Canada (12)

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Table of contents

Introduction

Geographical position

Mountains , lowlands

Rivers , lakes

The territories and provinces

Towns, economy , agriculture

Climate

Animals , plantlife

Population

Sports

Culture

History

Political system, symbols

Conclusion

Materials
1. Introduction
If you had to use two words to describe Canada , they might be large and diverse . Canada is the second largest country in the world, bordered by three oceans, and across the country, Canadians experience many different landscapes from rolling plains and mountains to the cold tundra of the north . Despite Canada's great size , it is one of the world's most sparsely populated countries. This fact , coupled with the grandeur of the landscape , has been central to the sense of Canadian national identity .
2. Geographical position
Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia . In the Arctic , Canada reaches almost as far north as Greenland . To the south it extends to the same latitude as southern France. The distance from Canada’s west coast, the Pacific Ocean , to its east coast, the Atlantic Ocean, is farther than from North America to Europe. Canada's total land area includes thousands of adjacent islands, notably Newfoundland in the east and those of the Arctic Archipelago in the north. In longitude Canada extends from approximately 52° to 141° W, a distance that spans six time zones. In latitude it extends from approximately 42° to 83° N. With its vast Arctic and subarctic territories, Canada is often considered a country only of the far north; however, the peninsula of southern Ontario juts deeply south into the heartland of the United States, and its southernmost point, Middle Island in Lake Erie, is at the same latitude as northern California . The country also includes several major islands, including Baffin , Ellesmere, Victoria, Newfoundland, and Melville , and many small ones . Its border with the U.S., the longest border in the world not patrolled by military forces, extends 8,890 km.
3. Mountains, lowlands
Canada's vast area means it has many varying types of terrain, much of which is mountainous. The Cordillera in the west, the Appalachians in the southeast, the mountains of northern Labrador and of Baffin Island in the northeast, and the Innuitian Mountains in the north form its high edge. A large interior basin centred on Hudson Bay and covering nearly four -fifths of the country is composed of the Canadian Shield, the interior plains, and the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence lowlands. Canada's highest peak is Mount Logan (5,959 m) in Yukon Territory.
4. Rivers, lakes
With less than 1 percent of the world's population, Canada has some one-seventh of the world's supply of accessible fresh water. Much of this water is stored in lakes and wetlands that cover about one-fifth of Canada's total area. The Great Lakes—the world's largest surface of fresh water—are shared with the United States and form part of the international border. Other large lakes include Great Bear and Great Slave lakes in the Northwest Territories and Lakes Manitoba and Winnipeg in Manitoba. Mackenzie River is Canada's longest river, which flows 4,241 km from its source to its mouth. With its many tributaries, it drains 1,800,000 square km. The St. Lawrence is the largest river flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. Its drainage basin includes the Great Lakes, forming an inland navigable waterway extending some 3,765 km into the heart of the continent . The longest Pacific-draining river that is wholly within Canada is the Fraser. The Yukon and Columbia rivers, which both rise in Canada, also flow to the Pacific, but they do so through the United States. Five of Canada's rivers — the St. Lawrence, Mackenzie, Yukon, Fraser, and Nelson — rank among the world's 40 longest.
5. The territories and provinces
Canada is composed of ten provinces and three territories. The provinces are Alberta , British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec , and Saskatchewan. The three territories are the Northwest Territories, Nunavut , and Yukon. The provinces have a large degree of autonomy from the federal government , the territories somewhat less. Each has its own provincial or territorial symbols. The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that a province receives relatively greater power and authority . The youngest of the territories and provinces is Nunavut, created from the east portion of The Northwest territories.
6. Towns, economy, agriculture
The two largest cities in Canada are Montreal and Toronto , however, the capital is Ottawa .
Canada’s vast forests have made it the world’s largest producer of pulpwood for making paper. The country also has enormous mineral reserves, especially of oil and iron , which have helped make Canada one of the ten leading industrial nations of the world. Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter of energy. Canada has vast deposits of natural gas on the east coast and large oil and gas resources centred in Alberta, and also present in neighbouring British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Canada is one of the world's most important suppliers of agricultural products , with the Canadian Prairies one of the most important suppliers of wheat and other grains. Common agriculture plants are barley, oats, rye and wheat. Canada is the world's largest producer of zinc and uranium and a world leader in many other natural resources such as gold, nickel , aluminium, and lead ; many, if not most, towns in the northern part of the country, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber.
7. Climate
Because of its great latitudinal extent, Canada has a wide variety of climates. Ocean currents play an important role, with both the warm waters of the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic and the Alaska Current in the Pacific affecting climate. Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location . Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the Prairie provinces, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °, but can drop below -40 °C with severe wind chills. Coastal British Columbia is an exception and enjoys a temperate climate with a mild and rainy winter.
Average summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location. On the east and west coast average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C , while between the coasts the average summer high temperature range between 25 °C to 30 °C with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40 °C
8. Animals and plantlife
Canada has wide variety of animals that can be found in the mountains, plains, in rivers and lakes and even in people's back -yards.
Some of the biggest and widespread are bears. Cougars are the largest cats in Canada. Wolves can be heard but not as easily seen as their cousin the coyote. Bison are now exclusively farmed but goats and sheep can still be seen in the wild . Moose, deer and caribou are also widespread as are the otter and beaver . Reptiles, amphibians and a large selection of snakes also call Canada home. Squirrels, chipmunks, racoons and skunks often found in and around cities. Some of the most common animals to spot in Canada are birds , including Canada Geese, Bald Eagles and the Great Blue Heron . Canada's varied climates allow for a large selection of spiders , bugs and insect while the countless rivers, lakes and 3 oceans are home to dolphins, whales , salmon, sharks and many other species of fish and sealife.
There are five major Biomes in Canada: Arctic Biomes, Tundras, Taigas, Praeries and Deciduous Forests.
The Tundra is located near the Arctic region . It is permafrost and desert -like. The area is very cold and windy. The growing season is 50-60 days . Some of the plants that can survive there are lichens and mosses. Typical animals for the Tundra are musk oxen, elks , moose, lemmings, wolves and foxes.
The Taiga biome, also known as coniferous forests is located south of the Tundra region. Taigas are the largest biomes on Earth and they are a major source of oxygen . The Climate there is cold and harsh. Precipitation is low. The growing season is short. Only deciduous trees can grow there since the soil is acidic. Some typical animals are brown bears, foxes, geese, lynxes and moose.
Prairies are temperate grassland. They consist of plains of grass that are hot in the summer and cold in the winter. Prairies are made by fires. The soil is rich and the precipitation is medium. The area has very few trees or shrubs so it is very windy. Typical animals are bobcats, antelopes, snakes, rodents, rabbits, badgers, bisons. Prairies are located in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Those regions are called the „ Bread -basket of Canada” because of the wheat and other grains they get from there.
9. Population
Although Canada's population is growing slowly, their growth rate is higher than that in most industrialized countries. Their population growth is concentrated in areas with considerable environmental stresses, particularly around Toronto and Vancouver . Global population growth has global impacts that are felt in Canada, including pressures on the environment and demand for products that we export .
The Aboriginal population of Canada is a diverse population with distinct cultures , languages , religious beliefs and political systems. There are many ways of defining the Aboriginal population, which can result in different estimates of its size. There is no single or "correct" definition and the choice of a definition depends on the purpose for which it is to be used.
The First nations are Indians, Metis and Inuits, but the term Indian is called inappropriate, so now they are called the Native peoples . There are also legal terms for them and it applies to a native person who is registered under the Indian Act and it means that they are entitled to free medical care, education and training.
Some of them, whose ancestors signed treaties also receive a small amount of money.
Metis are the people who are half indigenous and half other race , the came from the marriages between different races. They have good traditions and a dance called the jig. They live in communities in the rural areas.
The Inuit , who don’t want to be called Eskimos because of its meaning „meat-eaters”, are the founded people, and over the years their life has changed dramatically and they feel that the modern people don’t respect nature and that modern cultures had neglected and abused it.
10. Sports
A wide variety of sports are played in Canada. Ice hockey , referred to as simply hockey in the country, is Canada's official winter sport and continues to be the most popular sport and one in which teams representing the country have had the most international success . Lacrosse , with First Nations origins, is Canada's oldest sport and official summer sport (see below), one of the fastest growing sports in all of North America. Conversely, Association Football ( soccer ), although widely played by school- aged Canadians and those in the immigrant community, has never become popular enough as a spectator sport for an entirely local professional league to be maintained in the country, although Canada participates in the United Soccer Leagues with several teams, and will join Major League Soccer in 2007 with an expansion team in Toronto. Canadian football is Canada's second favourite spectator sport, and is followed by 19% of the country. Its popularity is on the rise since the turn of the century , especially in Southern Ontario, where attendance at football games has doubled in the past five years. The Grey Cup is Canada's biggest single sporting event, and is watched by a significant portion of the country. Canadian football has a long a rich history, and has become a large part of Canada's national identity.
Canada is a nation with two official sports. Since its founding , and until 1994, the official sport was lacrosse, a sport invented by Aboriginal peoples. In 1994 ice hockey joined lacrosse as official sports of Canada.
The National Hockey League (NHL) is the world's premier professional ice hockey league. Of its thirty teams, six are Canadian: the Montreal Canadiens, Ottawa Senators, Toronto Maple Leafs, Calgary Flames, Edmonton Oilers, and Vancouver Canucks. Ice hockey is popular in Canada because its area is sufficiently cold for natural, reliable seasonal ice cover. Lacrosse is a team sport that is played by ten players (men) or twelve players ( women ), each of whom uses a netted stick (the crosse) in order to pass and catch a very hard rubber ball with the aim of scoring goals (each worth one point traditionally, but also two in Major League Lacrosse) by propelling the ball into the opponent's goal. The team scoring the most points after two halves, of varying length from competition to competition, and overtime if necessary, wins.
Most popular in North America, lacrosse is Canada's official national summer sport and the fastest growing sport in the United States
11. Culture
Canadian culture is a mixture of British, French , and American influences, all of which blend and sometimes compete in every aspect of cultural life, from filmmaking and writing to cooking and playing sports. It has also been influenced by American culture because of its proximity and migration between the two countries. American media and entertainment are popular if not dominant in Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the US and worldwide . Canada is a geographically vast and ethnically diverse country. There are cultural variations and distinctions from province to province and region to region. Canadian culture has also been greatly influenced by immigration from all over the world. Many Canadians value multiculturalism . There were, and are, many distinct Aboriginal peoples across Canada, each with its own culture, beliefs, values , language, and history. Much of this legacy remains celebrated artistically, and in other ways, in Canada to this day. Part of the emblem of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics is an inukshuk, a stack of rocks in human form that is a part of Inuit culture.
12. History
The earliest discovery of the new World was made by Norse seafarers known as Vikings . It is said that in 985 AD Norse seamen sailing from Iceland to Greenland were blown far westward off their course and sighted the coast of what must have been Labrador. The report of forested areas on the strange new coast encouraged further explorations by Norse colonists from Greenland, whose settlements lacked lumber.
In Anno Domini 1000 Leif Ericson became the first European to land in North America. A colony was established in what the Vikings described as Vinland. Discoveries of “Norse” relics in that area have been exposed by scholars as hoaxes. The Greenland colony died out during the 14th and 15th centuries, and the Norse adventures in Canada must have come to an end well before that time.
The first permanent European settlements were established by the French king Louis XIV, who made a deal with a fur trading company so that only they would be allowed to trade beaver pelts, which were in fashion that time and they would settle Canada at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608 , and by the English in Newfoundland, around 1610. European explorers and trappers brought European diseases that spread rapidly through native trade routes and decimated the Aboriginal population.
For much of the 17th century, the English and French colonies in North America were able to develop in relative isolation from each other. French colonists extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley , while English colonists largely settled in the Thirteen Colonies to the south. However, as competition for territory, naval bases , furs and fish escalated, several wars broke out between the French, English and Native tribes.
13. Political system, symbols
Canada is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada as head of state, and a parliamentary democracy with a federal system of parliamentary government and strong democratic traditions. Formally considered a constitutional monarchy, Canada is governed by its own House of Commons. While the governor-general is officially the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, in reality the governor-general acts only on the advice of the Canadian prime minister.
Official symbols of Canada include the maple leaf, beaver, and the Canadian Horse. Many official symbols of the country such as the Flag of Canada have been changed or modified over the past few decades in order to 'Canadianize' them and remove references to the United Kingdom. Prominently, the use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates back to the early 18th century, and is depicted on its current and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms (or royal arms). The Canadian Horse is an official Canadian symbol [1] [2] and commonly appears in images with the Mounties. Products made from the country's natural resources, such as maple syrup, are also associated with Canadian identity. In recent years, other symbols have become a source of pride : notably, the I Am Canadian campaign by Molson beer , most notably the commercial featuring Joe Canadian, infused home-grown beer with nationalism.
14. Conclusion
Though Canada streches far north, people must not think about it as a cold and liveless country, as it offerst so much diversity in landforms, culture and climate. One should never forget how important resources this country has : from fresh water to grain, from uranium to gas.
15. Materials
„A-Z Encyclopedia“The Kingfisher
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-43262/Canada
http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/mountains.html
http://www.canada.worldweb.com/
http://www.answers.com/topic/canada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107386.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada

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-KKrissu: väga hea materjal , pikalt seletatud kõikidest asjadest (Y) . Soovitan , mulle oli kasuks inglis keele lausetele :) .

12:09 24-01-2010

Sannuts121: muidu väga hea , aga ma ei saa nagu seda arvutisse tõmmates lugeda , ei saa aru .:S

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skati: kas siin on canada esimeste elanike kohta ka midagi?(first nations in canada)?

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