Tallinna
Mustamäe Humanitargümnaasium
Valeria Jefremenkova
ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE INGLISE KEEL KUI ÜLEMAAILMNE KEEL
Research
work Supervisor: Jevgenija Kozlova
Tallinn
2016 1
Table of ContentsСONTENT…………………………………………………………………………………...2
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………...3
CHAPTER I……………………………………………………………………………….....5
1.1. A
Brief History of the English
Language …………………………………………...…..5
1.2. Origins of English as the Global Language……………………………………..……....6
1.3. Necessity of a Global Language...……………………………………………………....8
1.4. Criticism of a Global Language………………………………………………………....9
1.5. The
Role of English
Today ……………………………………………………………..10
1.6. English Speaking Countries…………………………………………………………….11
1.7.
Perspectives of English………………………………………………………………....13
CHAPTER II………………………………………………………………………………...15
2.1. A
Survey of
Students ’
Attitude to English as a Global Language……………………...15
CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………….......22
РЕЗЮМЕ…………………………………………………………………………………....24
WORK CITED……………………………………………………………………………....25
APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………………………….26
2
INTRODUCTIONToday more and more disputes are caused by the enormous
spread of the English
language
throughout the world. Some scholars claim that it has
already become the
first global language. And this statement isn't far from truth.
But what does it
mean to say that a language is a global language? Why is English the
language which is
usually cited in this connection? How did the situation arise? And
could it
change ? Or is it the
case that,
once a language becomes a global language, it is
there for ever?
[1, pg.2]
These are fascinating
questions to explore, whether your first language is English or
not.
A
global language is a language that is spoken internationally and is learned and
spoken by a large number of people as a second language. A global language is characterized
not only by the
total number of speakers (
native and second language speakers), but also by
its geographical distribution, as well as use ininternational organizations and diplomatic
relations . [4]
The authour’s personal
interest in this
issue predetermined the
choice of the topic. The
rapid spread of the English language all over the world and its
broad employnment in our
country defines the actuality of the
given research
paper . This work seeks to
understand why
English has become the language of international scope, what future awaits this language,
how many people
speak it worldwide and what is the history of the English language
expansion in the world. The
current work examines the history of the English language,
tracing the origins of English as a global language, as well as the role of English in the
modern world.
The
subject of the research is the
study of the English language as itself, its history
and possible future perspectives
within the
context of increasingly globalized world. The
object is to investigate the
premises of English being a
single language in the world as well as
to
consider potential
consequences . the aim of this paper is to explore Estonian students’
attitude to English being the world language. The
purpose is to increase the authors’ and
fellow students’ awareness of the latest linguistinc tendences in
order to
develop their
understanding of the
importance of
learning languages , English in
particular .
3
The theoretical part of the study relies upon the
works of
such scholars as David
Cristal, Luke Mastin, David Graddol, etc. For
the practical part, a survey has been
conducted
among the students of the
10th , 11th, 12th
forms of Tallinn Mustamäe
Gymnasium of
the Humanities and
other schools . The answers of 105 students to 23 questions of the survey
have been analyzed,
Analytical, statistical and descriptive
methods of the study have been used.
The paper is
divided into an introduction, two chapters, followed by a conclusion,
which summarizes the most
important findings and observations that have been
brought out
during the
analysis .
4
CHAPTER I1.1. A Brief History of the English LanguageSpeaking of the history of the expansion of the English language in the world, it won't
be needless to mention the general historical outfit of the language itself. English is a
member of the Indo-European family of languages. This broad family includes most of the European
languages spoken today.
Usually the history of the English language
development is divided into this periods:
1) Old English (450-1100 AD)
The invading Germanic tribes
spoke similar languages, which in
Britain developed into what we now
call Old English. Old English did not
sound or look like English today.
Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English.
Nevertheless, about
half of the most
commonly used
words in Modern English have Old
English roots. The words
be,
strong and
water, for example, derive from Old English. Old
English was spoken
until around 1100. [5]
2)
Middle English (1100-1500)
In 1066 William the Conqueror, the
Duke of Normandy (part of modern
France ),
invaded and conquered
England . The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with
them a kind of
French , which
became the language of the Royal
Court , and the ruling and
business
classes . For a
period there was a kind of
linguistic class division, where the
lower classes spoke English and the
upper classes spoke French. In the
14th century English became
dominant in Britain
again , but with many French words added. This language is called Middle
English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would
still be
difficult for native English speakers to understand today. [5]
3)
Early Modern English (1500-1800)
Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and
distinct change in
pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift)
started , with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the
16th century the
British had contact with many peoples from around the world.
This, and the
Renaissance of
Classical learning, meant that many new words and
phrases entered the language. The
invention of
printing also meant that there was now a
5
common language in
print .
Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing
also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the
dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard.[5]
Late Modern English (1800-
Present )
The main
difference between Early
Modern English and Late Modern
English is
vocabulary . Late Modern
English has many more words, arising
from two principal factors: firstly, the
Industrial Revolution and
technology created a need for new words;
secondly, the British
Empire at its
height covered one
quarter of the
earth's surface, and the English
language adopted
foreign words from
many countries. [5]
Picture 1. The main influences on the
development of the English language
1.2 Origins of English as Global LanguageThe first significant step in the progress of English towards its
status as a global
language
took place at the end of the sixteenth century. At that time, the number of
mother -
tongue English speakers in the world is
thought to have been 400 million and more,
almost all
of them
living in the British Isles.“Between the end of the
reign of Elizabeth I (
1603 ) and the
6
beginning of the reign of Elizabeth II (1952), this
figure increased almost fiftyfold, to some
250 million, the vast
majority living outside the British Isles... ” [3, p.30]
Then, in the eighteenth century, there was a vast wave of
immigration from
northern Ireland . The
Irish had been migrating to America from around 1600, but the main movements
took place during the 1720s, when around 50,000 Irish and
Scots -Irish
immigrants arrived. It
was not only England which
influenced the directions that the English language was to take in
America, and
later the USA. The
Spanish had occupied large parts of the
west and
south -west.
The French were present in the northern territories, around the St Lawrence
River , and
throughout the middle
regions (French Louisiana) as far as the Gulf of Mexico. The Dutch
were in New
York (originally New Amsterdam) and the surrounding area. Large
numbers of
Germans began to
arrive at the end of the seventeenth century, settling mainly in Pennsylvania
and its hinterland. In
addition , there were increasing numbers of Africans entering the south,
as a
result of the
slave trade, and this dramatically increased in the eighteenth century: a
population of little more
than 2,500
black slaves in 1700 had become about 100,000 by 1775,
far out-numbering the
southern whites. [3, p.35]
The nineteenth century saw a
massive increase in American immigration, as people
fled the
results of revolution,
poverty , and
famine in Europe. Large numbers of Irish
came following the
potato famine in Ireland in the 1840s. Germans and Italians came,
escaping the
consequences of the failed 1848 revolutions. And, as the century wore on, there were
increasing numbers of Central European
Jews , especially fleeing from the pogroms of the
1880s. In the first two decades of the twentieth century, immigrants were entering the USA at
an
average of three-quarters of a million a
year . In 1900, the population was just over 75
million. This total had doubled by 1950. [3, p.35]
Within one or two generations of arrival, most of these
immigrant families had
come to speak English,
through a natural
process of assimilation. Grandparents and grandchildren
found themselves living in very
different linguistic worlds. The result was a massive
growth in mother-tongue use of English. [3, p.35]
According to the 1990
census , the number of people (over
five years of age) who
spoke only English at home had
grown to over 198 million - 86 per
cent of the population.
This figure increased to 215 million in the 2000 census. This is almost
four times as many
mother-tongue speakers as any other nation. [3, p. 36]
7
1.3 Necessity of a Global LanguageA language does not become a global language because of its intrinsic structural
properties, or because of the
size of its vocabulary, or because it has been a vehicle of a great
literature in the past, or because it was once associated with a great culture or
religion . These
are all factors which can motivate someone to learn a language, of
course , but none of them
alone, or in combination, can ensure a language’s world spread. Indeed, such factors cannot
even guarantee survival as a living language –as is clear from the case of
Latin , learned today
as a classical language by only a scholarly and
religious few. Correspondingly, inconvenient
structural properties (such as awkward spelling in English) do not stop a language achieving
international status either. [1, p. 9]
There could be many various
reasons for the language to become
lingua franca but
most often, a language is accepted from outside the community, such as English or French,
because of the
political ,
economic , or religious
influence of a foreign
power .
For instance, Greek was a language of international
communication in the Middle East
over 2.000 years ago, not because of the intellects of Plato and Aristotle, but the swords and
spears of
Alexander the Great’s army. [1, p. 9]
But international language dominance is not solely the result of military might. It may
take a militarily
powerful nation to establish a language, but it
takes an economically
powerful one to
maintain and expand it. Economical developments of Britain and the USA,
supported by the new communication technologies, fostered the emergence of massive
multinational organasations, which brought an explosion of international
marketing and
advertising . The power of the press reached unprecedented levels, soon to be surpassed by the
broadcasting media, with their
ability to
cross national boundaries with electromagnetic
ease .
And in modern times Swahili, Arabic, Spanish, French, English,
Hindi , Portuguese and
several other languages have developed a
major international role as a lingua franca, in
limited
areas of the world. [1, p. 11]
The
prospect that a lingua franca might be needed for the
whole world is
something which has emerged strongly only in the twentieth century, and
since the 1950s in particular.
The chief international forum for political communication – the United Nations
dates only
8
from 1945. Since then, many international bodies have come into being, such as the World
Bank (also 1945), UNESCO and UNICEF (
both 1946), the World Health Organization (1948)
and the International Atomic Energy
Agency (1957).
Never before have so many countries
(around 190, in the case of some UN bodies) been represented in single meeting-places.
People have, in short, become more
mobile , both physically and electronically, and even the
notion of the
global village occurred. According to Cristal, there is no country which does not
have some level of accessibility using
telephone ,
radio ,
television , and air transport, though
facilities such as fax, electronic mail and the
Internet are much less widely
available . The
pressure to adopt a single lingua franca, to facilitate communication in such contexts, is
considerable. The
scale and recency of the development has to be appreciated. In 1945, the
United Nations began life with 51 member
states . By 1956 this had risen to 80 members. But
the independence movements which began at that time led to a massive increase in the
number of new nations during the next decade, and this process continued steadily into the
1990s, following the collapse of the USSR. There were 190 member states in 2002 – nearly
four times as many as there were fifty years ago. And the trend may not yet be over, given the
growth of so many regional nationalistic movements worldwide. [3, p. 14]
1.4 Criticism of a Global LanguageAuthor of the book “English as a Global Language” David
Crystal approves that it is
impossible to make
confident predictions about the emergence of a global language, because
here are no precedents for this kind of linguistic growth, other than on a much smaller scale.
The
speed with which a global language scenario has arisen is truly remarkable.
Likewise D. Crystal claims that no
government has yet found it possible to plan
confidently, in such circumstances.
●
Languages of
identity need to be maintained.
●
Access to the
emerging global language – widely
perceived as a language of
opportunity and empowerment –
needs to be guaranteed.
Both principles demand massive resources.
Fundamental decisions about priorities
have to be made.
According to Cristal, those
making the decisions need to bear in mind that we may
well be approaching a
critical moment in human linguistic history. It is possible that a global
language will
emerge only once.For the various reasons all the signs suggest that this global
9
language will be English. But there is still some way to go before a global lingua franca
becomes a
universal reality . Despite the remarkable growth in the use of English, at
least two-
thirds of the world population do not yet use it. In certain parts of the world (most of the states
of the
former Soviet Union, for example), English has still a very limited presence. And in
some countries, increased resources are being devoted to maintaining the role of other
languages (such as the use of French in several countries of Africa). Notwithstanding the
general world trend, there are many linguistic confrontations still to be resolved. Governments
who
wish to play their part in influencing the world’s linguistic future should therefore ponder
carefully, as they make political decisions and allocate resources for language
planning . Now,
more than at any time in linguistic history, they need to adopt long-term views, and to plan
ahead – whether their interests are to promote English or to develop the use of other
languages in their community (or, of
course , both). If they miss this linguistic boat, there may
be no other. [1, p. 26- 28 ]
1.5 The Role of English TodayToday English is becoming the first world's universal language. It is the mother tongue
of 500 million of people in 12 countries of the world. It is, of course, less than about 900
million of people speaking Mandarin. But English is thought to be second language of 600
million of people. About 200 million of people
know the English language to some extent. It
has
official and semi-official status in 62 countries of the world. No doubts that English is
much more geographically spread and more universal than Chinese. And the
rate of the
development of its use is incredible.
Today about 1,5
billion of people that speak English. It
is the most taught language, but
what is more wonderful, it
doesn't
replace all the other
languages but complement
them. [6]
Picture 2.Countries where English is an official language
10
The English language predominates in the spheres of transport and mass media.
English is the language of the travels. All the International airlines use English as the
language of communication. It is also the language of satellite television. English is the
language if Information Era. More than 80% of computer information is
stored in English.
85% of all the telephone conversations are
held in English, as well as 3/4 of the world's mails,
e-mails, faxes and telegrams. Software manuals and the software itself are often available in
English only. Earlier
German was the language of the
science , but today about 85% of
scientific works are published in English first. English is the language of the medicine,
electronics and
space technologies. The Internet is inconceivable
without the English
language. [7]
English is the language of international business also. Producer country is usually
labeled in English on all the kind of
goods : “Made in China”, “Made in
Germany ”, etc. This
language was chosen as the language of communication by many multinational companies.
“Toyota” provides the English language courses for the
working -staff. “All the candidates for
the post in “Tetra Pak” and IBM should
know English quite well… And all these facts are just
the top of the iceberg.” [7]
At last, English is the language of the world's
youth culture. Throughout the world
young people sing the lyrics of The Beatles, U-2, Michael Jackson and Madonna, sometimes
not even knowing what these words mean. “Break dance”, “bodybuilding”, “computer
hacking” and many other words are
included in the youth slang. [7]
1.6 English Speaking CountriesGreat Britain, the United States of America,
Canada ,
Australia and New
Zealand are
English-speaking countries. They are
situated in different parts of the world and
differ in
many
ways . The
nature of these countries, their weather and climate and the way of life of
their people differ. Each coutry has its own history, customs, traditions, and its own national
holidays. But they all have a common language, English. The United Kindom of Great Britain
and
North Ireland consist of 4 parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northen Ireland. The
British Isles are group of
islands lying off the north-west coast of the
continent of Europe.
There are no high mountains, no very long rivers, and no large forests in the U.K. The
population of the U.K. is almost fifty-six million. The USA is situated in the central part of
the North American continent. The population of the USA is more than 236 million people.
11
Canada has area of nearly 10 million
square kilometres. It's westen coast is washed by the
Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast by the Atlantic Ocean. The population of Canada is over
26 million people. The Commonwealth of Australia territories are the continent of Australia,
the
island of Tasmania and a number of smaller islands. Australia has an area of nearly
eight million square kilometres. The population of Australia is over sixteen million people. New
Zealand is situated south-east of Australia. The country
consists of three large islands called
the North Island, the South Island and Stewart Island and also many smaller islands. The
population of New Zealand is over three million people.[8]
In the table below, speakers of English in territories where the language has had
special relevance L1
stands for people who have a variety of English as a first language, or
mother tongue. L2 stands for people who have learned a variety of English as a second
language, in addition to their mother tongue.
Territory
Population
L1
L2
(2001)
1
Australia
18,972,000
14,987,000
3,500,000
American
2,000
65,000
2
Samoa 67,000
3
Bahamas
298,000
260,000
28,000
4
Canada
31,600,000
20,000,000
7,000,000
5
India
1,029,991,000
350,000
200,000,000
6
Dominica
70,000
3,000
60,000
7
Grenada
100,000
100,000
8
Philippines
83,000,000
20,000
40,000
9
United States 278,059,000
215,424,000
25,600,000
58,190,000
1,500,00
United
10 Kingdom
59,648,000
Table 1. Speakers of English
Also English is widespread and has a great importance and use as a mother tongue or
as the second language on the followoing territories: Antigua & Barbuda, Aruba, Bangladesh,
Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, British
Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Cayman
Islands, Cook Islands, Dominica, Fiji, Gambi, Ghana, Gibraltar, Guam, Guyana, Hong
Kong, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands,
12
Mauritius, Micronesia, Montserrat, Nambia, Nauru, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Northern
Marianas, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto
Rico , Rwanda, St Kitts & Nevis, St
Lucia, St Vincent & Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon
Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago,
Tuvalu, Uganda, UK Islands (Channel Is, Man), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Zambia,
Zimbabwe. [3, p. 61- 65 ]
1.7 Perspectives of EnglishThere are a lot of speculations on the possible future of English,
however lingingistic
history
shows us that such speculations have to be made with precautions, remembering about
the fate of French and Latin. Several possibilities can be envisaged. A significant change in
the
balance of power – whether political, economic,
technological or cultural – could
affect the standing of other languages so that they become increasingly attractive, and
begin to take
over functions currently assumed by English. Pressures arising out of the need to
express community identity might disrupt the ability of English to
function as a global language.
There are also economic arguments which might
persuade a country to
reduce its
investment in the English language. A country might see its economic future as
operating more on a regional than a global level, and thus devote
extra resources to fostering a
local lingua franca. Spanish, Arabic, Hindi,
Russian , and German are other
examples of languages
which have a
traditional presence within a number of geographically adjacent countries.
(Cristal)
The need for intelligibility and the need for identity often
pull people – and countries
– in opposing directions. The former motivates the learning of an international language, with
English the first choice in most
cases ; the
latter motivates the
promotion of
ethnic language
and culture. Conflict is the common consequence when either
position is promoted
insensitively. [3, p. 125- 126 ]
With its widespread all over the
globe English became
open to the winds of linguistic
change in totally unpredictable ways, in the emergence of new
varieties of English in the
different territories where the language has taken root. The different dialects of British and
American English
provide the most familiar example. Many distinctive forms also identify the
Englishes of the other countries of the inner circle:
Australian English, New Zealand English,
Canadian English, South African English, Caribbean English, and, within Britain, Irish, Scots,
13
and
Welsh English. Among the countries of the
outer circle, several vari-eties have also grown
in distinctiveness in
recent decades. [3, p.144 ]
According to Cristal, there has never been a language so widely spread or spoken by
so many people as English.We cannot
predict the future, we can at least speculate, and there
are some fascinating speculations to be made.
●
It may well be the case, as was intimated earlier, that the English language has
already grown to be independent of any form of
social control .
●
There may be a critical number or critical distribution of speakers (analogous
to the notion of critical mass in nuclear
physics ) beyond which it proves impossible for any
single group or
alliance to stop its growth, or even influence its future. [3, p.190 ]
A lot of consider "English is truly the world language." English
seems to be emerging,
if it has not already arrived, as a global language. If this were to become official it would
reduce the number of mistranslations. It would make communication
across cultures much
easier . Language may be a cornerstone of culture, but the culture itself would not have to
disappear if English were used as the second or third language for the
pure purpose of
communicating globally. "English is the only language used in international air
traffic control
and is virtually the only language of a whole range of other activities from scientific research
to pop music."English may not be the
best choice, but it is the obvious choice, for an
international language. Whether we like it or not, the English language is becoming the global
language. [9]
Throughout this time one of the most significant
events in the history of world
languages was
happening : English-speaking soldiers, sailors and colonisers were
travelling to,
and settling in countries right the way across the globe. Slowly,
another international language
emerged, spoken by diplomats, scientists, artists, business people and many more. Benefiting
from the legacy of the British Empire, and the
rise in influence of the most powerful member
of that Empire - the USA - English (or kinds of English) is being spoken all over the globe.
Millions of young people across the world have grown to like the sounds produced by
English-speaking bands. Sub-titled films from Hollywood have given millions of non-English
speakers the
chance to imitate James Cagney,
Marilyn Monroe, Robert De Niro and
Harrison Ford. But will it last?
Perhaps in 100 years, the world's population will have come to love the
subtleties and
beauty of one or both of the standard Chinese languages - Mandarin and
Cantonese. We just don't know. [10]
14
CHAPTER II2.1. A Survey of Students’ Attitude to English as a Global LanguageThe survey was conducted in
February 2016 and yielded the total sample of 105
responses from the students of the 10th, 11th and 12th forms of Tallinn various schools
(
including Tallinn Mustamäe Gymnasium of the Humanities, The Estonian Academy of
Security Sciences, Õismäe Russian Lyceum, Tallinn Secondary Science School Tõnismäe,
Tallinn Pae school, etc).
An online
version of the questionnaire was
delivered to the students by
means of the
Google
Drive powered electronic form, consisting of 23 questions about the students’
attitudes towards English as a global language.
20 of the total of 23 questions were quantitative with the aim of delivering comparable
statistical data for the research. Three questions of the survey were open-
ended paragraphs in
order to
allow the respondents to comment their opinion about, why do we need a global
language and what
makes English a global language.
The first five questions of the questionnaire concerned the students’ background
information (age, name of school, English learning background).
Figure 1. Students’ knowledge of the English language on a scale from 1 to 5 15
In the fifth question, students were
asked to rate their level of English, and their
answers have shown that most of them evaluate their knowledge of English as average (38%)
and as
good (37%) accordingly, only 3 people thought their abilities to speak were poor and
bad, which only proves the
popularity and high priority of English among the questioned.
However, all of them have their own ways of learning English, 43% of the respondents
claimed they study the English language additionally apart from school.
The next four questions concerned the relation of the English language and Estonian
reality, in the context of culture,
politics and education. So, as it is demonstrated in the figure
2. 53% of the people answered the question admitted that we get under the influence not only
of the language but the culture it brings with it, thus
changing our own culture and identity.
Whether this is bad or not, a difficult question to ask.
Figure 2. Acceptance of another culture with the English language 16
Figure 3. Preferred language for higher education.Surprisingly, most of the respondents would have chosen to study in English (38 %),
although it, probably, could be explained by the
fact that the Estonian language is not the
mother tongue to the most of the respondents, the other possible
reason could be that, a lot of
students plan to
travel and learn abroad.
In the next issue students expressed their opinions about, which language is easier for
learning: English, Estonian (for Russian native speakers) or Russian (for Estonian native
speakers). 50% of respondents
chose English as the easiest language to learn,
while 31.4%
chose Estonian.
Answering the question whether English should one day become the second state
language in Estonia 53% of the respondents were against it. The reason 46% said yes could be
that not all people in Estonia see the
bond between the language and the national identity, a lot
of Russian speaking citizens consider themselves Estonians, despite the fact that their mother
tongue is Russian. However, the influence of English culture is so high and the process of
globalization continues, it is impossible to predict, what expects us in the future.
In the 10th question, students
gave their opinion about future prospects of the English
Language. Answering the question, will the English language be as
popular as it is now in the
next 20 years, 77 people out 105 think, that it will be, 20 students answered, that it will
become even more
wide -spread and last 8 respondents gave the next
answer "No, it will be
17
replaced by some other language”. The answers confirm that the learning English will
continue to be the
leading trend for some time in the future.
Answering the open-ended question, why do we need a global language, students gave
the following answers , the most
interesting of those are :
We need global language because we have to communicate with other nations and itwill make easier to understand each other.
It makes good way to communicate with different cultures.
We need one language for comfortable understanding each other.
It makes our life easier: to travel, to communicate with people from differentcountries, to work and study, to read news and surf the internet.
It will help us to feel like we are understood in any country.
It would be pretty difficult to learn all the languages in order to communicate with thepeople. There must be a global language to have better communication among thepeople.
No language barriers and more opportunities for people to work, study.
English is the language of the technological revolution and the internet. Consider a keyboard for example; they are designed for Latin characters , so speakers of Asian languages use complicated techniques to enter wordsThe subsequent question was: “In your opinion, what makes English a global
language?”. It was an open question and the most common responses were:
English is easy to learn
The influence of the USA
A lot of people speaking it as L1 and L2
The language of science, education and business.
History and culture
The whole world is influenced by the US and EU
From my point of view, English language unites nations around the world.
Hmm..English speaking countries are the most affluent regions on this planet , and the amount of people going abroad on overseas holidays have created the phenomenon of 18
"English" being the common language people with different national backgrounds useto speak with each other. This is what makes English a global language, in myopinion.
Music, internet and movies As to the students’ belief in the necessity of only one global language (see Figure 4),
66 % of the students believed, that there should be more global languages than one.
Figure 4. The students’ belief in the necessity of only one global languageWhile 44% of respondents are
sure that English should be the world language.
Although, 77% of the students admit that the emergence of a global language will hasten the
disappearance of minority languages and
cause a wide-spread language
death and 65 % of
them agree that the use of a single language by community does not guarantee social
harmony or mutual understanding. Whereas, people living in Estonia have an
experience of using two
languages and the example of our school proves that it is normal to use languages
interchangeably without any problems.
Among the other languages that could have the status of global languages the
respondents have chosen the following languages:
19
Figure 5. What other languages could have the status of global languagesAs regards the students involvement in various situations when they have a chance
speak in English in Estonia (see figure 6) the following answers were received.
Figure 6. Necessity to speak English in EstoniaAccording to the answers of the students, 5. 7% of them have never had a chance to
speak in English in Estonia, however nearly 15 % confirmed using it constanly, the most
obvious reasons to use are connected with their work and studyings. More than half of the
questioned use English from time to time, and 24. 8% use it rarely, communicating with
tourists.
In the question number 22, students gave their opinion about
disadvantages of a global
language. They had to
choose the 3 most important statements as there were offered 7
different options and the
greater number of the students chose the following:
20
A global language might lead to discrimination of other languages - 58 people
People will loose interest in other cultures - 51 people
Everyone and everything will be one and the same ; people will loose interest in theirculture - 40 people
The other disadvantages are listed below with the following results:
English as the global language might be seen as a threat of future dominance of theBritish and the American cultures and history - 34 people
The chosen language may become very technical and "impoverished" for non-nativespeakers - 37 people
Inability of non-native speakers to express their feelings and emotions clearly -21
people
The next question concerned advantages of English being a global language, and
students gave their opinion about the issue. Again, they were offered to choose the 3 most
important statements out of 6 different options and the most of the students have chosen the
following:
No more translations needed for everything - 76 people
More opportunities for people to travel, work, change living location , etc. - 65 people
Being able to communicate no matter where you are - 58 people
The
rest of the advantages are mentioned below with the following results:
No language barriers between the nations - 57 people
International trade facilitated by increased opportunities for communication betweennations- 31 people
Opportunities for smaller cultures and nations to access the knowledge of largernations - 17 people
21
CONCLUSIONThere are no precedents in human history for what happens to languages, in such
circumstances of rapid change. There has never been a time when so many nations were
needing to
talk to each other so much. There has never been a time when so many people
wished to travel to so many places. There has never been such a strain placed on the
conventional resources of translating and interpreting. Never has the need for more
widespread
bilingualism been greater, to ease the burden placed on the professional few. And
never has there been a more urgent need for a global language. [3, p.14 ]
The aim of this work was to
find the answere to the questions concerning the
widespread of the English language all over the world, the role it
plays in the modern world
and its possible future perspectives, as well as to explore the thoughts and feelings of
Estonian students to the issue.
In the theoretical part, the author of the current work has made an attempt to find the
answers to those questions as well as
analyse the reasons of the
growing popularity of English
throughout the last century.
No one can give a reliable answer to the question about the future of the English
language. Nevertheless, it is possible to make some assumptions. It is obvious that English
will continue to dominate and will become even more wide-spread for some time in the
near future, at least. A lot of people will choose it to learn as the second language. The answer
could be the bilingualism, however its implemention is expensive and demands a
governmental control, not every country will choose English as a
suitable language in this
respect . Today, it seems that there is a small chance that it will be replaced by some other
language in the context of the globalized world, but in any case, it will not displace all other
languages of the world, because each language is the
basis of identity for its people.
Analysing the practical part, it may be concluded that there are premises for English
to become a global language, most of the respondents aknowledge its important role in many
areas of people lives and the world on the whole, there is no
doubt that
having English as a
22
global language will have its advantages and disadvantages, however it does not mean that
English is the only language suitable for this purpose, and hardly ever it will become a mother
toungue to the majority of people, although people in Estonia have shown a great interest in
this language as in the second language to learn. Most of the students understand the
importance of the raised issue, the necessity of learning languages, though a slight correlation
in the number of similar questions shows that questions were difficult for the students of
gymnasium level to answer.
23
РЕЗЮМЕТема настоящей исследовательской работы «Английский язык как глобальный
язык и отношение эстонцев к данному вопросу». Работа состоит из двух частей.
Первая часть — теоретическая, в ней кратко рассматривается история
возникновения и распространения английского языка, возможные перспективы его
дальнейшего распространения, а также его необходимость и различные роли, которые
он выполняет как в жизни обычных людей, так и мира в целом.
Вторая часть — практическая, на основе составленного опросника (23 вопроса)
и собранных данных (105 респондентов) был проведен анализ того, как участники
опроса относятся к вопросу возможной глобализации английского языка и связанных с
этим вероятных последствий и рисков.
Тема исследовательской работы актуальна, так как английский язык все шире
используется по всему миру и вопросы глобализации являются очень важными в
контексте современного мироустройства.
В процессе работы автор узнал много нового и интересного, обогатив свои
познания по данному вопросу, приобретя опыт по написанию подобных работ и
выяснив отношение различных людей к этой теме, а так же хочется верить, что, все кто
участвовали в анкетировании, хотя бы ненадолго, но задумались над этими вопросами и
смогли лучше осознать необходимость и важность изучения как английского языка, так
и ценность и значимость своего родного.
24
WORK CITED1-
Richard Nordquist.
Crossing Boundaries:
Studies in English Language, Literature, and
Culture in a Global Environment. Frankfurt, International Academic Publishers, 2010
2. David Crystal. The
Stories of English. United Kingdom, Overlook Press, 2004
3. David Crystal. English as a Global Language: Second
edition . United Kingdom,
Cambridge : Cambridge
University Press, 1997, 2003
4. World language
www.wikipedia.org (26.10.2015)
5. History of the English Language
www.englishclub.com (9.11.2015)
6. The
triumph of English.
www.economist.com (9.11.2015)
7.
Ross Smith. Global English: gift or
curse ?
www.
journals .cambridge.org (22.11.2015)
8. English-speaking countries
www.study.ru (9.11.2015)
9. English as the global language
www.iml.jou.ufl.edu (22.11.2015)
10. How English evolved into a global language
www.bbc.com (24.11.2015)
25
APPENDIX 26
27
28
29
30
- INTRODUCTION
- 1.1. A Brief History of the English Language
- Late Modern English (1800-Present)
- 1.2 Origins of English as Global Language
- 1.3 Necessity of a Global Language
- 1.4 Criticism of a Global Language
- 1.6 English Speaking Countries
- 1.7 Perspectives of English
- CHAPTER II
- 2.1. A Survey of Students’ Attitude to English as a Global Language
- The survey was conducted in February 2016 and yielded the total sample of 105 responses from the students of the 10th, 11th and 12th forms of Tallinn various schools (including Tallinn Mustamäe Gymnasium of the Humanities, The Estonian Academy of Security Sciences, Õismäe Russian Lyceum, Tallinn Secondary Science School Tõnismäe, Tallinn Pae school, etc).
- An online version of the questionnaire was delivered to the students by means of the Google Drive powered electronic form, consisting of 23 questions about the students’ attitudes towards English as a global language.
- WORK CITED
- APPENDIX
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