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English as a Global Language (0)

1 Hindamata
Punktid
Tallinna  Mustamäe  Humanitargümnaasium
Valeria Jefremenkova
ENGLISH  AS A  GLOBAL   LANGUAGE
INGLISE KEEL KUI ÜLEMAAILMNE KEEL
Research  work
                                                                                                      Supervisor: Jevgenija Kozlova
Tallinn  2016
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Table of Contents
СONTENT…………………………………………………………………………………...2
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………...3
CHAPTER  I……………………………………………………………………………….....5
1.1. A  Brief  History of the English  Language …………………………………………...…..5
1.2. Origins of English as the Global Language……………………………………..……....6
1.3. Necessity of a Global Language...……………………………………………………....8
1.4. Criticism of a Global Language………………………………………………………....9
1.5. The  Role  of English  Today ……………………………………………………………..10
1.6. English Speaking Countries…………………………………………………………….11
1.7. Perspectives  of English………………………………………………………………....13
CHAPTER II………………………………………………………………………………...15
2.1. A  Survey of Students ’  Attitude  to English as a Global Language……………………...15
CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………….......22
РЕЗЮМЕ…………………………………………………………………………………....24
WORK CITED……………………………………………………………………………....25
APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………………………….26
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INTRODUCTION
Today more and more disputes are caused by the enormous  spread  of the English
language  throughout  the world. Some scholars claim that it has  already  become the  first
global language. And this statement isn't far from truth. 
But what does it  mean  to say that a language is a global language? Why is English the
language which is  usually  cited in this connection? How did the situation arise? And  could  it
change ? Or is it the  case  that,  once  a language becomes a global language, it is  there  for ever?
[1, pg.2]  These  are fascinating  questions  to explore, whether your first language is English or
not.
global   language    is a language that is spoken internationally and is learned and
spoken by a large number of people as a second language. A global language is characterized
not only by the  total  number of speakers ( native  and second language speakers), but also by
its   geographical   distribution,   as   well   as   use   ininternational   organizations   and   diplomatic
relations . [4] 
The authour’s personal  interest  in this  issue  predetermined the  choice  of the topic. The
rapid  spread of the English language  all over the world and its  broad  employnment in our
country  defines the actuality of the  given  research  paper . This work seeks to  understand  why
English has become the language of international scope, what   future awaits this language,
how   many   people    speak    it   worldwide   and   what   is     the   history   of   the   English   language
expansion in the world. The  current  work examines  the history of the English language,
tracing   the origins of English as a global language, as well as the role of English in the
modern world. 
The  subject  of the research is  the  study  of the English language as itself, its history
and possible future perspectives  within  the  context  of increasingly  globalized  world. The
object  is to investigate the  premises  of English being a  single  language in the world as well as
to  consider  potential  consequences . the aim of this paper is to explore Estonian students’
attitude to English being the world language. The  purpose  is to increase the authors’ and
fellow   students’   awareness   of   the   latest   linguistinc   tendences   in    order    to    develop    their
understanding  of the  importance  of learning   languages , English in particular .
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The theoretical  part   of the study relies upon the  works  of  such  scholars as David
Cristal,   Luke   Mastin,   David   Graddol,   etc.   For  the    practical    part,  a   survey   has   been
conducted  among  the students of the  10th , 11th, 12th  forms  of Tallinn Mustamäe  Gymnasium  of
the Humanities and  other   schools  . The answers of 105 students to 23 questions of the survey
have been analyzed, 
Analytical, statistical and descriptive methods of the study have been used.
The paper is  divided  into an introduction, two chapters, followed by a conclusion,
which summarizes the most  important  findings and observations that have been  brought  out
during the  analysis
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CHAPTER I
1.1. A Brief  History of the English Language
Speaking of the history of the expansion of the English language in the world, it won't
be needless to mention the general historical outfit of the language itself. English is a  member
of the Indo-European family of languages. This broad family includes most of the European
languages spoken today.
Usually the history of the English language  development  is divided into this periods:
1) Old English (450-1100 AD)
The invading Germanic tribes  spoke   similar  languages, which in  Britain   developed
into what we now  call  Old English. Old English did not  sound  or look like English today.
Native   English   speakers   now   would   have   great   difficulty   understanding   Old   English.
Nevertheless, about  half  of the most  commonly  used  words  in Modern English have Old
English roots. The words  be,   strong   and  water, for example, derive from Old English. Old
English was spoken until   around 1100. [5]
2) Middle  English (1100-1500)
In 1066 William the Conqueror, the  Duke  of Normandy (part of modern  France ),
invaded and conquered  England . The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with
them  a kind of  French , which  became  the language of the Royal  Court , and the ruling and
business  classes . For a  period  there was a kind of  linguistic   class  division, where the  lower
classes spoke English and the  upper  classes spoke French. In the  14th   century  English became
dominant in Britain  again , but with many French words added. This language is called Middle
English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would  still  be
difficult for native English speakers to understand today. [5]
3)   Early  Modern English (1500-1800)
Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and  distinct  change in  pronunciation
(the Great Vowel Shift)  started , with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the
16th century the  British had contact with many peoples from around the world.
This, and the  Renaissance  of  Classical  learning,  meant that many new words and
phrases entered the language. The  invention  of  printing  also meant that there was now a
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common language in  printBooks  became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing
also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the  dialect
of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard.[5]
Late  Modern English (1800- Present )
The   main    difference     between    Early
Modern   English   and   Late   Modern
English   is    vocabulary .   Late   Modern
English has many more words, arising
from two principal factors: firstly, the
Industrial   Revolution   and    technology
created   a   need   for   new   words;
secondly,   the   British    Empire    at   its
height   covered   one    quarter    of   the
earth's   surface,   and   the   English
language   adopted   foreign   words from
many countries. [5]
Picture  1. The main influences on the
development of the English language
1.2 Origins of English as Global Language
The first significant step in the progress of English towards its  status  as a global
language  took   place  at the end of the sixteenth century. At that time, the number of  mother -
tongue English speakers in the world is  thought  to have been 400 million and more,  almost  all
of them  living  in the British Isles.“Between the end of the  reign  of Elizabeth I ( 1603 ) and the
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beginning  of the reign of Elizabeth II (1952), this  figure  increased almost fiftyfold, to some
250 million, the vast  majority  living outside the British Isles... ” [3, p.30]
Then, in the eighteenth century, there was a vast wave of  immigration  from  northern
Ireland . The  Irish  had been migrating to America from around 1600, but the main movements
took place during the 1720s, when around 50,000 Irish and  Scots -Irish  immigrants  arrived. It
was not only England which  influenced  the directions that the English language was to take in
America, and  later  the USA. The  Spanish  had occupied large parts of the  west  and  south -west.
The   French   were   present   in   the   northern   territories,   around   the   St   Lawrence    River ,  and
throughout the middle  regions  (French Louisiana) as far as the Gulf of Mexico. The Dutch
were in New  York  (originally New Amsterdam) and the surrounding area. Large  numbers  of
Germans began to  arrive  at the end of the seventeenth century, settling mainly in Pennsylvania
and its hinterland. In  addition , there were increasing numbers of Africans entering the south,
as a  result  of the  slave  trade, and this dramatically increased in the eighteenth century: a
population of little more  than  2,500  black  slaves in 1700 had become about 100,000 by 1775,
far out-numbering the  southern whites. [3, p.35]
The nineteenth century saw a  massive  increase in American immigration, as people
fled the  results  of revolution,  poverty , and  famine  in Europe. Large numbers of Irish  came
following  the  potato  famine in Ireland in the 1840s. Germans and Italians came,  escaping  the
consequences   of   the   failed   1848   revolutions.   And,   as   the   century   wore   on,   there   were
increasing numbers of Central European  Jews , especially fleeing from the pogroms of the
1880s. In the first two decades of the twentieth century, immigrants were entering the USA at
an  average  of three-quarters of a million a  year . In 1900, the population was just over 75
million. This total had doubled by 1950. [3, p.35]
Within one or two generations of arrival, most of these  immigrant  families had  come
to speak English,  through  a natural  process  of assimilation. Grandparents and grandchildren
found  themselves living in very  different  linguistic worlds. The result was a massive  growth
in mother-tongue use of English. [3, p.35]
According to the 1990  census , the number of people (over  five   years  of age) who
spoke only English at home had  grown  to over 198 million - 86 per  cent  of the population.
This figure increased to 215 million in the 2000 census. This is almost  four   times  as many
mother-tongue speakers as any other nation. [3, p. 36]
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1.3 Necessity of  a Global Language
A language  does  not  become  a  global  language   because  of  its intrinsic  structural
properties, or because of the  size  of its vocabulary, or because it has been a vehicle of a great
literature in the past, or because it was once associated with a great culture or  religion . These
are all factors which can motivate someone to learn a language, of  course , but none of them
alone, or in combination, can ensure a language’s world spread. Indeed, such factors cannot
even  guarantee survival as a living language –as is clear from the case of  Latin , learned today
as a classical language by only a scholarly and  religious  few. Correspondingly, inconvenient
structural properties (such as awkward spelling in English) do not stop a language achieving
international status either. [1, p. 9]
There could be many various  reasons  for the language to become  lingua  franca but
most often, a language is accepted from outside the community, such as English or French,
because of the  politicaleconomic , or religious  influence  of a foreign  power .
For instance, Greek was a language of international  communication  in the Middle East
over 2.000 years ago, not because of the intellects of Plato and Aristotle, but the swords and
spears of  Alexander  the Great’s army. [1, p. 9]
But international language dominance is not solely the result of military might. It may
take   a   militarily    powerful    nation   to   establish   a   language,   but   it    takes    an   economically
powerful one to  maintain  and expand it. Economical developments of Britain and the USA,
supported   by   the   new   communication   technologies,   fostered   the   emergence   of   massive
multinational   organasations,   which   brought   an   explosion   of   international    marketing    and
advertising . The power of the press reached unprecedented levels, soon to be surpassed by the
broadcasting  media, with their  ability  to  cross  national boundaries with electromagnetic  ease .
And   in   modern   times   Swahili,  Arabic,   Spanish,   French,   English,    Hindi ,   Portuguese   and
several    other   languages   have   developed   a    major    international   role   as   a  lingua   franca,   in
limited  areas  of the world. [1, p. 11]
The  prospect  that a lingua franca might be needed for the  whole  world is  something
which has emerged strongly only in the twentieth century, and  since  the 1950s in particular.
The chief international forum for political communication – the United Nations  dates  only
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from 1945. Since then, many international bodies have come into being, such as the World
Bank (also 1945), UNESCO and UNICEF ( both  1946), the World Health Organization (1948)
and the International Atomic Energy  Agency  (1957).  Never   before  have so many countries
(around 190, in the case of some UN bodies) been represented in single meeting-places.
People have, in short, become more  mobile , both physically and electronically, and even the
notion  of the global village occurred. According to Cristal, there is no country which does not
have some level of accessibility using  telephoneradiotelevision , and air transport, though
facilities such as fax, electronic mail and the  Internet  are much less widely  available . The
pressure  to adopt a single lingua franca,  to facilitate  communication  in such contexts, is
considerable. The  scale  and recency of the development has to be appreciated. In 1945, the
United Nations began life with 51 member  states . By 1956 this had risen to 80 members. But
the  independence   movements  which  began   at  that  time   led  to   a  massive  increase  in   the
number of new nations during the next decade, and this process continued steadily into the
1990s, following the collapse of the USSR. There were 190 member states in 2002 – nearly
four times as many as there were fifty years ago. And the trend may not yet be over, given the
growth of so many regional nationalistic movements worldwide.  [3, p. 14]
1.4 Criticism of a Global Language
Author  of the book “English as a Global Language” David  Crystal  approves that it is
impossible to make  confident  predictions about the emergence of a global language, because
here  are no precedents for this kind of linguistic growth, other than on a much smaller scale.
The  speed  with which a global language scenario has arisen is truly remarkable.
Likewise  D. Crystal  claims  that no  government   has yet found it  possible  to plan
confidently, in such circumstances. 

Languages of identity  need to be maintained. 

Access  to the  emerging  global language – widely  perceived  as a language of
opportunity and empowerment – needs  to be guaranteed. 
Both principles demand massive resources.  Fundamental   decisions  about priorities
have to be made. 
According to Cristal, those  making  the decisions need to bear in mind that we may
well be approaching a  critical  moment in human linguistic history. It is possible that a global
language will  emerge  only once.For the various reasons all the signs suggest that this global
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language will be English. But there is still some way to go before a global lingua franca
becomes a  universal   reality . Despite the remarkable growth in the use of English, at  least  two-
thirds of the world population do not yet use it. In certain parts of the world (most of the states
of the  former  Soviet Union, for example), English has still a very limited presence. And  in
some   countries,   increased   resources   are   being   devoted   to   maintaining   the   role   of   other
languages (such as the use of French in several countries of Africa). Notwithstanding the
general world trend, there are many linguistic confrontations still to be resolved. Governments
who  wish to play their part in influencing the world’s linguistic future should therefore ponder
carefully, as they make political decisions and allocate resources for language  planning . Now,
more than at any time in linguistic history, they need to adopt long-term views, and to plan
ahead   –   whether   their   interests   are   to   promote   English   or   to   develop   the   use   of   other
languages in their community (or, of  course , both). If they miss this linguistic boat, there may
be no other.  [1, p. 26- 28 ]
1.5 The Role of English Today
Today English is becoming the first world's universal language. It is the mother tongue
of 500 million of people in 12 countries of the world. It is, of course, less than about 900
million of people speaking Mandarin. But English is thought to be second language of 600
million of people. About 200 million of people  know  the English language to some extent. It
has  official  and semi-official status in 62 countries of the world. No doubts that English is
much  more   geographically   spread  and  more   universal   than  Chinese.  And  the   rate   of  the
development of its use is incredible.
Today about 1,5  billion
of people that speak English. It
is the most taught language, but
what   is   more   wonderful,   it
doesn't    replace    all   the   other
languages   but   complement
them. [6]
Picture 2.Countries where English is an official language
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The   English   language   predominates   in   the   spheres   of   transport   and   mass   media.
English   is   the   language   of   the   travels.  All   the   International   airlines   use   English   as   the
language  of  communication.   It  is also  the  language   of satellite   television.   English  is the
language if Information Era. More than 80% of computer information is  stored  in English.
85% of all the telephone conversations are  held  in English, as well as 3/4 of the world's mails,
e-mails, faxes and telegrams. Software manuals and the software itself are often available in
English   only.  Earlier    German    was   the   language   of   the    science ,   but   today   about   85%   of
scientific    works   are   published   in   English   first.   English   is   the   language   of   the   medicine,
electronics   and    space    technologies.   The   Internet   is   inconceivable    without    the   English
language. [7]
English is the language of international business also. Producer country is usually
labeled in English on all the kind of  goods : “Made in China”, “Made in  Germany ”, etc. This
language was chosen as the language of communication by many multinational companies.
“Toyota” provides the English language courses for the  working -staff. “All the candidates for
the post in “Tetra Pak” and IBM should  know  English quite well… And all these facts are just
the top of the iceberg.” [7]
At last, English is the language of the world's  youth  culture. Throughout the world
young people sing the lyrics of The Beatles, U-2, Michael Jackson and Madonna, sometimes
not   even   knowing   what   these   words   mean.   “Break   dance”,   “bodybuilding”,   “computer
hacking” and many other words are  included  in the youth slang. [7]
1.6 English Speaking Countries
Great Britain, the United States of America,  CanadaAustralia  and New  Zealand  are
English-speaking countries. They are  situated  in different parts of the world and  differ  in
many  ways . The  nature  of these countries, their weather and climate and the way of life of
their people differ. Each coutry has its own history, customs, traditions, and its own national
holidays. But they all have a common language, English. The United Kindom of Great Britain
and  North  Ireland consist of 4 parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northen Ireland. The
British Isles are group of  islands   lying  off the north-west coast of the  continent  of Europe.
There are no high mountains,  no very long rivers, and no large forests in the U.K. The
population of the U.K. is almost fifty-six million. The USA is situated in the central part of
the North American continent. The population of the USA is more than 236 million people.
                                                                                                                                                11
Canada has area of nearly 10 million  square  kilometres. It's westen coast is washed by the
Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast by the Atlantic Ocean. The population of Canada is over
26 million people. The Commonwealth of Australia territories are the continent of Australia,
the  island  of Tasmania and a number of smaller islands. Australia has an area of nearly  eight
million square kilometres. The population of Australia is over sixteen million people. New
Zealand is situated south-east of Australia. The country  consists  of three large islands called
the North Island, the South Island and Stewart Island and also many smaller islands. The
population of New Zealand is over three million people.[8]
In the table  below, speakers of English in territories  where the language  has had
special  relevance L1  stands  for people who have a variety of English as a first language, or
mother tongue.   L2 stands for people who have learned a variety of English as a second
language, in addition to their mother tongue.
Territory
Population
L1
L2
(2001)
1
Australia
18,972,000
14,987,000
3,500,000
American 
2,000
65,000
2
Samoa
67,000
3
Bahamas
298,000
260,000
28,000
4
Canada
31,600,000
20,000,000
7,000,000
5
India
1,029,991,000
350,000
200,000,000
6
Dominica
70,000
3,000
60,000
7
Grenada
100,000
100,000
8
Philippines
83,000,000
20,000
40,000
9
United States  278,059,000
215,424,000
25,600,000
58,190,000
1,500,00
United
10 Kingdom
59,648,000
Table 1. Speakers of English 
Also English is widespread  and has a great importance  and use as a mother tongue or
as the second  language on the followoing territories: Antigua & Barbuda, Aruba, Bangladesh,
Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, British  Virgin  Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Cayman
Islands,   Cook  Islands,     Dominica,     Fiji,   Gambi,  Ghana,  Gibraltar,  Guam,   Guyana,  Hong
Kong, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands,
                                                                                                                                                12
Mauritius, Micronesia, Montserrat, Nambia, Nauru, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Northern
Marianas, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto  Rico , Rwanda, St Kitts & Nevis, St
Lucia,   St   Vincent   &   Grenadines,   Samoa,   Seychelles,   Sierra   Leone,   Singapore,   Solomon
Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago,
Tuvalu,   Uganda,   UK   Islands   (Channel   Is,   Man),   US   Virgin   Islands,   Vanuatu,   Zambia,
Zimbabwe. [3, p. 61- 65 ]
1.7 Perspectives of English
There are a lot of speculations on the possible future of English,  however  lingingistic
history  shows  us that such speculations have to be made with precautions, remembering about
the fate of French and Latin. Several possibilities can be envisaged. A significant change in
the  balance  of power – whether political, economic,  technological  or cultural – could  affect
the standing of other languages so that they become increasingly attractive, and  begin  to take
over  functions currently assumed by English. Pressures arising  out of the need to  express
community identity might disrupt the ability of English to function  as a global language.
There are also economic arguments which might  persuade  a country to  reduce  its
investment in the English language. A country might see its economic future as  operating
more on a regional than a global level, and thus devote  extra  resources to fostering a  local
lingua franca. Spanish, Arabic, Hindi,  Russian , and German are other  examples  of languages
which   have   a    traditional    presence   within   a   number   of   geographically   adjacent   countries.
(Cristal)
The need for intelligibility and the need for identity often  pull  people – and countries
– in opposing directions. The former motivates the learning of an international language, with
English the first choice in most  cases ; the  latter  motivates the  promotion  of  ethnic  language
and   culture.   Conflict   is   the   common   consequence   when   either    position    is   promoted
insensitively. [3, p. 125- 126 ]
With its widespread all over the  globe   English became  open  to the winds of linguistic
change in totally unpredictable ways, in the emergence of new  varieties  of English in the
different territories where the language has taken root. The different dialects of British and
American English  provide  the most familiar example. Many distinctive forms also identify the
Englishes of the other countries of the inner circle:  Australian  English, New Zealand English,
Canadian  English, South African English, Caribbean English, and, within Britain, Irish, Scots,
                                                                                                                                                13
and  Welsh  English. Among the countries of the  outer  circle, several vari-eties have also grown
in distinctiveness in recent  decades. [3, p.144 ]
According to Cristal,  there has never been a language so widely spread or spoken by
so many people as English.We cannot  predict  the future, we can at least speculate, and there
are some fascinating speculations to be made.

 It may well be the case, as was intimated earlier, that the English language has
already grown to be independent of any form of social   control .

 There may be a critical number or critical distribution of speakers (analogous
to the notion of critical mass in nuclear  physics ) beyond which it proves impossible for any
single group or alliance  to stop its growth, or even influence its future. [3, p.190 ]
A lot of consider "English is truly the world language." English  seems  to be emerging,
if it has not already arrived, as a global language. If this were to become official it would
reduce the number of mistranslations. It would make communication  across   cultures  much
easier . Language may be a cornerstone of culture, but the culture itself would not have to
disappear   if   English   were   used   as   the   second  or   third   language   for  the    pure    purpose  of
communicating globally. "English is the only language used in international air  traffic  control
and is virtually the only language of a whole range of other activities from scientific research
to   pop   music."English   may   not   be   the    best    choice,   but   it   is   the   obvious   choice,   for   an
international language. Whether we like it or not, the English language is becoming the global
language. [9]
Throughout   this   time   one   of   the   most   significant    events    in   the   history   of   world
languages was  happening : English-speaking soldiers, sailors and colonisers were  travelling  to,
and settling in countries right the way across the globe. Slowly,  another  international language
emerged, spoken by diplomats, scientists, artists, business people and many more. Benefiting
from the legacy of the British Empire, and the  rise  in influence of the most powerful member
of that Empire - the USA - English (or kinds of English) is being spoken all over the globe.
Millions  of young people across the world have grown to like the sounds produced by
English-speaking bands. Sub-titled films from Hollywood have given millions of non-English
speakers the  chance  to imitate James Cagney,  Marilyn  Monroe, Robert De Niro and  Harrison
Ford. But will it last?  Perhaps  in 100 years, the world's population will have come to love the
subtleties   and   beauty   of  one  or  both   of  the  standard   Chinese  languages   -  Mandarin  and
Cantonese. We just don't know. [10]
                                                                                                                                                14
CHAPTER II
2.1. A Survey of Students’ Attitude to English as a Global Language
The survey was conducted in  February  2016 and yielded  the total  sample of 105
responses    from   the   students   of   the   10th,   11th  and   12th  forms   of   Tallinn   various   schools
( including    Tallinn   Mustamäe   Gymnasium   of   the   Humanities,   The   Estonian  Academy   of
Security  Sciences, Õismäe Russian Lyceum, Tallinn Secondary Science School Tõnismäe,
Tallinn Pae school, etc).
An online  version  of the questionnaire was  delivered  to the students by  means  of the
Google    Drive    powered   electronic   form,   consisting   of   23   questions   about   the   students’
attitudes towards English as a global language.
20 of the total of 23 questions were quantitative with the aim of delivering comparable
statistical data for the research. Three questions of the survey were open- ended  paragraphs in
order to  allow  the respondents to comment their opinion about, why do we need a global
language and what  makes  English a global language. 
The   first   five   questions   of   the   questionnaire   concerned   the   students’ background
information (age, name of school, English learning background).
Figure 1. Students’  knowledge  of the English language on a scale from 1 to 5
                                                                                                                                                15
In the fifth question, students were  asked  to rate their level of English, and their
answers have shown that most of them evaluate their knowledge of English as average (38%)
and as  good  (37%) accordingly, only 3 people thought their abilities to speak were poor and
bad, which only proves the  popularity  and high priority of English among the questioned.
However, all  of them  have their own ways of learning English,  43% of the respondents
claimed they study the English language additionally apart from school.
The next four questions concerned the relation of the English language and Estonian
reality, in the context of culture,  politics  and education. So, as it is demonstrated in the figure
2. 53% of the people answered the question admitted that we get under the influence not only
of the language but the culture it brings with it, thus  changing  our own culture and identity.
Whether this is bad or not, a difficult question to ask.
Figure 2. Acceptance of another culture with the English language
                                                                                                                                                16
Figure 3. Preferred language for  higher  education.
Surprisingly, most of the respondents would have chosen to study in English (38 %),
although  it, probably, could be explained by the  fact  that the Estonian language is not the
mother tongue to the most of the respondents, the other possible  reason  could be that, a lot of
students plan to travel  and learn abroad.
In the next issue students expressed their opinions about, which language is easier for
learning:  English, Estonian (for Russian native  speakers) or Russian (for Estonian native
speakers). 50% of respondents  chose  English as the easiest language to learn,  while  31.4%
chose Estonian.
Answering the question whether English should one day become the second state
language in Estonia 53% of the respondents were against it. The reason 46% said yes could be
that not all people in Estonia see the  bond between the language and the national identity, a lot
of Russian speaking citizens consider themselves Estonians, despite the fact that their mother
tongue is Russian. However, the influence of English culture is so high and the process of
globalization continues, it is impossible to predict, what expects us in the future.
In the 10th question, students  gave  their opinion about future prospects of the English
Language. Answering the question, will the English language be as  popular  as it is now in the
next 20 years, 77 people out 105 think, that it will be, 20 students answered, that it will
become even more  wide -spread and last 8 respondents gave the next  answer  "No, it will be
                                                                                                                                                17
replaced   by   some   other   language”.   The   answers   confirm   that   the   learning   English   will
continue to be the  leading  trend for some time in the future.
Answering the open-ended question, why do we need a global language, students gave
the following answers , the most  interesting  of those are :

We need global language because we have to communicate with other nations and it
will make easier to understand each other.

It makes good way to communicate with different cultures.

We need one language for comfortable understanding each other.

It   makes   our   life   easier:   to   travel,   to   communicate   with   people   from   different
countries, to work and study, to read news and surf  the internet.

It will help us to  feel  like we are  understood  in any country.

It would be  pretty  difficult to learn all the languages in order to communicate with the
people. There must be a global language to have better communication among the
people.

No language barriers and more opportunities for people to work, study.

English is the language of the technological revolution and the internet. Consider a
keyboard  for example; they are  designed  for Latin  characters , so speakers of  Asian
languages use complicated techniques to enter words
The   subsequent   question   was:   “In   your   opinion,   what   makes   English   a   global
language?”. It was an open question and the most common responses were:

English is easy to learn 

The influence of the USA

A lot of people speaking it as L1 and L2 

The language of science, education and business.

History and culture 

The whole world is influenced by the US and EU

From my point of view, English language unites nations around the world.

Hmm..English speaking countries are the most affluent regions on this  planet , and the
amount  of people  going  abroad on overseas holidays have created the  phenomenon  of
                                                                                                                                                18
"English" being the common language people with different national backgrounds use
to   speak   with   each   other.  This   is   what   makes   English   a   global   language,   in   my
opinion.

Music, internet and movies  
As to the students’ belief in the necessity of only one global language (see Figure 4),
66 % of the students believed, that there should be more global languages than one.
Figure 4. The students’ belief in the 
necessity of only one global 
language
While   44%   of   respondents   are    sure    that   English   should   be   the   world   language.
Although, 77% of the students admit that the emergence of a global language will hasten the
disappearance of minority languages and  cause  a wide-spread language  death  and 65 % of
them agree that the use of a single language by community does not guarantee social  harmony
or mutual understanding. Whereas, people living in Estonia have an  experience  of using two
languages   and   the   example   of   our   school   proves   that   it   is   normal   to   use   languages
interchangeably without any problems.
Among   the   other   languages   that   could   have   the   status   of   global   languages   the
respondents have chosen the following languages:
                                                                                                                                                19
 
Figure 5. What other languages could have the status of global languages
As regards the students involvement in various situations when they have a chance
speak in English in Estonia (see figure 6) the following answers were received. 
Figure 6. Necessity to speak English in Estonia
According to the answers of the students, 5. 7% of them have never had a chance to
speak in English in Estonia, however nearly 15 % confirmed using it constanly, the most
obvious reasons to use are connected with their work and studyings. More than half of the
questioned use English from time to time, and 24. 8% use it rarely, communicating with
tourists.
In the question number 22, students gave their opinion about  disadvantages  of a global
language.   They   had   to    choose    the   3   most   important   statements   as   there   were   offered   7
different options and the  greater  number of the students chose the following: 
                                                                                                                                                20
A global language might  lead to discrimination of other languages - 58 people

People will loose interest in other cultures - 51 people

Everyone and everything will be one and the  same  ; people will loose interest in their
culture - 40 people
The other disadvantages are listed below with the following results:

English as the global language might be seen as a  threat  of future dominance of the
British and the American cultures and history - 34 people

The chosen language may become very technical and "impoverished" for non-native
speakers - 37 people

Inability of non-native speakers to express their  feelings  and  emotions  clearly -21
people
The   next   question   concerned   advantages   of  English   being   a   global   language,   and
students gave their opinion about the issue. Again, they were offered to choose the 3 most
important statements out of 6 different options and the most of the students have chosen the
following:

No more translations needed for everything - 76 people 

More opportunities for people to travel, work, change living  location , etc. - 65 people 

Being  able  to communicate no matter  where you are - 58 people
The  rest  of the advantages are mentioned below with the following results:

No language barriers between the nations - 57 people 

International trade facilitated by increased opportunities for communication between
nations- 31 people

Opportunities  for  smaller  cultures  and  nations   to  access  the   knowledge   of  larger
nations - 17 people
                                                                                                                                                21
CONCLUSION
There are no precedents in human history for what happens to languages, in such
circumstances of rapid change. There has never been a time when so many nations were
needing to  talk  to each other so much. There has never been a time when so many people
wished   to   travel   to   so   many   places.   There   has   never   been   such   a   strain   placed   on   the
conventional   resources   of   translating   and   interpreting.   Never   has   the   need   for   more
widespread  bilingualism  been greater, to ease the burden placed on the professional few. And
never has there been a more urgent need for a global language. [3, p.14 ]
The   aim   of   this   work   was   to    find    the   answere   to   the   questions   concerning   the
widespread of the English language all over the world, the role it  plays  in the modern world
and its possible future perspectives, as well   as   to explore   the thoughts and feelings   of
Estonian students to the issue.
In the theoretical part, the author of the current work has made an attempt to find the
answers to those questions as well as  analyse  the reasons of the  growing  popularity of English
throughout the last century.
No one can   give a reliable answer to the question about the future of the English
language. Nevertheless, it is possible to make some assumptions. It is obvious that English
will continue to dominate and  will become even more wide-spread for some time in the  near
future, at least. A lot of people will choose it to learn as the second language. The answer
could   be   the   bilingualism,   however   its   implemention   is   expensive   and   demands   a
governmental control, not every country will choose English as a   suitable  language in this
respect . Today, it seems that there is a small chance that it will be replaced by some other
language in the context of the globalized world, but in any case, it will not displace all other
languages of the world, because each language is the  basis  of identity for its people.
Analysing  the practical part, it may be concluded that there are premises for English
to become a global language, most of the respondents aknowledge its important role in many
areas of people lives and the world on the whole, there is no  doubt  that  having  English as a
                                                                                                                                                22
global language will have its advantages and disadvantages, however it does not  mean that
English is the only language suitable for this purpose, and hardly ever it will become a mother
toungue to the majority of people, although people in Estonia have shown a great interest in
this   language   as   in   the   second   language   to   learn.   Most   of   the   students   understand   the
importance of the raised issue, the necessity of learning languages, though a slight correlation
in the number of similar questions shows that questions were difficult for the students of
gymnasium level to answer.
                                                                                                                                                23
РЕЗЮМЕ
Тема настоящей исследовательской работы   «Английский язык как глобальный
язык и отношение эстонцев к данному вопросу». Работа состоит из двух частей.
Первая   часть   —   теоретическая,   в   ней   кратко   рассматривается   история
возникновения   и   распространения     английского   языка,   возможные   перспективы   его
дальнейшего распространения, а также его необходимость и различные роли, которые
он выполняет как в жизни обычных людей, так и мира  в целом.
Вторая часть — практическая, на основе составленного опросника (23 вопроса)
и   собранных   данных   (105   респондентов)   был   проведен   анализ   того,   как   участники
опроса относятся к вопросу  возможной  глобализации английского языка и связанных с
этим вероятных последствий и рисков.
Тема исследовательской работы актуальна, так как английский язык все шире
используется   по   всему   миру   и   вопросы   глобализации   являются   очень   важными   в
контексте современного мироустройства. 
В   процессе   работы   автор   узнал   много   нового   и   интересного,   обогатив   свои
познания   по   данному   вопросу,  приобретя     опыт   по   написанию   подобных   работ   и
выяснив отношение различных людей к этой теме, а так же хочется верить, что, все кто
участвовали в анкетировании, хотя бы ненадолго, но задумались над этими вопросами и
смогли лучше осознать необходимость и важность изучения как английского языка, так
и ценность и значимость своего родного.
                                                                                                                                                24
WORK CITED
1-  Richard  Nordquist.  Crossing  Boundaries:  Studies  in English Language, Literature, and
Culture in a Global Environment. Frankfurt, International Academic Publishers, 2010
2.  David Crystal. The  Stories  of English. United Kingdom, Overlook Press, 2004
3.   David   Crystal.   English   as   a   Global   Language:   Second    edition .   United   Kingdom,
Cambridge : Cambridge  University  Press, 1997, 2003 
4. World language
www.wikipedia.org (26.10.2015)
5. History of the English Language 
www.englishclub.com (9.11.2015)
6. The  triumph  of English. 
www.economist.com (9.11.2015)
7. Ross  Smith. Global English: gift or curse
www. journals .cambridge.org (22.11.2015)
8. English-speaking countries 
www.study.ru  (9.11.2015)
9. English as the global language
www.iml.jou.ufl.edu  (22.11.2015)
10. How English evolved into a global language
www.bbc.com (24.11.2015)
                                                                                                                                                25
APPENDIX
                                                                                                                                                26
                                                                                                                                                27
                                                                                                                                                28
                                                                                                                                                29
                                                                                                                                                30

Document Outline

  • INTRODUCTION
    • 1.1. A Brief History of the English Language
      • Late Modern English (1800-Present)
    • 1.2 Origins of English as Global Language
    • 1.3 Necessity of a Global Language
    • 1.4 Criticism of a Global Language
    • 1.6 English Speaking Countries
    • 1.7 Perspectives of English
  • CHAPTER II
  • 2.1. A Survey of Students’ Attitude to English as a Global Language
  • The survey was conducted in February 2016 and yielded the total sample of 105 responses from the students of the 10th, 11th and 12th forms of Tallinn various schools (including Tallinn Mustamäe Gymnasium of the Humanities, The Estonian Academy of Security Sciences, Õismäe Russian Lyceum, Tallinn Secondary Science School Tõnismäe, Tallinn Pae school, etc).
  • An online version of the questionnaire was delivered to the students by means of the Google Drive powered electronic form, consisting of 23 questions about the students’ attitudes towards English as a global language.
    • CONCLUSION
  • WORK CITED
  • APPENDIX
Vasakule Paremale
English as a Global Language #1 English as a Global Language #2 English as a Global Language #3 English as a Global Language #4 English as a Global Language #5 English as a Global Language #6 English as a Global Language #7 English as a Global Language #8 English as a Global Language #9 English as a Global Language #10 English as a Global Language #11 English as a Global Language #12 English as a Global Language #13 English as a Global Language #14 English as a Global Language #15 English as a Global Language #16 English as a Global Language #17 English as a Global Language #18 English as a Global Language #19 English as a Global Language #20 English as a Global Language #21 English as a Global Language #22 English as a Global Language #23 English as a Global Language #24 English as a Global Language #25 English as a Global Language #26 English as a Global Language #27 English as a Global Language #28 English as a Global Language #29 English as a Global Language #30
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