Chicano English General American New York Latino English Pennsylvania Dutchified English Yeshivish Yinglish o Regional Northeastern dialects Boston English Hudson Valley English (Albany) Maine-New Hampshire English New York City Dialect, Northern New Jersey Dialect (New York metropolitan area) Providence-area English Vermont English Philadelphia-area English Buffalo English Inland Northern American English (includes western and central upstate New York) Wawarsing English
Estonian dialects Kui k'äzi k'äüles? Kuiss käbäre käivä? Kuidas käsi käib? Traditionally, the Estonian dialects are categorized to three as follows: 1) Northestonian dialects : Insular, Western, Central and Eastern dialect 2) Southern Estonian dialect Group : Mulgi, Tartu and Võru dialect 3) Northeastern coastal dialect S-Saartemurre/insular dialect L-Läänemurre/western dialect K-Keskmurre/central dialect M-Mulgimurre/Mulgi dialect T-Tartumurre/Tartu dialect V-Võrumurre/Võru dialect I-Idamurre/eastern dialect R-(Kirde)rannikumurre/ northeastern coastal dialect Dialect Speakers % 1. Northen Estonian dialect 26 986 3,0 · Eastern dialect 1 270 0,1 · Central dialect 210 0,0 · Western dialect 777 0,1 · insular dialect 24 520 2,8 2. Southern Estonian dialect 101 851 11,5 Group
origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English · The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 2225 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Dialects · The Estonian dialects[15][16] are divided into two groups the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, Northeastern coastal Estonian. · The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Lääne County and Pärnu County, the saarte murre dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipus. · South Estonian consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võro and Seto varieties. These are
For example, suu (mouth), vesi (water) and ema (mother). One thing that features Estonian is that unlike any other language, Estonian has three degrees of phoneme lenght: short, long and overlong. Pronouncing the phoneme differently can change the meaning of the word. There are many different dialects in Estonian language. The dialects are divided into two groups: southern and northern dialects. They differ from each other so much that it is very difficult for a northern dialect speaker to fully understand southern dialect speaker. Estonian is a very complicated language and there is (I think) no reason for a foreigner to learn it. When somebody moves to Estonia, it is easier to communicate in Engilsh. As result, Estonian could die out.
• Historically Estonia is one of the "least religious" countries in the world in terms attitudes, though many Estonians do look for alternative beliefs. Language • The Estonian language is finno ugric, it’s closest relatives are the Finno-Ugrian languages of the Vedic and Livonian languages. • There are many dialects, the main groups can be separated into North and South Estonian dialects. • Besides the typical spoken Estonian language the second most notewordy dialect is the Võru dialect. • Estonian is one of the languages with a larger number of noun cases than typical. • According to comparative grammar studies, Estonian is one of the most sophisticated languages among the world languages. Holidays and Celebrations • Jaanipäev(Jaans day) • Mardi ja kadripäev(Kadri and Mardi’s day) • Laulupidu ja tantsupidu(Song and dance festival) Music • The history of music in Estonia dates back as far as the 12th century
10. Leidke digiteeritud raamatuid dialektide kohta, mis on ilmunud viimase 10 aasta jooksul. Esitage ühe kirje. Kuidas otsingu läbi viite? Praktiline töö nr 2 Otsing otsisüsteemis Google Panin books.google.com ja panin advanced search ja aastateks 2001-2010. Üks vastustets: Turner, L. D.,Montgomery, M., Mille, K. W. (2002). Africanisms in the Gullah dialect. Columbia University of South Carolina Press. [2010 veebruar 22] http://www.worldcat.org/title/africanisms-in-the-gullah-dialect/oclc/264992768
The greatest extent from north to south is 65 km and from east to west 40 km. Today Setomaa is divided between three administrative units: Võru and Põlva counties of Estonia and Pechorsky district of Russia. On the territory of Estonia, Setomaa comprises four municipalities: Misso, Meremäe, Värska and Mikitamäe municipalities. According to the latest archaeological finds the area of Setomaa has been inhabited for as long as 8 400 years.The ancestors of the people speaking the Võro-Seto dialect belonged to the Balto-Finnic eastern tribes. In old chronicles they have been mentioned probably under the name of the Chudes. Seto people are their lineal descendants. In 1920, the Treaty of Tartu between the Republic of Estonia and the Russian Federation was concluded. According to the Treaty, Setomaa was linked with Estonia. The folk have divided Setomaa into twelve parts, or communities (nulk). Names for the communities have been derived either from the central village or settlement: e.g
It includes formal and informal styles. British Standard English grammar and vocabulary, together with the RP accent should be called English English. RP (Received Pronounciation) is an accent that originates from South-East of England. A social accent, associated only with England. 12-15% of native speakers in England use Standard English (BrEng). 3-5% of them use RP (EngEng). Non-standard varieties of English are often called dialects. They are any other dialect of English other than Standard English. They are stigmatized as shameful and inferior, socially lower. Judging people by their accent might, however, be offensive. These varieties are connected to race in US and class in UK. Grammatical and lexical differences throughout the world in the English language are rather insignificant . Most oftenly pronounciation is the most significant/different. Deviations from the standards: 1. Multiple negations ,,I didn't do nothing." 2
· In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added An example of Middle English by Chaucer Early Modern English · 1500-1800 · The Great Vowel Shift · Many new words and phrases entered the language · The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print · Books became cheaper and people learned to read · Printing also brought standardization to English · Spelling and grammar became fixed and the dialect of London became the standard · In 1604 the first English dictionary was published Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare Late Modern English · 1800- present · The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary · Has many more words · The Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words · English language adopted foreign words from many countries Varieties of English
Providence. Mount Alvernia(Como Hill) 63 metres (207 ft) on Cat Island. Population: 309,156 Religions: Baptist 35.4%, Anglican 15.1%, Roman Catholic 13.5%, Pentecostal 8.1%, Church of God 4.8%, Methodist 4.2%, other Christian 15.2%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other 2% The 'other' category includes Jews, Muslims, Baha'is, Hindus, Rastafarians, and practitioners of Obeah Languages: English (official), Bahamian dialect Climate subtropical to tropical moderated significantly by the waters of the Gulf Stream the temperature can fall as low as 23 °C districts Acklins Crooked Island Berry Islands East Grand Bahama Bimini Exuma Black Point, Exuma Grand Cay, Abaco Cat Island Harbour Island, Eleuthera Central Abaco Hope Town, Abaco Central Andros Inagua
Eesti keele allkeeled 1. Allkeeled, üldpilt Allkeelte süsteem sotsiolingvistikas (+ netikeel) · Põhimõiste on variant (variety), väga üldine termin igasuguste erijoontega allkeelte kohta Jagatakse kolmelt aluselt: · standardkeel ja mittestandardkeeled (Standard ja Nonstandard Variety) · kasutajakesksed variandid ehk dialektid (dialect) · kasutusekesksed ehk situatiivsed variandid (register või style). Esimene: SV norminguline keel; NSV standardid puuduvad, seega piirid on hägustunud. SV puhul kehtib õige ja vale, NSV puhul seda kehtestada ei saa. · Mõlemad omavad sõnavara ja grammatikat, mis võib osalt kattuda · SV erineb muudest variantidest selle poolest, et ta on normitud, st välja on valitud teatud keelendid, mis on kuulutatud normingulisteks. Teised variandid/dialektid norminguid ei oma.
PEOPLE and SOCIETY: 3) Ethnic groups: rahvastiku etniline kuuluvus Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities overseas departments: black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 4) Languages: keeled (nimetage suuremad) French (official) 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) overseas departments: French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect) 5) Religions: usundid (nimetage suuremad) Roman Catholic 83%-88%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim 5%-10%, unaffiliated 4% overseas departments: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, pagan 6) Population: 65,630,692 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 21 ARVUTAGE: keskmine asustustihedus in/km2 1275000 : 45228 = 28
words. Voc is divided into 2 cathegories:native and borrowings. A native w belongs to the original english stock. A borrowing is a word taken from another language. Modern Engl is the result of development of Germanic trikes(inimhulk) that settled on Br isles on 5-6 century, they wre Angles, Saxons, Jutes. In Middle Engl periods (11-15 cent)there were 5 mail dialects: Northen, East-central, west-central, south-western, kentish. The basis of E became the London dialect. Due to the importance of London as the capital, the London dialect spread over the country. 15. Sources of borrowing: Latin, Old Scandinavian, French. Latin: there are 3 layers of Lain borrowings:1)these words stand for objects in everyday life (, nt pepper, plum, butter, wine, cup, dish, chalk, kitchen, street, mile, inch). 2)At the end of 6th cent christianity was introduced. Latin became the language of religion (nt, altar,
Reaching health workers and urban and peri-urban audiences (radio and TV) Reaching elites (including politicians and decision-makers) and middle class and their household help (gardeners, housekeepers, nannies) Facilitating interaction with audiences Giving detailed explanations Responding to individual questions or concerns Providing appropriate messages for people in a variety of circumstances and with different levels of intention to act Being understood by all members of the audience (dialect, vocabulary, and/or images) Saving expenditures (mass media is expensive to produce, and broadcast time may be a huge expense; posters are logistically difficult to distribute in timely way and are not always seen by many of the intended audience). Reaching key groups (the illiterate, those without radio access, etc.)
c. What are the two views of translation that the author brings out? Explain. 1) A process of explanation, interpretation, reformulating ideas and words. 2) Impossible due to other definitions 2. Expressive function a. Name the three expressive text types. - Serious imaginative literature; Authoritative statements; Autobiographies, essays, personal correspondence. b. Why is it difficult to translate an expressive text? - Because of the used dialect may get lost in the translation. c. What constitutes the personal component in an expressive text? - original metaphors, unusual collocations d. What is at the heart of the expressive (‘väljenduslik’) function of language? - The personal components e. Explain the nature of ‘Authoritative statements’. - academic/philosophical/etc statements by ministers, legal documents, acknowledged authorities 3. Informative function a
An example of a traditional Scottish instrument is the Great Highland Bagpipe, a wind instrument consisting of three drones and a melody pipe (called the chanter), which are fed continuously by a reservoir of air in a bag.Scottish literature includes text written in English, Scottish Gaelic, Scots, French, and Latin. The poet and songwriter Robert Burns wrote in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and in a "light" Scots dialect which is more accessible to a wider audience.Sport is an important element in Scottish culture, with the country hosting many of its own national sporting competitions, and enjoying independent representation at many international sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup, the Cricket World Cup and the Commonwealth Games (although not the Olympic Games). Law Scotland retains Scots Law, its own unique legal system, based on Roman law, which combines features of both civil law and common law
Northern Ireland, Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe, The Atlantic Ocean is to the west, the Celtic Sea is to the south and the Irish Sea is to the east. St. Patrick. 13. What is the approximate population of the 4 constituent countries? E 53million, S 5,3million, W 3,1million, N I 1,8million 14. How did the Anglo-Saxons influence Britain? In language the British owe almost everything to the Anglo-Saxons. The Low German dialect which they brought with them still remains in all essentials the identical speech employed by the British at the present day. In character, the Anglo-Saxons have bequeathed much of the German solidity, industry, and patience. In civilization, on the other hand, the British owe comparatively little to the direct Teutonic influence. The native Anglo-Saxon culture was low. 15. Name some countries where English is used as the first language. Barbados,
Estuary English 1. The geographical dimension: Is `Estuary' English estuary? Estuary English is a dialect of English widely spoken in South East England, especially along the River Thames and its estuary. Phonetician John C. Wells defines Estuary English as "Standard English spoken with the accent of the southeast of England".[1] The name comes from the area around the Thames, particularly London, Kent, north Surrey and south Essex. The variety first came to public prominence in an article by
in the Boston newspaper Boston Gazette. Elbridge Gerry, governor of Massachussets, was lampooned when his party redistricted the state in a blatant bid to preserve an Antifederalist majority. One Essex County district had resembled a salamander, and Boston Gazette dubbed it Gerrymander, combining Gerry with salamander. guacamole – The origin of guacamole dates back to the times of the Aztecs. The word comes from the ancient Nahuatl (a dialect of ancient Aztec) phrase ahuaca-mulli, roughly translating into “avocado sauce” or “avocado mixture”, which Aztecs believed could be used as an aphrodisiac. Avocados were a New World food that became quite popular with the Spaniards, lending the term from the Aztecs. The Spanish conquistadors transliterated it as agucate, adding the Mexican world mole “sauce” to the end. It is said the Spaniards liked their avocados three ways, with salt, with sugar or both.
When his father died, he had to support his family. He was bad farmer so they had to live very poorly. His early death was due to the fact that all his life he had lived in poverty. His poems touch the heart of every readers. He wrote about feelings of ordinary people. Also satiric epigrams and humorous poems. He is the one of the most popular sond writers in English literature. The date of his birthday is always celebrated by Scotsmen as a national holiday. His works: "Ayrshire dialect", "Auld Land Syne", "My Heart's in te Highlands". Herbert George Wells(1866-1946): he was born at Bromley, Kent. He graduated London University with first-class honours. He studied science. Wells was greatly interested in the social and scientific problems of his day. He wrote in the form of enertaining fiction. His books "The Time 171 Machine" and "The nvisible Man" are tanslated into Estonian. He was an outstanding representative of the English critical realism.
the home of prosperous Estonian farms..." Tourism and handicraft in Lõuna-Viljandimaa Lõuna- Viljandimaa captivates senses with its beautiful landscapes. Lõuna- Viljandimaa as we know it today stays in the heart of the historic Mulgimaa. Mulgimaa is the home of mountains, deep valleys and lakes, its natural axis is the beautiful old valley of Halliste. Southern Viljandimaa has been the homeplace of mulgi inhabitants who spoke their own dialect called mulgi language. The speakers of mulgi language can still be found in Southern Viljandimaa and in the past years people have started to pay more attention to learning and developing the dialect. The mulgi inhabitants have always been characterised by strong connection to their old-established traditions and customs. At the same time, the way of life of the local people is characterised by strong families, marriage, children and respect and love for fellow men
variety, how should one transfer that into another language? What is the equivalent of Saaremaa language variety in English? Here the translator has to think about cultural issues as well – what it means to be from Saaremaa? Is it a rural (country) area? Do Estonians from the mainland have any bad feelings towards people from Saaremaa? Do they make fun of them? And after answering these and many other questions, the translator has to find a dialect in English that has about the same connotations that the Saare language variety has for the Estonian language. 3-And society (social class). - The last parameter that defines the language user is social class. A century or so ago this notion was fairly straightforward, as several Western languages had accepted standard forms. For instance in England the language of the ‘educated middle classes’ was considered the norm. Thus, it was the only language variety
a sandstone cave on the Pärnu River. Kurgja is the location of the Farm Museum of Carl Robert Jakobson, a leader of the national movement at the end of the 19th century. The Nigula Nature Reserve preserves the peat-bog ecosystem within its territory of 2771 hectares. Häädemeeste is one of the most important yacht-building centers in Estonia and also famous for its mineral water. The Island of Kihnu is the biggest island in the Gulf of Riga. There are some peculiarities in local dialect, dressing, folk songs and wedding customs. Saaremaa is the largest island in Estonia and is characterized by rare plants, windmills, thatched roofs, stone fenches and the hospitality of the local people. The islanders hold on to old traditions and take pride in their folklore. A road spans the strait between Saaremaa and Muhumaa. The biggest city on Saaremaa, Kuressaare, is a quiet green town with friendly unpolluted environment and it has been the biggest port trade centre
Lakes: the best- known is Loch Ness, famous for National dish: haggis Nessie, its mythical monster Scotland is also famous for: whisky, kilts and sheep · One of the four constituent nations which form the UK · They have their own money, system of law, history, stamps, deep- rooted customs, traditions and ancient language- Gaelic · Most people speak the Scottish dialect becoming endangered language · Weather unpredictable · Breathtaking scenery Scottish Industries · Traditional -coal mining, steel production, shipbuilding · Today offshore oli and gas, finacial services, high technology, fishing, forestry, whisky, tourism, computer production, HISTORY · Completely different from other countries · Resistance to foreign domination · The Celtic influence began in the 6th c., - Gaelic language
· Venerable Bede lived in the 7th century, a well-educated man, a theologician who knew all the religious texts. Wrote only in Latin. Most well-known work Ecclesiastical history (religious history). The history of England from Caesar's invasion until 731. · Aelfric a monk who lived in the 11th century. · Alfred, King of Wessex (at one point there were 7 kingdoms Sussex, Essex, Wessex, Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Kent). Wrote in his native A-S dialect, his greatest work is called ,,The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". History of England, even more detailed than Bede's. The Norman period / the late Medieval period The Kingdom was more or less unified and was conquered by William who came from Normandy. Originally he was the Duke of Normandy. The Normands were Vikings who had settled in the north of France. William became William the Conqueror, William I.
English life, although the nobility and the poor are missing as they would not have taken part in this type of group pilgrimage. Why masterpiece: It is written in English in a period when it was forgone conclusion that all serious writing had to done in Latin or French. It is a valuable social document as it gives us an insight into a cross-section of 14th-cent. LITERATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Languages spoken : English, French, Latin. There was four major dialects, east became the basic dialect because it was spoken in London. By 1476, when William Caxton introduced printing, Old English into New English. Latin was generally considered to be the language of serious writing. Religious lyrics also made an appearance at this time. Throughout the Middle Ages ballads, short folk tales that tell stories, were very popular. THE RENAISSANCE: The Literary Background 16th century, - humanism. Thomas More- brought it to England and he was arrested because he refused to
the first novel in history, and it was read by millions of people throughout all ages; what he wrote back then is still applicable today (in terms of human nature at least). He was one of the first to attempt what he did, and one of the first to put a name to his work. It must not be forgotten also that his location aided him a great deal he lived in London, an area which dominated the economy and therefore his dialect became dominant in following centuries. Describe the setting of the prologue. (When and where does the action take place?) The late fourteenth century, after 1381, in the T abard Inn and on the road to Canterbury. Why do the pilgrims go on the pilgrimage? Whose grave do they visit? People see a pilgrimage as a cure for sick relatives or friends and you of all your sins. People go on pilgrimages to seek inspiration and to show that they are willing to devote
The invaders came from 3 powerful tribes: · The Saxons settled from the Thames Estuary westwards, in the south of England; they formed the kingdoms of Sussex, Wessex, Essex & Middlesex · The Angles settled in East Anglia, the Midlands & Northumbria · The Jutes settled mainly in Kent, Hampshire & the Isle of Wight The name Jutes died out & the conquerors are generally referred to as the Anglo-Saxons. At first they spoke various dialects, but gradually the dialect of the Angles of Mercia became predominant. The Anglo-Saxon migration gave the larger part of Britain its new name, England, ,,The land of the Angles". The British Celts were slowly pushed westwards. Finally most were driven into the mountains in the far west, which the Saxons called ,,Wales". Some were driven into Cornwall, where they later accepted the rule of Saxon lords and northward to Strathclyde. Further north lived the Picts and Scots
misc dollar, brandy, tattoo, buckwheat, boss, cookie, coleslaw, apartheid (Afrik), trek (Afrik), tsetse (Afrik) NY place names The Bronx (Jonas Bronck), Harlem, Brooklyn, 14. Etymological doublets Doublet – one of two or more words derived from one source: • fragile (< Latin fragilis ), frail (< Old French frele) • Triplet – three such words, e.g. • Cattle / chattel / capital Dialect-based doublets: road (from ride on horseback), raid (from same), shirt ( from skirt), in Anglo-borman and French: guarantee (warrant in French is garant), thesaurus (treasure, storehouse, this is from Greek), computer (in French it means count). Etymological doublets are two or more words of the same lan¬guage which were derived by different routes from the same basic word, but differing in meaning and phonemic shape. For example, the word 'fact' ('факт,
because he desires her as a person and hopes to be judged by his achievements. It can never lead to marriage, because either they are married, or socially don't suit, the secrecy is vital. But the lover should love only one lady. 8.Medev.lit.in the rom. Mode. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Nothing is known about the author, except that he probably wrote the 3 religious poems- Pearl, Patience and Purity. The dialect points to an origin in provincial England. The author was a most sophisticated and urbane writer, must have been contemporary of Chauser. S.G combines two plots: the beheading contest, in which 2 parties agree to an exchange of blows with a sword or ax, and the temptation, an attempted seduction of the hero by a lady. The motif of the green man's decapitation originates in very ancient folklore, probably in a vegetation
Siberia. Hundreds of thousands of migrants were relocated to Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union to conduct industrialization and militarization, contributing to an increase in population of about half a million in just 45 years. 9. Culture Estonian is the official language of the Republic of Estonia and is spoken by the majority of people in the country. It belongs to the Balto-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languages. Standard Estonian is based on the North-Estonian dialect. Estonian language sounds melodious, because 45 per cent of the sounds are vowels. Estonian is quite hard to learn but that is no problem for local inhabitants, because most of Estonians are hard-working and appreciate education. They are also cool and reserved, but also not too eager to open a conversation with a stranger. Estonia has rich culture. Music and dances have always played an important role in people's life. The most original part of Estonian folklore is the runic folksong
`respectable' society and his sympathy for social outcasts and the common man. He uses humour to criticise the practice of slavery and the hypocrisy and prejudices of his times. In his characterisations he displays a penetrating insight into human psychology. Mark Twain's use of language is also strikingly original. The stories of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn are told from the point of view of the young protagonists and contain slang, regional dialect and illogical sentence constructions that make the dialogue come to life. As a writer Twain did not emulate European models; he created a distinctly Am lit style. Many critics agree with Ernest Hemingway's claim that `all modern Am fiction comes from Huckleberry Finn'. Transcendentalism was represented in poetry by the work of Walt Whitman (1819- 92). The first of 9 editions of his collection of poems Leaves of Grass appeared in 1855
(zamók, meaning a lock) and (zámok, meaning a castle), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( ). It arose in the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter the Great, and developed from the Moscow (Middle or Central Russian) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancellery language. Mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755; in 1783 the Russian Academy's first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. During the end of the 18th and 19th centuries, a period known as the "Golden Age", the grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of the Russian language was stabilized and standardized, and it became the nationwide
3 I. Sotsiolektid ja sotsiolingvistika 1. Sotsiolektid teoreetiliselt Keelt võib allkeelteks jagada lähtudes keelevälistest, kuid keelega seotud teguritest ja lähtudes keelest endast. Sotsiolingvistikas on olnud põhiline esimene lähenemine. Sellest lähtudes saame jagada keelevariandid kahte rühma: kasutajakesksed ehk murded / dialektid (dialect) ja kasutusekesksed ehk situatiivsed variandid (register / style). Me kasutame siinjuures üldmõistena sõna allkeel, mis on samane inglsikeelse terminoloogia sõnaga variant (variety). Mõistet allkeel (sublanguage) inglise keeles eriti ei kasutata (Trudgill 1992: 48, 77). Ingliskeelses terminoloogias on dialekt keele variant, mis erineb grammatiliselt, fonoloogiliselt ja leksikaalselt teistest variantidest ning on seotud geograafilise koha ja/või
Japanese: aikido, banzai, bonsai, bushido, futon, geisha, haiku, hara-kiri, judo, jujitsu, Kabuki, kamikaze, kimono, koan, mikado, sake, samisen, samurai, sayonara, Shinto, shogun, soy(a), sushi, teriyaki, tofu, tycoon, yen, Zen Arabic: artichoke, alcohol, sugar, camel, alchemy, algebra, elixir, 13. Etymological doublets Two (or more) words derived from the same source, but having a different meaning. Fashion/faction Dialect based: Road/raid Seek/beseech Old English, Old Norse Skirt/shirt Rear/raise Anglo Norman, French Guarantee, warranty, quaranty Latin/Greek, French Thesaurus/treasure Abbreviation/abridge French, French Genteel/gentle Dragon/dragoon 14. Folk etymology
This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a 5 common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard.[5] Late Modern English (1800-Present) The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern
the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. These peoples settled in Britain around 450 AD. Their language became known as Anglo-Saxon. One of the most important influences ever to shape the English language arrived in 1066 AD-William the Conquerors invasion of the British Isles. The Norman Conquest and its Consequences On William the Conqueror's accession to the throne of England, several important changes took place. Firstly, the French dialect the Normans spoke (Anglo-Norman) became the official language of the court, administration, and perhaps just as importantly, the language of culture. At the same time, English was relegated the common people, and became the language of everyday use. This official ignoring of Old English actually assisted in simplifying the language. Being ignored by grammarians, the language was simplified, and became more practical.
· Sometimes continuous tenses are more polite and mild (he's not feeling so good today) · In the dialogue, we may come across some ungrammatical forms that speak of the education of the character, his origin or his excitement (I aint, He done me harm) · Archaic verbal forms may be used to create the historical background or make the narrative more elevated. On the other hand, they may suggest colloquial speech. These forms are preserved in dialect (thou knowest, he knoweth, I didst) Numerals: · Usually numerals are not expressive, yet, when used in exaggeration (hyperbole) they may become expressive. (I was away for 768 years) · When numerals are used independently standing for a person then we speak of metonymy (she's a beautiful 16) 5. Expressiveness on the level of word-building Words may become expressive due to their morphological structure.
ki-tu ki-zuri `a nice thing' - definiteness: a house the house Sw. ett hus huset det röda huset II. Relational categories for nouns: case English vs Estonian Grammatical categories for verbs I. Inherent categories for verbs: - tense: He walks a mile every day. He walked a mile every day Grammaticalized expression of location in time. The Wishram-Wasco dialect of Chinook: 4 inflectional past tenses ga-ciux `He did it some time ago' ni-cíux `He did it long ago.' na-ciúxw-a `He did it recently.' i-cíux `He just did it.' - aspect: He was writing a letter to Tom. He has written a letter to Tom. - mood: He goes to Tallinn tomorrow. He would go to Tallinn tomorrow if he had time. German: the subjunctive Wenn du Zucker hättest, könnten wir jetzt Tee trinken.
use of this or that word depends not so much on the qualities of the girl herself as on the speaker's attitude to the girl and on the social situation. "Girl" is used in any situation, it has no connotation, and it is stylistically neutral. "Maiden" is an archaic and poetic word, and has a lofty ring about it. Its usage is very limited (poetry) and if used informally it acquires a facetious or ironic connotation. "Lass / lassie" (come from Scottish dialect and have a rustic colouring) they are words of endearment and connote affection. "Chick / baby" - are part of informal English; connote intimacy and familiarity. "Young lady" if used in formal conversation connotes social distance; but otherwise acquires an ironic ring. Besides "lass / lassie" and "chick / baby" imply approval (positive attitude) and are more expressive than just "girl". INHERENT CONNOTATION (IC) 1
9. Points for discussion. (Summarize the text according to the following suggestions). 1. The merging of several Germanic tongues (or dialects of the same Germanic tongue) into one language – English. 2. The position of French and English in the Norman period. 3. English regains its status as the national language. 4. Changes in the English language. 5. Borrowing in English. 58 6. Each region of England has its own dialect. Could you explain why? 10. Translate into English. В V–VI веках Британию завоевали несколько германских племен, которые привезли с собой так называемый англо-саксонский или древнеанглийский язык. Три столетия спустя в Англию вторглись
For example, we respond to and act upon water (H 2O), while our Twins do not, but deal with XYZ; different rules altogether, you see. (This actually was Sellars' original intention, though he had not yet heard of Putnam's Twin Earth.) Objection 2 Proper names pose a problem for the "use" theorist. Try stating a rule of use for the name "William G. Lycan," or for the name of your best friend. Remember, it has to be a rule that every competent speaker of your local dialect actually obeys without exception. The only candidate rules that occur to me push the "use" theorist into a description theory of meaning for names. Wittgenstein himself found descriptivism congenial, but he had not read Kripke. Objection 3 The Wittgensteinian theory seems helpless in the face of our original datum: speakers' amazing ability to understand long, utterly novel sentences at first hearing without a moment's thought. Chess pieces and the like are
sometimes used espionage against foreign cryptology. In one case, they tapped a telephone call between the Italian military ATTACHÉ in Stockholm and his colleague in Oslo. The recording sounded absolutely unintelligible, and the Swedes at first thought that the Italians had used a telephone scrambler. When they determined that they had not, the recording was sent to the language department at Uppsala, where it was found to be a Sicilian dialect rendered incomprehensible by the attache's over-liberal use of cursewords. Eventually the sense was sorted out, and the conversation proved to comprise the Stockholm attache's explanations of how to use the military ATTACHÉ code, which the Oslo man—who was railing at the idiots in Rome who would send him such a code—could not fathom. Between the explosions of the colorful Sicilian equivalents for "dunce" and "jackass" and still other expletives were
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