Introduction The name Australia is derived from the Latin Australis, meaning of the south. In land area, Australia is the sixth largest nation, its territory is 7,686,850 sq km and its population reaches today over 20,5 million people. It is the only nation to govern an entire continent and its outlying islands. Australia's capital is Canberra, the only city with its own territory. It was built in the early 1900s just to be the capital. The official language is English and the official name of Australia is the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia is located on the Southern Hemisphere (because of that Australia is also called "A land down under"). 2 . Geographical position Australia is an island continent and...
The land of diversity. Tallinn 2006 Canada. If you had to use two words to describe Canada, they might be large and diverse. Canada is the second largest country in the world with a territory of about 10 million square kilometers and it is bordered by three oceans: the Arctic, the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. The population of Canada is about 31 million people. About 77% of the people live in cities which lie in a band about 100 miles wide above the border of the United States. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Other large cities are Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Quebec. Canada has two official languages English and French. It's interesting to know that about 61% of Canadians name English and 24% French their mother tongue. There are also many other languages spoken in Canada such as: Italian, Chinese, German, Polish,...
Introduction If you had to use two words to describe Canada, they might be large and diverse. Canada is the second largest country in the world with a territory of about 10 million square kilometers and it is bordered by three oceans: the Arctic, the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. The population of Canada is about 31 million people. About 77% of the people live in cities which lie in a band about 100 miles wide above the border of the United States. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Other large cities are Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Quebec. 2. Geographical position Canada is a huge country in the continent of North America. It is bordered with the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the United States of America in the south and the Arctic Ocean in the north. Canada is a vast...
Introduction Estonia is a small country about the size of Switzerland, or New Hampshire and Massachussetts combined. Estonia is named after the people called "Ests" who lived in the region in the 1 st century AD. The Republic of Estonia is one of the three countries commonly known as the "Baltic States". The other Baltic States are Latvia and Lithuania. 2. Geographical position Estonia is situated in northeastern Europe. Estonia is bounded on the north by the Gulf of Finland, on the east by Russia, on the south by Latvia and on the west by the Baltic Sea. In the north it borders on Finland. The coastline of the Baltic Sea in Estonia is characterized by numerous gulfs and bays, the biggest of them being the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Pärnu. Bays include the Narva Bay, Matsalu Bay, Kolga Bay, Kunda Bay, Tallinn Bay etc. E...
Sometimes plant growth is compared to the lush areas of the well-watered and mild coasts of the states of Washington and Oregon. Most of Britain was once covered with thick deciduous forests in which oak trees predominated. The impact of centuries of dense human population has massively altered the flora of Britain and only tiny remains of these forests remain today. Although 10 per cent of Britain is still forested, most of this area consists of commercially planted, fast-growing forests in Wales and northeastern Scotland. Before they were affected by centuries of clearing and human use, the great oak forests spread over the best soils in Britain. Forests were unable to establish themselves in the poorer soils of the mountains, wetlands, heath, and moorlands. The plants common to these areas are heather, gorse (astelhernes), peat moss (sammal), rowan (pihlakas) and bilberry (mustikas). These regions have been altered by heavy grazing of livestock and by controlled burning. Some wetland areas have been subjected to massive draining efforts for hundreds of years and are now covered by towns and farmland. 8. Agriculture, natural resources The open fields with their tiny strips of land worked by farmers were quickly replaced by compact farms, with large farms surrounded by hedges and ditches to prevent stray animals from ruining the crops or mixing with the new, improved breeds of sheep and cattle. This so-called agricultural revolution left large numbers of the rural population landless but also led to the massive increase in agricultural production necessary to feed the country's growing non-agricultural population. Less than 3% of the working population is employed in agriculture in Britain, yet the industry produces about two- thirds of the country's food requirements. Most of the farms are devoted to dairying or b...
Introduction Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of an organism at both the cellular and social level. In the medical field, health is commonly defined as an organism's ability to succesfully respond to challenges and effectively restore and keep a so-called ,,state of balance". 2. History · Early hospitals During the Middle Ages the hospital could serve other functions, such as an almshouse for the poor, or hostel for pilgrims. In ancient cultures, religion and medicine were linked. The earliest known institutions aiming to provide cure were Egyptian temples. Greek temples dedicatedto the healer-god, might admit the sick, who would wait for guidance from the god in a dream. The Romans adopted this worship. The Sri Lankans are perhaps responsible for introducing theconcept ofdedicated hospitals to the world. According to an ancient chronicle, written in the 6 th centur...
Introduction A library is a collection of books. Libraries are maintained by a public body such as an institution or an individual. These collections are used by people who choose not to (or cannot afford) purchase an extensive collection themselves or who need professional assistance with their research. However, with the collection of media other than books, many libraries are now also access points for maps, prints or other documents and artworks such as microfilm, audio tapes, CDs, cassettes and DVDs. So, modern libraries are being redifined as places to get access to information in many formats and from many sources. In addition to providing materials, they also provide the services of specialists who are experts in matters related to finding and organizing inf...
Introduction London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and the largest urban area in England. The ancient City of London, to which the name originally belonged, still maintains its medieval boundaries, but the name "London" has long applied more to the whole metropolis that has grown up around it. London has been an important settlement for over two millenniums. It is also one of the world's leading business, financial and cultural centres and its influence in politics, education, entertainment and even fashion contribute to its status as a major global city. London is a major tourist attraction with four world heritage sites, several royal parks and numerous iconic landmarks such as the Houses of Parliament, Towe Bridge, the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey and the London Eye. 2. History Although there is some evidence of a permanent settle...
Introduction For some people sport plays a very important part in their lives. And to some, it is even a way of life. There are different kinds of sports. For instance, there are sports meant for playing indoors, some can be practised only at a certain time of year. There are winter and summer sports also. Skiing, figure-skating, sledding and snowboarding these four most popular are practised during winter. Good examples of summer sports are: swimming, badminton, roller skating and golf. 2. The ancient Olympic Games The first recorded Olympic Games took place in 776. B.C. at Olympia but the city may have functioned as a meeting place for worship and other political practices many years earlier. The city is located in western Greece. The games were held every four years. It is also presumed that such competitions pleased the s...
Introduction The United States of America's territory is over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km²) and population more than 300 million people. The capital city is Washington D.C. Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, English is the de facto national language. English is the most common language for daily interaction among both native and non-native speakers. Spanish is the second language. The largest city is the New York City. The Government is Federal constitutional republic and the president is George W. Bush. 2. Geographical position The United States of America is located on the continent of North America. It has borders with two countries Mexico and Canada. There are also the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico surrounding...
Ande Andekas-Lammutaja Kunstiajalugu - Kõrgrenessanss Andrea Palladio elustas antiikstiili ning üllitas 4 arhitektuurialast raamatut (1570), mis said teistele kunstnikele suureks eeskujuks. Seal arendas ta oma teooria, mida kutsuti palladionismiks (armastus antiigi vastu; ehitise välisvaate kujundamine sammastega, kreeka antiigi motiivid). Kolossaalorder on hiigelsammas(tik), mis ulatub läbi mitme korruse. 16.saj hakati eristama lihtsalt loomist ja kunsti. Rõhutati kunstniku erinevust tavainimesest, looja on geniaalne. Kunstniku inspiratsioon arvati pärinevat Jumalalt. Leonardo da Vinci (ehk Leo Vinci linnast; 1452-1519) oli tõeline suurmeister, tal oli küll vähe lõpetatud töid, kuid see-eest palju kavandeid. Esimeseks iseseisvaks tööks oli "Maarja kuulutamine". Milano hertsog kutsus...
2 1. MIS ON ARVUTIVIIRUS?..................................................................................................3 1.1. LÜHIKE AJALUGU............................................................................................................ 3 1.1. LÜHIKE AJALUGU............................................................................................................ 3 1.2. VIIRUSE OLEMUS............................................................................................................. 3 1.2. VIIRUSE OLEMUS............................................................................................................. 3 1.3. VIIRUSTE EHITUS JA TALITLUS........................................................................................ 3 1.3. VIIRUSTE EHITUS JA...
Jaaniso Pinnasemehaanika 1. SISSEJUHATUS Kõik ehitised on ühel või teisel viisil seotud pinnasega. Need kas toetuvad pinnasele vundamendi kaudu, toetavad pinnast (tugiseinad), on rajatud pinnasesse (süvendid, tunnelid) või ehitatud pinnasest (tammid, paisud) (joonis 1.1). a) b) c) d) J o o n is 1 .1 P in n a s e g a s e o tu d e h i tis e d v õ i n e n d e o s a d .a ) p i n n a s e le t o e t u v a d ( m a d a l - j a v a iv u n d a m e n t) b ) p i n n a s t t o e t a v a d ( t u g is e in a d ) c ) p in n a s e s s e r a j a tu d ( tu n n e li d , s ü v e n d i d d ) p in n a s e s t r a j a tu d ( ta m m i d , p a is u d ) Ehitiste koormuste ja muude mõjurite tõttu pinnase pingeseisund muutub, pinnas deformeerub ja võib puruneda nagu k...
Seal arendas oma teooria, mida kuts palladionismiks (arm antiigi vastu; ehitise välisvaate kuj. sammastega, kreeka antiigi motiivid). Kolossaalorder-hiigelsammas(tik), mis ulatub läbi mitme korruse. 16.saj hak eristama lihtsalt loomist ja kunsti. Rõhutati kunstniku erinevust tav. In., looja geniaalne. Kunstniku inspiratsioon arvati pärinevat Jumalalt. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) tõeline suurmeister, oli küll vähe lõp. töid, kuid palju kavandeid. Esimeseks tööks oli "Maarja kuulutamine". Milano hertsog kutsus ta Milanosse tööle ning Leonardo jäi kuni 1409.a. Loomingus eristus 2 olulist per. : Milano per ("Madonna grotis" (1483), "Püha õhtusöömaaeg" (1496 1497) ning Firenze per (1501-1506; "Mona Lisa" ehk "Gioconda" ehk "La Joconde" oli esimene psühholoogiline portree; naine maalil on vabas asendis, tema käed on näha. Kasutas oht...
Relatsioon Lähtu me ees pooldefineeri tud hulkade Cartes ius e korrutis es t ehk ris tkorrutis es t (öeldaks e ka ots ekorrutis ) A × B tähendab kõiki järj es tatud paaride hulka (a,b), kus a A j a b B. N 1: A ntud on hulgad A= { 1,2} j a B={ 1} Leia me : A × B= { (1,1),(2,1)} B × A ={ (1,1),(1,2)} J äreldus : A × B B × A Hu lga A × B alam h ulk a R n im etatak s e b in aars eks relats ioon ik s hu lgas t A hu lk a B K ui (a,b) R, s iis kirj utataks e ka aRb. J uhul kui a pole s eotud b-ga s iis kirj utataks e a R b . Erij uhul kui B=A , s iis R on binaars e relats ioon hulgal A . (alterna tiivne levinud tähis tus on A x B : A B ) Relatsiooni (vastavuse) määramispiirkond D om(R )= { a A |leidub b B nii et (a,b) R } (doma in of R) Relatsiooni (vastavuse) muutumispiirkond R ange(R )= { b B | leidub a A nii et (a,b) R} (range of R) N 2: A ntud on hulgad A= { 2,3,4} j a B={ 3,4,...
H ulk on baas ter min iks nii ma te ma at ikas kui ka arvutiteadus es . J ärgnevalt tuvu me hulgateoori a põhikonts epts ioonidega ja hulkadele rakendatavate operats ioonidega. P aradoks : a) H abemeaj aj a puzle- kapten käs ib rühma habemeaj aj ale aj ada habet kõikidel kompan ii liikmete l, eeldus el et rühma liik med ei tohi is e habet aj ada. O lles kõigi teis te habemed aj anud, kas vab talle endale habe. Enda habet ei s aa ta aj ada, s es t nii rikuks ta kapteni käs ku. Kui ta aga enda habet ei aj a, s iis ta peaks ühtpidi kapteni käs u järgi enda habet aj ama (kõikidel liik me tel). D ef: Hu lk A on k ollek ts ioon k orrek ts elt d ef in eeritu d ob jek tid es t, n ii et iga ob jek ti k orral k eh tib ük s järgevas t k ah es t võim alu s es t - x k u u lub h u lk a A , k irju tam e x A - x ei ku u lu h u lk a A , k irju tam e x...
Jõgede tekkimine Sademed langevad maapinnale. Nad võivad: 1. Aurustuda tagasi atmosfääri. 2. Imenduda põhjavette. 3. Ülejäänud sademetest tekib maapinna süvendites vooluvesi. Jõe osad Ülemjooks suur lang kiire vool toimub uuristav tegevus (erosioon) settimist ei toimu Keskjooks vool rahulikum uuristav tegevus nõrk eelkõige uhtainete transportiv tegevus Alamjooks vesi voolab aeglaselt vooluga kohalekantud uhtained settivad, moodustades jõesette kuhjed ja delta Ee s ti J õ e g e d e s t · Vesikonnad · Narva-Peipsi vesikond (15 620 km2) · Soome lahe vesikond (9942 km2) · Väinamere-Riia lahe vesikond(14 468 km 2) · Saarte Vesikond((4140 km2) Võ h a nd u jõ g i ja Na rva jõ g i 162km Eesti pikim Jõgikond 1420m² Jõe...
Even in society there are always black sheep and these people are called 'criminals'. Although we are part of the EU and tend to be as humane as possible, we have to deal with the problem of growing numbers of people admitted to penitentiaries. One in all we have to dwelve into the mind of a criminal and find out what makes a felon tick. What forces an individual to commit crimes against others? Are we too humane and lenient? When looking for the reasons why people commit crimes I can only say what I believe to be sure of, and it is that individuals go against laws because they choose so, as criminal behaviour is a matter of choice. Today, there are many excuses cloaked as reasons for criminal behaviour. The misguided nature of these assertions has a serious impact upon crime control strategies. The classical approach ho...
Kõik maailma keeled pärinevad ühest 50 000 aasta eest IdaAafrikas räägitud keelest, mille kõnelejad lahkusid Aafrikast ja seadsid end sisse igal kontinendil, väidab lingvist Merritt Ruhlen, lisades, et ürgkeele jäljed on alles kõigis Maa keeltes. Tarkade Klubi: Mitokondri DNAd uurides saab ajas tagasi minna rohkem kui 100 000 aastat, Y kromosoomiga umbes 60 000 aastat. Keeltega pole nii palju vist võimalik? Merritt Ruhlen: Minu pakutav idee, mida olen kajastanud raamatus «The Origin of Language» («Keele päritolu») on see, et kõik praegu räägitavad maailma keeled ulatuvad tagasi ühe keeleni, mida kõneldi IdaAafrikas 50 000 aastat tagasi. Sel ajal tekkis täiesti tänapäevane inimkeel. 50 000 aastat tagasi toimus inimese evolutsioonis suur muutus: ilmus kunst, nad hakkasid valmistama palju viimistletumaid tööriistu, millest mõned on isegi kunstipärased. 200 000 aastat oli kasutatud pea muutumatul kujul ühetaolisi kivitööriistu, ja siis äkitselt, 50...
peatükk Renessanssi arhitektuur ja skulptuur 13. saj. viimane veerand ja 14. saj. algus trecento eelrenessanss 15. sajand quattrocento - vararenessanss 16. sajand cinquecento - kõrgrenessanss 16. sajand (alates u. 1530.) hilisrenessanss ja manerism · Uued jooned Euroopa arenenumates maades (eelkõige Itaalia ja Madalmaad) hakkasid ilmnema juba 13-14 sajandil. · Naturaalmajandus hakkas lagunema, laienes tööjaotus ning tootmine müügiks. · Arenes kaubandus ja tekkis meie mõistes pangandus. Itaalias puhkesid õitsele mitmed suured linnad Veneetsia ja Genova (kaubandus Idamaadega), Firenze (pangandus ja tööstus), Roomas andis tooni paavst. Itaalia linnakodanikele kuulus nii majanduslik kui ka poliitiline võim. Kujunevad nn. linnriigid. · Gootika ja renessansi vaheline piir on hägune, paljud renessanslikud nähtused said tegelikult alguse juba keskajal (looduse teaduslik uuri...
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