliteedi suhe 485 vancancy vaba töökoht 486 vantage kasum 487 weak prices langenud hinnad 488 well-balanced team tasakaalustatud meeskond 489 verbal agreement suuline lepe 490 wholesale hulgimüük 491 wholesale price hulgihind
imestada, et ka ametliku palgata inimeste hulk tõuseb. Tööta jäänud inimestele tuleb selgitada, et tööandja maksaks talle meelsasti sama palka edasi, kuid tulenevalt seadusest ei ole tal õigust seda teha. 9 KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS 1. Eesti Statistika. Võrgulehel http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/dialog/Saveshow.asp (20.10.2009) 2. Gorman, L. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Minimum Wages. Võrgulehel http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/MinimumWages.html (06.10.2009) 3. Neumark, D. Schweitzer, M. Wascher, W. , February 1, 1999 Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Economic Commentary. "Will Increasing the Minimum Wage Help the Poor?" 4. ,,Palga alammäär läbi aegade." Võrgulehel http://www.rpkonsult.ee/index.php/et/materjalid/palga-alam (29.10.2009) 5. Veede, R. (2009). Euroopa Liidu miinimumpalkade edetabel. Võrgulehel http://www.ekspressjob
• töösituatsioon(töö iseloom, autonoomia, vabaduse määr tööl)kontroll, võim, autoriteet TEENISTUSKLASS Tipp-professionaalid, tippjuhid.Professionaalid, keskastmejuhid. VAHEKLASS (keskklass) Madalamad „valgekraed“ – kontoritöötajad, rutiinne kantseleitöö, müük ja teenindus. Väikeettevõtjad, sõltumatud. Tehnikud, töödejuhatajad („poolenisti sinikraed“) TÖÖLISKLASS („sinikraed“, füüsiline töö, wages) Oskustöölised. Lihttöölised Kriitika: meestestekeskne; ei arvesta tööturul mitteaktiivsetega;muutuvad olud ühiskonnas ja indiviidi tasandil; ei arvestatud eliidi positsiooniga Klassid: • Kõrgklass - jõuakamad ühiskonnaliikmed, vana raha kõrgklass - pärandatav jõukus, uue raja kõrgklass- uus eliit, meelelahutustööstus,sport • Keskklass - enamus rahvastikust, “valgekraeliste” töökohtade ekspansioon 20
karjäärivõimalus • töösituatsioon(töö iseloom, autonoomia, vabaduse määr tööl)kontroll, võim, autoriteet TEENISTUSKLASS Tipp-professionaalid, tippjuhid. Professionaalid, keskastmejuhid. VAHEKLASS (keskklass) Madalamad „valgekraed“ – kontoritöötajad, rutiinne kantseleitöö, müük ja teenindus. Väikeettevõtjad, sõltumatud. Tehnikud, töödejuhatajad („poolenisti sinikraed“) TÖÖLISKLASS („sinikraed“, füüsiline töö, wages) Oskustöölised. Lihttöölised Kriitika: meestestkeskne; ei arvesta tööturul mitteaktiivsetega; muutuvad olud ühiskonnas ja indiviidi tasandil; ei arvestatud eliidi positsiooniga Klassid: • Kõrgklass - jõukamad ühiskonnaliikmed, vana raha kõrgklass - pärandatav jõukus, uue raja kõrgklass- uus eliit, meelelahutustööstus, sport • Keskklass - enamus rahvastikust, “valgekraeliste” töökohtade ekspansioon 20
Judith Butler performativity – gender is performed. Bloomsbury Group modernists (max 10 ppl) 5. Feminism and women’s roles during the Victorian Era. How were women disadvantages during this period? Some laws that helped changed the status of women. Women’s rights were extremely limited in this era, losing ownership of their wages, all of their physical property, excluding land property, and all other cash they generated once married. 1857: violence recognized as grounds for divorce 1870: women could keep money they earned 1878: entitlement to spousal and child support recognized 6. The opinion of the 19th century feminists on prostitution. Authors, who wrote about women’s issues. People wanted to “cure” prostitutes by torturing them
by producing its goods. Diminishing returns, production costs, product supply Law of diminishing returns causes marginal cost to decrease at a decreasing rate and eventually rise · When MC firms only produce more if price increases with output Supply only when price is equal to or greater than minimum AVC; meaning that the firm is profitable or that its losses are less than its fixed cost Changes in Supply Ceteris paribus, when wages increase MC also increases, shifting the supply curve up and left (indicating a decrease in supply as the cost of resources goes up). · Similarly, when AVC decreases (i.e. when technological progress increases the productivity of labor), MC is reduced and the supply curve is shifted down and right, representing an increase in supply. Quantity: produce where MR (P)= MC; profit maximized (TR exceeds TC by a max amount) or loss is minimized.
the country; · targeted payments to about 15 state budget funds; · competent authorities in the field of taxation and the ways they interact with each other; · methods of calculating taxes, and tax control. According to the method of levying taxes are direct and indirect. Direct taxes are levied by the state directly to the income and property taxpayers. The subject of income tax acts (wages, profits, interest, etc.) and the value of the property taxpayers (land, fixed assets, etc.). Indirect taxes are established in the form of surcharges to the price of the goods or service tariffs (excise, VAT and customs duties). These taxes are accrued to the enterprise so that it kept them from other taxpayers and donate the Finance Ministry. Depending on the nature of betting distinguish regressive, proportionate and progressive taxes.
was changes in the role of women. · What were the four controversies that concerned the Victorian novelists? Describe them briefly. Name some representatives and their works of each of the controversies. Religion and evolution Charles Darwin(religious doubt) Industrialism (the changes in the making of goods that resulted from substituing machines for hand labor) new kind of working class, wages extremely low, hours very long(14 a day) sufferers were women and children, families horribly crowded(unsanitary housing) severe economic depression in the early 1840s. Writers who speak about industrialism and its effects: Elizabet Barrett Browning(The Cry of the Chuldren), Friendrich Engels(The Condition of the Working Class), Karl Marx(The Communist Manifesto 1848), Elizabeth Gaskell(Mary Barton), Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, William Makepeace Thackeray.
teenistusklass (salariaat (salary), kõrgemad „valgekraed“) I Tipp-professionaalid, tippjuhid, kõrgemad ametnikud. II Professionaalid, keskastmejuhid. vaheklass (keskklass) III Madalamad „valgekraed“ – kontoritöötajad, rutiinne kantseleitöö, müük ja teenindus IV Väikeettevõtjad, sõltumatud V Tehnikud, töödejuhatajad („poolenisti sinikraed“) töölisklass („sinikraed“, füüsiline töö, wages) VI Oskustöölised (osaliselt rutiinsed tööd) VII Lihttöölised. J. Goldthorpi klassimudeli kriitika • Ametikoht pole ainumäärav klassipositsiooni hindamiseks – ei arvesta tööturul mitteaktiivsetega: töötud, üliõpilased, pensionärid, lapsed • Ei arvesta muutuvaid olusid ühiskonna ja indiviidi tasandil – uued ametikategooriad, fragmenteeritud / mittelineaarsed biograafiad
The foundations fot the Estonian financial system were laid in 1992. the aim of banks is not only keeping money, but also giving loans. They are directly interested in the good work and profit of enterprises. The Estonian Tax System is made up of the following: Social Tax: 33% paid on gross income from employment. 20% of the money goes into the Social Security Fund which finances state pensions and social welfare. This tax is not detucted from wages/salaries, but paid by the employer. Personal Income Tax: 22% paid on earned income (except for tax free minimum) by all people, it is called proportional income tax and is equal for people with different income. Value Added Tax: 18%, one of the government's main sources of income, paid by people when they buy any goods. It is not noticiable because prices already include it. Excise Duties: imposed on alcohol, tobacco, petrol etc. to limit the use of these goods. POPULATION
Hinna diskrimineerimine Price discrimination Ценовая дискриминация Eesti keeles Inglise keeles Vene keeles Faktorturud, resourse, factor markets Tuletatud nõudlus Derived demand Приведенный спрос töötasu Wages зарплата rent Rent рента Siirde-, teisaldustulu Transfers - income Трансферный доход Täieliku konkurentsi Purely competitive labour market Рынок труда совершенной tööturg конкуренции
kriitika: sotsiaalse päritolu eelised 5) J. Goldthorp'i klassimudel teenistusklass (salariaat (salary), kõrgemad ,,valgekraed") I Tipp-professionaalid, tippjuhid, kõrgemad ametnikud. II Professionaalid, keskastmejuhid. vaheklass (keskklass) III Madalamad ,,valgekraed" kontoritöötajad, rutiinne kantseleitöö, müük ja teenindus IV Väikeettevõtjad, sõltumatud V Tehnikud, töödejuhatajad (,,poolenisti sinikraed") töölisklass (,,sinikraed", füüsiline töö, wages) VI Oskustöölised (osaliselt rutiinsed tööd) VII Lihttöölised. 6) J. Goldthorpi klassimudeli kriitika · Ametikoht pole ainumäärav klassipositsiooni hindamiseks ei arvesta tööturul mitteaktiivsetega: töötud, üliõpilased, pensionärid, lapsed · Ei arvesta muutuvaid olusid ühiskonna ja indiviidi tasandil uued ametikategooriad, fragmenteeritud / mittelineaarsed biograafiad · Skeem on meestekeskne, ei arvesta soolist segregatsiooni tööturul
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