Topic - Canada 2 (1)

5 VÄGA HEA

Topic – Canada
Tallinn English College
2006

Introduction
If you had to use two words to describe Canada, they might be large and diverse . Canada is the second largest country in the world with a territory of about 10 million square kilometers and it is bordered by three oceans: the Arctic , the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. The population of Canada is about 31 million people. About 77% of the people live in cities which lie in a band about 100 miles wide above the border of the United States . The capital of Canada is Ottawa . Other large cities are Montreal , Toronto , Vancouver , Winnipeg and Quebec .

Geographical position
Canada is a huge country in the continent of North America. It is bordered with the Atlantic Ocean in the east , the Pacific Ocean in the west , the United States of America in the south and the Arctic Ocean in the north. Canada is a vast country, with a territory of 3.8 million square miles of land and fresh water it is the second biggest country in the world after Russia . Canada covers most of the northern part of North America. Canada has over 151,480 miles of coastline. Most of Canada’s human population lives along its southern border.

Relief
Canada’s geography is very diverse. It has huge lakes , evergreen forests , prairies , meadows and beautiful mountains . There are thousands of miles of coastline with beaches , fjords and wild rivers flowing to the oceans. Canada is a country of wide open spaces and beautiful landscape where traveling visitors can unexpectedly bump into wild animals like bears or be struck by unusual sight like the scarecrows on the Cabot Trail. Canada is rich in natural wonders, one of them , the Niagara Falls between lakes Erie and Ontario , which is the second biggest waterfall in the world is one of the greatest attractions in the world.
About twelve million tourists come to see the beauty of the falling waters on the border between the United States of America and Canada. The Horseshoe Falls, which lie in the territory of Canada, are much bigger and have more strength than the American Falls. People can enjoy the sight and the noise of the waters from boats which take them right next to the falls. And to stay dry people receive waterproof clothing. Parts of Canada are very mountainous and the tallest mountain in Canada is the Yukon ’s Mount Logan , which is 6050 meters tall . Canada has many mountain ranges . In the east there are the Appalachians, Torngats and Laurentias. In the western region there are the Rocky , Coastal and Mackenzie ranges and Mount St. Elias and the Pelly Mountains in the northern regions . Canada has about two million lakes and they cover about 7.6% of Canada’s land. The biggest lakes in order by their surface are Lake Huron, Lake Great Bear , Lake Superior , Lake Great Slave (which is also the deepest), Lake Winnipeg, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. There are also a lot of rivers in Canada. The longest river is the Mackenzie River which is 4241 kilometers long. It runs through the Northwest Territories. Other large and important rivers are the St. Lawrence River, the Yukon River, the Columbia River, the Nelson River, the Churchill River and the Fraser River.

Land regions
Mountains

Parts of Canada are very mountainous and the tallest mountain in Canada is the Yukon’s Mount Logan, which is 6050 meters tall. Canada has many mountain ranges. In the east there are the Appalachians, Torngats and Laurentias. In the western region there are the Rocky, Coastal and Mackenzie ranges and Mount St. Elias and the Pelly Mountains in the northern regions. The vast majority of mountains in Canada lie in the western provinces of British Columbia and Alberta and the Yukon territory. Mountains can be found all over British Columbia while those in Alberta are mainly concentrated on the eastern side of the Canadian Rockies. The Saint Elias Mountains in the Yukon hold some of country's highest mountains, including the highest, Mount Logan at 5,959 metres .

The Appalachian mountain range extends from Alabama in the southern United States through the Gaspe Peninsula and the Atlantic provinces, creating rolling hills indented by river valleys. It also runs through parts of southern Quebec. The Appalachian mountains are an old range of mountains about 380 million years old. Notable mountains in the Appalachians include Mount Jacques -Cartier and Mount Carleton.

Lakes

Canada is known for having the most lakes in the world. There are about two million of them and they cover about 7.6% of its land. The southern parts of Quebec and Ontario, in the section of the Great Lakes (bordered entirely by Ontario on the Canadian side) and St. Lawrence basin (often called St. Lawrence Lowlands), have many lakes. The Great Lakes in particular , are the largest fresh water bodies in the world. In order of size , they include: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Known lakes in northern Canada are: The Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Reindeer Lake, Lake Athabasca and many more. The Great Bear Lake is the largest lake in Canada (the second-largest is the Great Slave Lake), the fourth largest in North America and the eight largest in the world.
Rivers
Canada’s geography is very diverse. It has huge lakes, evergreen forests, prairies, meadows and beautiful mountains. There are thousands of miles of coastline with beaches, fjords and wild rivers flowing to the oceans. Canada is rich in natural wonders, one of them, the Niagara Falls between lakes Erie and Ontario, which is the second biggest waterfall in the world is one of the greatest attractions in the world. About twelve million tourists come to see the beauty of the falling waters on the border between the United States of America and Canada. The longest river is the Mackenzie River which is 4241 kilometers long. It runs through the Northwest Territories. Other large and important rivers are the St. Lawrence River, the Yukon River, the Columbia River, the Nelson River, the Churchill River and the Fraser River.
The Saint Lawrence River is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connectiong the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. Saint Lawrence River forms a boundary between Québec and Ontario and part of the international boundary between Canada and the U.S. state of New York . Lake Champlain and the Ottawa, Richelieu and Saguenay rivers drain into the St. Lawrence.

Climate
Northern Canadian vegetation tapers from coniferous forests to tundra and finally to Arctic barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago containing some of the world's largest islands . Average winter and summer high temperatures across the country vary depending on the location . Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the Prairie provinces, where daily average temperatures are near −15°C (5°F), but can drop below -40°C (-40°F) with severe wind chills. Coastal British Columbia is an exception and enjoys a temperate climate with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coast average high temperatures are generally in the low 20°C, while between the coasts the average summer high temperature range between 25°C to 30°C with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40°C. Canada’s land ranges from fertile agricultural plains in the south to freezing tundras in the north. The southwest of Canada has a mild climate. Cold winters characterize most of the rest of Canada. The magnetic North Pole is within Nunavut . There are five biomes in Canada: the Arctic Biome, the Tundra, the Taiga Biome, the Prairies and the Deciduous Forests.
The Arctic biome is cold, windy and the land is permafrost. There are long periods of darkness and light . The growing season is very short. The tundra is located near the Arctic region. It is cold and windy as well. The land is permafrost and desert -like. The growing-season is 50-60 days and that is why there grow plants such as mosses and lichens.
6. Animals
Some typical animals are Arctic foxes, ermines, polar bears, Arctic terns, walruses and seals. Typical tundra animals are musk oxen, elks , moose, lemmings, wolves and foxes. The Taiga biome, also known as coniferous forests is located south of the Tundra region. Taigas are the largest biomes on Earth and they are a major source of oxygen . The climate is cold and harsh with low precipitation and a short growing season. The soil is acidic and only deciduous trees can grow there like hemlocks, pines, larches, spruces and firs. Some typical animals are brown bears, foxes, geese, lynxes and moose. Prairies are temperate grasslands which consist of grass plains that are hot in summer and cold in winter. Prairies are made by fires. The soil is rich and precipitation is medium and because of that prairies are used for agriculture . Common agriculture plants are oats, rye, barley and wheat . The area has very few trees or shrubs so it’s very windy. Some typical animals that live there are: bobcats, antelopes, snakes , rodents, rabbits, badgers and bison . Prairies are also called the “ Bread -basket of Canada”. The Deciduous Forests are cool and rainy areas . There are four distinct seasons. Annual precipitation is 0.5-1.5 meters. The summer average is 24-30’C. There are such plants as: white oak, white birch , pecan, lady fern, common lime and carpet moss. Typical animals are: eagles, black bears, coyotes, deer and chipmunks.

Population
The population of Canada is about 31 million people. About 77% of the people live in cities which lie in a band about 100 miles wide above the border of the United States. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Other large cities are Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Quebec. Canada has two official languages – English and French . It’s interesting to know that about 61% of Canadians name English and 24% french their mother tongue. There are also many other languages spoken in Canada such as: Italian, Chinese , German , Polish, Ukrainian, Greek and Dutch . There are also many native languages such as Algonquian.
The British and the French as the main settlers from Europe fought for hundreds of years before they managed to build up a country which was based on recognizing the cultural diversity of different nations in Canada. All the communities living in the country are encouraged to remember their origins and hold their own ethnic events and national festivals. Cultural diversity makes Canada even more interesting. In spite of this, in recent years there is a strong movement in French-speaking Quebec to become an independent country.

Natives
Canada is a relatively young country whose recorded history goes back less than 500 years. When the European settlers arrived , Canada was already populated by a diverse range of aboriginal peoples, Indians and Inuit , who are thought to have arrived from Asia 10 – 3000 years ago by crossing a land bridge formed between Siberia and Alaska during the last ice age. It is believed that the ancestors of Canadian Inuit were inland hunters who adapted their lifestyle to new conditions . Some of them lived near the coast and began to hunt seals and walruses. Their main diet consisted of marine mammals and fish . Others never went to sea but hunted game in nearby areas.
The traditional dwelling where the Inuit lived used to be an igloo, which is a dome-shaped house built out of blocks of ice. The Inuit traveled in a sledge pulled by dogs and their main weapon was the harpoon.
For many centuries, the Canadian Inuit lived in nearly total isolation. Only at the beginning of the 19th century were they more permanent trading relations with whale hunters and fur merchants. Nowadays, the majority of the Inuit live in some 28 remote communities scattered across the barren landscape of the northern shores of their new territorial mainland and Arctic islands. Their traditional lifestyles have been changing a lot recently – the dog-sledge has been largely replaced by snow -mobiles, cars and trucks. Some have central heating, electricity and plumbing systems in their houses ; children go to school; and health service is provided by the government . There are many different native people throughtout Canada like the Crees, Mohawks, Troquois and Sioux. In the north of the country, the Inuits now have a self- governing homeland called Nunavut, meaning “our land”. It is over two million square kilometers and it is inhabited by 17,500 Inuits.

Plants
The flora of Canada is quite diverse, due to the wide range of ecoregions and environmental conditions present in Canada. From the warm , temperate broadleaf forests of southern Ontario to the frigid Arctic plains of the Northern Canada, from the wet temperate rainforests of the west coast to the arid deserts, badlands and tundra plains, the biodiversity of Canada's plants is extensive. Many of the plants seen in Canada are introduced, either intentionally or accidentally. Canada offers a wide range of habitats across varied vegetation. Arctic Tundra can be found in Canada's north which leads south into boreal forests which is most typical of Canada and covers more of the country than any other type of vegetation. The Maritimes are home to the Acadian forests which are made up from spruce, for, birch, pine and maple trees. West of the Maritimes in Quebec and Ontario are the Laurentian Forests and Mountains leading into the Canadian Shield in the north and the Great Lakes in the south and west of Ontario. Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta make up Canada's prairie grasslands which contain mixed grasses but are mainly covered by farmed grains . Alberta and the east of British Columbia contain Canada's Rocky Mountains which stretch up into the Yukon Territory from the United States. Spruce, fir and larch trees can be found amongst the rocky and often snow covered terrain. British Columbia's Pacific Coast contains mountains and temperate rain forests of gigantic red cedar, fir and spruce. The interior of British Columbia has the most far north desert.

Culture
Canadian culture has historically been heavily influenced by British, French, and Aboriginal cultures and traditions , and over time has been greatly influenced by American culture. Many forms of American media and entertainment are popular , if not dominant in Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the US and worldwide . Canadian culture is a product of Canada's history and geography. Most of Canada's territory was inhabited and developed later than other European colonies in the Americas , with the result that themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders were important in the early development of Canadian culture. The British conquest of Quebec in 1759 brought a large francophone population under British rule , creating a need for compromise and accommodation, while the migration of United Empire Loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies brought in strong British and American influences. In parts of Canada, especially the major cities of Montreal, Vancouver, and Toronto, multiculturalism itself is the cultural norm and diversity is the force that unites the community. In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many Quebecois commentators speak of a Quebec culture as distinguished from English Canadian culture.
Canadian popular media is heavily influenced by America. Easy access to broadcast media has brought many American influences into Canadian culture since the mid-20th century. As a reaction, many Canadians attempt to define Canadian culture by their heritage (Canadian Heritage Moment Commercials , Beer Brewing history, peacekeeping, hockey history) and values as different from those of the United States. At the same time, easy access to American media has allowed many Canadian performers and entertainers to succeed internationally in the areas of music, comedy , movies, and television . Confusing the issue further , many Canadian entertainers and Canadian entertainment companies are often assumed to be American performers or American based-companies. Also, Americans and Canadian alike, often, assume certain cultural phenomena started in the USA and were later copied by Canadians from Americans, when they often started elsewhere. "Canadian Idol" is a great example. The show actually started in Britain and was first called "Pop Idol". Both the Canadian and American versions are imitations of this show. As a whole , Canada and the United States share a very similar culture, which can be defined as "North American." Some areas in the United States are more similar in culture to adjacent areas in Canada than to other portions of the United States (and vice versa), have similar speaking styles and mannerisms, and emphasize the same sports , foods , or beverages.

11. Sports

A wide variety of sports are practiced in Canada. Ice hockey, referred to as simply hockey in the country, is Canada's official winter sport and continues to be its most popular spectator sport and one in which teams representing the country have had the most success. Lacrosse , a sport with First Nations origins, is Canada's oldest sport and official summer sport. Association football , known in Canada as soccer in both English and French, has overtaken hockey as the sport with the most registered players in Canada, but has never enjoyed sustained popularity as a major professional spectator sport, although there are several Canadian teams in the United Soccer Leagues . A uniquely Canadian code of football known as Canadian football is Canada's second most popular spectator sport, and the Canadian Football League 's annual championship, the Grey Cup, is the country's single largest sporting event. Other popular team sports include curling, baseball, basketball, rugby union and softball. Popular individual sports include both open-wheel and stock car auto racing, boxing, on and off-road cycling, golf etc.

Economy
Canada is a very large country blessed with many natural resources. From trees in the forests across the country we make pulp and paper . From mines we extract coal , gold , silver , iron , uranium and many other minerals. On the prairies we grow grain, raise cattle and extract oil and gas from beneath of the ground . From the oceans on our east and west coast we take fish and other seafood. In Japanese restaurants customers may buy Alberta beef and British Columbia salmon . In Russia people sometimes eat bread from Canadian wheat. In the United States many of the newspapers are made from Canadian pulp and people use Canadian oil and gas in their cars. Because Canada has a relatively small population and abundant natural resources much of our international trade is in exporting those resources and buying manufactured goods . Their most important customer for exports is the United States of America. Other export customers are also Japan, the United Kingdom and Germany . Canada exports a lot of products: what and other grains, beef and other meat , oil, dairy products, sugar beets and maple sugar products to name a few. Copper , cold, iron ore, nickel and zinc are the minerals most often sent to other countries. Natural gas and oil are other important exports along with forestry products. Though largely dependent on natural resources Canada has also a strong manufacturing industry. Transportation equipment such as automobiles and automobile parts are our most important manufactured goods, followed by food, paper products and chemicals . Canada is also a world leader in the telecommunications industry.

Biggest cities
Canada’s biggest cities are Toronto, Montréal, Calgary , Ottawa (which is also the capital), Edmonton, Winnipeg and Vancouver. Toronto has a population of 2, 5 million which makes it the biggest city in Canada.

History
The earliest discovery of the New World was made by Norse seafarers known as Vikings . In AD 985 Norse seamen sailing from Iceland to Greenland were blown far westward off their course and sighted the coast of what must have been Labrador . The report of forested areas on the strange new coast encouraged further explorations by Norse colonists from Greenland, whose settlers lacked lumber. In AD 1000 Leif Eriksson became the first European to land in North America. According to the sagas this was the first of many Norse voyages to the eastern shores of the continent. Leif Eriksson established a colony what the Vikings described as Vinland. By 1600 the wealth from the fur trade and the fishing industry renewed French interests in North America. The King of France decided to settle what is now eastern Canada. The colony would be named New France. But for that claim to be internationally recognized the region had to be successfully colonized by the French. To avoid the high costs of building the settlements the King of France made an agreement with a private fur-trading company. If the company brought settlers to New France, it would have a monopoly on the fur trade and they would receive all the profits.
Early attempts at colonization failed. But in 1604 a French noble man and a map maker named Samuel de Chaplain established the first permanent French settlement in the New World on the coast of present-day New Brunswick. They called the area Acadie. They spent a terrible first winter there so they moved to a more sheltered place on the harbour of Nova Scotia and called it Port Royal . But then France decided that Port Royal was too far from the centre of the fur trade and chose to establish a new French settlement along the St. Lawrence River. The French settlers left Port Royal and returned to France. But some of them stayed to farm. These people are the ancestors of the French-speaking people today .
In 1608 Chaplain was chosen to found the first settlement along the St. Lawrence River. For this he is known as “ Father of New France.” Chaplain chose and old Iroquois village of Stadacona for the settlement. It was a narrow part of the St. Lawrence River and had a good harbour. The settlement was called Quebec from the native word meaning narrows. But many settlers died the first winter, 28 to be precise. And Chaplain realized that the colony of New France needed many more settlers if it was going to survive but his efforts failed. By 1663 the population of France was still very small. The fur traders were more concerned with their trading than farming and settlement. Also war made the settlers feel more unsafe. So the King of France decided to end the rule of fur traders and make New France a royal colony governed by the King. On behalf of the King a governor, a bishop and an intedant ruled in New France. They ensured that more settlers came to the colony and they encouraged farming and industry. But till by 1700 France wasn’t the colony the King had wanted and it had been almost constantly in war. France and Britain didn’t have good relations and fought over colonies. Also different religion caused tension. In 1756, the Seven Years War broke out. France and Britain fought in each others colonies and all over the world because of fur trading and land. Then the British captured the French fortress and arrived to Quebec before the French could transport reinforcements. The British allowed the French to keep their language , religion and Civil Law System. The French felt threatened. Then the American Revolution made people come and come and two major colonies were made – New Brunswick and Upper Canada. Then Quebec was divided into two and then later on reunited again .

Government
The Government of Canada is the name of the federal government of Canada. The powers and structure of the federal government are set out in the Constitution Act, 1867. The legislative and judicial branches, as a whole, are not normally considered part of the government in this sense . Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada is the head of state and repository of executive power , which she normally does not exercise herself . The term The Crown is usually used to represent the power of the monarchy. Government ministers are ministers of the Crown. Criminal prosecutions are made by Crown prosecutors in the name of the monarch . Since the monarch does not reside in Canada, she appoints a governor general to represent her and exercise her powers. The person who fills this role is selected on the advice of the prime minister. "Advice" in this sense is a choice without options since it would cause a major political crisis if the prime minister's advice were not followed. This convention protects the monarchy. As long as the monarch is only following the advice of her ministers, she is not held personally responsible for the decisions of the government. The governor general has no term limit , but the practice in recent decades is for the governor general to be replaced after about five years in office. he prime minister is the head of government. The prime minister is appointed by the governor general, but to ensure the continuity of a stable government this person will always be the one who has the confidence of the House of Commons to lead the government. In practice, the position usually goes to the leader of the political party that has the most seats in the lower house. On several occasions in Canadian history no party has had a majority in the House of Commons and thus one party, usually the largest, forms a minority government. The prime minister holds office until he resigns or is removed by the governor general; therefore , the party that was in government before the election may attempt to continue to govern if they so desire , even if they hold fewer seats than another party. When there are enough seats for another party to form a government after the resignation of a prime minister, the Governor General may ask the other party to try to form the government.

Conclusion
One in all we can say that Canada is truly a wonderful country along with its lakes, rivers, mountains and people.

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